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<span id="sites-page-title" dir="ltr" tabindex="-1" style="outline: none">Circuitscape Applications</span>
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<table xmlns="https://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" cellspacing="0" class="sites-layout-name-one-column sites-layout-hbox"><tbody><tr><td class="sites-layout-tile sites-tile-name-content-1"><div dir="ltr"><p><span style="font-size:12pt;color:windowtext"><font face="arial, sans-serif">Circuitscape has rapidly become
the most widely used connectivity analysis package in the world. It is used by numerous state, federal, and local agencies in the
USA, and by government ministries and NGOs for conservation planning on
six continents. It routinely appears </font></span><span style="color:windowtext;font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:1.2;background-color:transparent">in journals like </span><i style="color:windowtext;font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:1.2;background-color:transparent">PNAS, Nature
Genetics, Ecology, Ecological Applications, Ecology Letters, Landscape Ecology,
Evolution, Heredity, Bioscience, Molecular Ecology, Conservation Biology,</i><span style="color:windowtext;font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:1.2;background-color:transparent">
and many others</span><i style="color:windowtext;font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:1.2;background-color:transparent">. </i><span style="color:windowtext;font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:1.2;background-color:transparent">In 2015 alone, Circuitscape appeared in </span><span style="color:windowtext;font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:1.2;background-color:transparent">80 peer-reviewed journal
articles</span><span style="color:windowtext;font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:1.2;background-color:transparent">—a 40% increase from 2014—plus dozens of dissertations, reports,
and book chapters.</span></p>
<p><b style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;color:windowtext;font-size:12pt;line-height:1.2;background-color:transparent">A Sampling of Circuitscape
Applications from Around the World</b></p>
<p><i style="line-height:1.2;font-size:10pt;background-color:transparent"><span style="font-size:12pt;color:windowtext"><font face="arial, sans-serif"><b>Wildlife corridor design</b></font></span></i></p>
<p><span style="font-size:12pt;color:windowtext"><font face="arial, sans-serif">Within the Nature Conservancy,
connectivity analyses using Circuitscape are being used in planning exercises
affecting tens of millions of dollars for land acquisition, restoration, and
management. Other NGOs, whether small ones like the Snow Leopard Conservancy or
large ones like the Wildlife Conservation Society, are using Circuitscape to
set conservation priorities. Here are some recent examples of research in this
area.</font></span></p>
<span style="color:windowtext;font-size:12pt;line-height:1.2;font-style:italic;background-color:transparent">
<ul><font face="arial, sans-serif"><li><span style="color:windowtext;font-size:12pt;line-height:1.2;background-color:transparent">Multispecies connectivity
planning in Borneo (Brodie et al. 2015).</span></li>
<li><span style="color:windowtext;font-size:12pt;line-height:1.2;background-color:transparent">Connectivity for pumas in
Arizona and New Mexico (Dickson et al. 2013).</span></li>
<li><span style="color:windowtext;font-size:12pt;line-height:1.2;background-color:transparent">Large landscape planning across Ontario, Canada</span><span style="color:windowtext;font-size:12pt;line-height:1.2;background-color:transparent"> (Bowman and Cordes 2015).</span></li>
<li><span style="color:windowtext;font-size:12pt;line-height:1.2;background-color:transparent">Connectivity prioritization for
gibbons (Vasudev and Fletcher 2015).</span></li>
<li><span style="color:windowtext;font-size:12pt;line-height:1.2;background-color:transparent">Corridors for tigers in India (Joshi
et al. 2013, Dutta et al. 2015).</span></li>
<li><span style="color:windowtext;font-size:12pt;line-height:1.2;background-color:transparent">Connectivity for Amur leopards
in China (Jiang et al. 2015).</span></li>
<li><span style="color:windowtext;font-size:12pt;line-height:1.2;background-color:transparent">Trans-boundary conservation of
Persian leopards in Iran, Turkey, Armenia, and Azerbaijan (Farhadiniaa et al.
2015).</span></li>
<li><span style="color:windowtext;font-size:12pt;line-height:1.2;background-color:transparent">Multi-scale connectivity planning
in Australia (Lechner et al. 2015).</span></li>
<li><span style="color:windowtext;font-size:12pt;line-height:1.2;font-style:normal;background-color:transparent">Wall-to-wall’ methods that
don’t require core areas to connect (Anderson et al. 2012, 2014, Pelletier et
al. 2014).</span></li>
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<div style="display:inline;float:left;margin:5px 0px 0px 10px"><i style="line-height:1.2;font-size:10pt;background-color:transparent"><font face="arial, sans-serif"><a href="https://www.circuitscape.org/applications/Dutta.PNG?attredirects=0" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="255" src="http://www.circuitscape.org/_/rsrc/1468528904642/applications/Dutta.PNG?height=255&width=400" style="display:inline;float:left;margin:5px 10px 0px 0px" width="400" /></a></font></i></div>
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<font size="3">Dutta
et al. (2015) combined Circuitscape with least-cost corridor methods to map
pinch points within corridors connecting protected areas for tigers in central
India. Areas with high current flow are most important for tiger movements and
keeping the network connected.</font></font></i>
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<p><i><span style="font-size:12pt;color:windowtext"><font face="arial, sans-serif"><b>Landscape genetics</b></font></span></i></p>
<p><span style="font-size:12pt;color:windowtext"><font face="arial, sans-serif">Landscape genetics is the study
of how landscape pattern (the distribution of suitable habitat, barriers, etc.)
affects gene flow and genetic differentiation among plant and animal
populations. Circuitscape is widely used in this field, and has been combined
with genetic data to show</font></span></p>
<ul><li><font face="arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:windowtext;font-size:12pt;background-color:transparent">the resilience of montane
rainforest lizards to past climate change in the Australian tropics (Bell et
al. 2010)</span><span style="font-size:12pt;background-color:transparent">;</span></font></li>
<li><span style="color:windowtext;font-size:12pt;line-height:1.2;background-color:transparent"><font face="arial, sans-serif">how oil palm plantations
isolate squirrel monkeys in Costa Rica, and where corridors of native trees
could reconnect populations (Blair et al. 2012);</font></span></li>
<li><span style="color:windowtext;font-size:12pt;line-height:1.2;background-color:transparent"><font face="arial, sans-serif">how the pattern of climatically
stable habitat structures genetics of canyon live oaks (Ortego et al. 2014);</font></span></li>
<li><span style="color:windowtext;font-size:12pt;line-height:1.2;background-color:transparent"><font face="arial, sans-serif">how genetics and connectivity
models can be combined to design Indian tiger corridors (Yumnam et al. 2014); </font></span></li>
<li><span style="color:windowtext;font-size:12pt;line-height:1.2;background-color:transparent"><font face="arial, sans-serif">how urban trees facilitate
animal gene flow (Munshi-South 2012);</font></span></li>
<li><span style="color:windowtext;font-size:12pt;line-height:1.2;background-color:transparent"><font face="arial, sans-serif">how climate change and montane
refugia have structured salamander populations in southern California (Devitt
et al. 2013);</font></span></li>
<li><span style="color:windowtext;font-size:12pt;line-height:1.2;background-color:transparent"><font face="arial, sans-serif">the effects of landscape change
on movement among prairie dog colonies (Sackett et al. 2012); and</font></span></li>
<li><span style="color:windowtext;font-size:12pt;line-height:1.2;background-color:transparent"><font face="arial, sans-serif">how landscape features
influence genetic connectivity for dozens of species, from songbirds in British
Columbia (Adams et al. 2016) to army ants in Panama (Pérez-Espona et al. 2012). </font></span></li></ul>
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<p><i><span style="font-size:12pt;color:windowtext"><font face="arial, sans-serif"><b>Movement ecology</b></font></span></i></p>
<p><span style="color:windowtext;font-size:12pt;line-height:1.2;background-color:transparent"><font face="arial, sans-serif">Circuit theory can also be used
