diff --git a/en-US/Further_Reading.md b/en-US/Further_Reading.md index add11c46..fa7f5e72 100644 --- a/en-US/Further_Reading.md +++ b/en-US/Further_Reading.md @@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ title: Further Reading * [Optical Compensation](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LR-CG5eB3nQ) by Thomas Phinney and FontLab * [Type Review Videos](https://vimeo.com/typereview/videos) -* [Lato: The Making Of](https://youtu.be/4-oo8o-tyqU) ## Websites @@ -33,11 +32,30 @@ title: Further Reading * [Typekit: Practice](http://practice.typekit.com/) +### High quality FontForge sfd source files - Foundries / Collections + +* [Omnibus](https://github.com/Omnibus-Type/) +* [Ralph Levien](http://levien.com/type/myfonts/) +* [VTF](https://velvetyne.fr/) (some of these) +* [Jason Reed](http://jcreed.org/fonts/) + +### High quality FontForge sfd source files - Typefaces and Fonts + +* [Anka](https://code.google.com/archive/p/anka-coder-fonts/source/default/source) +* [Tuffy](http://tulrich.com/fonts/) +* [Whois Mono](https://github.com/raphaelbastide/Whois-mono/) +* [Liberation](https://fedorahosted.org/liberation-fonts/) +* [Fantasque Sans Mono](https://github.com/belluzj/fantasque-sans) +* [DejaVu Fonts](https://dejavu-fonts.org/) +* [Bluu](https://velvetyne.fr/#bluu) +* [Wikipedia List](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FontForge) + ### Latin **The [MyFonts Foundry Guides](https://foundry.myfonts.com/guides/) are fantastic.** -* [Frere Jones: Typeface Mechanics 1](http://www.frerejones.com/blog/typeface-mechanics-001/) and [2](http://www.frerejones.com/blog/typeface-mechanics-002/) +* [Frere Jones: Typeface Mechanics 1](http://www.frerejones.com/blog/typeface-mechanics-001/) +* [Frere Jones: Typeface Mechanics 2](http://www.frerejones.com/blog/typeface-mechanics-002/) * [Letter-by-letter tutorials](http://letterpunch.blogspot.com/) * [Adobe: Designing Multiple Master Typefaces](https://www-cdf.fnal.gov/offline/PostScript/5091.Design_MM_Fonts.pdf) * [University of Reading Type Design Intensive Review](http://www.creativebloq.com/typography/design-your-own-typeface-8133919) @@ -57,7 +75,8 @@ ILT Example Projects: * [Acorde](http://ilovetypography.com/2010/10/10/the-making-of-acorde-2/) * [Ode](http://ilovetypography.com/2010/09/01/ode-fresh-start-for-a-broken-script/) * [Biome](http://ilovetypography.com/2010/07/01/font-design-biome-the-making-of-a-typeface/) -* [Vesper](http://ilovetypography.com/2009/12/15/font-design-vesper-typeface-devanagari/) (also see [vesper-libre](https://github.com/motaitalic/vesper-libre)) +* [Vesper](http://ilovetypography.com/2009/12/15/font-design-vesper-typeface-devanagari/) +* [vesper-libre](https://github.com/motaitalic/vesper-libre) ### Greek @@ -72,13 +91,11 @@ ILT Example Projects: * [Paratype Language Help](http://www.paratype.com/help/language/) — Cyrillic encodings * [Cyrillic Typography on Facebook](https://www.facebook.com/groups/170175253103197/) * [Cyrillic type design](http://luc.devroye.org/cyrillic.html) -* [ATypI Cyrillic SIG mailing list](http://www.atypi.org/members/special-interest-groups/cyrillic) ### Arabic * [Khaled Hosney's FontForge Guide](http://ojuba.org/docs/%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B7) * [Example Project: Arabic Zapfino](http://ilovetypography.com/2015/02/22/making-arabic-fonts-climbing-everest/) -* [Parachut: Interview with Hasan Abu Afash](http://upscaletypography.com/?p=1646) * [Arabic Typefaces Worth Studying](http://tntypography.eu/resources-list/arabic-typefaces-worth-studying-2/) * [Arabic Type Anatomy](http://blog.29lt.com/2015/07/30/arabic-type-anatomy-typographic-terms/) @@ -105,7 +122,6 @@ ILT Example Projects: ## Books * [University of Reading MA Typeface Design Summer Reading List](http://blog.8faces.com/post/53602804428/summer-reading) -* has an extensive list of books * [davelab6 Amazon Book List](http://amazon.com/hz/wishlist/ls/2FX3U5FJZ3IK0/) Title: Detail in Typography (Paperback) diff --git a/fa-IR/Further_Reading.md b/fa-IR/Further_Reading.md index c2ad11e2..268b13a1 100644 --- a/fa-IR/Further_Reading.md +++ b/fa-IR/Further_Reading.md @@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ title: مطالعهٔ بیشتر * [Optical Compensation](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LR-CG5eB3nQ) by Thomas Phinney and FontLab * [Type Review Videos](https://vimeo.com/typereview/videos) -* [Lato: The Making Of](https://youtu.be/4-oo8o-tyqU) ## وبگاه‌ها @@ -33,6 +32,24 @@ title: مطالعهٔ بیشتر * [Typekit: Practice](http://practice.typekit.com/) +### High quality FontForge sfd source files - Foundries / Collections + +* [Omnibus](https://github.com/Omnibus-Type/) +* [Ralph Levien](http://levien.com/type/myfonts/) +* [VTF](https://velvetyne.fr/) (some of these) +* [Jason Reed](http://jcreed.org/fonts/) + +### High quality FontForge sfd source files - Typefaces and Fonts + +* [Anka](https://code.google.com/archive/p/anka-coder-fonts/source/default/source) +* [Tuffy](http://tulrich.com/fonts/) +* [Whois Mono](https://github.com/raphaelbastide/Whois-mono/) +* [Liberation](https://fedorahosted.org/liberation-fonts/) +* [Fantasque Sans Mono](https://github.com/belluzj/fantasque-sans) +* [DejaVu Fonts](https://dejavu-fonts.org/) +* [Bluu](https://velvetyne.fr/#bluu) +* [Wikipedia List](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FontForge) + ### لاتین راهنماهای [MyFonts Foundry](https://foundry.myfonts.com/guides/) عالی هستند. @@ -74,13 +91,11 @@ title: مطالعهٔ بیشتر * [Paratype Language Help](http://www.paratype.com/help/language/) — Cyrillic encodings * [Cyrillic Typography on Facebook](https://www.facebook.com/groups/170175253103197/) * [Cyrillic type design](http://luc.devroye.org/cyrillic.html) -* [ATypI Cyrillic SIG mailing list](http://www.atypi.org/members/special-interest-groups/cyrillic) ### عربی * [Khaled Hosney's FontForge Guide](http://ojuba.org/docs/%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B7) * [Example Project: Arabic Zapfino](http://ilovetypography.com/2015/02/22/making-arabic-fonts-climbing-everest/) -* [Parachut: Interview with Hasan Abu Afash](http://upscaletypography.com/?p=1646) * [Arabic Typefaces Worth Studying](http://tntypography.eu/resources-list/arabic-typefaces-worth-studying-2/) * [Arabic Type Anatomy](http://blog.29lt.com/2015/07/30/arabic-type-anatomy-typographic-terms/) @@ -107,7 +122,6 @@ title: مطالعهٔ بیشتر ## کتاب‌ها * [University of Reading MA Typeface Design Summer Reading List](http://blog.8faces.com/post/53602804428/summer-reading) -* has an extensive list of books * [davelab6 Amazon Book List](http://amazon.com/hz/wishlist/ls/2FX3U5FJZ3IK0/) Title: Detail in Typography (Paperback) diff --git a/fr-FR/Further_Reading.md b/fr-FR/Further_Reading.md