diff --git a/Benchmark/BenchProgram.cs b/Benchmark/BenchProgram.cs index 85b44f9..c83a3f6 100644 --- a/Benchmark/BenchProgram.cs +++ b/Benchmark/BenchProgram.cs @@ -162,9 +162,21 @@ public static void NativeGlobalInit(AlgorithmFlags flags) // zlib-ng and zlib are mutually exclusive. // Joveler.Compression.ZLib cannot load two or more zlib at once. if (flags.HasFlag(AlgorithmFlags.ZLibNg)) - Joveler.Compression.ZLib.ZLibInit.GlobalInit(zlibNgCompatPath, false); + { + Joveler.Compression.ZLib.ZLibInitOptions initOpts = new Joveler.Compression.ZLib.ZLibInitOptions() + { + IsWindowsStdcall = false + }; + Joveler.Compression.ZLib.ZLibInit.GlobalInit(zlibNgCompatPath, initOpts); + } else if (flags.HasFlag(AlgorithmFlags.ZLibUp)) - Joveler.Compression.ZLib.ZLibInit.GlobalInit(zlibUpstreamPath, true); + { + Joveler.Compression.ZLib.ZLibInitOptions initOpts = new Joveler.Compression.ZLib.ZLibInitOptions() + { + IsWindowsStdcall = true + }; + Joveler.Compression.ZLib.ZLibInit.GlobalInit(zlibUpstreamPath, initOpts); + } if (flags.HasFlag(AlgorithmFlags.XZ)) Joveler.Compression.XZ.XZInit.GlobalInit(xzPath); diff --git a/Benchmark/BenchSamples.cs b/Benchmark/BenchSamples.cs index 2a4738b..f5bc48b 100644 --- a/Benchmark/BenchSamples.cs +++ b/Benchmark/BenchSamples.cs @@ -11,10 +11,8 @@ public class BenchSamples "bible_en_utf8.txt", // From Canterbury Corpus "bible_kr_cp949.txt", // Public Domain (개역한글) "bible_kr_utf8.txt", // Public Domain (개역한글) - "bible_kr_utf16le.txt", // Public Domain (개역한글) "ooffice.dll", // From Silesia corpus "reymont.pdf", // From Silesia corpus - "world192.txt", // From Canterbury corpus }; public static List LessFileNames { get; set; } = new List() @@ -23,7 +21,6 @@ public class BenchSamples "bible_kr_utf8.txt", // Public Domain (개역한글) "ooffice.dll", // From Silesia corpus "reymont.pdf", // From Silesia corpus - "world192.txt", // From Canterbury corpus }; public static List Levels { get; set; } = new List() diff --git a/Benchmark/BufferSizeBench.cs b/Benchmark/BufferSizeBench.cs index 11dcb2e..63de259 100644 --- a/Benchmark/BufferSizeBench.cs +++ b/Benchmark/BufferSizeBench.cs @@ -29,23 +29,23 @@ public override bool LoadParams(object instance, BenchmarkCase benchmarkCase) Descriptor descriptor = benchmarkCase.Descriptor; // Get parameters from benchmarkCase - object bufferSizeVal = benchmarkCase.Parameters.Items.First(x => x.Name.Equals(bufferSizeKey, StringComparison.Ordinal)).Value; object srcFileNameVal = benchmarkCase.Parameters.Items.First(x => x.Name.Equals(srcFileNameKey, StringComparison.Ordinal)).Value; object modeVal = benchmarkCase.Parameters.Items.First(x => x.Name.Equals(modeKey, StringComparison.Ordinal)).Value; - if (bufferSizeVal is not string bufferSizeStr) - return false; + object bufferSizeVal = benchmarkCase.Parameters.Items.First(x => x.Name.Equals(bufferSizeKey, StringComparison.Ordinal)).Value; if (srcFileNameVal is not string srcFileNameStr) return false; if (modeVal is not string modeStr) return false; + if (bufferSizeVal is not int bufferSizeInt) + return false; // Set parameters to benchmark instances - PropertyInfo bufferSizeProp = descriptor.Type.GetProperty(bufferSizeKey); - bufferSizeProp.SetValue(instance, bufferSizeStr); PropertyInfo srcFileNameProp = descriptor.Type.GetProperty(srcFileNameKey); srcFileNameProp.SetValue(instance, srcFileNameStr); PropertyInfo modeProp = descriptor.Type.GetProperty(modeKey); modeProp.SetValue(instance, modeStr); + PropertyInfo bufferSizeProp = descriptor.Type.GetProperty(bufferSizeKey); + bufferSizeProp.SetValue(instance, bufferSizeInt); return true; } @@ -71,20 +71,6 @@ public class BufferSizeBench private const string ModeCompress = "Compress"; private const string ModeDecompress = "Decompress"; - // BufferSizes - [ParamsSource(nameof(BufferSizes))] - public int BufferSize { get; set; } - public IReadOnlyList BufferSizes { get; set; } = new int[] - { - 64 * 1024, - 128 * 1024, - 256 * 1024, - 512 * 1024, - 1024 * 1024, - 2 * 1024 * 1024, - 4 * 1024 * 1024, - }; - // SrcFiles [ParamsSource(nameof(SrcFileNames))] public string SrcFileName { get; set; } @@ -103,6 +89,20 @@ public class BufferSizeBench ModeCompress, ModeDecompress, }; + + // BufferSizes + [ParamsSource(nameof(BufferSizes))] + public int BufferSize { get; set; } + public IReadOnlyList BufferSizes { get; set; } = new int[] + { + 64 * 1024, + 128 * 1024, + 256 * 1024, + 512 * 1024, + 1024 * 1024, + 2 * 1024 * 1024, + 4 * 1024 * 1024, + }; #endregion #region Startup and Cleanup diff --git a/Benchmark/Samples/Best/bible_kr_utf16le.txt.lz4 b/Benchmark/Samples/Best/bible_kr_utf16le.txt.lz4 deleted file mode 100644 index f1f0045..0000000 Binary files a/Benchmark/Samples/Best/bible_kr_utf16le.txt.lz4 and /dev/null differ diff --git a/Benchmark/Samples/Best/bible_kr_utf16le.txt.xz b/Benchmark/Samples/Best/bible_kr_utf16le.txt.xz deleted file mode 100644 index 22aece8..0000000 Binary files a/Benchmark/Samples/Best/bible_kr_utf16le.txt.xz and /dev/null differ diff --git a/Benchmark/Samples/Best/bible_kr_utf16le.txt.zst b/Benchmark/Samples/Best/bible_kr_utf16le.txt.zst deleted file mode 100644 index d74cb1f..0000000 Binary files a/Benchmark/Samples/Best/bible_kr_utf16le.txt.zst and /dev/null differ diff --git a/Benchmark/Samples/Best/bible_kr_utf16le.txt.zz b/Benchmark/Samples/Best/bible_kr_utf16le.txt.zz deleted file mode 100644 index b74c078..0000000 Binary files a/Benchmark/Samples/Best/bible_kr_utf16le.txt.zz and /dev/null differ diff --git a/Benchmark/Samples/Best/world192.txt.lz4 b/Benchmark/Samples/Best/world192.txt.lz4 deleted file mode 100644 index 3756f00..0000000 Binary files a/Benchmark/Samples/Best/world192.txt.lz4 and /dev/null differ diff --git a/Benchmark/Samples/Best/world192.txt.xz b/Benchmark/Samples/Best/world192.txt.xz deleted file mode 100644 index e9e49e9..0000000 Binary files a/Benchmark/Samples/Best/world192.txt.xz and /dev/null differ diff --git a/Benchmark/Samples/Best/world192.txt.zst b/Benchmark/Samples/Best/world192.txt.zst deleted file mode 100644 index baf979a..0000000 Binary files a/Benchmark/Samples/Best/world192.txt.zst and /dev/null differ diff --git a/Benchmark/Samples/Best/world192.txt.zz b/Benchmark/Samples/Best/world192.txt.zz deleted file mode 100644 index 320ab4b..0000000 Binary files a/Benchmark/Samples/Best/world192.txt.zz and /dev/null differ diff --git a/Benchmark/Samples/Default/bible_kr_utf16le.txt.lz4 b/Benchmark/Samples/Default/bible_kr_utf16le.txt.lz4 deleted file mode 100644 index 4bb2af3..0000000 Binary files a/Benchmark/Samples/Default/bible_kr_utf16le.txt.lz4 and /dev/null differ diff --git a/Benchmark/Samples/Default/bible_kr_utf16le.txt.xz b/Benchmark/Samples/Default/bible_kr_utf16le.txt.xz deleted file mode 100644 index de21113..0000000 Binary files a/Benchmark/Samples/Default/bible_kr_utf16le.txt.xz and /dev/null differ diff --git a/Benchmark/Samples/Default/bible_kr_utf16le.txt.zst b/Benchmark/Samples/Default/bible_kr_utf16le.txt.zst deleted file mode 100644 index aefd188..0000000 Binary files a/Benchmark/Samples/Default/bible_kr_utf16le.txt.zst and /dev/null differ diff --git a/Benchmark/Samples/Default/bible_kr_utf16le.txt.zz b/Benchmark/Samples/Default/bible_kr_utf16le.txt.zz deleted file mode 100644 index 34d2cb9..0000000 Binary files a/Benchmark/Samples/Default/bible_kr_utf16le.txt.zz and /dev/null differ diff --git a/Benchmark/Samples/Default/world192.txt.lz4 b/Benchmark/Samples/Default/world192.txt.lz4 deleted file mode 100644 index 288b6cc..0000000 Binary files a/Benchmark/Samples/Default/world192.txt.lz4 and /dev/null differ diff --git a/Benchmark/Samples/Default/world192.txt.xz b/Benchmark/Samples/Default/world192.txt.xz deleted file mode 100644 index 442a7d0..0000000 Binary files a/Benchmark/Samples/Default/world192.txt.xz and /dev/null differ diff --git a/Benchmark/Samples/Default/world192.txt.zst b/Benchmark/Samples/Default/world192.txt.zst deleted file mode 100644 index c9778f0..0000000 Binary files a/Benchmark/Samples/Default/world192.txt.zst and /dev/null differ diff --git a/Benchmark/Samples/Default/world192.txt.zz b/Benchmark/Samples/Default/world192.txt.zz deleted file mode 100644 index 9d9ae0a..0000000 Binary files a/Benchmark/Samples/Default/world192.txt.zz and /dev/null differ diff --git a/Benchmark/Samples/Fastest/bible_kr_utf16le.txt.lz4 b/Benchmark/Samples/Fastest/bible_kr_utf16le.txt.lz4 deleted file mode 100644 index 056d8bc..0000000 Binary files a/Benchmark/Samples/Fastest/bible_kr_utf16le.txt.lz4 and /dev/null differ diff --git a/Benchmark/Samples/Fastest/bible_kr_utf16le.txt.xz b/Benchmark/Samples/Fastest/bible_kr_utf16le.txt.xz deleted file mode 100644 index 34844ca..0000000 Binary files a/Benchmark/Samples/Fastest/bible_kr_utf16le.txt.xz and /dev/null differ diff --git a/Benchmark/Samples/Fastest/bible_kr_utf16le.txt.zst b/Benchmark/Samples/Fastest/bible_kr_utf16le.txt.zst deleted file mode 100644 index 44549b6..0000000 Binary files a/Benchmark/Samples/Fastest/bible_kr_utf16le.txt.zst and /dev/null differ diff --git a/Benchmark/Samples/Fastest/bible_kr_utf16le.txt.zz b/Benchmark/Samples/Fastest/bible_kr_utf16le.txt.zz deleted file mode 100644 index ef05872..0000000 Binary files a/Benchmark/Samples/Fastest/bible_kr_utf16le.txt.zz and /dev/null differ diff --git a/Benchmark/Samples/Fastest/world192.txt.lz4 b/Benchmark/Samples/Fastest/world192.txt.lz4 deleted file mode 100644 index ffdf9b1..0000000 Binary files a/Benchmark/Samples/Fastest/world192.txt.lz4 and /dev/null differ diff --git a/Benchmark/Samples/Fastest/world192.txt.xz b/Benchmark/Samples/Fastest/world192.txt.xz deleted file mode 100644 index 6931f48..0000000 Binary files a/Benchmark/Samples/Fastest/world192.txt.xz and /dev/null differ diff --git a/Benchmark/Samples/Fastest/world192.txt.zst b/Benchmark/Samples/Fastest/world192.txt.zst deleted file mode 100644 index c40fce9..0000000 Binary files a/Benchmark/Samples/Fastest/world192.txt.zst and /dev/null differ diff --git a/Benchmark/Samples/Fastest/world192.txt.zz b/Benchmark/Samples/Fastest/world192.txt.zz deleted file mode 100644 index f4fda39..0000000 Binary files a/Benchmark/Samples/Fastest/world192.txt.zz and /dev/null differ diff --git a/Benchmark/Samples/Raw/bible_kr_utf16le.txt b/Benchmark/Samples/Raw/bible_kr_utf16le.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 394ca3d..0000000 Binary files a/Benchmark/Samples/Raw/bible_kr_utf16le.txt and /dev/null differ diff --git a/Benchmark/Samples/Raw/world192.txt b/Benchmark/Samples/Raw/world192.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 59ca7ca..0000000 --- a/Benchmark/Samples/Raw/world192.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,65119 +0,0 @@ -****The Project Gutenberg Edition of THE WORLD FACTBOOK 1992**** -******This file should be named world92.zip or world92.txt****** - -Corrected EDITIONS of our etexts get a new NUMBER, world921.txt. -VERSIONS based on separate sources get new LETTER, world92a.txt. - -Information about Project Gutenberg (one page) - -We produce about one million dollars for each hour we work. One -hundred hours is a conservative estimate for how long it we take -to get any etext selected, entered, proofread, edited, copyright -searched and analyzed, the copyright letters written, etc. This -projected audience is one hundred million readers. If our value -per text is nominally estimated at one dollar, then