pubs.bib

@misc{praosUCmanuscript,
	Author = {Christian Badertscher and Peter Ga{\v z}i and Aggelos Kiayias
          and Alexander Russell and Vassilis Zikas},
	Title = {Composable Proof-of-Stake Blockchains with Dynamic Availability},
	Howpublished = {Manuscript},
	Year = 2018
}


@misc{praos,
	Author = {Bernardo David and Peter Ga{\v z}i and Aggelos Kiayias and Alexander Russell},
	Howpublished = {Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2017/573},
	Note = {\url{http://eprint.iacr.org/2017/573}. To appear at EUROCRYPT 2018.},
	Title = {Ouroboros Praos: An adaptively-secure, semi-synchronous proof-of-stake protocol},
	Year = 2017}

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/ccs/LuuNZBGS16,
	Author = {Loi Luu and Viswesh Narayanan and Chaodong Zheng and Kunal Baweja and Seth Gilbert and Prateek Saxena},
	Bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, http://dblp.org},
	Biburl = {http://dblp.org/rec/bib/conf/ccs/LuuNZBGS16},
	Booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2016 {ACM} {SIGSAC} Conference on Computer and Communications Security, Vienna, Austria, October 24-28, 2016},
	Crossref = {DBLP:conf/ccs/2016},
	Date-Added = {2018-02-13 12:02:30 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-02-13 12:02:30 +0000},
	Doi = {10.1145/2976749.2978389},
	Pages = {17--30},
	Timestamp = {Mon, 24 Oct 2016 18:57:12 +0200},
	Title = {A Secure Sharding Protocol For Open Blockchains},
	Url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2976749.2978389},
	Year = {2016},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2976749.2978389},
	Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2976749.2978389}}

@proceedings{DBLP:conf/ccs/2016,
	Bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, http://dblp.org},
	Biburl = {http://dblp.org/rec/bib/conf/ccs/2016},
	Date-Added = {2018-02-13 12:02:30 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-02-13 12:02:30 +0000},
	Editor = {Edgar R. Weippl and Stefan Katzenbeisser and Christopher Kruegel and Andrew C. Myers and Shai Halevi},
	Isbn = {978-1-4503-4139-4},
	Publisher = {{ACM}},
	Timestamp = {Mon, 24 Oct 2016 15:38:42 +0200},
	Title = {Proceedings of the 2016 {ACM} {SIGSAC} Conference on Computer and Communications Security, Vienna, Austria, October 24-28, 2016},
	Url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2976749},
	Year = {2016},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2976749}}

@misc{lerner,
	Author = {Sergio Demian Lerner},
	Title = {Drivechains, Sidechains and Hybrid 2-Way Peg Designs},
	Year = {2016}}

@misc{drivechains,
	Author = {Paul Sztorc},
	Note = {\url{http://www.truthcoin.info/blog/drivechain/}},
	Title = {Drivechain - The Simple Two Way Peg},
	Year = {November 2015}}

@article{sidechains,
	Author = {Back, Adam and Corallo, Matt and Dashjr, Luke and Friedenbach, Mark and Maxwell, Gregory and Miller, Andrew and Poelstra, Andrew and Tim{\'o}n, Jorge and Wuille, Pieter},
	Note = {\url{http://www. opensciencereview. com/papers/123/enablingblockchain-innovations-with-pegged-sidechains}},
	Title = {Enabling blockchain innovations with pegged sidechains},
	Year = {2014}}

@inproceedings{velvet,
	Author = {Zamyatin, Alexei and Stifter, Nicholas and Judmayer, Aljosha and Schindler, Philipp and Weippl, Edgar and Knottenbelt, William and Zamyatin, Alexei},
	Booktitle = {International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security},
	Organization = {Springer},
	Title = {A Wild Velvet Fork Appears! Inclusive Blockchain Protocol Changes in Practice},
	Year = {2018}}

