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<title>Chapter 4 Data Management | R for HR: An Introduction to Human Resource Analytics Using R</title>
<meta name="description" content="Human resource (HR) analytics is a growing area of HR manage, and the purpose of this book is to show how the R programming language can be used as tool to manage, analyze, and visualize HR data in order to derive insights and to inform decision making. [NOTE: This is Version 0.1.7 of this book, which means that the book is not yet in its final form, that it contains typographical errors, and that it may be expanded in the future.]" />
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="Human resource (HR) analytics is a growing area of HR manage, and the purpose of this book is to show how the R programming language can be used as tool to manage, analyze, and visualize HR data in order to derive insights and to inform decision making. [NOTE: This is Version 0.1.7 of this book, which means that the book is not yet in its final form, that it contains typographical errors, and that it may be expanded in the future.]" />
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<div class="book-summary">
<nav role="navigation">
<ul class="summary">
<li><a href="./">R for HR</a></li>
<li class="divider"></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="index.html"><a href="index.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Preface</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="0.1" data-path="index.html"><a href="index.html#hragrowth"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>0.1</b> Growth of HR Analytics</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="0.2" data-path="index.html"><a href="index.html#hranalytics_skillsgap"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>0.2</b> Skills Gap</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="0.3" data-path="index.html"><a href="index.html#hraplc"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>0.3</b> Project Life Cycle Perspective</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="0.4" data-path="index.html"><a href="index.html#hranalytics_hris_overview"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>0.4</b> Overview of HRIS & HR Analytics</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="0.5" data-path="index.html"><a href="index.html#philosophy"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>0.5</b> My Philosophy for This Book</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="0.5.1" data-path="index.html"><a href="index.html#rationalerpref"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>0.5.1</b> Rationale for Using R</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="0.5.2" data-path="index.html"><a href="index.html#audiencepref"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>0.5.2</b> Audience</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="0.6" data-path="index.html"><a href="index.html#structurepref"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>0.6</b> Structure</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="0.7" data-path="index.html"><a href="index.html#aboutauthor"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>0.7</b> About the Author</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="0.8" data-path="index.html"><a href="index.html#contactauthor"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>0.8</b> Contacting the Author</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="0.9" data-path="index.html"><a href="index.html#acknowpref"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>0.9</b> Acknowledgements</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="part"><span><b>I HR Analytics Project Life Cycle</b></span></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1" data-path="overviewhraplc.html"><a href="overviewhraplc.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1</b> Overview of HR Analytics Project Life Cycle</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2" data-path="questionformulation.html"><a href="questionformulation.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2</b> Question Formulation</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1" data-path="questionformulation.html"><a href="questionformulation.html#adoptstrategicmindset"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1</b> Adopting a Strategic Mindset</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1.1" data-path="questionformulation.html"><a href="questionformulation.html#strategy"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1.1</b> Strategy</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1.2" data-path="questionformulation.html"><a href="questionformulation.html#strategyformulation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1.2</b> Strategy Formulation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1.3" data-path="questionformulation.html"><a href="questionformulation.html#strategyimplementation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1.3</b> Strategy Implementation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1.4" data-path="questionformulation.html"><a href="questionformulation.html#strategichrm"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1.4</b> Strategic Human Resource Management</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.2" data-path="questionformulation.html"><a href="questionformulation.html#defining-problems-formulating-questions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.2</b> Defining Problems & Formulating Questions</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.2.1" data-path="questionformulation.html"><a href="questionformulation.html#definingaproblem"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.2.1</b> Defining a Problem</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.2.2" data-path="questionformulation.html"><a href="questionformulation.html#formulatingaquestion"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.2.2</b> Formulating a Question</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.2.3" data-path="questionformulation.html"><a href="questionformulation.html#divergentconvergentthinking"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.2.3</b> Thinking Divergently & Convergently</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.3" data-path="questionformulation.html"><a href="questionformulation.html#summary"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.3</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3" data-path="dataacquisition.html"><a href="dataacquisition.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3</b> Data Acquisition</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.1" data-path="dataacquisition.html"><a href="dataacquisition.html#employeesurveys_dataacquisition"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.1</b> Employee Surveys</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2" data-path="dataacquisition.html"><a href="dataacquisition.html#ratingforms_dataacquisition"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2</b> Rating Forms</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.3" data-path="dataacquisition.html"><a href="dataacquisition.html#surveillance_dataacquisition"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.3</b> Surveillance & Monitoring</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.4" data-path="dataacquisition.html"><a href="dataacquisition.html#dbqueries_dataacquisition"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.4</b> Database Queries</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.5" data-path="dataacquisition.html"><a href="dataacquisition.html#scraping_dataacquisition"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.5</b> Scraping</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.6" data-path="dataacquisition.html"><a href="dataacquisition.html#summary_dataacquisition"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.6</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4" data-path="datamanagement.html"><a href="datamanagement.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4</b> Data Management</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1" data-path="datamanagement.html"><a href="datamanagement.html#datamanage_clean"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1</b> Data Cleaning</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.2" data-path="datamanagement.html"><a href="datamanagement.html#datamanage_manipulate"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.2</b> Data Manipulation & Structuring</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.3" data-path="datamanagement.html"><a href="datamanagement.html#datamanage_tools"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.3</b> Common Data-Management Tools</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.4" data-path="datamanagement.html"><a href="datamanagement.html#summary-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.4</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5" data-path="dataanalysis.html"><a href="dataanalysis.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5</b> Data Analysis</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.1" data-path="dataanalysis.html"><a href="dataanalysis.html#dataanalysis_toolstechniques"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.1</b> Tools & Techniques</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.1.1" data-path="dataanalysis.html"><a href="dataanalysis.html#mathematics"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.1.1</b> Mathematics</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.1.2" data-path="dataanalysis.html"><a href="dataanalysis.html#statistics"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.1.2</b> Statistics</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.1.3" data-path="dataanalysis.html"><a href="dataanalysis.html#machinelearning"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.1.3</b> Machine Learning</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.1.4" data-path="dataanalysis.html"><a href="dataanalysis.html#computationalmodelsimulation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.1.4</b> Computational Modeling & Simulations</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.1.5" data-path="dataanalysis.html"><a href="dataanalysis.html#textqualitativeanalyses"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.1.5</b> Text Analyses & Qualitative Analyses</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2" data-path="dataanalysis.html"><a href="dataanalysis.html#continuum_dataanalytics"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2</b> Continuum of Data Analytics</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2.1" data-path="dataanalysis.html"><a href="dataanalysis.html#descriptive_analytics"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2.1</b> Descriptive Analytics</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2.2" data-path="dataanalysis.html"><a href="dataanalysis.html#predictish_analytics"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2.2</b> Predict-ish Analytics</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2.3" data-path="dataanalysis.html"><a href="dataanalysis.html#predictive_analytics"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2.3</b> Predictive Analytics</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2.4" data-path="dataanalysis.html"><a href="dataanalysis.html#prescriptive_analytics"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2.4</b> Prescriptive Analytics</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.3" data-path="dataanalysis.html"><a href="dataanalysis.html#summary-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.3</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6" data-path="datainterpretationstorytelling.html"><a href="datainterpretationstorytelling.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6</b> Data Interpretation & Storytelling</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.1" data-path="datainterpretationstorytelling.html"><a href="datainterpretationstorytelling.html#datainterpretation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.1</b> Data Interpretation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.2" data-path="datainterpretationstorytelling.html"><a href="datainterpretationstorytelling.html#storytelling"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.2</b> Storytelling</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.2.1" data-path="datainterpretationstorytelling.html"><a href="datainterpretationstorytelling.html#structure_storytelling"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.2.1</b> Structure</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.2.2" data-path="datainterpretationstorytelling.html"><a href="datainterpretationstorytelling.html#clarityparsimony_storytelling"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.2.2</b> Clarity & Parsimony</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.2.3" data-path="datainterpretationstorytelling.html"><a href="datainterpretationstorytelling.html#influencepersuasion_storytelling"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.2.3</b> Influence & Persuasion</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.3" data-path="datainterpretationstorytelling.html"><a href="datainterpretationstorytelling.html#datavizualization_storytelling"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.3</b> Data Visualization</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.4" data-path="datainterpretationstorytelling.html"><a href="datainterpretationstorytelling.html#summary_datainterpretationstorytelling"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.4</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7" data-path="deploymentimplementation.html"><a href="deploymentimplementation.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7</b> Deployment & Implementation</a></li>