index 4bd746c6..5783ab98 100644 --- a/fr-FR/Further_Reading.md +++ b/fr-FR/Further_Reading.md @@ -10,18 +10,18 @@ title: Lectures complémentaires * [Optical Compensation](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LR-CG5eB3nQ) par Thomas Phinney and FontLab * [Type Review Videos](https://vimeo.com/typereview/videos) -* [Lato: The Making Of](https://youtu.be/4-oo8o-tyqU) ## Sites Internet ### Autres listes de ressources * [Thomas Phinney's Type Design Resources](http://www.thomasphinney.com/type-design-resources/) +* [Type Drawers thread on tips and tricks](https://typedrawers.com/discussion/3993/your-most-valuable-tips-tricks-in-type-design#latest) ### Mathématiques de la courbe -* Excellent guide pour le calcul des courbes de Bézier -* Doctorat de Raph Levien sur les courbes Spiro +* [A Primer on Bézier Curves](http://pomax.github.io/bezierinfo/) Excellent guide pour le calcul des courbes de Bézier +* [Doctorat de Raph Levien sur les courbes Spiro](http://raph.levien.com/phd) ### Affaires @@ -32,6 +32,24 @@ title: Lectures complémentaires * [Typekit: Practice](http://practice.typekit.com/) +### High quality FontForge sfd source files - Foundries / Collections + +* [Omnibus](https://github.com/Omnibus-Type/) +* [Ralph Levien](http://levien.com/type/myfonts/) +* [VTF](https://velvetyne.fr/) (some of these) +* [Jason Reed](http://jcreed.org/fonts/) + +### High quality FontForge sfd source files - Typefaces and Fonts + +* [Anka](https://code.google.com/archive/p/anka-coder-fonts/source/default/source) +* [Tuffy](http://tulrich.com/fonts/) +* [Whois Mono](https://github.com/raphaelbastide/Whois-mono/) +* [Liberation](https://fedorahosted.org/liberation-fonts/) +* [Fantasque Sans Mono](https://github.com/belluzj/fantasque-sans) +* [DejaVu Fonts](https://dejavu-fonts.org/) +* [Bluu](https://velvetyne.fr/#bluu) +* [Wikipedia List](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FontForge) + ### Latin **Les guides de la fonderie MyFonts sont fantastiques : [foundry.myfonts.com/guides](https://foundry.myfonts.com/guides/)** @@ -68,17 +86,15 @@ Exemples de projets de *I Love Typography*: * [Learn Cyrillic](http://learncyrillic.tumblr.com ) * [Serbian Cyrillic](http://tipometar.org/indexEng.html) * [Bulgarian Cyrillic](http://www.cyrillicsly.com/) -* +* [What shall be done for Bulgarian Cyrillic .loclBGR](http://www.lettersoup.de/what-shall-be-done-for-bulgarian-cyrillic-loclbgr/) * [Paratype Language Help](http://www.paratype.com/help/language/) — Codages cyrilliques * [Cyrillic Typography on Facebook](https://www.facebook.com/groups/170175253103197/) -* -* La liste de diffusion ATypI Cyrillic SIG +* [Cyrillic type design](http://luc.devroye.org/cyrillic.html) ### Arabe * [Khaled Hosney's FontForge Guide](http://ojuba.org/wiki/docs/%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B7) * [Example Project: Arabic Zapfino](http://ilovetypography.com/2015/02/22/making-arabic-fonts-climbing-everest/) -* [Parachut: Interview with Hasan Abu Afash](http://upscaletypography.com/?p=1646) * [Arabic Typefaces Worth Studying](http://tntypography.eu/resources-list/arabic-typefaces-worth-studying-2/) * [Arabic Type Anatomy](http://blog.29lt.com/2015/07/30/arabic-type-anatomy-typographic-terms/) @@ -105,7 +121,7 @@ Exemples de projets de *I Love Typography*: ## Livres * [University of Reading MA Typeface Design Summer