diff --git a/src/main/java/com/github/davidmoten/rtree/Backpressure.java b/src/main/java/com/github/davidmoten/rtree/Backpressure.java
index 9eacc420..5a34c3e9 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/github/davidmoten/rtree/Backpressure.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/github/davidmoten/rtree/Backpressure.java
@@ -68,6 +68,11 @@ private static <T, S extends Geometry> StackAndRequest<NodePosition<T, S>> searc
             final Func1<? super Geometry, Boolean> condition,
             final Subscriber<? super Entry<T, S>> subscriber,
             StackAndRequest<NodePosition<T, S>> state, NodePosition<T, S> np) {
+        final long nextRequest=getNextRequest(condition, subscriber, state, np);
+        return StackAndRequest.create(state.stack.pop().push(np.nextPosition()), nextRequest);
+    }
+
+    private static <T, S extends Geometry> long getNextRequest(Func1<? super Geometry, Boolean> condition, Subscriber<? super Entry<T, S>> subscriber, StackAndRequest<NodePosition<T, S>> state, NodePosition<T, S> np) {
         final long nextRequest;
         Entry<T, S> entry = ((Leaf<T, S>) np.node()).entry(np.position());
         if (condition.call(entry.geometry())) {
@@ -75,7 +80,7 @@ private static <T, S extends Geometry> StackAndRequest<NodePosition<T, S>> searc
             nextRequest = state.request - 1;
         } else
             nextRequest = state.request;
-        return StackAndRequest.create(state.stack.pop().push(np.nextPosition()), nextRequest);
+        return nextRequest;
     }
 
     private static <S extends Geometry, T> ImmutableStack<NodePosition<T, S>> searchNonLeaf(
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/github/davidmoten/rtree/RTree.java b/src/main/java/com/github/davidmoten/rtree/RTree.java
index d60a0ad9..e38161cb 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/github/davidmoten/rtree/RTree.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/github/davidmoten/rtree/RTree.java
@@ -378,12 +378,7 @@ private <T, S extends Geometry> RTree<T, S> packingSTR(List<? extends HasGeometr
             if (nodeCount == 0) {
                 return create();
             } else if (nodeCount == 1) {
-                Node<T, S> root;
-                if (isLeaf) {
-                    root = context.factory().createLeaf((List<Entry<T, S>>) objects, context);
-                } else {
-                    root = context.factory().createNonLeaf((List<Node<T, S>>) objects, context);
-                }
+                Node<T, S> root=getTsNode(objects, isLeaf, context);
                 return new RTree<T, S>(of(root), size, context);
             }
 
@@ -416,6 +411,16 @@ private <T, S extends Geometry> RTree<T, S> packingSTR(List<? extends HasGeometr
             return packingSTR(nodes, false, size, context);
         }
 
+        private <T, S extends Geometry> Node<T, S> getTsNode(List<? extends HasGeometry> objects, boolean isLeaf, Context<T, S> context) {
+            Node<T, S> root;
+            if (isLeaf) {
+                root = context.factory().createLeaf((List<Entry<T, S>>) objects, context);
+            } else {
+                root = context.factory().createNonLeaf((List<Node<T, S>>) objects, context);
+            }
+            return root;
+        }
+
         private static final class MidComparator implements Comparator<HasGeometry> {
             private final short dimension; // leave space for multiple dimensions, 0 for x, 1 for y,
                                            // ...
@@ -450,13 +455,7 @@ private double mid(HasGeometry o) {
     @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
     public RTree<T, S> add(Entry<? extends T, ? extends S> entry) {
         if (root.isPresent()) {
-            List<Node<T, S>> nodes = root.get().add(entry);
-            Node<T, S> node;
-            if (nodes.size() == 1)
-                node = nodes.get(0);
-            else {
-                node = context.factory().createNonLeaf(nodes, context);
-            }
+            Node<T, S> node=getTsNode(entry);
             return new RTree<T, S>(node, size + 1, context);
         } else {
             Leaf<T, S> node = context.factory().createLeaf(Lists.newArrayList((Entry<T, S>) entry),
@@ -465,6 +464,17 @@ public RTree<T, S> add(Entry<? extends T, ? extends S> entry) {
         }
     }
 