to predict movements of animals and how these affect overall population
connectivity. As with landscape genetics, this application is tightly tied to
conservation planning. Examples include</font></span></p>
<ul><li><span style="color:windowtext;font-size:12pt;line-height:1.2;background-color:transparent"><font face="arial, sans-serif">movements
of African wild dogs and cheetahs in South Africa (Jackson et al. 2016);</font></span></li>
<li><span style="color:windowtext;font-size:12pt;line-height:1.2;background-color:transparent"><font face="arial, sans-serif">wolverine
dispersal in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (McClure et al. 2016);</font></span></li>
<li><span style="color:windowtext;font-size:12pt;line-height:1.2;background-color:transparent"><font face="arial, sans-serif">how
periodic flooding affects connectivity for amphibians in Australia
(Bishop-Taylor et al. 2015);</font></span></li>
<li><span style="color:windowtext;font-size:12pt;line-height:1.2;background-color:transparent"><font face="arial, sans-serif">predicting
where mitigating road impacts on connectivity would reduce wildlife mortality
in France (Girardet et al. 2015) and Canada (Koen et al. 2014);</font></span></li>
<li><span style="color:windowtext;font-size:12pt;line-height:1.2;background-color:transparent"><font face="arial, sans-serif">movement
and gap crossing behavior of forest interior songbirds (St. Louis et al. 2014);
and</font></span></li>
<li><span style="color:windowtext;font-size:12pt;line-height:1.2;background-color:transparent"><font face="arial, sans-serif">how
local abundance and dispersal scale up to affect metapopulation persistence and
community stability (Brodie et al. 2016). </font></span></li></ul>
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<div style="display:inline;float:left;margin:5px 10px 0px 0px"><a href="https://www.circuitscape.org/applications/road%20crossings2.png?attredirects=0" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="262" src="http://www.circuitscape.org/_/rsrc/1468528904642/applications/road%20crossings2.png?height=262&width=400" width="400" /></a></div>
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<p><font face="arial, sans-serif"><i><span style="font-size:12pt">Circuit theory is being used to mitigate road impacts
on wildlife and improve driver safety in at least six countries. (a) Circuit
theory (implemented using Graphab) outperformed other connectivity models for
predicting vehicle collisions with roe deer in France (</span></i><i><span style="font-size:12pt;color:windowtext">Girardet
et al. 2015</span></i></font><i><span style="font-size:12pt"><font face="arial, sans-serif">). (b) A wall-to-wall
connectivity map created using Circuitscape was highly correlated with road
mortality for amphibians and reptiles and habitat use by fishers in eastern
Ontario, Canada (from Koen et al. 2014). Similar methods are now being used
across Ontario and in many other parts of Canada. </font></span></i></p>
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<p><i><span style="font-size:12pt;color:windowtext"><font face="arial, sans-serif"><b>Connectivity for climate change</b></font></span></i></p>
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<p><font face="arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12pt;color:windowtext">Predicting important areas for
range shifts under climate change is an exciting new application of
Circuitscape. </span><span style="font-size:12pt">One
of the most important ways species have responded to past climatic changes has
been to shift their ranges to track suitable climates. Rapid warming projected
for the next century means many species and populations will need to move even
faster than in the past or face extinction. Many species are already moving in
response to rapid warming, but they are encountering barriers—like roads,
agricultural areas, and cities—that weren’t present in the past. In order for
species to maintain population connectivity and the ability to adapt to climate
change, we need to identify and conserve important movement routes. Here are some ways Circuitscape can be used
to address this need:</span></font></p>
<ul><li><span style="color:windowtext;font-size:12pt;line-height:1.2;background-color:transparent"><font face="arial, sans-serif">Hodgson
et al. (2012) showed how circuit theory can be used to design landscapes that
promote rapid range shifts.</font></span></li>