<li class="part"><span><b>II Introduction to R</b></span></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8" data-path="overviewR.html"><a href="overviewR.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8</b> Overview of R & RStudio</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.1" data-path="overviewR.html"><a href="overviewR.html#R_overview"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.1</b> R Programming Language</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.1.1" data-path="overviewR.html"><a href="overviewR.html#R_what"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.1.1</b> What Is R?</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.1.2" data-path="overviewR.html"><a href="overviewR.html#R_why"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.1.2</b> Why Use R?</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.1.3" data-path="overviewR.html"><a href="overviewR.html#R_who"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.1.3</b> Who Uses R?</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.2" data-path="overviewR.html"><a href="overviewR.html#RStudio_overview"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.2</b> RStudio</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.2.1" data-path="overviewR.html"><a href="overviewR.html#RStudio_what"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.2.1</b> What is RStudio?</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.2.2" data-path="overviewR.html"><a href="overviewR.html#RStudio_why"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.2.2</b> Why RStudio?</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.2.3" data-path="overviewR.html"><a href="overviewR.html#RStudio_who"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.2.3</b> Who Uses RStudio?</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.3" data-path="overviewR.html"><a href="overviewR.html#packages_overview"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.3</b> Packages</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.4" data-path="overviewR.html"><a href="overviewR.html#summary-3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.4</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9" data-path="install.html"><a href="install.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9</b> Installing R & RStudio</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.1" data-path="install.html"><a href="install.html#videotutorial_install"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.1</b> Video Tutorial</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.2" data-path="install.html"><a href="install.html#installR"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.2</b> Downloading & Installing R</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.2.1" data-path="install.html"><a href="install.html#installR_windows"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.2.1</b> For Windows Operation Systems</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.2.2" data-path="install.html"><a href="install.html#installR_macos"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.2.2</b> For Mac Operating Systems</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.3" data-path="install.html"><a href="install.html#installRStudio"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.3</b> Downloading & Installing RStudio</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.4" data-path="install.html"><a href="install.html#summary_install"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.4</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10" data-path="gettingstarted.html"><a href="gettingstarted.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10</b> Getting Started with R & RStudio</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.1" data-path="gettingstarted.html"><a href="gettingstarted.html#orientation_gettingstarted"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.1</b> Orientation to RStudio</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.2" data-path="gettingstarted.html"><a href="gettingstarted.html#createRscript"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.2</b> Creating & Saving an R Script</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.2.1" data-path="gettingstarted.html"><a href="gettingstarted.html#createnewRscript_gettingstarted"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.2.1</b> Creating a New R Script</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.2.2" data-path="gettingstarted.html"><a href="gettingstarted.html#usenewRscript_gettingstarted"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.2.2</b> Using an R Script</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.2.3" data-path="gettingstarted.html"><a href="gettingstarted.html#saveRscript_gettingstarted"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.2.3</b> Saving an R Script</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.2.4" data-path="gettingstarted.html"><a href="gettingstarted.html#openRscript_gettingstarted"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.2.4</b> Opening a Saved R Script</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.3" data-path="gettingstarted.html"><a href="gettingstarted.html#RStudioproject_gettingstarted"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.3</b> Creating an RStudio Project</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.3.1" data-path="gettingstarted.html"><a href="gettingstarted.html#createRStudioproject_gettingstarted"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.3.1</b> Creating a New RStudio Project</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.3.2" data-path="gettingstarted.html"><a href="gettingstarted.html#openRStudioproject_gettingstarted"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.3.2</b> Opening an Existing RStudio Project</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.4" data-path="gettingstarted.html"><a href="gettingstarted.html#writtentutorials_gettingstarted"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.4</b> Orientation to Written Tutorials</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.5" data-path="gettingstarted.html"><a href="gettingstarted.html#summary_gettingstarted"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.5</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11" data-path="gentleintro.html"><a href="gentleintro.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11</b> Basic Features and Operations of the R Language</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.1" data-path="gentleintro.html"><a href="gentleintro.html#videotutorial_gentleintro"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.1</b> Video Tutorial</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.2" data-path="gentleintro.html"><a href="gentleintro.html#functions_gentleintro"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.2</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.3" data-path="gentleintro.html"><a href="gentleintro.html#r_as_calculator"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.3</b> R as a Calculator</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.4" data-path="gentleintro.html"><a href="gentleintro.html#functions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.4</b> Functions</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.5" data-path="gentleintro.html"><a href="gentleintro.html#packages"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.5</b> Packages</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.6" data-path="gentleintro.html"><a href="gentleintro.html#variableassignment"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.6</b> Variable Assignment</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.7" data-path="gentleintro.html"><a href="gentleintro.html#typesofdata"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.7</b> Types of Data</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.7.1" data-path="gentleintro.html"><a href="gentleintro.html#numeric-data"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.7.1</b> <code>numeric</code> Data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.7.2" data-path="gentleintro.html"><a href="gentleintro.html#character-data"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.7.2</b> <code>character</code> Data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.7.3" data-path="gentleintro.html"><a href="gentleintro.html#date-data"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.7.3</b> <code>Date</code> Data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.7.4" data-path="gentleintro.html"><a href="gentleintro.html#logical-data"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.7.4</b> <code>logical</code> Data</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.8" data-path="gentleintro.html"><a href="gentleintro.html#vectors"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.8</b> Vectors</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.9" data-path="gentleintro.html"><a href="gentleintro.html#lists"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.9</b> Lists</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.10" data-path="gentleintro.html"><a href="gentleintro.html#dataframes"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.10</b> Data Frames</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.11" data-path="gentleintro.html"><a href="gentleintro.html#annotate"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.11</b> Annotations</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.12" data-path="gentleintro.html"><a href="gentleintro.html#summary_gentleintro"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.12</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12" data-path="setwd.html"><a href="setwd.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12</b> Setting a Working Directory</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.1" data-path="setwd.html"><a href="setwd.html#videotutorial_setwd"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.1</b> Video Tutorial</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.2" data-path="setwd.html"><a href="setwd.html#functions_setwd"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.2</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.3" data-path="setwd.html"><a href="setwd.html#getwd_setwd"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.3</b> Identify the Current Working Directory</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.4" data-path="setwd.html"><a href="setwd.html#setwd_setwd"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.4</b> Set a New Working Directory</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.5" data-path="setwd.html"><a href="setwd.html#summary_setwd"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.5</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="part"><span><b>III Data Acquisition & Management</b></span></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13" data-path="read.html"><a href="read.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13</b> Reading Data into R</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.1" data-path="read.html"><a href="read.html#conceptualoverview_read"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.1</b> Conceptual Overview</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.2" data-path="read.html"><a href="read.html#tutorial_read"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.2</b> Tutorial</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.2.1" data-path="read.html"><a href="read.html#videotutorial_read"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.2.1</b> Video Tutorial</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.2.2" data-path="read.html"><a href="read.html#functions_read"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.2.2</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.2.3" data-path="read.html"><a href="read.html#initialsteps_read"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.2.3</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.2.4" data-path="read.html"><a href="read.html#readcsv"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.2.4</b> Read a .csv File</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.2.5" data-path="read.html"><a href="read.html#readxlsx"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.2.5</b> Read a .xlsx File</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.2.6" data-path="read.html"><a href="read.html#read_summary"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.2.6</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.3" data-path="read.html"><a href="read.html#read_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.3</b> Chapter Supplement</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.3.1" data-path="read.html"><a href="read.html#read_supplement_functions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.3.1</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.3.2" data-path="read.html"><a href="read.html#read_initsteps_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.3.2</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.3.3" data-path="read.html"><a href="read.html#read_additionalfunctions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.3.3</b> Additional Functions for Reading a .csv File</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.3.4" data-path="read.html"><a href="read.html#read_skiprows"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.3.4</b> Skip Rows of Data During Read</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.3.5" data-path="read.html"><a href="read.html#listdatafiles"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.3.5</b> List Data File Names in Working Directory</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14" data-path="addnames.html"><a href="addnames.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14</b> Removing, Adding, & Changing Variable Names</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.1" data-path="addnames.html"><a href="addnames.html#conceptualoverview_addnames"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.1</b> Conceptual Overview</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.2" data-path="addnames.html"><a href="addnames.html#tutorial_addnames"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.2</b> Tutorial</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.2.1" data-path="addnames.html"><a href="addnames.html#videotutorial_addnames"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.2.1</b> Video Tutorial</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.2.2" data-path="addnames.html"><a href="addnames.html#function_addnames"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.2.2</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.2.3" data-path="addnames.html"><a href="addnames.html#initsteps_addnames"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.2.3</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.2.4" data-path="addnames.html"><a href="addnames.html#remove_variablenames"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.2.4</b> Remove Variable Names from a Data Frame Object</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.2.5" data-path="addnames.html"><a href="addnames.html#add_variablenames"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.2.5</b> Add Variable Names to a Data Frame Object</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.2.6" data-path="addnames.html"><a href="addnames.html#change_variablenames"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.2.6</b> Change Specific Variable Names in a Data Frame Object</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.2.7" data-path="addnames.html"><a href="addnames.html#summary_addnames"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.2.7</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15" data-path="write.html"><a href="write.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15</b> Writing Data from R</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.1" data-path="write.html"><a href="write.html#conceptualoverview_write"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.1</b> Conceptual Overview</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.2" data-path="write.html"><a href="write.html#tutorial_write"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.2</b> Tutorial</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.2.1" data-path="write.html"><a href="write.html#videotutorial_write"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.2.1</b> Video Tutorial</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.2.2" data-path="write.html"><a href="write.html#functions_write"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.2.2</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.2.3" data-path="write.html"><a href="write.html#initialsteps_write"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.2.3</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.2.4" data-path="write.html"><a href="write.html#write_dataframe"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.2.4</b> Write Data Frame to Working Directory</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.2.5" data-path="write.html"><a href="write.html#write_table"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.2.5</b> Write Table to Working Directory</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.2.6" data-path="write.html"><a href="write.html#summary_write"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.2.6</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16" data-path="arrange.html"><a href="arrange.