+    private Node<T, S> getTsNode(Entry<? extends T, ? extends S> entry) {
+        List<Node<T, S>> nodes = root.get().add(entry);
+        Node<T, S> node;
+        if (nodes.size() == 1)
+            node = nodes.get(0);
+        else {
+            node = context.factory().createNonLeaf(nodes, context);
+        }
+        return node;
+    }
+
     /**
      * Returns an immutable copy of the RTree with the addition of an entry
      * comprised of the given value and Geometry.
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/github/davidmoten/rtree/Serializers.java b/src/main/java/com/github/davidmoten/rtree/Serializers.java
index 4f35bddc..4ae17ec9 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/github/davidmoten/rtree/Serializers.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/github/davidmoten/rtree/Serializers.java
@@ -163,22 +163,14 @@ private static Func1<Serializable, byte[]> javaIoSerializer() {
             @Override
             public byte[] call(Serializable o) {
                 ByteArrayOutputStream bytes = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
-                ObjectOutputStream oos = null;
-                try {
-                    oos = new ObjectOutputStream(bytes);
+                try (ObjectOutputStream oos=new ObjectOutputStream(bytes)) {
                     oos.writeObject(o);
                     oos.close();
                     return bytes.toByteArray();
                 } catch (IOException e) {
                     throw new RuntimeException(e);
-                } finally {
-                    try {
-                        if (oos != null)
-                            oos.close();
-                    } catch (IOException e) {
-                        // ignore
-                    }
                 }
+                // ignore
             }
         };
     }
@@ -192,9 +184,7 @@ public Serializable call(byte[] bytes) {
                 try {
                     ois = new ObjectInputStream(is);
                     return (Serializable) ois.readObject();
-                } catch (IOException e) {
-                    throw new RuntimeException(e);
-                } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
+                } catch (IOException | ClassNotFoundException e) {
                     throw new RuntimeException(e);
                 } finally {
                     if (ois != null)
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/github/davidmoten/rtree/SplitterRStar.java b/src/main/java/com/github/davidmoten/rtree/SplitterRStar.java
index 70a73d7f..1890c772 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/github/davidmoten/rtree/SplitterRStar.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/github/davidmoten/rtree/SplitterRStar.java
@@ -39,14 +39,24 @@ public <T extends HasGeometry> ListPair<T> split(List<T> items, int minSize) {
         // compute S the sum of all margin-values of the lists above
         // the list with the least S is then used to find minimum overlap
 
+        List<ListPair<T>> pairs=getListPairs(items, minSize);
+        return Collections.min(pairs, comparator);
+    }
+
+    private <T extends HasGeometry> List<ListPair<T>> getListPairs(List<T> items, int minSize) {
         List<ListPair<T>> pairs = null;
         double lowestMarginSum = Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
         List<T> list = null;
+        pairs=getListPairs(items, minSize, pairs, lowestMarginSum, list);
+        return pairs;
+    }
+
+    private <T extends HasGeometry> List<ListPair<T>> getListPairs(List<T> items, int minSize, List<ListPair<T>> pairs, double lowestMarginSum, List<T> list) {
         for (SortType sortType : SortType.values()) {
             if (list == null) {
                 list = new ArrayList<T>(items);
             }
-            Collections.sort(list, comparator(sortType));
+            list.sort(comparator(sortType));
             List<ListPair<T>> p = getPairs(minSize, list);
             double marginSum = marginValueSum(p);
             if (marginSum <= lowestMarginSum) {
@@ -57,7 +67,7 @@ public <T extends HasGeometry> ListPair<T> split(List<T> items, int minSize) {
                 list = null;
             }
         }
-        return Collections.min(pairs, comparator);
+        return pairs;
     }
 
     private static Comparator<HasGeometry> comparator(SortType sortType) {
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/github/davidmoten/rtree/fbs/NonLeafFlatBuffers.java b/src/main/java/com/github/davidmoten/rtree/fbs/NonLeafFlatBuffers.java
index 765d48f8..7506c1b2 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/github/davidmoten/rtree/fbs/NonLeafFlatBuffers.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/github/davidmoten/rtree/fbs/NonLeafFlatBuffers.java
@@ -72,14 +72,7 @@ private static <T, S extends Geometry> void searchWithoutBackpressure(Node_ node
         {
             // write bounds from node to bounds variable
             node.mbb(bounds);
-            final Rectangle rect;
-            if (bounds.type() == BoundsType_.BoundsDouble) {
-                BoxDouble_ b = bounds.boxDouble();
-                rect = Geometries.rectangle(b.minX(), b.minY(), b.maxX(), b.maxY());
-            } else {
-                BoxFloat_ b = bounds.boxFloat();
-                rect = Geometries.rectangle(b.minX(), b.minY(), b.maxX(), b.maxY());
-            }
+            final Rectangle rect=getRectangle(bounds);
             if (!criterion.call(rect)) {
                 return;
             }
@@ -117,6 +110,18 @@ private static <T, S extends Geometry> void searchWithoutBackpressure(Node_ node
 
