diff --git a/packages/bundler/src/BundlerServer.ts b/packages/bundler/src/BundlerServer.ts
index d98d36f2..a8940ff4 100644
--- a/packages/bundler/src/BundlerServer.ts
+++ b/packages/bundler/src/BundlerServer.ts
@@ -321,6 +321,10 @@ export class BundlerServer {
         await this.debugHandler.setBundleInterval(params[0], params[1])
         result = 'ok'
         break
+      case 'debug_bundler_addUserOps':
+        await this.debugHandler.addUserOps(params[0])
+        result = 'ok'
+        break
       case 'debug_bundler_sendBundleNow':
         result = await this.debugHandler.sendBundleNow()
         if (result == null) {
diff --git a/packages/bundler/src/DebugMethodHandler.ts b/packages/bundler/src/DebugMethodHandler.ts
index 8a0b1abf..d8bdbbc6 100644
--- a/packages/bundler/src/DebugMethodHandler.ts
+++ b/packages/bundler/src/DebugMethodHandler.ts
@@ -3,7 +3,8 @@ import { ReputationDump, ReputationManager } from './modules/ReputationManager'
 import { MempoolManager } from './modules/MempoolManager'
 import { SendBundleReturn } from './modules/BundleManager'
 import { EventsManager } from './modules/EventsManager'
-import { StakeInfo } from '@account-abstraction/utils'
+import { ReferencedCodeHashes, StakeInfo, UserOperation } from '@account-abstraction/utils'
+import { UserOperationStruct } from '@account-abstraction/contracts'
 
 export class DebugMethodHandler {
   constructor (
@@ -76,4 +77,19 @@ export class DebugMethodHandler {
     }> {
     return await this.repManager.getStakeStatus(address, entryPoint)
   }
+
+  addUserOps (userOps: UserOperation[]): void {
+    userOps.forEach(userOp => {
+      const refs: ReferencedCodeHashes = { addresses: [], hash: '' }
+      const userOpHash = '' // used only by removeUserOp() when processing events.
+
+      // we treat sender as "staked", and ignore any factory or paymaster, to bypass any reputation issues
+      const senderInfo: StakeInfo = {
+        addr: userOp.sender,
+        stake: this.repManager.minStake,
+        unstakeDelaySec: this.repManager.minUnstakeDelay
+      }
+      this.mempoolMgr.addUserOp(userOp, userOpHash, refs, senderInfo, undefined, undefined, undefined)
+    })
+  }
 }
diff --git a/packages/bundler/src/modules/MempoolManager.ts b/packages/bundler/src/modules/MempoolManager.ts
index ea1c0dcf..906a4ec0 100644
--- a/packages/bundler/src/modules/MempoolManager.ts
+++ b/packages/bundler/src/modules/MempoolManager.ts
@@ -15,6 +15,14 @@ import { ReputationManager } from './ReputationManager'
 
 const debug = Debug('aa.mempool')
 
+export interface MempoolEntry {
+  userOp: OperationBase
+  userOpHash: string
+  referencedContracts: ReferencedCodeHashes
+  // aggregator, if one was found during simulation
+  aggregator?: string
+}
+
 type MempoolDump = OperationBase[]
 
 const THROTTLED_ENTITY_MEMPOOL_COUNT = 4
@@ -64,7 +72,6 @@ export class MempoolManager {
     skipValidation: boolean,
     userOp: OperationBase,
     userOpHash: string,
-    prefund: BigNumberish,
     referencedContracts: ReferencedCodeHashes,
     senderInfo: StakeInfo,
     paymasterInfo?: StakeInfo,
@@ -74,7 +81,6 @@ export class MempoolManager {
     const entry = new MempoolEntry(
       userOp,
       userOpHash,
-      prefund,
       referencedContracts,
       skipValidation,
       aggregatorInfo?.addr