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16</b> Arranging (Sorting) Data</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16.1" data-path="arrange.html"><a href="arrange.html#conceptualoverview_arrange"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16.1</b> Conceptual Overview</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16.2" data-path="arrange.html"><a href="arrange.html#tutorial_arrange"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16.2</b> Tutorial</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16.2.1" data-path="arrange.html"><a href="arrange.html#videotutorial_arrange"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16.2.1</b> Video Tutorial</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16.2.2" data-path="arrange.html"><a href="arrange.html#functions_arrange"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16.2.2</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16.2.3" data-path="arrange.html"><a href="arrange.html#initsteps_arrange"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16.2.3</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16.2.4" data-path="arrange.html"><a href="arrange.html#arrangebyvalues"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16.2.4</b> Arrange (Sort) Data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16.2.5" data-path="arrange.html"><a href="arrange.html#summary_arrange"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16.2.5</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16.3" data-path="arrange.html"><a href="arrange.html#arrange_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16.3</b> Chapter Supplement</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16.3.1" data-path="arrange.html"><a href="arrange.html#arrange_supplement_functions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16.3.1</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16.3.2" data-path="arrange.html"><a href="arrange.html#arrange_initsteps_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16.3.2</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16.3.3" data-path="arrange.html"><a href="arrange.html#arrange_orderfunction"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16.3.3</b> <code>order</code> Function from Base R</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="17" data-path="join.html"><a href="join.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17</b> Joining (Merging) Data</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="17.1" data-path="join.html"><a href="join.html#conceptualoverview_join"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17.1</b> Conceptual Overview</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="17.1.1" data-path="join.html"><a href="join.html#review_horizontaljoin"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17.1.1</b> Review of Horizontal Joins (Merges)</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="17.1.2" data-path="join.html"><a href="join.html#review_verticaljoin"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17.1.2</b> Review of Vertical Joins (Merges)</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="17.2" data-path="join.html"><a href="join.html#tutorial_join"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17.2</b> Tutorial</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="17.2.1" data-path="join.html"><a href="join.html#videotutorial_join"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17.2.1</b> Video Tutorial</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="17.2.2" data-path="join.html"><a href="join.html#functions-packages-introduced"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17.2.2</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="17.2.3" data-path="join.html"><a href="join.html#initsteps_join"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17.2.3</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="17.2.4" data-path="join.html"><a href="join.html#horizontaljoin"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17.2.4</b> Horizontal Join (Merge)</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="17.2.5" data-path="join.html"><a href="join.html#verticaljoin"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17.2.5</b> Vertical Join (Merge)</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="17.2.6" data-path="join.html"><a href="join.html#summary_join"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17.2.6</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="17.3" data-path="join.html"><a href="join.html#join_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17.3</b> Chapter Supplement</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="17.3.1" data-path="join.html"><a href="join.html#supp_join_video"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17.3.1</b> Video Tutorial</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="17.3.2" data-path="join.html"><a href="join.html#join_supplement_functions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17.3.2</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="17.3.3" data-path="join.html"><a href="join.html#join_initsteps_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17.3.3</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="17.3.4" data-path="join.html"><a href="join.html#join_mergefunction"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17.3.4</b> <code>merge</code> Function from Base R</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="18" data-path="filter.html"><a href="filter.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>18</b> Filtering (Subsetting) Data</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="18.1" data-path="filter.html"><a href="filter.html#conceptualoverview_filter"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>18.1</b> Conceptual Overview</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="18.1.1" data-path="filter.html"><a href="filter.html#review_logicaloperators"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>18.1.1</b> Review of Logical Operators</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="18.2" data-path="filter.html"><a href="filter.html#tutorial_filter"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>18.2</b> Tutorial</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="18.2.1" data-path="filter.html"><a href="filter.html#videotutorial_filter"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>18.2.1</b> Video Tutorial</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="18.2.2" data-path="filter.html"><a href="filter.html#function_filter"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>18.2.2</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="18.2.3" data-path="filter.html"><a href="filter.html#initsteps_filter"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>18.2.3</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="18.2.4" data-path="filter.html"><a href="filter.html#filter_cases"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>18.2.4</b> Filter Cases from Data Frame</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="18.2.5" data-path="filter.html"><a href="filter.html#remove-single-variable-from-data-frame"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>18.2.5</b> Remove Single Variable from Data Frame</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="18.2.6" data-path="filter.html"><a href="filter.html#select_multiplevariables"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>18.2.6</b> Select Multiple Variables from Data Frame</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="18.2.7" data-path="filter.html"><a href="filter.html#remove_multiplevariables"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>18.2.7</b> Remove Multiple Variables from Data Frame</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="18.2.8" data-path="filter.html"><a href="filter.html#summary_filter"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>18.2.8</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="18.3" data-path="filter.html"><a href="filter.html#filter_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>18.3</b> Chapter Supplement</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="18.3.1" data-path="filter.html"><a href="filter.html#supp_filter_video"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>18.3.1</b> Video Tutorials</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="18.3.2" data-path="filter.html"><a href="filter.html#filter_supplement_functions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>18.3.2</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="18.3.3" data-path="filter.html"><a href="filter.html#filter_initsteps_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>18.3.3</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="18.3.4" data-path="filter.html"><a href="filter.html#filter_subset_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>18.3.4</b> <code>subset</code> Function from Base R</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="18.3.5" data-path="filter.html"><a href="filter.html#str_detect_supp"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>18.3.5</b> Filter by Pattern Contained within String</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="19" data-path="clean.html"><a href="clean.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>19</b> Cleaning Data</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="19.1" data-path="clean.html"><a href="clean.html#conceptualoverview_clean"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>19.1</b> Conceptual Overview</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="19.2" data-path="clean.html"><a href="clean.html#tutorial_clean"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>19.2</b> Tutorial</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="19.2.1" data-path="clean.html"><a href="clean.html#videotutorial_clean"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>19.2.1</b> Video Tutorial</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="19.2.2" data-path="clean.html"><a href="clean.html#functions_clean"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>19.2.2</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="19.2.3" data-path="clean.html"><a href="clean.html#initsteps_clean"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>19.2.3</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="19.2.4" data-path="clean.html"><a href="clean.html#reviewdata_clean"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>19.2.4</b> Review Data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="19.2.5" data-path="clean.html"><a href="clean.html#cleandata_clean"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>19.2.5</b> Clean Data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="19.2.6" data-path="clean.html"><a href="clean.html#renamevariables_clean"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>19.2.6</b> Rename Variables</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="19.2.7" data-path="clean.html"><a href="clean.html#otherapproaches_clean"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>19.2.7</b> Other Approaches to Cleaning Data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="19.2.8" data-path="clean.html"><a href="clean.html#summary_clean"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>19.2.8</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="20" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>20</b> Manipulating & Restructuring Data</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="20.1" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#conceptualoverview_manipulate"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>20.1</b> Conceptual Overview</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="20.2" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#tutorial_manipulate"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>20.2</b> Tutorial</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="20.2.1" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#videotutorial_manipulate"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>20.2.1</b> Video Tutorial</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="20.2.2" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#functions_manipulate"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>20.2.2</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="20.2.3" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#initsteps_manipulate"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>20.2.3</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="20.2.4" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#manipulate_widetolong"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>20.2.4</b> Wide-to-Long Format Data Manipulation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="20.2.5" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#manipulate_longtowide"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>20.2.5</b> Long-to-Wide Format Data Manipulation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="20.2.6" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#summary_manipulate"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>20.2.6</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="21" data-path="center.html"><a href="center.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>21</b> Centering & Standardizing Variables</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="21.1" data-path="center.html"><a href="center.html#conceptualoverview_center"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>21.1</b> Conceptual Overview</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="21.1.1" data-path="center.html"><a href="center.html#review_center"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>21.1.1</b> Review of Centering Variables</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="21.1.2" data-path="center.html"><a href="center.html#review_standardize"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>21.1.2</b> Review of Standardizing Variables</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="21.2" data-path="center.html"><a href="center.html#tutorial_center"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>21.2</b> Tutorial</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="21.2.1" data-path="center.html"><a href="center.html#videotutorial_center"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>21.2.1</b> Video Tutorial</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="21.2.2" data-path="center.html"><a href="center.html#functions_center"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>21.2.2</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="21.2.3" data-path="center.html"><a href="center.html#initsteps_center"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>21.2.3</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="21.2.4" data-path="center.html"><a href="center.html#grandmean_center"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>21.2.4</b> Grand-Mean Center Variables</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="21.2.5" data-path="center.html"><a href="center.html#groupmean_center"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>21.2.5</b> Group-Mean Center Variables</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="21.2.6" data-path="center.html"><a href="center.html#standardize_center"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>21.2.6</b> Standardize Variables</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="21.2.7" data-path="center.html"><a href="center.html#summary_center"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>21.2.7</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="22" data-path="removeobjects.html"><a href="removeobjects.