<li><font face="arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:windowtext;font-size:12pt;line-height:1.2;background-color:transparent">Lawler
et al. (2013) used Circuitscape to project movements of nearly 3000 species in
response to climate change across the Western Hemisphere. </span><span style="font-size:11pt"><a href="https://maps.tnc.org/migrations-in-motion/#4/19.00/-78.00" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:12pt">See an animation of their results here</span></a></span><span style="font-size:12pt">.</span></font></li>
<li><span style="color:windowtext;font-size:12pt;line-height:1.2;background-color:transparent"><font face="arial, sans-serif">Razgour
(2015) combined species distributions, climate projections, genetic data, and
Circuitscape to predict range shift pathways for bats in Iberia.</font></span></li>
<li><span style="color:windowtext;font-size:12pt;line-height:1.2;background-color:transparent"><font face="arial, sans-serif">New
methods connecting natural lands to those that have similar projected future
climates (Littlefield et al. in review) and connecting across climate gradients
(McRae et al. in 2016) are in active development.</font></span></li></ul>
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style="font-family:Arial,Verdana,sans-serif;line-height:1.2;font-size:10pt;background-color:transparent"><span style="font-size:12pt;color:windowtext"><font face="arial, sans-serif"><div style="display:inline!important"><i style="font-family:Arial,Verdana,sans-serif;line-height:1.2;font-size:10pt;background-color:transparent"><span style="font-size:12pt;color:windowtext"><font face="arial, sans-serif"><div style="display:inline!important"><i style="font-family:Arial,Verdana,sans-serif;line-height:1.2;font-size:10pt;background-color:transparent"><span style="font-size:12pt;color:windowtext"><font face="arial, sans-serif"><div style="display:inline!important"><i style="line-height:1.2;font-size:10pt;background-color:transparent"><span style="font-size:12pt;color:windowtext"><font face="arial, sans-serif"><div style="margin-right:auto;display:inline!important"><i style="font-family:Arial,Verdana,sans-serif;line-height:1.2;font-size:10pt;background-color:transparent"><span style="font-size:12pt;color:windowtext"><font face="arial, sans-serif"><div style="display:inline!important"><div style="display:inline!important"><i style="line-height:1.2;font-size:10pt;background-color:transparent"><span style="font-size:12pt;color:windowtext"><font face="arial, sans-serif"><div style="margin-right:auto;display:inline!important"><i style="font-family:Arial,Verdana,sans-serif;line-height:1.2;font-size:10pt;background-color:transparent"><span style="font-size:12pt;color:windowtext"><font face="arial, sans-serif"><div style="display:inline!important"><p style="display:inline!important"><i><span style="font-size:12pt"><br /></span></i></p></div></font></span></i></div></font></span></i></div></div></font></span></i></div></font></span></i></div></font></span></i></div></font></span></i></div></font></span></i></div></font></span></i></div></font></span></i></div><div><i style="font-family:Arial,Verdana,sans-serif;line-height:1.2;font-size:10pt;background-color:transparent"><span style="font-size:12pt;color:windowtext"><font face="arial, sans-serif"><div style="display:inline!important"><i style="font-family:Arial,Verdana,sans-serif;line-height:1.2;font-size:10pt;background-color:transparent"><span style="font-size:12pt;color:windowtext"><font face="arial, sans-serif"><div style="display:inline!important"><i style="font-family:Arial,Verdana,sans-serif;line-height:1.2;font-size:10pt;background-color:transparent"><span style="font-size:12pt;color:windowtext"><font face="arial, sans-serif"><div style="display:inline!important"><i style="font-family:Arial,Verdana,sans-serif;line-height:1.2;font-size:10pt;background-color:transparent"><span style="font-size:12pt;color:windowtext"><font face="arial, sans-serif"><div style="display:inline!important"><i style="font-family:Arial,Verdana,sans-serif;line-height:1.2;font-size:10pt;background-color:transparent"><span style="font-size:12pt;color:windowtext"><font face="arial, sans-serif"><div style="display:inline!important"><i style="line-height:1.2;font-size:10pt;background-color:transparent"><span style="font-size:12pt;color:windowtext"><font face="arial, sans-serif"><div