diff --git a/content/sets-functions-relations/functions/inverses.tex b/content/sets-functions-relations/functions/inverses.tex index e4cce661..0f048151 100644 --- a/content/sets-functions-relations/functions/inverses.tex +++ b/content/sets-functions-relations/functions/inverses.tex @@ -48,12 +48,84 @@ A$ with $x_1 \neq x_2$ but $f(x_1) = f(x_2)$, then $g(y)$ would not be uniquely specified for $y = f(x_1) = f(x_2)$. And if there is no~$x$ at all such that $f(x) = y$, then $g(y)$ is not specified at all. In -other words, for $g$ to be defined, $f$ must be both !!{injective} and +other words, for $g$ to be defined, $f$~must be both !!{injective} and !!{surjective}. + +Let's go slowly. We'll divide the question into two: Given a +function~$f\colon A \to B$, when is there a function $g\colon B \to A$ +so that $g(f(x)) = x$? Such a $g$ ``undoes'' what $f$ does, and is +called a \emph{left inverse} of~$f$. Secondly, when is there a +function $h\colon B \to A$ so that $f(h(y)) = y$? Such an $h$ is +called a \emph{right inverse} of~$f$---$f$ ``undoes'' what $h$~does. +\end{explain} + +\begin{prop} +If $f\colon A \to B$ is !!{injective}, then there is a \emph{left +inverse}~$g\colon B \to A$ of~$f$ so that $g(f(x)) = x$ for all $x +\in A$. +\end{prop} + +\begin{proof} +Suppose that $f\colon A \to B$ is !!{injective}. Consider a $y \in B$. +If $y \in \ran{f}$, there is an $x \in A$ so that $f(x) = y$. Because +$f$ is !!{injective}, there is only one such~$x \in A$. Then we can +define: $g(y) = x$, i.e., $g(y)$ is ``the'' $x \in A$ such that $f(x) += y$. If $y \notin \ran{f}$, we can map it to any~$a \in A$. So, we +can pick an $a \in A$ and define $g\colon B \to A$ by: +\[ +g(y) = \begin{cases} + x & \text{if $f(x) = y$}\\ + a & \text{if $y \notin \ran{f}$.} +\end{cases} +\] +It is defined for all $y \in B$, since for each such $y \in \ran{f}$ +there is exactly one $x \in A$ such that $f(x) = y$. By definition, if +$y = f(x)$, then $g(y) = x$, i.e., $g(f(x)) = x$. +\end{proof} + +\begin{prob} +Show that if $f\colon A \to B$ has a left inverse~$g$, then $f$~is +!!{injective}. +\end{prob} + +\begin{prop} + If $f\colon A \to B$ is !!{surjective}, then there is a + \emph{right inverse}~$h\colon B \to A$ of~$f$ so that $f(h(y)) = + y$ for all~$y \in B$. +\end{prop} + +\begin{proof} +Suppose that $f\colon A \to B$ is !!{surjective}. Consider a $y \in +B$. Since $f$~is !!{surjective}, there is an $x_y \in A$ with $f(x_y) += y$. Then we can define: $h(y) = x_y$, i.e., for each $y \in B$ we +choose some $x \in A$ so that $f(x) = y$; since $f$~is !!{surjective} +there is always at least one to choose from.\footnote{If $f$ is +!!{surjective}, then for every~$y$ the set $\Setabs{x}{f(x) = y}$ is +nonempty. Our definition of~$h$ requires that we choose a single $x$ +from each of these sets. That this is always possible is actually not +obvious---in axiomatic set theory, this is simply assumed as an axiom. +In other words, this proposition assumes the so-called axiom of +choice, an issue we will gloss over. In many specific cases, e.g., +when $A = \Nat$ or is finite, or when $f$ actually is !!{bijective}, +the axiom of choice is not required.} By definition, if $x = h(y)$, +then $f(x) = y$, i.e., for any $y \in B$, $f(h(y)) = y$. +\end{proof} + +\begin{prob} +Show that if $f\colon A \to B$ has a right inverse~$h$, then $f$~is +!!{surjective}. +\end{prob} + +\begin{explain} + By combining the ideas in the previous proof, we now get that every + !!{surjection} has an inverse, i.e., there is a single function + which is both a left and right inverse of~$f$. \end{explain} \begin{prop}\ollabel{prop:bijection-inverse} -Every !!{bijection} has a unique inverse. +If $f\colon A \to B$ is !!{bijective}, there is a +function~$f^{-1}\colon B \to A$ so that for all $x \in A$, +$f^{-1}(f(x)) = x$ and for all $y \in B$, $f(f^{-1}(y)) = y$. \end{prop} \begin{proof} @@ -61,26 +133,33 @@ \end{proof} \begin{prob} -Prove \olref[sfr][fun][inv]{prop:bijection-inverse}. That is, show that if -$f\colon A \to B$ is !!{bijective}, an inverse $g$ of $f$ exists. You -have to define such a $g$, show that it is a function, and show that -it is an inverse of~$f$, i.e., $f(g(y)) = y$ and $g(f(x)) = x$ for all -$x \in A$ and $y \in B$. +Prove \olref[sfr][fun][inv]{prop:bijection-inverse}. You have to +define~$f^{-1}$, show that it is a function, and show that it is an +inverse of~$f$, i.e., $f^{-1}(f(x)) = x$ and $f(f^{-1}(y)) = y$ for +all $x \in A$ and $y \in B$. \end{prob} \begin{explain} -However, there is a slightly more general way to extract inverses. We -saw in \olref[kin]{sec} that every function $f$ induces -!!a{surjection} $f' \colon A \to \ran{f}$ by letting $f'(x) = f(x)$ -for all $x \in A$. Clearly, if $f$ is !!a{injection}, then $f'$ is -!!a{bijection}, so that it has a unique inverse by -\olref{prop:bijection-inverse}. By a very minor abuse of notation, we -sometimes call the inverse of $f'$ simply ``the inverse of $f$.'' +There is a slightly more general way to extract inverses. We saw in +\olref[kin]{sec} that every function $f$ induces !!a{surjection} $f' +\colon A \to \ran{f}$ by letting $f'(x) = f(x)$ for all $x \in A$. +Clearly, if $f$~is !!{injective}, then $f'$~is !!{bijective}, so that +it has a unique inverse by \olref{prop:bijection-inverse}. By a very +minor abuse of notation, we sometimes call the inverse of $f'$ simply +``the inverse of~$f$.'' \end{explain} +\begin{prop}\ollabel{prop:left-right}% + Show that if $f\colon A \to B$ has a left inverse~$g$ and a right + inverse~$h$, then $h = g$. +\end{prop} + +\begin{proof} + Exercise. +\end{proof} + \begin{prob} -Show that if $f\colon A \to B$ has an inverse~$g$, then $f$ is -!!{bijective}. + Prove \olref[sfr][fun][inv]{prop:left-right}. \end{prob} \begin{prop}\ollabel{prop:inverse-unique} @@ -88,13 +167,9 @@ \end{prop} \begin{proof} -Exercise. + Suppose $g$ and $h$ are both inverses of~$f$. Then in particular + $g$~is a left inverse of~$f$ and $h$~is a right inverse. By + \olref{prop:left-right}, $g = h$. \end{proof} -\begin{prob} -Prove \olref[sfr][fun][inv]{prop:inverse-unique}. That is, show that -if $g\colon B \to A$ and $g'\colon B \to A$ are inverses of~$f\colon A -\to B$, then $g = g'$, i.e., for all $y \in B$, $g(y) = g'(y)$. -\end{prob} - \end{document}