@misc{nipopows,
	Author = {Kiayias, Aggelos and Miller, Andrew and Zindros, Dionysis},
	Title = {{Non-Interactive Proofs of Proof-of-Work}},
	Year = {2017}}

@article{wood,
	Author = {Wood, Gavin},
	Journal = {Ethereum Project Yellow Paper},
	Pages = {1--32},
	Title = {{Ethereum: A secure decentralised generalised transaction ledger}},
	Volume = {151},
	Year = {2014}}

@article{algorand,
	Author = {Silvio Micali},
	Bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, http://dblp.org},
	Biburl = {http://dblp.uni-trier.de/rec/bib/journals/corr/Micali16},
	Journal = {CoRR},
	Timestamp = {Tue, 02 Aug 2016 12:59:27 +0200},
	Title = {{ALGORAND:} The Efficient and Democratic Ledger},
	Url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1607.01341},
	Volume = {abs/1607.01341},
	Year = {2016},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1607.01341}}

@inproceedings{miller2014authenticated,
  title={Authenticated data structures, generically},
  author={Miller, Andrew and Hicks, Michael and Katz, Jonathan and Shi, Elaine},
  booktitle={ACM SIGPLAN Notices},
  volume={49},
  number={1},
  pages={411--423},
  year={2014},
  organization={ACM}
}

@misc{wood2016polkadot,
  title={Polkadot: Vision for a heterogeneous multi-chain framework},
  author={Wood, Gavin},
  year={2016},
  publisher={Github}
}

@article{ico,
  title={Interactive coin offerings},
  author={Teutsch, Jason and Buterin, Vitalik and Brown, Christopher},
  journal={Available at: \url{https://people.cs.uchicago.edu/~teutsch/papers/ico.pdf}},
  urldate={2017-11-16},
  year={2017}
}

@article{miller2014anonymous,
  title={Anonymous byzantine consensus from moderately-hard puzzles: A model for bitcoin},
  author={Miller, Andrew and LaViola Jr, Joseph J},
  journal={Available at: \url{http://nakamotoinstitute.org/research/anonymous-byzantine-consensus}},
  year={2014}
}

@phdthesis{buchman2016tendermint,
  title={Tendermint: Byzantine fault tolerance in the age of blockchains},
  author={Buchman, Ethan},
  year={2016}
}

@article{herlihy2018atomic,
  title={Atomic cross-chain swaps},
  author={Herlihy, Maurice},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:1801.09515},
  year={2018}
}

@misc{atomicswaps,
  title={Alt chains and atomic transfers},
  author={Nolan, Tier},
  year={2013},
  howpublished={Available at: \url{https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=193281.0}},
  url={https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=193281.0},
  urldate={2018-04-26}
}

@inproceedings{bitcoinng,
  title={Bitcoin-NG: A Scalable Blockchain Protocol.},
  author={Eyal, Ittay and Gencer, Adem Efe and Sirer, Emin G{\"u}n and Van Renesse, Robbert},
  booktitle={NSDI},
  pages={45--59},
  year={2016}
}

@article{sompolinsky2013accelerating,
  title={Accelerating bitcoin’s transaction processing},
  author={Sompolinsky, Yonatan and Zohar, Aviv},
  journal={Fast Money Grows on Trees, Not Chains},
  year={2013},
  publisher={Citeseer}
}

@article{danezis2015centrally,
  title={Centrally banked cryptocurrencies},
  author={Danezis, George and Meiklejohn, Sarah},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:1505.06895},
  year={2015}
}

@inproceedings{popow,
  title={Proofs of proofs of work with sublinear complexity},
  author={Kiayias, Aggelos and Lamprou, Nikolaos and Stouka, Aikaterini-Panagiota},
  booktitle={International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security},
  pages={61--78},
  year={2016},
  organization={Springer}
}