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>22</b> Removing Objects from the R Environment</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="22.1" data-path="removeobjects.html"><a href="removeobjects.html#conceptualoverview_removeobjects"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>22.1</b> Conceptual Overview</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="22.2" data-path="removeobjects.html"><a href="removeobjects.html#tutorial_removeobjects"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>22.2</b> Tutorial</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="22.2.1" data-path="removeobjects.html"><a href="removeobjects.html#videotutorial_removeobjects"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>22.2.1</b> Video Tutorial</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="22.2.2" data-path="removeobjects.html"><a href="removeobjects.html#function_removeobjects"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>22.2.2</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="22.2.3" data-path="removeobjects.html"><a href="removeobjects.html#initsteps_removeobjects"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>22.2.3</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="22.2.4" data-path="removeobjects.html"><a href="removeobjects.html#listobjects_removeobjects"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>22.2.4</b> List Objects in R Environment</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="22.2.5" data-path="removeobjects.html"><a href="removeobjects.html#removeobjects_removeobjects"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>22.2.5</b> Remove Objects from R Environment</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="22.2.6" data-path="removeobjects.html"><a href="removeobjects.html#summary_removeobjects"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>22.2.6</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="part"><span><b>IV Employee Demographics</b></span></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="23" data-path="employeedemographics.html"><a href="employeedemographics.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>23</b> Introduction to Employee Demographics</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="23.1" data-path="employeedemographics.html"><a href="employeedemographics.html#chapters_employeedemographics"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>23.1</b> Chapters Included</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="24" data-path="descriptives.html"><a href="descriptives.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>24</b> Describing Employee Demographics Using Descriptive Statistics</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="24.1" data-path="descriptives.html"><a href="descriptives.html#conceptualoverview_descriptives"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>24.1</b> Conceptual Overview</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="24.1.1" data-path="descriptives.html"><a href="descriptives.html#measurementscales"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>24.1.1</b> Review of Measurement Scales</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="24.1.2" data-path="descriptives.html"><a href="descriptives.html#constructs_measures_measurementscales"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>24.1.2</b> Constructs, Measures, & Measurement Scales</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="24.1.3" data-path="descriptives.html"><a href="descriptives.html#typesof_descriptivestatistics"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>24.1.3</b> Types of Descriptive Statistics</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="24.1.4" data-path="descriptives.html"><a href="descriptives.html#samplewriteup_descriptives"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>24.1.4</b> Sample Write-Up</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="24.2" data-path="descriptives.html"><a href="descriptives.html#tutorial_descriptives"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>24.2</b> Tutorial</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="24.2.1" data-path="descriptives.html"><a href="descriptives.html#videotutorial_descriptives"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>24.2.1</b> Video Tutorials</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="24.2.2" data-path="descriptives.html"><a href="descriptives.html#functions_descriptives"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>24.2.2</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="24.2.3" data-path="descriptives.html"><a href="descriptives.html#initsteps_descriptives"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>24.2.3</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="24.2.4" data-path="descriptives.html"><a href="descriptives.html#determine_measurementscale"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>24.2.4</b> Determine the Measurement Scale</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="24.2.5" data-path="descriptives.html"><a href="descriptives.html#describe_nominal_ordinal"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>24.2.5</b> Describe Nominal & Ordinal (Categorical) Variables</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="24.2.6" data-path="descriptives.html"><a href="descriptives.html#describe_interval_ratio"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>24.2.6</b> Describe Interval & Ratio (Continuous) Variables</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="24.2.7" data-path="descriptives.html"><a href="descriptives.html#summary_descriptives"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>24.2.7</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="24.3" data-path="descriptives.html"><a href="descriptives.html#descriptives_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>24.3</b> Chapter Supplement</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="24.3.1" data-path="descriptives.html"><a href="descriptives.html#descriptives_supplement_functions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>24.3.1</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="24.3.2" data-path="descriptives.html"><a href="descriptives.html#descriptives_initsteps_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>24.3.2</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="24.3.3" data-path="descriptives.html"><a href="descriptives.html#descriptives_coefficientofvariation_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>24.3.3</b> Compute Coefficient of Variation (CV)</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="25" data-path="crosstabs.html"><a href="crosstabs.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>25</b> Summarizing Two or More Categorical Variables Using Cross-Tabulations</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="25.1" data-path="crosstabs.html"><a href="crosstabs.html#conceptualoverview_crosstabs"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>25.1</b> Conceptual Overview</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="25.1.1" data-path="crosstabs.html"><a href="crosstabs.html#review_crosstabs"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>25.1.1</b> Review of Cross-Tabulation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="25.1.2" data-path="crosstabs.html"><a href="crosstabs.html#samplewriteup_crosstabs"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>25.1.2</b> Sample Write-Up</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="25.2" data-path="crosstabs.html"><a href="crosstabs.html#tutorial_crosstabs"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>25.2</b> Tutorial</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="25.2.1" data-path="crosstabs.html"><a href="crosstabs.html#videotutorial_crosstabs"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>25.2.1</b> Video Tutorial</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="25.2.2" data-path="crosstabs.html"><a href="crosstabs.html#functions_crosstabs"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>25.2.2</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="25.2.3" data-path="crosstabs.html"><a href="crosstabs.html#initsteps_tables"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>25.2.3</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="25.2.4" data-path="crosstabs.html"><a href="crosstabs.html#twoway_crosstabs"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>25.2.4</b> Two-Way Cross-Tabulation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="25.2.5" data-path="crosstabs.html"><a href="crosstabs.html#threeway_crosstabs"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>25.2.5</b> Three-Way Cross-Tabulation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="25.2.6" data-path="crosstabs.html"><a href="crosstabs.html#summary_crosstabs"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>25.2.6</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="26" data-path="pivottables.html"><a href="pivottables.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>26</b> Applying Pivot Tables to Explore Employee Demographic Data</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="26.1" data-path="pivottables.html"><a href="pivottables.html#conceptualoverview_pivottables"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>26.1</b> Conceptual Overview</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="26.2" data-path="pivottables.html"><a href="pivottables.html#tutorial_pivottables"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>26.2</b> Tutorial</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="26.2.1" data-path="pivottables.html"><a href="pivottables.html#videotutorial_pivottables"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>26.2.1</b> Video Tutorial</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="26.2.2" data-path="pivottables.html"><a href="pivottables.html#functions_pivottables"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>26.2.2</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="26.2.3" data-path="pivottables.html"><a href="pivottables.html#initsteps_pivottables"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>26.2.3</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="26.2.4" data-path="pivottables.html"><a href="pivottables.html#create_pivottables"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>26.2.4</b> Create a Pivot Table</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="26.2.5" data-path="pivottables.html"><a href="pivottables.html#summary_pivottables"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>26.2.5</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="part"><span><b>V Employee Surveys</b></span></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="27" data-path="employeesurveys.html"><a href="employeesurveys.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>27</b> Introduction to Employee Surveys</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="27.1" data-path="employeesurveys.html"><a href="employeesurveys.html#chapters_employeesurveys"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>27.1</b> Chapters Included</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="28" data-path="aggregatesegment.html"><a href="aggregatesegment.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>28</b> Aggregating & Segmenting Employee Survey Data</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="28.1" data-path="aggregatesegment.html"><a href="aggregatesegment.html#conceptualoverview_aggregatesegment"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>28.1</b> Conceptual Overview</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="28.2" data-path="aggregatesegment.html"><a href="aggregatesegment.html#tutorial_aggregatesegment"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>28.2</b> Tutorial</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="28.2.1" data-path="aggregatesegment.html"><a href="aggregatesegment.html#videotutorial_aggregatesegment"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>28.2.1</b> Video Tutorial</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="28.2.2" data-path="aggregatesegment.html"><a href="aggregatesegment.html#functions_aggregatesegment"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>28.2.2</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="28.2.3" data-path="aggregatesegment.html"><a href="aggregatesegment.html#initsteps_aggregatesegment"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>28.2.3</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="28.2.4" data-path="aggregatesegment.html"><a href="aggregatesegment.html#counts_bygroup"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>28.2.4</b> Counts By Group</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="28.2.5" data-path="aggregatesegment.html"><a href="aggregatesegment.html#centraldispersion_bygroup"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>28.2.5</b> Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion By Group</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="28.2.6" data-path="aggregatesegment.html"><a href="aggregatesegment.html#addaggregatedvariable"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>28.2.6</b> Add Variable to Data Frame Containing Aggregated Values</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="28.2.7" data-path="aggregatesegment.html"><a href="aggregatesegment.html#visualize_bygroup"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>28.2.7</b> Visualize Data By Group</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="28.2.8" data-path="aggregatesegment.html"><a href="aggregatesegment.html#summary_aggregatesegment"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>28.2.8</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="28.3" data-path="aggregatesegment.html"><a href="aggregatesegment.html#aggregatesegment_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>28.3</b> Chapter Supplement</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="28.3.1" data-path="aggregatesegment.html"><a href="aggregatesegment.html#aggregatesegment_supplement_functions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>28.3.1</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="28.3.2" data-path="aggregatesegment.html"><a href="aggregatesegment.html#aggregatesegment_initsteps_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>28.3.2</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="28.3.3" data-path="aggregatesegment.html"><a href="aggregatesegment.html#aggregatesegment_describeby_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>28.3.3</b> <code>describeBy</code> Function from <code>psych</code> Package</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="28.3.4" data-path="aggregatesegment.html"><a href="aggregatesegment.html#aggregatesegment_aggregate_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>28.3.4</b> <code>aggregate</code> Function from Base R</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="29" data-path="cronbachsalpha.html"><a href="cronbachsalpha.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>29</b> Estimating Internal Consistency Reliability Using Cronbach’s alpha</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="29.1" data-path="cronbachsalpha.html"><a href="cronbachsalpha.html#conceptualoverview_cronbachsalpha"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>29.1</b> Conceptual Overview</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="29.2" data-path="cronbachsalpha.html"><a href="cronbachsalpha.html#tutorial_cronbachsalpha"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>29.2</b> Tutorial</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="29.2.1" data-path="cronbachsalpha.html"><a href="cronbachsalpha.html#videotutorial_cronbachsalpha"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>29.2.1</b> Video Tutorial</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="29.2.2" data-path="cronbachsalpha.html"><a href="cronbachsalpha.html#functions_cronbachsalpha"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>29.2.2</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="29.2.3" data-path="cronbachsalpha.html"><a href="cronbachsalpha.html#initsteps_cronbachsalpha"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>29.2.3</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="29.2.4" data-path="cronbachsalpha.html"><a href="cronbachsalpha.html#cronbachsalpha_alpha"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>29.2.4</b> Compute Cronbach’s alpha</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="29.2.5" data-path="cronbachsalpha.html"><a href="cronbachsalpha.html#summary_cronbachsalpha"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>29.2.5</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="30" data-path="compositevariable.html"><a href="compositevariable.