style="margin-right:auto;display:inline!important"><i style="font-family:Arial,Verdana,sans-serif;line-height:1.2;font-size:10pt;background-color:transparent"><span style="font-size:12pt;color:windowtext"><font face="arial, sans-serif"><div style="display:inline!important"><div style="display:inline!important"><i style="line-height:1.2;font-size:10pt;background-color:transparent"><span style="font-size:12pt;color:windowtext"><font face="arial, sans-serif"><div style="margin-right:auto;display:inline!important"><i style="font-family:Arial,Verdana,sans-serif;line-height:1.2;font-size:10pt;background-color:transparent"><span style="font-size:12pt;color:windowtext"><font face="arial, sans-serif"><div style="display:inline!important"><p style="display:inline!important"><i><span style="font-size:12pt"><br /></span></i></p></div></font></span></i></div></font></span></i></div></div></font></span></i></div></font></span></i></div></font></span></i></div></font></span></i></div></font></span></i></div></font></span></i></div></font></span></i></div><div><i style="font-family:Arial,Verdana,sans-serif;line-height:1.2;font-size:10pt;background-color:transparent"><span style="font-size:12pt;color:windowtext"><font face="arial, sans-serif"><div style="display:inline!important"><i style="font-family:Arial,Verdana,sans-serif;line-height:1.2;font-size:10pt;background-color:transparent"><span style="font-size:12pt;color:windowtext"><font face="arial, sans-serif"><div style="display:inline!important"><i style="font-family:Arial,Verdana,sans-serif;line-height:1.2;font-size:10pt;background-color:transparent"><span style="font-size:12pt;color:windowtext"><font face="arial, sans-serif"><div style="display:inline!important"><i style="font-family:Arial,Verdana,sans-serif;line-height:1.2;font-size:10pt;background-color:transparent"><span style="font-size:12pt;color:windowtext"><font face="arial, sans-serif"><div style="display:inline!important"><i style="font-family:Arial,Verdana,sans-serif;line-height:1.2;font-size:10pt;background-color:transparent"><span style="font-size:12pt;color:windowtext"><font face="arial, sans-serif"><div style="display:inline!important"><i style="line-height:1.2;font-size:10pt;background-color:transparent"><span style="font-size:12pt;color:windowtext"><font face="arial, sans-serif"><div style="margin-right:auto;display:inline!important"><i style="font-family:Arial,Verdana,sans-serif;line-height:1.2;font-size:10pt;background-color:transparent"><span style="font-size:12pt;color:windowtext"><font face="arial, sans-serif"><div style="display:inline!important"><div style="display:inline!important"><i style="line-height:1.2;font-size:10pt;background-color:transparent"><span style="font-size:12pt;color:windowtext"><font face="arial, sans-serif"><div style="margin-right:auto;display:inline!important"><i style="font-family:Arial,Verdana,sans-serif;line-height:1.2;font-size:10pt;background-color:transparent"><span style="font-size:12pt;color:windowtext"><font face="arial, sans-serif"><div style="display:inline!important"><p style="display:inline!important"><i><span style="font-size:12pt">Projected climate-driven range shifts of 2903 species
in response to climate change using Circuitscape. Arrows represent the
direction of modelled movements from unsuitable climates to suitable climates
via routes that avoid human land uses. From Lawler et al. (2013). Explore the full animation of these results </span></i><a href="https://maps.tnc.org/migrations-in-motion/#4/19.00/-78.00" target="_blank"><i><span style="font-size:12pt">here</span></i></a><i><span style="font-size:12pt">.</span></i></p></div></font></span></i></div></font></span></i></div></div></font></span></i></div></font></span></i></div></font></span></i></div></font></span></i></div></font></span></i></div></font></span></i></div></font></span></i></div><div><i style="font-family:Arial,Verdana,sans-serif;line-height:1.2;font-size:10pt;background-color:transparent"><span style="font-size:12pt;color:windowtext"><font face="arial, sans-serif"><div style="display:inline!important"><i style="line-height:1.2;font-size:10pt;background-color:transparent"><span style="font-size:12pt;color:windowtext"><font face="arial, sans-serif"><div style="margin-right:auto;display:inline!important"><i style="font-family:Arial,Verdana,sans-serif;line-height:1.2;font-size:10pt;background-color:transparent"><span style="font-size:12pt;color:windowtext"><font