we produce a -million dollars per hour; next year we will have to do four text -files per month, thus upping our productivity to two million/hr. -The Goal of Project Gutenberg is to Give Away One Trillion Etext -Files by the December 31, 2001. [10,000 x 100,000,000=Trillion] -This is ten thousand titles each to one hundred million readers. - -We need your donations more than ever! - -All donations should be made to "Project Gutenberg/IBC", and are -tax deductible to the extent allowable by law ("IBC" is Illinois -Benedictine College). (Subscriptions to our paper newsletter go -to IBC, too) - -For these and other matters, please mail to: - -David Turner, Project Gutenberg -Illinois Benedictine College -5700 College Road -Lisle, IL 60532-0900 - -Email requests to: -Internet: chipmonk@eagle.ibc.edu (David Turner) -Compuserve: chipmonk@eagle.ibc.edu (David Turner) -Attmail: internet!chipmonk@eagle.ibc.edu (David Turner) -MCImail: (David Turner) -ADDRESS TYPE: MCI / EMS: INTERNET / MBX:chipmonk@eagle.ibc.edu - -When all other email fails try our Michael S. Hart, Executive Director: -hart@vmd.cso.uiuc.edu (internet) hart@uiucvmd (bitnet) - -We would prefer to send you this information by email -(Internet, Bitnet, Compuserve, ATTMAIL or MCImail). - -****** -If you have an FTP program (or emulator), please: - -FTP directly to the Project Gutenberg archives: -ftp mrcnext.cso.uiuc.edu -login: anonymous -password: your@login -cd etext/etext91 -or cd etext92 [for new books] [now also cd etext/etext92] -or cd etext/articles [get suggest gut for more information] -dir [to see files] -get or mget [to get files. . .set bin for zip files] -GET INDEX and AAINDEX -for a list of books -and -GET NEW GUT for general information -and -MGET GUT* for newsletters. - -**Information prepared by the Project Gutenberg legal advisor** -(Three Pages) - -****START**THE SMALL PRINT!**FOR PUBLIC DOMAIN ETEXTS**START**** - -Why is this "Small Print!" statement here? You know: lawyers. -They tell us you might sue us if there is something wrong with -your copy of this etext, even if you got it for free from -someone other than us, and even if what's wrong is not our -fault. So, among other things, this "Small Print!" statement -disclaims most of our liability to you. It also tells you how -you can distribute copies of this etext if you want to. - -*BEFORE!* YOU USE OR READ THIS ETEXT - -By using or reading any part of this PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm etext, -you indicate that you understand, agree to and accept this -"Small Print!" statement. If you do not, you can receive a -refund of the money (if any) you paid for this etext by sending -a request within 30 days of receiving it to the person you got -it from. If you received this etext on a physical medium (such -as a disk), you must return it with your request. - -ABOUT PROJECT GUTENBERG-TM ETEXTS - -This PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm etext, like most PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -etexts, is a "public domain" work distributed by Professor -Michael S. Hart through the Project Gutenberg Association (the -"Project"). Among other things, this means that no one owns a -United States copyright on or for this work, so the Project (and -you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special -rules, set forth below, apply if you wish to copy and distribute -this etext under the Project's "PROJECT GUTENBERG" trademark. - -To create these etexts, the Project expends considerable efforts -to identify, transcribe and proofread public domain works. -Despite these efforts, the Project's etexts and any medium they -may be on may contain "Defects". Among other things, Defects -may take the form of incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, -transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property -infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other etext medium, -a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be -read by your equipment. - -DISCLAIMER - -But for the "Right of Replacement or Refund" described below, -[1] the Project (and any other party you may receive this etext -from as a PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm etext) disclaims all liability to -you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees, and -[2] YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE OR UNDER STRICT LIABILI- -TY, OR FOR BREACH OF WARRANTY OR CONTRACT, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL -DAMAGES, EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGES. - -If you discover a Defect in this etext within 90 days of -receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you -paid for it by sending an explanatory note within that time to -the person you received it from. If you received it on a -physical medium, you must return it with your note, and such -person may choose to alternatively give you a replacement copy. -If you received it electronically, such person may choose to -alternatively give you a second opportunity to receive it elec- -tronically. - -THIS ETEXT IS OTHERWISE PROVIDED TO YOU "AS-IS". NO OTHER -WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, ARE MADE TO YOU AS -TO THE ETEXT OR ANY MEDIUM IT MAY BE ON, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A -PARTICULAR PURPOSE. - -Some states do not allow disclaimers of implied warranties or -the exclusion or limitation of consequential damages, so the -above disclaimers and exclusions may not apply to you, and you -may have other legal rights. - -INDEMNITY - -You will indemnify and hold the Project, its directors, -officers, members and agents harmless from all liability, cost -and expense, including legal fees, that arise from any -distribution of this etext for which you are responsible, and -from [1] any alteration, modification or addition to the etext -for which you are responsible, or [2] any Defect. - -DISTRIBUTION UNDER "PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm" - -You may distribute copies of this etext electronically, or by -disk, book or any other medium if you either delete this "Small -Print!" and all other references to Project Gutenberg, or: - -[1] Only give exact copies of it. Among other things, this re- - quires that you do not remove, alter or modify the etext or - this "small print!" statement. You may however, if you - wish, distribute this etext in machine readable binary, - compressed, mark-up, or proprietary form, including any - form resulting from conversion by word processing or hyper- - text software, but only so long as *EITHER*: - - [*] The etext, when displayed, is clearly readable. We - consider an etext *not* clearly readable if it - contains characters other than those intended by the - author of the work, although tilde (~), asterisk (*) - and underline (_) characters may be used to convey - punctuation intended by the author, and additional - characters may be used to indicate hypertext links. - - [*] The etext may be readily converted by the reader at no - expense into plain ASCII, EBCDIC or equivalent form - by the program that displays the etext (as is the - case, for instance, with most word processors). - - [*] You provide, or agree to also provide on request at no - additional cost, fee or expense, a copy of the etext - in its original plain ASCII form (or in EBCDIC or - other equivalent proprietary form). - -[2] Honor the etext refund and replacement provisions of this - "Small Print!" statement. - -[3] Pay a trademark license