Reading List](http://blog.8faces.com/post/53602804428/summer-reading) -* a une liste étendue de livres +* [davelab6 Amazon Book List](http://amazon.com/hz/wishlist/ls/2FX3U5FJZ3IK0/) Titre: Detail in Typography (Paperback) diff --git a/ja-JP/Further_Reading.md b/ja-JP/Further_Reading.md index d7d5c056..b29567ed 100644 --- a/ja-JP/Further_Reading.md +++ b/ja-JP/Further_Reading.md @@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ title: 参考文献 * [Optical Compensation](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LR-CG5eB3nQ) by Thomas Phinney and FontLab 《※ 視覚的補償について》 * [Type Review Videos](https://vimeo.com/typereview/videos) 《※ 書体の批評》 -* [Lato: The Making Of](https://youtu.be/4-oo8o-tyqU) 《※ Lato フォントの作成: 再生できず》 ## ウェブサイト Websites @@ -34,6 +33,24 @@ title: 参考文献 * [Typekit: Practice](http://practice.typekit.com/) 《※ 「タイポグラフィーは実践だ!」》 +### High quality FontForge sfd source files - Foundries / Collections + +* [Omnibus](https://github.com/Omnibus-Type/) +* [Ralph Levien](http://levien.com/type/myfonts/) +* [VTF](https://velvetyne.fr/) (some of these) +* [Jason Reed](http://jcreed.org/fonts/) + +### High quality FontForge sfd source files - Typefaces and Fonts + +* [Anka](https://code.google.com/archive/p/anka-coder-fonts/source/default/source) +* [Tuffy](http://tulrich.com/fonts/) +* [Whois Mono](https://github.com/raphaelbastide/Whois-mono/) +* [Liberation](https://fedorahosted.org/liberation-fonts/) +* [Fantasque Sans Mono](https://github.com/belluzj/fantasque-sans) +* [DejaVu Fonts](https://dejavu-fonts.org/) +* [Bluu](https://velvetyne.fr/#bluu) +* [Wikipedia List](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FontForge) + ### ラテン文字 Latin **[MyFonts Foundry Guides](https://foundry.myfonts.com/guides/) は最高!** @@ -73,13 +90,11 @@ ILT フォント・プロジェクト事例: * [Paratype Language Help](http://www.paratype.com/help/language/) — キリル文字の符号化 《※ 言語の副模式標本リスト》 * [Cyrillic Typography on Facebook](https://www.facebook.com/groups/170175253103197/) 《※ Facebook にあるキリル文字タイポグラフィー》 * [Cyrillic type design](http://luc.devroye.org/cyrillic.html) 《※ キリル文字の書体デザイン》 -* [ATypI Cyrillic SIG mailing list](http://www.atypi.org/members/special-interest-groups/cyrillic) 《※ ATypI(Association Typographique Internationale)のキリル文字作業部会メーリング・リスト》 ### アラビア文字 Arabic * [Khaled Hosney's FontForge Guide](http://ojuba.org/docs/%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B7) 《※ Khaled Hosney 氏の FontForge ガイド》 * [Example Project: Arabic Zapfino](http://ilovetypography.com/2015/02/22/making-arabic-fonts-climbing-everest/) 《※ プロジェクト事例: アラビア文字 Zapfino フォント》 -* [Parachut: Interview with Hasan Abu Afash](http://upscaletypography.com/?p=1646) 《※ ハサン・アブ・アファシュ氏へのインタビュー、リンク切れ》 * [Arabic Typefaces Worth Studying](http://tntypography.eu/resources-list/arabic-typefaces-worth-studying-2/) 《※ 研究すべきアラビア文字書体》 * [Arabic Type Anatomy](http://blog.29lt.com/2015/07/30/arabic-type-anatomy-typographic-terms/) 《※ アラビア文字書体の分析》 @@ -106,7 +121,6 @@ ILT フォント・プロジェクト事例: ## 書籍 Books * [University of Reading MA Typeface Design Summer Reading List](http://blog.8faces.com/post/53602804428/summer-reading) 《※ レディング大学修士課程書体デザイン専攻の夏季読書リスト》 -* には広範囲に及ぶ書籍リストがあります。 《※ リンク切れ》 * [davelab6 Amazon Book List](http://amazon.com/hz/wishlist/ls/2FX3U5FJZ3IK0/) 《※ Amazon のブックリスト》