face="arial, sans-serif"><div style="display:inline!important"><div style="display:inline!important"><i style="line-height:1.2;font-size:10pt;background-color:transparent"><span style="font-size:12pt;color:windowtext"><font face="arial, sans-serif"><div style="margin-right:auto;display:inline!important"><i style="font-family:Arial,Verdana,sans-serif;line-height:1.2;font-size:10pt;background-color:transparent"><span style="font-size:12pt;color:windowtext"><font face="arial, sans-serif"><div style="display:inline!important"><div style="display:block;text-align:left"><br /></div></div></font></span></i></div></font></span></i></div></div></font></span></i></div></font></span></i></div></font></span></i></div><div><br /></div>
<div><i style="line-height:1.2;font-size:10pt;background-color:transparent"><span style="font-size:12pt;color:windowtext"><font face="arial, sans-serif"><br />
</font></span></i></div>
<b><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b><br /></b></div><font size="3"><i>New applications: infectious disease,
fire, and agriculture</i></font></b></div>
<div><i style="line-height:1.2;font-size:10pt;background-color:transparent"><span style="font-size:12pt;color:windowtext"><font face="arial, sans-serif"><br />
</font></span></i></div>
<div><span style="color:windowtext;font-size:12pt;line-height:1.2;background-color:transparent"><font face="arial, sans-serif">Circuitscape
is breaking into new areas like epidemiology, invasive species spread,
archaeology, and fire management. Examples include</font></span></div>
<div>
<ul><li><span style="color:windowtext;font-size:12pt;line-height:1.2;background-color:transparent"><font face="arial, sans-serif">how
road networks drive HIV spread in Africa (Tatem et al. 2012);</font></span></li>
<li><font face="arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:windowtext;font-size:12pt;background-color:transparent">spread
of invasive insects, including disease-carrying mosquitos (Cowley et al. 2015, </span><span style="font-size:12pt;background-color:transparent">Andraca- Gómez et
al. 2015, Medley et al. 2014);</span></font></li>
<li><span style="color:windowtext;font-size:12pt;line-height:1.2;background-color:transparent"><font face="arial, sans-serif">understanding
why species reintroductions succeed or fail (Ziółkowska et al. 2016);</font></span></li>
<li><font face="arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:windowtext;font-size:12pt;background-color:transparent">spread
of a disease that is threatening rice production in Africa (</span><span style="font-size:12pt;color:rgb(34,34,34);background-image:initial;background-color:transparent;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial">Trovão et al. 2015)</span><span style="color:windowtext;font-size:12pt;background-color:transparent">;</span></font></li>
<li><font face="arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:windowtext;font-size:12pt;background-color:transparent">spread
of rabies (</span><span style="font-size:12pt;color:rgb(34,34,34);background-image:initial;background-color:transparent;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial">Barton et al. 2010, Rioux Paquette et al. 2014);</span></font></li>
<li><span style="color:windowtext;font-size:12pt;line-height:1.2;background-color:transparent"><font face="arial, sans-serif">how
climate and habitat fragmentation drive Lyme disease at its range limit (Simon
et al. 2014).</font></span></li>
<li><span style="color:windowtext;font-size:12pt;line-height:1.2;background-color:transparent"><font face="arial, sans-serif">fuel
connectivity and wildfire risk (Gray and Dickson 2015, 2016); and</font></span></li>
<li><span style="color:windowtext;font-size:12pt;line-height:1.2;background-color:transparent"><font face="arial, sans-serif">strategic
fuel breaks to protect sage-grouse habitat from wildfire (Welch et al. 2015).</font></span></li></ul>
<div><font face="arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:16px;line-height:19.2px">
<div style="display:inline;float:left;margin:5px 10px 0px 0px"><a href="https://www.circuitscape.org/applications/gray%20dickson.gif?attredirects=0" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="http://www.circuitscape.org/_/rsrc/1468528904642/applications/gray%20dickson.gif" /></a></div>
<br />
</span></font></div>
<div>
<p><i><span style="font-size:12pt"><font face="arial, sans-serif">Fire likelihood