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>30</b> Creating a Composite Variable Based on a Multi-Item Measure</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="30.1" data-path="compositevariable.html"><a href="compositevariable.html#conceptualoverview_compositevariable"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>30.1</b> Conceptual Overview</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="30.2" data-path="compositevariable.html"><a href="compositevariable.html#tutorial_compositevariable"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>30.2</b> Tutorial</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="30.2.1" data-path="compositevariable.html"><a href="compositevariable.html#videotutorial_compositevariable"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>30.2.1</b> Video Tutorial</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="30.2.2" data-path="compositevariable.html"><a href="compositevariable.html#functions_compositevariable"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>30.2.2</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="30.2.3" data-path="compositevariable.html"><a href="compositevariable.html#initsteps_compositevariable"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>30.2.3</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="30.2.4" data-path="compositevariable.html"><a href="compositevariable.html#compositevariable_cronbachsalpha"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>30.2.4</b> Compute Cronbach’s alpha</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="30.2.5" data-path="compositevariable.html"><a href="compositevariable.html#compositevariable_composite"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>30.2.5</b> Create a Composite Variable</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="30.2.6" data-path="compositevariable.html"><a href="compositevariable.html#summary_compositevariable"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>30.2.6</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="part"><span><b>VI Employee Training</b></span></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="31" data-path="employeetraining.html"><a href="employeetraining.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>31</b> Introduction to Employee Training</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="31.1" data-path="employeetraining.html"><a href="employeetraining.html#needsassessment_employeetraining"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>31.1</b> Needs Assessment</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="31.2" data-path="employeetraining.html"><a href="employeetraining.html#learningenvironmentenhancement_employeetraining"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>31.2</b> Learning Environment & Enhancement</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="31.3" data-path="employeetraining.html"><a href="employeetraining.html#trainingmethods_employeetraining"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>31.3</b> Training Methods</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="31.4" data-path="employeetraining.html"><a href="employeetraining.html#trainingevaluation_employeetraining"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>31.4</b> Training Evaluation</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="31.4.1" data-path="employeetraining.html"><a href="employeetraining.html#causalinferences_employeetraining"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>31.4.1</b> Causal Inferences</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="31.4.2" data-path="employeetraining.html"><a href="employeetraining.html#evaluationdesigns_employeetraining"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>31.4.2</b> Training Evaluation Designs & Statistical Analysis</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="31.5" data-path="employeetraining.html"><a href="employeetraining.html#chapters_employeetraining"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>31.5</b> Chapters Included</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="32" data-path="pretestposttest.html"><a href="pretestposttest.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>32</b> Evaluating a Pre-Test/Post-Test without Control Group Design Using Paired-Samples <em>t</em>-test</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="32.1" data-path="pretestposttest.html"><a href="pretestposttest.html#conceptualoverview_pretestposttest_psttest"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>32.1</b> Conceptual Overview</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="32.1.1" data-path="pretestposttest.html"><a href="pretestposttest.html#review_pretestposttest"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>32.1.1</b> Review of Pre-Test/Post-Test without Control Group Design</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="32.1.2" data-path="pretestposttest.html"><a href="pretestposttest.html#review_psttest"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>32.1.2</b> Review of Paired-Samples <em>t</em>-test</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="32.2" data-path="pretestposttest.html"><a href="pretestposttest.html#tutorial_psttest"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>32.2</b> Tutorial</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="32.2.1" data-path="pretestposttest.html"><a href="pretestposttest.html#videotutorial_psttest"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>32.2.1</b> Video Tutorial</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="32.2.2" data-path="pretestposttest.html"><a href="pretestposttest.html#functions_psttest"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>32.2.2</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="32.2.3" data-path="pretestposttest.html"><a href="pretestposttest.html#initsteps_psttest"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>32.2.3</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="32.2.4" data-path="pretestposttest.html"><a href="pretestposttest.html#estimate_psttest"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>32.2.4</b> Estimate Paired-Samples <em>t</em>-test</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="32.2.5" data-path="pretestposttest.html"><a href="pretestposttest.html#barchart_psttest"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>32.2.5</b> Visualize Results Using Bar Chart</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="32.2.6" data-path="pretestposttest.html"><a href="pretestposttest.html#summary_psttest"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>32.2.6</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="32.3" data-path="pretestposttest.html"><a href="pretestposttest.html#psttest_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>32.3</b> Chapter Supplement</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="32.3.1" data-path="pretestposttest.html"><a href="pretestposttest.html#psttest_supplement_functions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>32.3.1</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="32.3.2" data-path="pretestposttest.html"><a href="pretestposttest.html#psttest_initsteps_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>32.3.2</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="32.3.3" data-path="pretestposttest.html"><a href="pretestposttest.html#t.test_function_psttest"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>32.3.3</b> <code>t.test</code> Function from Base R</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="32.3.4" data-path="pretestposttest.html"><a href="pretestposttest.html#lm_function_psttest"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>32.3.4</b> <code>lm</code> Function from Base R</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="33" data-path="posttestonly.html"><a href="posttestonly.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>33</b> Evaluating a Post-Test-Only with Control Group Design Using Independent-Samples <em>t</em>-test</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="33.1" data-path="posttestonly.html"><a href="posttestonly.html#conceptualoverview_posttestonly_isttest"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>33.1</b> Conceptual Overview</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="33.1.1" data-path="posttestonly.html"><a href="posttestonly.html#review_posttestonly"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>33.1.1</b> Review of Post-Test-Only with Control Group Design</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="33.1.2" data-path="posttestonly.html"><a href="posttestonly.html#review_isttest"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>33.1.2</b> Review of Independent-Samples <em>t</em>-test</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="33.2" data-path="posttestonly.html"><a href="posttestonly.html#tutorial_isttest"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>33.2</b> Tutorial</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="33.2.1" data-path="posttestonly.html"><a href="posttestonly.html#videotutorial_isttest"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>33.2.1</b> Video Tutorial</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="33.2.2" data-path="posttestonly.html"><a href="posttestonly.html#functions_isttest"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>33.2.2</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="33.2.3" data-path="posttestonly.html"><a href="posttestonly.html#initsteps_isttest"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>33.2.3</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="33.2.4" data-path="posttestonly.html"><a href="posttestonly.html#estimate_isttest"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>33.2.4</b> Estimate Independent-Samples <em>t</em>-test</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="33.2.5" data-path="posttestonly.html"><a href="posttestonly.html#barchart_isttest"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>33.2.5</b> Visualize Results Using Bar Chart</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="33.2.6" data-path="posttestonly.html"><a href="posttestonly.html#summary_isttest"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>33.2.6</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="33.3" data-path="posttestonly.html"><a href="posttestonly.html#isttest_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>33.3</b> Chapter Supplement</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="33.3.1" data-path="posttestonly.html"><a href="posttestonly.html#isttest_supplement_functions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>33.3.1</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="33.3.2" data-path="posttestonly.html"><a href="posttestonly.html#isttest_initsteps_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>33.3.2</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="33.3.3" data-path="posttestonly.html"><a href="posttestonly.html#t.test_function_isttest"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>33.3.3</b> <code>t.test</code> Function from Base R</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="33.3.4" data-path="posttestonly.html"><a href="posttestonly.html#lm_function_isttest"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>33.3.4</b> <code>lm</code> Function from Base R</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="34" data-path="mixedfactorial.html"><a href="mixedfactorial.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>34</b> Evaluating a Pre-Test/Post-Test with Control Group Design Using an Independent-Samples <em>t</em>-test</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="34.1" data-path="mixedfactorial.html"><a href="mixedfactorial.html#conceptualoverview_mixedfactorial"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>34.1</b> Conceptual Overview</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="34.1.1" data-path="mixedfactorial.html"><a href="mixedfactorial.html#statisticalassumptions_mixedfactorial"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>34.1.1</b> Statistical Assumptions</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="34.2" data-path="mixedfactorial.html"><a href="mixedfactorial.html#tutorial_mixedfactorial"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>34.2</b> Tutorial</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="34.2.1" data-path="mixedfactorial.html"><a href="mixedfactorial.html#videotutorial_mixedfactorial"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>34.2.1</b> Video Tutorial</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="34.2.2" data-path="mixedfactorial.html"><a href="mixedfactorial.html#functions_mixedfactorial"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>34.2.2</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="34.2.3" data-path="mixedfactorial.html"><a href="mixedfactorial.html#initial-steps-initsteps_mixedfactorial"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>34.2.3</b> Initial Steps {#initsteps_mixedfactorial}}</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="34.2.4" data-path="mixedfactorial.html"><a href="mixedfactorial.html#prepostcontrol_mixedfactorial"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>34.2.4</b> Evaluate a Pre-Test/Post-Test with Control Group Design</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="34.2.5" data-path="mixedfactorial.html"><a href="mixedfactorial.html#summary_mixedfactorial"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>34.2.5</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="34.3" data-path="mixedfactorial.html"><a href="mixedfactorial.html#mixedfactorial_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>34.3</b> Chapter Supplement</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="34.3.1" data-path="mixedfactorial.html"><a href="mixedfactorial.html#mixedfactorial_supplement_functions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>34.3.1</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="34.3.2" data-path="mixedfactorial.html"><a href="mixedfactorial.html#mixedfactorial_initsteps_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>34.3.2</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="34.3.3" data-path="mixedfactorial.html"><a href="mixedfactorial.html#slr_mixedfactorial_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>34.3.3</b> Estimating a Simple Linear Regression Model with a Difference Score Outcome Variable</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="34.3.4" data-path="mixedfactorial.html"><a href="mixedfactorial.html#bisercor_mixedfactorial_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>34.3.4</b> Estimating a Biserial Correlation with a Difference Score Outcome Variable</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="34.3.5" data-path="mixedfactorial.html"><a href="mixedfactorial.html#mixedfactorialanova_mixedfactorial_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>34.3.5</b> Estimating a 2x2 Mixed-Factorial ANOVA Model</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="34.3.6" data-path="mixedfactorial.html"><a href="mixedfactorial.html#rcm_mixedfactorial_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>34.3.6</b> Estimating a Random-Coefficients Multilevel Model</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="34.3.7" data-path="mixedfactorial.html"><a href="mixedfactorial.html#ancova_mixedfactorial_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>34.3.7</b> Estimating an Analysis of Covariance Model</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="35" data-path="posttestonly_threegroups.html"><a href="posttestonly_threegroups.