diff --git a/zh-CN/Further_Reading.md b/zh-CN/Further_Reading.md index 0d46b4d0..2d09cd60 100644 --- a/zh-CN/Further_Reading.md +++ b/zh-CN/Further_Reading.md @@ -9,40 +9,108 @@ title: 延伸阅读 ## 视频 * [Optical Compensation](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LR-CG5eB3nQ) by Thomas Phinney and FontLab +* [Type Review Videos](https://vimeo.com/typereview/videos) ## 网站 +### Other Resource Lists + +* [Thomas Phinney's Type Design Resources](http://www.thomasphinney.com/type-design-resources/) +* [Type Drawers thread on tips and tricks](https://typedrawers.com/discussion/3993/your-most-valuable-tips-tricks-in-type-design#latest) + ### 曲线数学 -* http://pomax.github.io/bezierinfo/ Excellent guide to the math of Bezier curves -* http://raph.levien.com/phd Raph Levien's PhD on Spiro curves +* [A Primer on Bézier Curves](http://pomax.github.io/bezierinfo/) Excellent guide to the math of Bezier curves +* [Raph Levien's PhD on Spiro curves](http://raph.levien.com/phd) + +### Business + +* [ILT: Why Did I Start a Type Foundry?](http://ilovetypography.com/2010/05/06/why-did-i-start-a-type-foundry/) +* [ILT: Gerry Leonidas on typeface design practice](http://ilovetypography.com/2010/03/25/a-few-things-i%E2%80%99ve-learned-about-typeface-design/) + +### Typography + +* [Typekit: Practice](http://practice.typekit.com/) + +### High quality FontForge sfd source files - Foundries / Collections + +* [Omnibus](https://github.com/Omnibus-Type/) +* [Ralph Levien](http://levien.com/type/myfonts/) +* [VTF](https://velvetyne.fr/) (some of these) +* [Jason Reed](http://jcreed.org/fonts/) + +### High quality FontForge sfd source files - Typefaces and Fonts + +* [Anka](https://code.google.com/archive/p/anka-coder-fonts/source/default/source) +* [Tuffy](http://tulrich.com/fonts/) +* [Whois Mono](https://github.com/raphaelbastide/Whois-mono/) +* [Liberation](https://fedorahosted.org/liberation-fonts/) +* [Fantasque Sans Mono](https://github.com/belluzj/fantasque-sans) +* [DejaVu Fonts](https://dejavu-fonts.org/) +* [Bluu](https://velvetyne.fr/#bluu) +* [Wikipedia List](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FontForge) ### 拉丁 +**The [MyFonts Foundry Guides](https://foundry.myfonts.com/guides/) are fantastic.** + +* [Frere Jones: Typeface Mechanics 1](http://www.frerejones.com/blog/typeface-mechanics-001/) +* [Frere Jones: Typeface Mechanics 2](http://www.frerejones.com/blog/typeface-mechanics-002/) * [Letter-by-letter tutorials](http://letterpunch.blogspot.com/) +* [Adobe: Designing Multiple Master Typefaces](https://www-cdf.fnal.gov/offline/PostScript/5091.Design_MM_Fonts.pdf) +* [University of Reading Type Design Intensive Review](http://www.creativebloq.com/typography/design-your-own-typeface-8133919) +* [On the Tilde](http://www.shadycharacters.co.uk/2015/03/miscellany-60-tilde/) +* [ILT: On Diacritics](http://ilovetypography.com/2009/01/24/on-diacritics/) +* [Twardoch: Polish Diacritics](http://www.twardoch.com/download/polishhowto/) +* [Logotype: Quora logo](https://www.quora.com/How-is-the-new-Quora-logo-different-from-the-old-one/answer/Christian-Schwartz-1) +* [Victor Gaultney: Latin Diacritics](http://gaultney.org/jvgtype/research/) + +ILT Example Projects: + +* [Novel](http://ilovetypography.com/2012/05/15/making-fonts-novel-typeface/) +* [Questa](http://ilovetypography.com/2014/10/08/questa-fonts-project/) +* [Sindelar](http://ilovetypography.com/2015/05/05/making-fonts-sindelar) +* [GT