     }
 
+    private static Rectangle getRectangle(Bounds_ bounds) {
+        final Rectangle rect;
+        if (bounds.type() == BoundsType_.BoundsDouble) {
+            BoxDouble_ b = bounds.boxDouble();
+            rect = Geometries.rectangle(b.minX(), b.minY(), b.maxX(), b.maxY());
+        } else {
+            BoxFloat_ b = bounds.boxFloat();
+            rect = Geometries.rectangle(b.minX(), b.minY(), b.maxX(), b.maxY());
+        }
+        return rect;
+    }
+
     private List<Node<T, S>> createChildren() {
 
         // reduce allocations by resusing objects
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/github/davidmoten/rtree/fbs/SerializerFlatBuffers.java b/src/main/java/com/github/davidmoten/rtree/fbs/SerializerFlatBuffers.java
index 0a261bae..d58397e7 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/github/davidmoten/rtree/fbs/SerializerFlatBuffers.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/github/davidmoten/rtree/fbs/SerializerFlatBuffers.java
@@ -53,12 +53,7 @@ public static <T, S extends Geometry> Serializer<T, S> create(
     @Override
     public void write(RTree<T, S> tree, OutputStream os) throws IOException {
         FlatBufferBuilder builder = new FlatBufferBuilder();
-        final Rectangle mbb;
-        if (tree.root().isPresent()) {
-            mbb = tree.root().get().geometry().mbr();
-        } else {
-            mbb = Geometries.rectangle(0, 0, 0, 0);
-        }
+        final Rectangle mbb=getRectangle(tree);
         int b = toBounds(builder, mbb);
         Context_.startContext_(builder);
         Context_.addBounds(builder, b);
@@ -86,6 +81,16 @@ public void write(RTree<T, S> tree, OutputStream os) throws IOException {
         os.write(bb.array(), bb.position(), bb.remaining());
     }
 
+    private Rectangle getRectangle(RTree<T, S> tree) {
+        final Rectangle mbb;
+        if (tree.root().isPresent()) {
+            mbb = tree.root().get().geometry().mbr();
+        } else {
+            mbb = Geometries.rectangle(0, 0, 0, 0);
+        }
+        return mbb;
+    }
+
     private static int toBounds(FlatBufferBuilder builder, final Rectangle r) {
         Bounds_.startBounds_(builder);
         if (r.isDoublePrecision()) {
@@ -134,18 +139,23 @@ public RTree<T, S> read(InputStream is, long sizeBytes, InternalStructure struct
         if (node == null) {
             return SerializerHelper.create(Optional.empty(), 0, context);
         } else {
-            final Node<T, S> root;
-            if (structure == InternalStructure.SINGLE_ARRAY) {
-                if (node.childrenLength() > 0) {
-                    root = new NonLeafFlatBuffers<T, S>(node, context, factory.deserializer());
-                } else {
-                    root = new LeafFlatBuffers<T, S>(node, context, factory.deserializer());
-                }
+            final Node<T, S> root=getTsNode(structure, context, node);
+            return SerializerHelper.create(Optional.of(root), (int) t.size(), context);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private Node<T, S> getTsNode(InternalStructure structure, Context<T, S> context, Node_ node) {
+        final Node<T, S> root;
+        if (structure == InternalStructure.SINGLE_ARRAY) {
+            if (node.childrenLength() > 0) {
+                root = new NonLeafFlatBuffers<T, S>(node, context, factory.deserializer());
             } else {
-                root = toNodeDefault(node, context, factory.deserializer());
+                root = new LeafFlatBuffers<T, S>(node, context, factory.deserializer());
             }
-            return SerializerHelper.create(Optional.of(root), (int) t.size(), context);
+        } else {
+            root = toNodeDefault(node, context, factory.deserializer());
         }
+        return root;
     }
 