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>35</b> Evaluating a Post-Test-Only with Two Comparison Groups Design Using One-Way ANOVA</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="35.1" data-path="posttestonly_threegroups.html"><a href="posttestonly_threegroups.html#conceptualoverview_posttestonly_threegroups_onewayanova"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>35.1</b> Conceptual Overview</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="35.1.1" data-path="posttestonly_threegroups.html"><a href="posttestonly_threegroups.html#review_posttestonly_threegroups"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>35.1.1</b> Review of Post-Test-Only with Two Comparison Groups Design</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="35.1.2" data-path="posttestonly_threegroups.html"><a href="posttestonly_threegroups.html#review_onewayanova"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>35.1.2</b> Review of One-Way ANOVA</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="35.2" data-path="posttestonly_threegroups.html"><a href="posttestonly_threegroups.html#tutorial_onewayanova"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>35.2</b> Tutorial</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="35.2.1" data-path="posttestonly_threegroups.html"><a href="posttestonly_threegroups.html#videotutorial_onewayanova"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>35.2.1</b> Video Tutorial</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="35.2.2" data-path="posttestonly_threegroups.html"><a href="posttestonly_threegroups.html#functions_onewayanova"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>35.2.2</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="35.2.3" data-path="posttestonly_threegroups.html"><a href="posttestonly_threegroups.html#initsteps_onewayanova"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>35.2.3</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="35.2.4" data-path="posttestonly_threegroups.html"><a href="posttestonly_threegroups.html#teststatisticalassumptions_onewayanova"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>35.2.4</b> Test Statistical Assumptions</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="35.2.5" data-path="posttestonly_threegroups.html"><a href="posttestonly_threegroups.html#estimate_onewayanova"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>35.2.5</b> Estimate One-Way ANOVA</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="35.2.6" data-path="posttestonly_threegroups.html"><a href="posttestonly_threegroups.html#barchart_onewayanova"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>35.2.6</b> Visualize Results Using Bar Chart</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="35.2.7" data-path="posttestonly_threegroups.html"><a href="posttestonly_threegroups.html#summary_onewayanova"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>35.2.7</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="35.3" data-path="posttestonly_threegroups.html"><a href="posttestonly_threegroups.html#onewayanova_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>35.3</b> Chapter Supplement</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="35.3.1" data-path="posttestonly_threegroups.html"><a href="posttestonly_threegroups.html#onewayanova_supplement_functions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>35.3.1</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="35.3.2" data-path="posttestonly_threegroups.html"><a href="posttestonly_threegroups.html#onewayanova_initsteps_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>35.3.2</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="35.3.3" data-path="posttestonly_threegroups.html"><a href="posttestonly_threegroups.html#aov_function_onewayanova"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>35.3.3</b> <code>aov</code> Function from Base R</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="35.3.4" data-path="posttestonly_threegroups.html"><a href="posttestonly_threegroups.html#apatable_onewayanova"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>35.3.4</b> APA-Style Table of Results</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="part"><span><b>VII Employee Selection</b></span></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="36" data-path="selection.html"><a href="selection.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>36</b> Introduction to Employee Selection</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="36.1" data-path="selection.html"><a href="selection.html#evaluating-selection-tools"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>36.1</b> Evaluating Selection Tools</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="36.2" data-path="selection.html"><a href="selection.html#chapters_selection"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>36.2</b> Chapters Included</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="37" data-path="disparateimpact.html"><a href="disparateimpact.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>37</b> Investigating Disparate Impact</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="37.1" data-path="disparateimpact.html"><a href="disparateimpact.html#conceptualoverview_disparateimpact"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>37.1</b> Conceptual Overview</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="37.2" data-path="disparateimpact.html"><a href="disparateimpact.html#tutorial_disparateimpact"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>37.2</b> Tutorial</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="37.2.1" data-path="disparateimpact.html"><a href="disparateimpact.html#videotutorial_disparateimpact"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>37.2.1</b> Video Tutorial</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="37.2.2" data-path="disparateimpact.html"><a href="disparateimpact.html#functions_disparateimpact"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>37.2.2</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="37.2.3" data-path="disparateimpact.html"><a href="disparateimpact.html#initsteps_disparateimpact"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>37.2.3</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="37.2.4" data-path="disparateimpact.html"><a href="disparateimpact.html#fourfifthsrule"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>37.2.4</b> 4/5ths Rule</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="37.2.5" data-path="disparateimpact.html"><a href="disparateimpact.html#chisquaretest_disparateimpact"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>37.2.5</b> Chi-Square (<span class="math inline">\(\chi^2\)</span>) Test of Independence</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="37.2.6" data-path="disparateimpact.html"><a href="disparateimpact.html#fisherexacttest"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>37.2.6</b> Fisher Exact Test</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="37.2.7" data-path="disparateimpact.html"><a href="disparateimpact.html#zdifference_test_disparateimpact"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>37.2.7</b> <span class="math inline">\(Z_{D}\)</span> Test</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="37.2.8" data-path="disparateimpact.html"><a href="disparateimpact.html#z_impactratiotest"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>37.2.8</b> <span class="math inline">\(Z_{IR}\)</span> Test</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="37.2.9" data-path="disparateimpact.html"><a href="disparateimpact.html#summary_disparatetreatment"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>37.2.9</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="38" data-path="criterionrelatedvalidity.html"><a href="criterionrelatedvalidity.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>38</b> Estimating Criterion-Related Validity of a Selection Tool Using Correlation</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="38.1" data-path="criterionrelatedvalidity.html"><a href="criterionrelatedvalidity.html#conceptualoverview_criterionrelatedvalidity"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>38.1</b> Conceptual Overview</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="38.1.1" data-path="criterionrelatedvalidity.html"><a href="criterionrelatedvalidity.html#review_criterionrelatedvalidity"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>38.1.1</b> Review of Criterion-Related Validity</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="38.1.2" data-path="criterionrelatedvalidity.html"><a href="criterionrelatedvalidity.html#review_correlation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>38.1.2</b> Review of Correlation</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="38.2" data-path="criterionrelatedvalidity.html"><a href="criterionrelatedvalidity.html#tutorial_criterionrelatedvalidity"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>38.2</b> Tutorial</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="38.2.1" data-path="criterionrelatedvalidity.html"><a href="criterionrelatedvalidity.html#videotutorial_criterionrelatedvalidity"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>38.2.1</b> Video Tutorial</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="38.2.2" data-path="criterionrelatedvalidity.html"><a href="criterionrelatedvalidity.html#functions_criterionrelatedvalidity"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>38.2.2</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="38.2.3" data-path="criterionrelatedvalidity.html"><a href="criterionrelatedvalidity.html#initsteps_criterionrelatedvalidity"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>38.2.3</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="38.2.4" data-path="criterionrelatedvalidity.html"><a href="criterionrelatedvalidity.html#scatterplot_criterionrelatedvalidity"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>38.2.4</b> Visualize Association Using a Scatter Plot</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="38.2.5" data-path="criterionrelatedvalidity.html"><a href="criterionrelatedvalidity.html#estimate_correlation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>38.2.5</b> Estimate Correlation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="38.2.6" data-path="criterionrelatedvalidity.html"><a href="criterionrelatedvalidity.html#summary_criterionrelatedvalidity"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>38.2.6</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="38.3" data-path="criterionrelatedvalidity.html"><a href="criterionrelatedvalidity.html#criterionrelatedvalidity_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>38.3</b> Chapter Supplement</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="38.3.1" data-path="criterionrelatedvalidity.html"><a href="criterionrelatedvalidity.html#criterionrelatedvalidity_supplement_functions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>38.3.1</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="38.3.2" data-path="criterionrelatedvalidity.html"><a href="criterionrelatedvalidity.html#criterionrelatedvalidity_initsteps_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>38.3.2</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="38.3.3" data-path="criterionrelatedvalidity.html"><a href="criterionrelatedvalidity.html#cor_function"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>38.3.3</b> <code>cor</code> Function from Base R</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="38.3.4" data-path="criterionrelatedvalidity.html"><a href="criterionrelatedvalidity.html#cortest_function"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>38.3.4</b> <code>cor.test</code> Function from Base R</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="39" data-path="predictingcriterionscores.html"><a href="predictingcriterionscores.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>39</b> Predicting Criterion Scores Based on Selection Tool Scores Using Simple Linear Regression</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="39.1" data-path="predictingcriterionscores.html"><a href="predictingcriterionscores.html#conceptualoverview_predictingcriterionscores"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>39.1</b> Conceptual Overview</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="39.1.1" data-path="predictingcriterionscores.html"><a href="predictingcriterionscores.html#review_slr"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>39.1.1</b> Review of Simple Linear Regression</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="39.1.2" data-path="predictingcriterionscores.html"><a href="predictingcriterionscores.html#review_prediction_slr"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>39.1.2</b> Predicting Future Criterion Scores Using Simple Linear Regression</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="39.2" data-path="predictingcriterionscores.html"><a href="predictingcriterionscores.html#tutorial_predictingcriterionscores"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>39.2</b> Tutorial</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="39.2.1" data-path="predictingcriterionscores.html"><a href="predictingcriterionscores.html#videotutorial_predictingcriterionscores"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>39.2.1</b> Video Tutorials</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="39.2.2" data-path="predictingcriterionscores.html"><a href="predictingcriterionscores.html#functions_predictingcriterionscores"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>39.2.2</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="39.2.3" data-path="predictingcriterionscores.html"><a href="predictingcriterionscores.html#initsteps_slr"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>39.2.3</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="39.2.4" data-path="predictingcriterionscores.html"><a href="predictingcriterionscores.html#estimate_slr"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>39.2.4</b> Estimate Simple Linear Regression Model</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="39.2.5" data-path="predictingcriterionscores.html"><a href="predictingcriterionscores.html#predictingcriterionscores_slr"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>39.2.5</b> Predict Criterion Scores</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="39.2.6" data-path="predictingcriterionscores.html"><a href="predictingcriterionscores.html#summary_predictingcriterionscores"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>39.2.6</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="39.3" data-path="predictingcriterionscores.html"><a href="predictingcriterionscores.html#predictingcriterionscores_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>39.3</b> Chapter Supplement</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="39.3.1" data-path="predictingcriterionscores.html"><a href="predictingcriterionscores.html#predictingcriterionscores_supplement_functions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>39.3.1</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="39.3.2" data-path="predictingcriterionscores.html"><a href="predictingcriterionscores.html#predictingcriterionscores_initsteps_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>39.3.2</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="39.3.3" data-path="predictingcriterionscores.html"><a href="predictingcriterionscores.html#lm_function_slr"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>39.3.3</b> <code>lm</code> Function from Base R</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="39.3.4" data-path="predictingcriterionscores.html"><a href="predictingcriterionscores.html#predict_function_slr"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>39.3.4</b> <code>predict</code> Function from Base R</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="39.3.5" data-path="predictingcriterionscores.html"><a href="predictingcriterionscores.html#apatable_slr"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>39.3.5</b> APA-Style Results Table</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="40" data-path="incrementalvalidity.html"><a href="incrementalvalidity.