@misc{erc20,
  title={ERC 20 token standard},
  author={Vogelsteller, Fabian and Buterin, Vitalik},
  year={2015},
  howpublished={Available at: \url{https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/blob/master/EIPS/eip-20.md}},
  url={https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/blob/master/EIPS/eip-20.md},
  urldate={2018-04-28}
}

@inproceedings{blockstack,
  title={Blockstack: A Global Naming and Storage System Secured by Blockchains.},
  author={Ali, Muneeb and Nelson, Jude C and Shea, Ryan and Freedman, Michael J},
  booktitle={USENIX Annual Technical Conference},
  pages={181--194},
  year={2016}
}

@misc{openzeppelin-erc20,
  title={OpenZeppelin crowdsale contract},
  author = {Smart Contract Solutions, Inc},
  year = 2017,
	howpublished={Available at: \url{https://github.com/OpenZeppelin/openzeppelin-solidity/blob/v2.0.0-rc.1/contracts/token/ERC20/ERC20.sol}},
  url = {https://github.com/OpenZeppelin/openzeppelin-solidity/blob/v2.0.0-rc.1/contracts/token/ERC20/ERC20.sol},
  urldate = {2018-09-24}
}

@misc{openzeppelin-crowdsale,
  title={OpenZeppelin standard ERC20 token contract: Implementation of the basic standard token},
  author = {Smart Contract Solutions, Inc},
  year = 2017,
	howpublished={Available at: \url{https://github.com/OpenZeppelin/openzeppelin-solidity/blob/v2.0.0-rc.1/contracts/crowdsale/Crowdsale.sol}},
  url = {https://github.com/OpenZeppelin/openzeppelin-solidity/blob/v2.0.0-rc.1/contracts/crowdsale/Crowdsale.sol},
  urldate = {2018-09-24}
}

@inproceedings{pos-sidechains,
  title={Proof-of-Stake Sidechains},
  author={Kiayias, Aggelos and Ga{\v z}i, Peter and Zindros, Dionysis},
  booktitle={IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy},
  organization={IEEE},
	year={2019}
}

@inproceedings{pow-sidechains,
  title={Proof-of-Work Sidechains},
  author={Kiayias, Aggelos and Zindros, Dionysis},
	booktitle={International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security},
	organization={Springer},
	year={2019}
}

@misc{interledger,
	title={Interledger Protocol V4},
	author={The Interledger Payments Community Group},
	howpublished={Available at: \url{https://interledger.org/rfcs/0027-interledger-protocol-4/draft-5.html}},
	url={https://interledger.org/rfcs/0027-interledger-protocol-4/draft-5.html},
  urldate = {2018-09-25}
}

@article{poon2017plasma,
  title={Plasma: Scalable autonomous smart contracts},
  author={Poon, Joseph and Buterin, Vitalik},
  journal={White paper},
  year={2017}
}

@article{zamyatinxclaim,
  title={XCLAIM: Interoperability with Cryptocurrency-Backed Tokens},
  author={Zamyatin, Alexei and Harz, Dominik and Lind, Joshua and Panayiotou, Panayiotis and Gervais, Arthur and Knottenbelt, William J}
}

@misc{khalil2018nocust,
  title={NOCUST--A Non-Custodial 2 nd-Layer Financial Intermediary},
  author={Khalil, Rami and Gervais, Arthur},
  year={2018},
  howpublished={Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2018/642. \url{https://eprint.iacr.org/2018/642}}
}

@misc{comit,
	title={COMIT: Cryptographically-secure Off-chain Multi-asset Instant
Transaction network},
  author={Hosp, Julian and Hoenisch, Toby and Kittiwongsunthorn, Paul},
	year={2017},
	howpublished={Available at: \url{https://www.comit.network/doc/COMIT%20white%20paper%20v1.0.2.pdf}},
	url={https://www.comit.network/doc/COMIT%20white%20paper%20v1.0.2.pdf},
  urldate = {2018-09-25}
}