     private static <T, S extends Geometry> Node<T, S> toNodeDefault(Node_ node,
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/github/davidmoten/rtree/internal/NonLeafHelper.java b/src/main/java/com/github/davidmoten/rtree/internal/NonLeafHelper.java
index 9f110462..95de7adc 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/github/davidmoten/rtree/internal/NonLeafHelper.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/github/davidmoten/rtree/internal/NonLeafHelper.java
@@ -79,6 +79,23 @@ public static <T, S extends Geometry> NodeAndEntries<T, S> delete(
         List<Node<T, S>> addTheseNodes = new ArrayList<Node<T, S>>();
         int countDeleted = 0;
         List<? extends Node<T, S>> children = node.children();
+        countDeleted=getCountDeleted(entry, all, addTheseEntries, removeTheseNodes, addTheseNodes, countDeleted, children);
+        if (removeTheseNodes.isEmpty())
+            return new NodeAndEntries<>(of(node), Collections.emptyList(), 0);
+        else {
+            List<Node<T, S>> nodes = Util.remove(children, removeTheseNodes);
+            nodes.addAll(addTheseNodes);
+            if (nodes.isEmpty())
+                return new NodeAndEntries<>(Optional.empty(), addTheseEntries,
+                        countDeleted);
+            else {
+                NonLeaf<T, S> nd = node.context().factory().createNonLeaf(nodes, node.context());
+                return new NodeAndEntries<>(of(nd), addTheseEntries, countDeleted);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static <T, S extends Geometry> int getCountDeleted(Entry<? extends T, ? extends S> entry, boolean all, List<Entry<T, S>> addTheseEntries, List<Node<T, S>> removeTheseNodes, List<Node<T, S>> addTheseNodes, int countDeleted, List<? extends Node<T, S>> children) {
         for (final Node<T, S> child : children) {
             if (entry.geometry().intersects(child.geometry().mbr())) {
                 final NodeAndEntries<T, S> result = child.delete(entry, all);
@@ -105,19 +122,7 @@ public static <T, S extends Geometry> NodeAndEntries<T, S> delete(
                 }
             }
         }
-        if (removeTheseNodes.isEmpty())
-            return new NodeAndEntries<>(of(node), Collections.emptyList(), 0);
-        else {
-            List<Node<T, S>> nodes = Util.remove(children, removeTheseNodes);
-            nodes.addAll(addTheseNodes);
-            if (nodes.isEmpty())
-                return new NodeAndEntries<>(Optional.empty(), addTheseEntries,
-                        countDeleted);
-            else {
-                NonLeaf<T, S> nd = node.context().factory().createNonLeaf(nodes, node.context());
-                return new NodeAndEntries<>(of(nd), addTheseEntries, countDeleted);
-            }
-        }
+        return countDeleted;
     }
 
 }
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/github/davidmoten/rtree/internal/RectangleUtil.java b/src/main/java/com/github/davidmoten/rtree/internal/RectangleUtil.java
index 421179b5..6ec0846d 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/github/davidmoten/rtree/internal/RectangleUtil.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/github/davidmoten/rtree/internal/RectangleUtil.java
@@ -60,17 +60,11 @@ private static boolean _rectangleIntersectsLine(double rectX, double rectY, doub
                 return false;
             }
             if ((out1 & (OUT_LEFT | OUT_RIGHT)) != 0) {
-                double x = rectX;
-                if ((out1 & OUT_RIGHT) != 0) {
-                    x += rectWidth;
-                }
+                double x=getX(rectX, rectWidth, out1, OUT_RIGHT);
                 y1 = y1 + (x - x1) * (y2 - y1) / (x2 - x1);
                 x1 = x;
             } else {
-                double y = rectY;
-                if ((out1 & OUT_BOTTOM) != 0) {
-                    y += rectHeight;
-                }
+                double y=getX(rectY, rectHeight, out1, OUT_BOTTOM);
                 x1 = x1 + (y - y1) * (x2 - x1) / (y2 - y1);
                 y1 = y;
             }
@@ -78,6 +72,14 @@ private static boolean _rectangleIntersectsLine(double rectX, double rectY, doub
         return true;
     }
 
+    private static double getX(double rectX, double rectWidth, int out1, int outRight) {
+        double x=rectX;
+        if ((out1 & outRight) != 0) {
+            x+=rectWidth;
+        }
+        return x;
+    }
+
     private static boolean rectangleCornerOnSegment(double rectX, double rectY, double rectWidth,
             double rectHeight, double x1, double y1, double x2, double y2) {
         if (pointOnSegment(rectX, rectY, x1, y1, x2, y2)) {