Sectra](http://ilovetypography.com/2015/01/13/making-fonts-gt-sectra) +* [FF Tundra](http://ilovetypography.com/2011/10/05/the-making-of-ff-tundra/) +* [Acorde](http://ilovetypography.com/2010/10/10/the-making-of-acorde-2/) +* [Ode](http://ilovetypography.com/2010/09/01/ode-fresh-start-for-a-broken-script/) +* [Biome](http://ilovetypography.com/2010/07/01/font-design-biome-the-making-of-a-typeface/) +* [Vesper](http://ilovetypography.com/2009/12/15/font-design-vesper-typeface-devanagari/) +* [vesper-libre](https://github.com/motaitalic/vesper-libre) + +### Greek + +* [Greek Typefaces Worth Studying](http://leonidas.org/greek-type-design/greek-typefaces-worth-studying/) ### 西里尔(Cyrillic) * [Learn Cyrillic](http://learncyrillic.tumblr.com ) * [Serbian Cyrillic](http://tipometar.org/indexEng.html) * [Bulgarian Cyrillic](http://www.cyrillicsly.com/) +* [What shall be done for Bulgarian Cyrillic .loclBGR](http://www.lettersoup.de/what-shall-be-done-for-bulgarian-cyrillic-loclbgr/) * [Paratype Language Help](http://www.paratype.com/help/language/) - Cyrillic encodings * [Cyrillic Typography on Facebook](https://www.facebook.com/groups/170175253103197/) -* http://luc.devroye.org/cyrillic.html -* The ATypI Cyrillic SIG mailing list +* [Cyrillic type design](http://luc.devroye.org/cyrillic.html) ### 阿拉伯 * [Khaled Hosney's FontForge Guide](http://ojuba.org/wiki/docs/%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B7) +* [Example Project: Arabic Zapfino](http://ilovetypography.com/2015/02/22/making-arabic-fonts-climbing-everest/) +* [Arabic Typefaces Worth Studying](http://tntypography.eu/resources-list/arabic-typefaces-worth-studying-2/) +* [Arabic Type Anatomy](http://blog.29lt.com/2015/07/30/arabic-type-anatomy-typographic-terms/) + +### Hebrew + +* [Adi Stern's MATD Dissertation](http://issuu.com/gerryleonidas/docs/2003_dissertation_adistern) ### 天城体 * [Microsoft Specifications for Devanagari Fonts](http://www.microsoft.com/typography/OpenTypeDev/devanagari/intro.htm) * [South Asia Language Resource Center](http://salrc.uchicago.edu/) The University of Chicago * [Professor Mahendra Patel](http://patelmc.wordpress.com/mahendrapatel/typedesign/) -* [Dhruvi Tolia Graduation Report] (http://issuu.com/dhruvi/docs/graduation_report) +* [Dhruvi Tolia Graduation Report](http://issuu.com/dhruvi/docs/graduation_report) * [Sanchit Sawaria Project 3 Document](http://issuu.com/sanchitsawaria/docs/kathandoc) -* [Yashodeep Gholap - Designing a Devanagari text font for newspaper use](http://www.yashodeepgholap.com/Article.html) +* [Yashodeep Gholap - Designing a Devanagari text font for newspaper use](http://www.typoday.in/2012/spk_papers/yashodeep-gholap-typographyday2012.pdf) * [Mustafa Saifee - Devanagari Font for Optical Character Recognition](https://www.behance.net/gallery/11968313/Devanagari-Font-for-Optical-Character-Recognition) * [Vaibhav Singh - Devanagari in multi-script typography](http://issuu.com/typefacedesign/docs/vaibhav_singh_dissertation) * Virtual Keyboards: [lexilogos](http://www.lexilogos.com/keyboard/devanagari.htm) and [branah](http://www.branah.com/devanagariinscript) @@ -53,7 +121,8 @@ title: 延伸阅读 ## 书籍 -有广泛的图书列表 +* [University of Reading MA Typeface Design Summer Reading List](http://blog.8faces.com/post/53602804428/summer-reading) +* [davelab6 Amazon Book List](http://amazon.com/hz/wishlist/ls/2FX3U5FJZ3IK0/) 标题: Detail in Typography (Paperback)