@techreport{wust2016ethereum,
  title={Ethereum eclipse attacks},
  author={W{\"u}st, Karl and Gervais, Arthur},
  year={2016},
  institution={ETH Zurich}
}

@misc{paper-mining,
	title={Mining Bitcoin with pencil and paper: 0.67 hashes per day},
	author={Ken Shirriff},
	year={2014},
	howpublished={Available at: \url{http://www.righto.com/2014/09/mining-bitcoin-with-pencil-and-paper.html}},
	url={http://www.righto.com/2014/09/mining-bitcoin-with-pencil-and-paper.html},
	urldate={2018-12-25}
}

@misc{decred,
	title={Decred Documentation},
	author={The Decred Developers},
	year={2016},
	howpublished={Available at: \url{https://docs.decred.org/}},
	url={https://docs.decred.org/},
	urldate={2019-01-10}
}

@inproceedings{pass,
  title={Analysis of the blockchain protocol in asynchronous networks},
  author={Pass, Rafael and Seeman, Lior and Shelat, Abhi},
  booktitle={Annual International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques},
  pages={643--673},
  year={2017},
  organization={Springer}
}

@article{selfish,
  title={Majority is not enough: Bitcoin mining is vulnerable},
  author={Eyal, Ittay and Sirer, Emin G{\"u}n},
  journal={Communications of the ACM},
  volume={61},
  number={7},
  pages={95--102},
  year={2018},
  publisher={ACM}
}

@inproceedings{tselekounis-kiayias,
  title={Blockchain mining games},
  author={Kiayias, Aggelos and Koutsoupias, Elias and Kyropoulou, Maria and Tselekounis, Yiannis},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the 2016 ACM Conference on Economics and Computation},
  pages={365--382},
  year={2016},
  organization={ACM}
}

@inproceedings{fruitchains,
  title={Fruitchains: A fair blockchain},
  author={Pass, Rafael and Shi, Elaine},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing},
  pages={315--324},
  year={2017},
  organization={ACM}
}

@inproceedings{alwen2017depth,
  title={Depth-robust graphs and their cumulative memory complexity},
  author={Alwen, Jo{\"e}l and Blocki, Jeremiah and Pietrzak, Krzysztof},
  booktitle={Annual International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques},
  pages={3--32},
  year={2017},
  organization={Springer}
}

@inproceedings{biryukov2016egalitarian,
  title={Egalitarian Computing.},
  author={Biryukov, Alex and Khovratovich, Dmitry},
  booktitle={USENIX Security Symposium},
  pages={315--326},
  year={2016}
}

@inproceedings{equitability,
  title={Compounding of Wealth in Proof-of-Stake Cryptocurrencies},
  author={Fanti, Giulia and Kogan, Leonid and Oh, Sewoong and Ruan, Kathleen and Viswanath, Pramod and Wang, Gerui},
	booktitle={International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security},
	organization={Springer},
	year={2019}
}

@inproceedings{pass2017analysis,
  title={Analysis of the blockchain protocol in asynchronous networks},
  author={Pass, Rafael and Seeman, Lior and Shelat, Abhi},
  booktitle={Annual International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques},
  pages={643--673},
  year={2017},
  organization={Springer}
}

@misc{bkks2018,
	Author = {Lars Br\"unjes and Aggelos Kiayias and Elias Koutsoupias and Aikaterini-Panagiota Stouka},
	Date-Added = {2018-08-05 08:14:11 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2018-08-07 09:48:36 +0000},
	Howpublished = {Computer Science and Game Theory (cs.GT) arXiv:1807.11218},
	Title = {Reward Sharing Schemes for Stake Pools},
	Year = {2018}}

@inproceedings{kiayias2016blockchain,
	title={Blockchain mining games},
	author={Kiayias, Aggelos and Koutsoupias, Elias and Kyropoulou, Maria and Tselekounis, Yiannis},
	booktitle={Proceedings of the 2016 ACM Conference on Economics and Computation},
	pages={365--382},
	year={2016},
	organization={ACM}
}