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>40</b> Estimating Incremental Validity of a Selection Tool Using Multiple Linear Regression</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="40.1" data-path="incrementalvalidity.html"><a href="incrementalvalidity.html#conceptualoverview_incrementalvalidity"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>40.1</b> Conceptual Overview</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="40.1.1" data-path="incrementalvalidity.html"><a href="incrementalvalidity.html#review_mlr"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>40.1.1</b> Review of Multiple Linear Regression</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="40.2" data-path="incrementalvalidity.html"><a href="incrementalvalidity.html#tutorial_incrementalvalidity"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>40.2</b> Tutorial</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="40.2.1" data-path="incrementalvalidity.html"><a href="incrementalvalidity.html#videotutorial_incrementalvalidity"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>40.2.1</b> Video Tutorials</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="40.2.2" data-path="incrementalvalidity.html"><a href="incrementalvalidity.html#function_incrementalvalidity"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>40.2.2</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="40.2.3" data-path="incrementalvalidity.html"><a href="incrementalvalidity.html#initsteps_mlr"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>40.2.3</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="40.2.4" data-path="incrementalvalidity.html"><a href="incrementalvalidity.html#estimate_mlr"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>40.2.4</b> Estimate Multiple Linear Regression Model</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="40.2.5" data-path="incrementalvalidity.html"><a href="incrementalvalidity.html#summary_incrementalvalidity"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>40.2.5</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="40.3" data-path="incrementalvalidity.html"><a href="incrementalvalidity.html#incrementalvalidity_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>40.3</b> Chapter Supplement</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="40.3.1" data-path="incrementalvalidity.html"><a href="incrementalvalidity.html#incrementalvalidity_supplement_functions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>40.3.1</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="40.3.2" data-path="incrementalvalidity.html"><a href="incrementalvalidity.html#incrementalvalidity_initsteps_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>40.3.2</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="40.3.3" data-path="incrementalvalidity.html"><a href="incrementalvalidity.html#lm_function_mlr"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>40.3.3</b> <code>lm</code> Function from Base R</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="40.3.4" data-path="incrementalvalidity.html"><a href="incrementalvalidity.html#apatable_mlr"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>40.3.4</b> APA-Style Results Table</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="41" data-path="compensatory.html"><a href="compensatory.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>41</b> Applying a Compensatory Approach to Selection Decisions Using Multiple Linear Regression</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="41.1" data-path="compensatory.html"><a href="compensatory.html#conceptualoverview_compensatory"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>41.1</b> Conceptual Overview</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="41.1.1" data-path="compensatory.html"><a href="compensatory.html#review_compensatory_mlr"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>41.1.1</b> Review of Multiple Linear Regression</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="41.1.2" data-path="compensatory.html"><a href="compensatory.html#review_compensatory"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>41.1.2</b> Review of Compensatory Approach</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="41.2" data-path="compensatory.html"><a href="compensatory.html#tutorial_compensatory"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>41.2</b> Tutorial</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="41.2.1" data-path="compensatory.html"><a href="compensatory.html#videotutorial_compensatory"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>41.2.1</b> Video Tutorial</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="41.2.2" data-path="compensatory.html"><a href="compensatory.html#function_compensatory"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>41.2.2</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="41.2.3" data-path="compensatory.html"><a href="compensatory.html#initsteps_compensatory"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>41.2.3</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="41.2.4" data-path="compensatory.html"><a href="compensatory.html#estimate_compensatory"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>41.2.4</b> Estimate Multiple Linear Regression Model</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="41.2.5" data-path="compensatory.html"><a href="compensatory.html#predictcriterionscores_compensatory"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>41.2.5</b> Predict Criterion Scores</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="41.2.6" data-path="compensatory.html"><a href="compensatory.html#summary_compensatory"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>41.2.6</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="41.3" data-path="compensatory.html"><a href="compensatory.html#compensatory_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>41.3</b> Chapter Supplement</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="41.3.1" data-path="compensatory.html"><a href="compensatory.html#compensatory_supplement_functions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>41.3.1</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="41.3.2" data-path="compensatory.html"><a href="compensatory.html#compensatory_initsteps_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>41.3.2</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="41.3.3" data-path="compensatory.html"><a href="compensatory.html#lm_predict_functions_compensatory"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>41.3.3</b> <code>lm</code> & <code>predict</code> Functions from Base R</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="42" data-path="multiplecutoff.html"><a href="multiplecutoff.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>42</b> Applying a Noncompensatory Approach to Selection Decisions Using Angoff Method</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="42.1" data-path="multiplecutoff.html"><a href="multiplecutoff.html#conceptualoverview_multiplecutoff"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>42.1</b> Conceptual Overview</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="42.1.1" data-path="multiplecutoff.html"><a href="multiplecutoff.html#review_multiplecutoff"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>42.1.1</b> Review of Noncompensatory Approach</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="42.2" data-path="multiplecutoff.html"><a href="multiplecutoff.html#tutorial_multiplecutoff"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>42.2</b> Tutorial</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="42.2.1" data-path="multiplecutoff.html"><a href="multiplecutoff.html#videotutorial_multiplecutoff"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>42.2.1</b> Video Tutorial</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="42.2.2" data-path="multiplecutoff.html"><a href="multiplecutoff.html#function_multiplecutoff"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>42.2.2</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="42.2.3" data-path="multiplecutoff.html"><a href="multiplecutoff.html#initsteps_multiplecutoff"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>42.2.3</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="42.2.4" data-path="multiplecutoff.html"><a href="multiplecutoff.html#createcutoffscores_multiplecutoff"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>42.2.4</b> Create Cutoff Scores</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="42.2.5" data-path="multiplecutoff.html"><a href="multiplecutoff.html#applycutoffscores_multiplecutoff"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>42.2.5</b> Apply Cutoff Scores to Make Selection Decisions</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="42.2.6" data-path="multiplecutoff.html"><a href="multiplecutoff.html#summary_multiplecutoff"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>42.2.6</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="43" data-path="differentialprediction.html"><a href="differentialprediction.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>43</b> Testing for Differential Prediction Using Moderated Multiple Linear Regression</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="43.1" data-path="differentialprediction.html"><a href="differentialprediction.html#conceptualoverview_differentialprediction"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>43.1</b> Conceptual Overview</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="43.1.1" data-path="differentialprediction.html"><a href="differentialprediction.html#review_mmlr"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>43.1.1</b> Review of Moderated Multiple Linear Regression</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="43.1.2" data-path="differentialprediction.html"><a href="differentialprediction.html#review_differentialprediction"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>43.1.2</b> Review of Differential Prediction</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="43.2" data-path="differentialprediction.html"><a href="differentialprediction.html#tutorial_differentialprediction"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>43.2</b> Tutorial</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="43.2.1" data-path="differentialprediction.html"><a href="differentialprediction.html#videotutorial_differentialprediction"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>43.2.1</b> Video Tutorial</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="43.2.2" data-path="differentialprediction.html"><a href="differentialprediction.html#function_mmlr"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>43.2.2</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="43.2.3" data-path="differentialprediction.html"><a href="differentialprediction.html#initsteps_mmlr"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>43.2.3</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="43.2.4" data-path="differentialprediction.html"><a href="differentialprediction.html#center_mmlr"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>43.2.4</b> Grand-Mean Center Continuous Predictor Variables</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="43.2.5" data-path="differentialprediction.html"><a href="differentialprediction.html#estimate_mmlr"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>43.2.5</b> Estimate Moderated Multiple Linear Regression Model</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="43.2.6" data-path="differentialprediction.html"><a href="differentialprediction.html#summary_differentialprediction"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>43.2.6</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="43.3" data-path="differentialprediction.html"><a href="differentialprediction.html#differentialprediction_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>43.3</b> Chapter Supplement</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="43.3.1" data-path="differentialprediction.html"><a href="differentialprediction.html#differentialprediction_supplement_functions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>43.3.1</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="43.3.2" data-path="differentialprediction.html"><a href="differentialprediction.html#differentialprediction_initsteps_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>43.3.2</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="43.3.3" data-path="differentialprediction.html"><a href="differentialprediction.html#lm_function_mmlr"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>43.3.3</b> <code>lm</code> Function from Base R</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="43.3.4" data-path="differentialprediction.html"><a href="differentialprediction.html#apatable_mmlr"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>43.3.4</b> APA-Style Results Table</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="44" data-path="crossvalidation.html"><a href="crossvalidation.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>44</b> Statistically & Empirically Cross-Validating a Selection Tool</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="44.1" data-path="crossvalidation.html"><a href="crossvalidation.html#conceptualoverview_crossvalidation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>44.1</b> Conceptual Overview</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="44.1.1" data-path="crossvalidation.html"><a href="crossvalidation.html#review_statistical_crossvalidation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>44.1.1</b> Review of Statistical Cross-Validation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="44.1.2" data-path="crossvalidation.html"><a href="crossvalidation.html#review_empirical_crossvalidation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>44.1.2</b> Review of Empirical Cross-Validation</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="44.2" data-path="crossvalidation.html"><a href="crossvalidation.html#tutorial_crossvalidation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>44.2</b> Tutorial</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="44.2.1" data-path="crossvalidation.html"><a href="crossvalidation.html#function_crossvalidation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>44.2.1</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="44.2.2" data-path="crossvalidation.html"><a href="crossvalidation.html#initsteps_crossvalidation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>44.2.2</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="44.2.3" data-path="crossvalidation.html"><a href="crossvalidation.html#crossvalidation_statistical"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>44.2.3</b> Perform Statistical Cross-Validation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="44.2.4" data-path="crossvalidation.html"><a href="crossvalidation.html#crossvalidation_empirical"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>44.2.4</b> Perform Empirical Cross-Validation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="44.2.5" data-path="crossvalidation.html"><a href="crossvalidation.html#summary_crossvalidation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>44.2.5</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="part"><span><b>VIII Employee Separation & Retention</b></span></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="45" data-path="turnover.html"><a href="turnover.