diff --git a/cqf-fhir-cr/src/main/java/org/opencds/cqf/fhir/cr/measure/r4/R4MultiMeasureService.java b/cqf-fhir-cr/src/main/java/org/opencds/cqf/fhir/cr/measure/r4/R4MultiMeasureService.java
index cf26e1651..8849fa7ea 100644
--- a/cqf-fhir-cr/src/main/java/org/opencds/cqf/fhir/cr/measure/r4/R4MultiMeasureService.java
+++ b/cqf-fhir-cr/src/main/java/org/opencds/cqf/fhir/cr/measure/r4/R4MultiMeasureService.java
@@ -153,7 +153,8 @@ protected void populationMeasureReport(
 
             // add reporter if available
             if (reporter != null && !reporter.isEmpty()) {
-                measureReport.setReporter(r4MeasureServiceUtils.getReporter(reporter));
+                measureReport.setReporter(
+                        r4MeasureServiceUtils.getReporter(reporter).orElse(null));
             }
             // add id to measureReport
             initializeReport(measureReport);
@@ -211,7 +212,8 @@ protected void subjectMeasureReport(
 
                 // add reporter if available
                 if (reporter != null && !reporter.isEmpty()) {
-                    measureReport.setReporter(r4MeasureServiceUtils.getReporter(reporter));
+                    measureReport.setReporter(
+                            r4MeasureServiceUtils.getReporter(reporter).orElse(null));
                 }
                 // add id to measureReport
                 initializeReport(measureReport);
diff --git a/cqf-fhir-cr/src/main/java/org/opencds/cqf/fhir/cr/measure/r4/utils/R4MeasureServiceUtils.java b/cqf-fhir-cr/src/main/java/org/opencds/cqf/fhir/cr/measure/r4/utils/R4MeasureServiceUtils.java
index d85ab5961..22a9e01cd 100644
--- a/cqf-fhir-cr/src/main/java/org/opencds/cqf/fhir/cr/measure/r4/utils/R4MeasureServiceUtils.java
+++ b/cqf-fhir-cr/src/main/java/org/opencds/cqf/fhir/cr/measure/r4/utils/R4MeasureServiceUtils.java
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 import java.util.HashMap;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Optional;
 import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
 import org.hl7.fhir.instance.model.api.IBaseResource;
 import org.hl7.fhir.r4.model.Bundle;
@@ -137,13 +138,13 @@ public MeasureReport addSubjectReference(MeasureReport measureReport, String pra
         return measureReport;
     }
 
-    public Reference getReporter(String reporter) {
-        if (!reporter.isEmpty() && !reporter.contains("/")) {
+    public Optional<Reference> getReporter(String reporter) {
+        if (reporter != null && !reporter.isEmpty() && !reporter.contains("/")) {
             throw new IllegalArgumentException(
                     "R4MultiMeasureService requires '[ResourceType]/[ResourceId]' format to set MeasureReport.reporter reference.");
         }
         Reference reference = null;
-        if (!reporter.isEmpty()) {
+        if (reporter != null && !reporter.isEmpty()) {
             if (reporter.startsWith(RESOURCE_TYPE_PRACTITIONER_ROLE)) {
                 reference = new Reference(Ids.ensureIdType(reporter, RESOURCE_TYPE_PRACTITIONER_ROLE));
             } else if (reporter.startsWith(RESOURCE_TYPE_PRACTITIONER)) {
@@ -157,7 +158,7 @@ public Reference getReporter(String reporter) {
             }
         }
 
-        return reference;
+        return Optional.ofNullable(reference);
     }
 
     public Measure resolveById(IdType id) {
diff --git a/cqf-fhir-cr/src/test/java/org/opencds/cqf/fhir/cr/measure/r4/utils/R4MeasureServiceUtilsTest.java b/cqf-fhir-cr/src/test/java/org/opencds/cqf/fhir/cr/measure/r4/utils/R4MeasureServiceUtilsTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1d51a6a13
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cqf-fhir-cr/src/test/java/org/opencds/cqf/fhir/cr/measure/r4/utils/R4MeasureServiceUtilsTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+package org.opencds.cqf.fhir.cr.measure.r4.utils;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertThrows;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.fail;
+
+import jakarta.annotation.Nullable;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import java.util.stream.Stream;
+import org.hl7.fhir.r4.model.Reference;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.extension.ExtendWith;
+import org.junit.jupiter.params.ParameterizedTest;
+import org.junit.jupiter.params.provider.Arguments;
+import org.junit.jupiter.params.provider.MethodSource;
+import org.mockito.Mock;
+import org.mockito.junit.jupiter.MockitoExtension;
+import org.opencds.cqf.fhir.api.Repository;
+import org.opencds.cqf.fhir.utility.monad.Either;
+import org.opencds.cqf.fhir.utility.monad.Eithers;
+
+@ExtendWith(MockitoExtension.class)
+class R4MeasureServiceUtilsTest {
+    private static final String PRACTITIONER = "Practitioner/pra1";
+    private static final String PRACTITIONER_ROLE = "PractitionerRole/praRol1";
+    private static final String ORGANIZATION = "Organization/org1";
+    private static final String LOCATION = "Location/loc1";
+    private static final String PATIENT = "Patient/pat1";
+    private static final String GROUP = "Group/grp1";
+    private static final IllegalArgumentException EXCEPTION_ILLEGAL_REPORTER = new IllegalArgumentException(
+            "R4MultiMeasureService requires '[ResourceType]/[ResourceId]' format to set MeasureReport.reporter reference.");
+    private static final Either<Object, IllegalArgumentException> EITHER_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_EXCEPTION =
+            Eithers.forRight(EXCEPTION_ILLEGAL_REPORTER);
+    private static final Either<Optional<Reference>, Exception> EITHER_EMPTY_RESULT = buildEitherLeft(null);
+
+    @Mock
+    private Repository repository;
+
+    private static Stream<Arguments> params() {
+        return Stream.of(
+                Arguments.of(null, EITHER_EMPTY_RESULT),
+                Arguments.of(PRACTITIONER, buildEitherLeft(PRACTITIONER)),
+                Arguments.of(PRACTITIONER_ROLE, buildEitherLeft(PRACTITIONER_ROLE)),
+                Arguments.of(ORGANIZATION, buildEitherLeft(ORGANIZATION)),
+                Arguments.of(LOCATION, buildEitherLeft(LOCATION)),
+                Arguments.of(PATIENT, EITHER_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_EXCEPTION),
+                Arguments.of(GROUP, EITHER_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_EXCEPTION));
+    }
+
+    @ParameterizedTest
+    @MethodSource("params")
+    void getReporter(@Nullable String theReporter, Either<Optional<Reference>, Exception> theExpectedReporterOrError) {
+        final R4MeasureServiceUtils subject = new R4MeasureServiceUtils(repository);
+
+        if (theExpectedReporterOrError.isRight()) {
+            final Exception expectedException = theExpectedReporterOrError.right();
+            assertThrows(
+                    expectedException.getClass(),
+                    () -> subject.getReporter(theReporter),
+                    expectedException.getMessage());
+        } else if (theExpectedReporterOrError.isLeft()) {
+            final Optional<Reference> optReporter = subject.getReporter(theReporter);
+            assertEquals(
+                    theExpectedReporterOrError.left().map(Reference::getReference),
+                    optReporter.map(Reference::getReference));
+        } else {
+            fail("Expecting an Either with only a left or a right but it has neither.");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static Either<Optional<Reference>, Exception> buildEitherLeft(@Nullable String theId) {
+        return Eithers.forLeft(Optional.ofNullable(theId).map(Reference::new));
+    }
+}