@article{buterin2017casper,
  title={Casper the friendly finality gadget},
  author={Buterin, Vitalik and Griffith, Virgil},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:1710.09437},
  year={2017}
}

@misc{bitcoin,
	Author = {Nakamoto, Satoshi},
	Title = {Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system},
	Year = {2008},
	howpublished={Available at: \url{https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf}},
	url={https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf}
}

@misc{lee2011litecoin,
	title={Litecoin},
	author={Lee, Charles},
	year={2011}
}

@article{wood2014ethereum,
  title={Ethereum: A secure decentralised generalised transaction ledger},
  author={Wood, Gavin},
  journal={Ethereum project yellow paper},
  volume={151},
  pages={1--32},
  year={2014}
}

@misc{van2013cryptonote,
  title={CryptoNote v2.0},
  author={Van Saberhagen, Nicolas},
  year={2013},
  howpublished={Available at: \url{https://cryptonote.org/whitepaper.pdf}},
  url={https://cryptonote.org/whitepaper.pdf},
  urldate={2018-04-26}
}

@article{mcmillan2013,
	title={Ex-Googler Gives the World a Better Bitcoin},
	url={https://www.wired.com/2013/08/litecoin/},
  howpublished={Available at: \url{https://www.wired.com/2013/08/litecoin/}},
	journal={WIRED},
	author={McMillan, Robert},
	year={2013},
	month={Aug},
	urldate={2019-01-13}
}

@article{kharif2018,
	title={Many Bitcoin Miners Are at Risk of Turning Unprofitable},
	author={Olga Kharif},
	url={https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-04-18/bitcoin-miners-facing-a-shakeout-as-profitability-becomes-harder},
	howpublished={Available at: \url{https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-04-18/bitcoin-miners-facing-a-shakeout-as-profitability-becomes-harder}},
	journal={Bloomberg},
	year={2018},
	month={Apr},
	urldate={2019-01-13}
}

@article{mathews1896partition,
  title={On the partition of numbers},
  author={Mathews, George B},
  journal={Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society},
  volume={1},
  number={1},
  pages={486--490},
  year={1896},
  publisher={Wiley Online Library}
}

@inproceedings{douceur2002sybil,
  title={The sybil attack},
  author={Douceur, John R},
  booktitle={International workshop on peer-to-peer systems},
  pages={251--260},
  year={2002},
  organization={Springer}
}

@misc{monero-hard-asic,
	title={PoW change and key reuse},
	author={dEBRYUNE and dnaleor},
	year={2018},
	month={Feb},
	url={https://www.getmonero.org/2018/02/11/PoW-change-and-key-reuse.html},
	howpublished={Available at: \url{https://www.getmonero.org/2018/02/11/PoW-change-and-key-reuse.html}}
}

@incollection{karp1972reducibility,
  title={Reducibility among combinatorial problems},
  author={Karp, Richard M},
  booktitle={Complexity of computer computations},
  pages={85--103},
  year={1972},
  publisher={Springer}
}

@article{buterin,
	Author = {Buterin, Vitalik and others},
	Journal = {white paper},
	Title = {A next-generation smart contract and decentralized application platform},
	Year = {2014}
}

@inproceedings{taylor2013bitcoin,
	title={Bitcoin and the age of bespoke silicon},
	author={Taylor, Michael Bedford},
	booktitle={Proceedings of the 2013 International Conference on Compilers, Architectures and Synthesis for Embedded Systems},
	pages={16},
	year={2013},
	organization={IEEE Press}
}

@misc{eos,
	title={EOS.IO Technical White Paper v2},
	author={Daniel Larimer and the EOS developers},
	year={2017},
	howpublished={Available at: \url{https://github.com/EOSIO/Documentation/commits/master/TechnicalWhitePaper.md}},
	url={https://github.com/EOSIO/Documentation/commits/master/TechnicalWhitePaper.md},
	urldate={2019-01-31}
}