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>45</b> Introduction to Employee Separation & Retention</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="45.1" data-path="turnover.html"><a href="turnover.html#chapters_turnover"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>45.1</b> Chapters Included</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="46" data-path="turnoverrate.html"><a href="turnoverrate.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>46</b> Computing Monthly & Annual Turnover Rates</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="46.1" data-path="turnoverrate.html"><a href="turnoverrate.html#conceptualoverview_turnoverrate"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>46.1</b> Conceptual Overview</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="46.2" data-path="turnoverrate.html"><a href="turnoverrate.html#tutorial_turnoverrate"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>46.2</b> Tutorial</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="46.2.1" data-path="turnoverrate.html"><a href="turnoverrate.html#videotutorial_turnoverrate"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>46.2.1</b> Video Tutorial</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="46.2.2" data-path="turnoverrate.html"><a href="turnoverrate.html#functions_turnoverrate"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>46.2.2</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="46.2.3" data-path="turnoverrate.html"><a href="turnoverrate.html#initsteps_turnoverrate"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>46.2.3</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="46.2.4" data-path="turnoverrate.html"><a href="turnoverrate.html#turnoverrate_monthlyturnoverrate"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>46.2.4</b> Compute Monthly Turnover Rates</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="46.2.5" data-path="turnoverrate.html"><a href="turnoverrate.html#turnoverrate_annualturnoverrate"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>46.2.5</b> Compute Annual Turnover Rate</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="46.2.6" data-path="turnoverrate.html"><a href="turnoverrate.html#summary_turnoverrate"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>46.2.6</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="47" data-path="turnoverchisquare.html"><a href="turnoverchisquare.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>47</b> Estimating the Association Between Two Categorical Variables Using Chi-Square (<span class="math inline">\(\chi^2\)</span>) Test of Independence</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="47.1" data-path="turnoverchisquare.html"><a href="turnoverchisquare.html#conceptualoverview_turnoverchisquare"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>47.1</b> Conceptual Overview</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="47.2" data-path="turnoverchisquare.html"><a href="turnoverchisquare.html#tutorial_turnoverchisquare"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>47.2</b> Tutorial</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="47.2.1" data-path="turnoverchisquare.html"><a href="turnoverchisquare.html#videotutorial_turnoverchisquare"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>47.2.1</b> Video Tutorial</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="47.2.2" data-path="turnoverchisquare.html"><a href="turnoverchisquare.html#functions_turnoverchisquare"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>47.2.2</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="47.2.3" data-path="turnoverchisquare.html"><a href="turnoverchisquare.html#initsteps_turnoverchisquare"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>47.2.3</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="47.2.4" data-path="turnoverchisquare.html"><a href="turnoverchisquare.html#turnoverchisquare_contingencytable"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>47.2.4</b> Create a Contingency Table for Observed Data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="47.2.5" data-path="turnoverchisquare.html"><a href="turnoverchisquare.html#turnoverchisquare_chisquare"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>47.2.5</b> Estimate Chi-Square (<span class="math inline">\(\chi^2\)</span>) Test of Independence</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="47.2.6" data-path="turnoverchisquare.html"><a href="turnoverchisquare.html#summary_turnoverchisquare"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>47.2.6</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="47.3" data-path="turnoverchisquare.html"><a href="turnoverchisquare.html#turnoverchisquare_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>47.3</b> Chapter Supplement</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="47.3.1" data-path="turnoverchisquare.html"><a href="turnoverchisquare.html#turnoverchisquare_supplement_functions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>47.3.1</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="47.3.2" data-path="turnoverchisquare.html"><a href="turnoverchisquare.html#turnoverchisquare_initsteps_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>47.3.2</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="47.3.3" data-path="turnoverchisquare.html"><a href="turnoverchisquare.html#supplement_turnoverchisquare_oddsratio"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>47.3.3</b> Compute Odds Ratio for 2x2 Contingency Table</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="48" data-path="logistic.html"><a href="logistic.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>48</b> Identifying Predictors of Turnover Using Logistic Regression</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="48.1" data-path="logistic.html"><a href="logistic.html#conceptualoverview_logistic"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>48.1</b> Conceptual Overview</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="48.1.1" data-path="logistic.html"><a href="logistic.html#review_logistic"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>48.1.1</b> Review of Logistic Regression</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="48.2" data-path="logistic.html"><a href="logistic.html#tutorial_logistic"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>48.2</b> Tutorial</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="48.2.1" data-path="logistic.html"><a href="logistic.html#videotutorial_logistic"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>48.2.1</b> Video Tutorials</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="48.2.2" data-path="logistic.html"><a href="logistic.html#functions_logistic"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>48.2.2</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="48.2.3" data-path="logistic.html"><a href="logistic.html#initsteps_logistic"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>48.2.3</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="48.2.4" data-path="logistic.html"><a href="logistic.html#estimate_simple_logistic"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>48.2.4</b> Estimate Simple Logistic Regression Model</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="48.2.5" data-path="logistic.html"><a href="logistic.html#estimate_multiple_logistic"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>48.2.5</b> Estimate Multiple Logistic Regression Model</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="48.2.6" data-path="logistic.html"><a href="logistic.html#summary_logistic"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>48.2.6</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="48.3" data-path="logistic.html"><a href="logistic.html#logistic_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>48.3</b> Chapter Supplement</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="48.3.1" data-path="logistic.html"><a href="logistic.html#logistic_supplement_functions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>48.3.1</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="48.3.2" data-path="logistic.html"><a href="logistic.html#logistic_initsteps_supplement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>48.3.2</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="48.3.3" data-path="logistic.html"><a href="logistic.html#glm_function_simple_logistic"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>48.3.3</b> Simple Logistic Regression Model Using <code>glm</code> Function from Base R</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="48.3.4" data-path="logistic.html"><a href="logistic.html#glm_function_multiple_logistic"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>48.3.4</b> Multiple Logistic Regression Using <code>glm</code> Function from Base R</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="49" data-path="kfold.html"><a href="kfold.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>49</b> Applying <em>k</em>-Fold Cross-Validation to Logistic Regression</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="49.1" data-path="kfold.html"><a href="kfold.html#conceptualoverview_kfold"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>49.1</b> Conceptual Overview</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="49.1.1" data-path="kfold.html"><a href="kfold.html#review_predictiveanalytics"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>49.1.1</b> Review of Predictive Analytics</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="49.1.2" data-path="kfold.html"><a href="kfold.html#review_kfold"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>49.1.2</b> Review of <em>k</em>-Fold Cross-Validation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="49.1.3" data-path="kfold.html"><a href="kfold.html#conceptualvideo_kfold"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>49.1.3</b> Conceptual Video</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="49.2" data-path="kfold.html"><a href="kfold.html#tutorial_kfold"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>49.2</b> Tutorial</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="49.2.1" data-path="kfold.html"><a href="kfold.html#videotutorial_kfold"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>49.2.1</b> Video Tutorials</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="49.2.2" data-path="kfold.html"><a href="kfold.html#functions_kfold"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>49.2.2</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="49.2.3" data-path="kfold.html"><a href="kfold.html#initsteps_kfold"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>49.2.3</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="49.2.4" data-path="kfold.html"><a href="kfold.html#estimate_kfold_logistic"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>49.2.4</b> Apply <em>k</em>-Fold Cross-Validation Using Logistic Regression</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="49.2.5" data-path="kfold.html"><a href="kfold.html#summary_kfold"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>49.2.5</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="50" data-path="survival.html"><a href="survival.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>50</b> Understanding Length of Service Using Survival Analysis</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="50.1" data-path="survival.html"><a href="survival.html#conceptualoverview_survival"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>50.1</b> Conceptual Overview</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="50.1.1" data-path="survival.html"><a href="survival.html#review_censoring_survival"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>50.1.1</b> Censoring</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="50.1.2" data-path="survival.html"><a href="survival.html#review_types_survival"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>50.1.2</b> Types of Survival Analysis</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="50.1.3" data-path="survival.html"><a href="survival.html#conceptualvideo_survival"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>50.1.3</b> Conceptual Video</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="50.2" data-path="survival.html"><a href="survival.html#tutorial_survival"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>50.2</b> Tutorial</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="50.2.1" data-path="survival.html"><a href="survival.html#videotutorial_survival"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>50.2.1</b> Video Tutorials</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="50.2.2" data-path="survival.html"><a href="survival.html#functions_survival"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>50.2.2</b> Functions & Packages Introduced</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="50.2.3" data-path="survival.html"><a href="survival.html#initsteps_survival"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>50.2.3</b> Initial Steps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="50.2.4" data-path="survival.html"><a href="survival.html#createcensoring_survival"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>50.2.4</b> Create a Censoring Variable</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="50.2.5" data-path="survival.html"><a href="survival.html#inspectlosdistribution_survival"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>50.2.5</b> Inspect Distribution of Length of Service</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="50.2.6" data-path="survival.html"><a href="survival.html#conductkmanalysis_lifetable_survival"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>50.2.6</b> Conduct Kaplan-Meier Analysis & Create Life Table</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="50.2.7" data-path="survival.html"><a href="survival.html#estimatecox_survival"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>50.2.7</b> Estimate Cox Proportional Hazards Model</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="50.2.8" data-path="survival.html"><a href="survival.html#summary_survival"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>50.2.8</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="part"><span><b>IX Employee Performance Management</b></span></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="51" data-path="performancemanagement.html"><a href="performancemanagement.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>51</b> Introduction to Employee Performance Management</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="51.1" data-path="performancemanagement.html"><a href="performancemanagement.html#chapters_performancemanagement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>51.1</b> Chapters Included</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="52" data-path="convergentdiscriminantvalidity.html"><a href="convergentdiscriminantvalidity.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>52</b> Evaluating Convergent & Discriminant Validity Using Scatter Plots & Correlations</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="52.1" data-path="convergentdiscriminantvalidity.html"><a href="convergentdiscriminantvalidity.html#conceptualoverview_convergentdiscriminantvalidity"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>52.1</b> Conceptual Overview</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="52.1.1" data-path="convergentdiscriminantvalidity.html"><a href="convergentdiscriminantvalidity.html#review_convergentdiscriminantvalidity"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>52.1.1</b> Review of Concurrent & Discriminant Validity</a></li>