across Arizona’s lower Sonoran Desert, using Circuitscape to model fuel
connectivity. Areas with high predicted fire risk corresponded with burned area
data showing where wildfires occurred from 2000 to 2012 (Gray and Dickson
2015). This method has been extended to evaluate fuel treatments where invasive
cheatgrass is increasing fire (Gray and Dickson 2016).</font></span></i></p>
<p><i style="line-height:1.2;font-size:10pt;background-color:transparent"><span style="font-size:12pt"><font face="arial, sans-serif">Welch et al. (2015) used a similar analysis to
identify strategic areas for fuel breaks to protect greater sage-grouse
habitat.</font></span></i></p>
<p><b><span style="font-size:12pt;color:windowtext"><font face="arial, sans-serif"><br />
</font></span></b></p>
<div style="display:block;text-align:left"><b><font face="arial, sans-serif"><a href="https://www.circuitscape.org/applications/fire3.png?attredirects=0" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="110" src="http://www.circuitscape.org/_/rsrc/1468528904642/applications/fire3.png?height=110&width=200" width="200" /></a></font></b></div>
<b><font face="arial, sans-serif"><br />
</font></b>
<p><b style="line-height:1.2;font-size:10pt;background-color:transparent"><span style="font-size:12pt;color:windowtext"><font face="arial, sans-serif"><br />
</font></span></b></p>
<p><b style="line-height:1.2;font-size:10pt;background-color:transparent"><span style="font-size:12pt;color:windowtext"><font face="arial, sans-serif">How Circuitscape Complements other Models</font></span></b></p>
<p><span style="font-size:12pt;color:windowtext"><font face="arial, sans-serif">Circuitscape isn’t the right
modeling method for every connectivity application, but it is strongly complementary
to others, and often works well in conjunction with other methods. For example,
McClure et al. (2016) compared least-cost paths and Circuitscape for predicting
elk and wolverine movements using GPS-collared animals. They found that
Circuitscape outperformed least-cost paths for predicting wolverine dispersal,
but slightly underperformed them for elk. This makes sense, because circuit
models reflect random exploration of the landscape, and dispersing juvenile
wolverines are making exploratory movements since they do not have perfect
knowledge. Elk, on the other hand, are following routes established over
generations, and have much better knowledge of the best pathways.</font></span></p>
<p><i style="line-height:1.2;font-size:10pt;background-color:transparent"><span style="font-size:12pt;color:windowtext"><font face="arial, sans-serif"><b>Hybrid approaches</b></font></span></i></p>
<p><span style="font-size:12pt;color:windowtext"><font face="arial, sans-serif">New hybrid methods are taking
advantage of both circuit and least-cost methods. In their tiger study, Dutta
et al. (2015) combined least-cost corridors and Circuitscape to map the most
important and vulnerable connectivity areas connecting tiger reserves. And in
their work on invasive mosquitoes, Medley et al. (2014) found that circuit and
least-cost-based analyses complemented each other, with differing strengths at
different movement scales and in different contexts. Using the two models in
concert gave the most insight into mosquito movement and spread. Other papers
that combine methods, taking advantage of different strengths for different
processes and scales, include Rayfield et al. (2015), Lechner et al. (2015),
Fagan et al. (2016), and Ziółkowska et al. (2016).</font></span></p><p><span style="color:windowtext"><font face="arial, sans-serif" size="3"><b>Future Plans</b></font></span></p><p><font size="3"><span style="font-family:HelveticaNeue,Helvetica Neue,Arial,sans-serif;line-height:16.8px">For more about Circuitscape and our plans for future development, please see </span><a href="https://www.circuitscape.org/downloads/files/McRae%20et%20al.%202016.%20Circuitscape%20Connectivity%20Modeling%20for%20Conservation%20and%20Human%20Health.pdf?attredirects=0&d=1" style="font-family:HelveticaNeue,Helvetica Neue,Arial,sans-serif;line-height:16.8px"><b>this white paper</b></a><span style="font-family:HelveticaNeue,Helvetica Neue,Arial,sans-serif;line-height:16.8px">.</span></font></p><p><font size="3"><span style="font-family:HelveticaNeue,Helvetica Neue,Arial,sans-serif;line-height:16.8px"><br /></span></font></p>
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