@techreport{percival2016scrypt,
  title={The scrypt password-based key derivation function},
  author={Percival, Colin and Josefsson, Simon},
  year={2016}
}

@techreport{energy-cost,
	author={U.S. Energy Information Administration},
  title={Electric Power Monthly with Data for November 2018},
  year={2019},
	month={Jan},
	howpublished={Available at: \url{https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/current_month/epm.pdf}},
	url={https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/current_month/epm.pdf},
	urldate={2019-01-31}
}

@MastersThesis{gtklocker,
  author={Kostis Karantias},
	title={{Enabling NIPoPoW Applications on Bitcoin Cash}},
	school={University of Ioannina},
	address={Ioannina, Greece},
	year={2019}
}

@online{highway,
  title={The high-value-hash highway, Bitcoin forum post},
  author={Miller, Andrew},
  year=2012,
  url={https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=98986.0},
  urldate={2017-08-03}
}

@techreport{eip210,
	title={{EIP 210: Blockhash refactoring}},
	author={Vitalik Buterin},
	year=2017,
	month={Feb},
	url={https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-210},
	urldate={2019-02-23},
	howpublished={Available at: \url{https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-210}}
}

@misc{flyclient,
	title={{FlyClient: Super-Light Clients for Cryptocurrencies}},
	author={B\"unz, Benedikt and Lucianna Kiffer and Loi Luu and Zamani, Mahdi},
	year={2019},
  howpublished={Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2019/226. \url{https://eprint.iacr.org/2019/226}}
}

@misc{ergo,
	Author = {Alexander Chepurnoy and Dmitry Meshkov and Ilya Oskin and Mike Aksarin and Andrey Andreev and Alexander Slesarenko and Denys Zadorozhnyi and Guillermo Manzanares},
	Title = {ERGO},
	Year = {2018},
	howpublished={Available at: \url{https://ergoplatform.org}},
	url={https://ergoplatform.org}
}

@misc{nimiq,
	title={Nimiq},
	author={Elion Chin and Philipp von Styp-Rekowsky and Robin Linus},
	Year = {2018},
	howpublished={Available at: \url{https://nimiq.com}},
	url={https://nimiq.com/}
}

@inproceedings{bartoletti2017analysis,
  title={{An analysis of Bitcoin OP\_RETURN metadata}},
  author={Bartoletti, Massimo and Pompianu, Livio},
  booktitle={International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security},
  pages={218--230},
  year={2017},
  organization={Springer}
}

@inproceedings{skiplist,
  title={{Skip lists: A probabilistic alternative to balanced trees}},
  author={Pugh, William},
  booktitle={Workshop on Algorithms and Data Structures},
  pages={437--449},
  year={1989},
  organization={Springer}
}

@phdthesis{papadakis1993skip,
  title={Skip lists and probabilistic analysis of algorithms},
  author={Papadakis, Thomas},
  year={1993},
  school={University of Waterloo}
}

@MastersThesis{christoglou,
  title={{Enabling crosschain transactions using NIPoPoWs}},
	author={Christoglou, Georgios},
	year={2018},
	school={Imperial College London}
}

@inproceedings{merkletree,
  title={A digital signature based on a conventional encryption function},
  author={Merkle, Ralph C},
  booktitle={Conference on the theory and application of cryptographic techniques},
  pages={369--378},
  year={1987},
  organization={Springer}
}

@online{nimiq-dev-ref,
  title={NIMIQ developer reference},
  author={Sven Buschbeck},
  year=2018,
  url={https://nimiq-network.github.io/developer-reference/chapters/block.html#interlink},
	howpublished={Available at: \url{https://nimiq-network.github.io/developer-reference/chapters/block.html#interlink}},
  urldate={2019-03-06}
}