fee of 20% (twenty percent) of the - net profits you derive from distributing this etext under - the trademark, determined in accordance with generally - accepted accounting practices. The license fee: - - [*] Is required only if you derive such profits. In - distributing under our trademark, you incur no - obligation to charge money or earn profits for your - distribution. - - [*] Shall be paid to "Project Gutenberg Association / - Illinois Benedictine College" (or to such other person - as the Project Gutenberg Association may direct) - within the 60 days following each date you prepare (or - were legally required to prepare) your year-end tax - return with respect to your income for that year. - -WHAT IF YOU *WANT* TO SEND MONEY EVEN IF YOU DON'T HAVE TO? - -The Project gratefully accepts contributions in money, time, -scanning machines, OCR software, public domain etexts, royalty -free copyright licenses, and every other sort of contribution -you can think of. Money should be paid to "Project Gutenberg -Association / Illinois Benedictine College". - -WRITE TO US! We can be reached at: - -Project Gutenberg Director of Communications (PGDIRCOM) - -Internet: pgdircom@vmd.cso.uiuc.edu -Bitnet: pgdircom@uiucvmd -CompuServe: >internet:pgdircom@.vmd.cso.uiuc.edu -Attmail: internet!vmd.cso.uiuc.edu!pgdircom - -Drafted by CHARLES B. KRAMER, Attorney -CompuServe: 72600,2026 - Internet: 72600.2026@compuserve.com - Tel: (212) 254-5093 -*END*THE SMALL PRINT! FOR PUBLIC DOMAIN ETEXTS*Ver.07.02.92*END* - - - -The Project Gutenberg Edition of THE WORLD FACTBOOK 1992: January 1, 1993 - -This edition, as are all Project Gutenberg Editions, is Plain Vanilla ASCII, -meaning there are no characters other than what you would see on paper, thus -no page returns, no markup, nothing but the characters you would type if you -were to copy this from a book on a typewriter. Repetitive paged headers and -trailing spaces are not present. Leading spaces have been preserved in fact -sections for readability. - -Mail subject headers can be searched with leading :'s. . .such as: - -:Afghanistan Geography -:Afghanistan People -:Afghanistan Government -:Afghanistan Government -:Afghanistan Economy -:Afghanistan Economy -:Afghanistan Communications -:Afghanistan Defense Forces - -To find the beginning of any country, search for :country -To find internal information, search for :country section, as above. - - -THE WORLD FACTBOOK 1992 - - -:Afghanistan Geography - -Total area: - 647,500 km2 -Land area: - 647,500 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly smaller than Texas -Land boundaries: - 5,529 km total; China 76 km, Iran 936 km, Pakistan 2,430 km, Tajikistan - 1,206 km, Turkmenistan 744 km, Uzbekistan 137 km -Coastline: - none - landlocked -Maritime claims: - none - landlocked -Disputes: - Pashtunistan issue over the North-West Frontier Province with Pakistan; - periodic disputes with Iran over Helmand water rights; Pakistan, Saudi - Arabia, and Iran continue to support clients in country; power struggles - among various groups for control of Kabul, regional rivalries among emerging - warlords, and traditional tribal disputes continue -Climate: - arid to semiarid; cold winters and hot summers -Terrain: - mostly rugged mountains; plains in north and southwest -Natural resources: - natural gas, crude oil, coal, copper, talc, barites, sulphur, lead, zinc, - iron ore, salt, precious and semiprecious stones -Land use: - arable land 12%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 46%; forest and - woodland 3%; other 39%; includes irrigated NEGL% -Environment: - damaging earthquakes occur in Hindu Kush mountains; soil degradation, - desertification, overgrazing, deforestation, pollution -Note: - landlocked - -:Afghanistan People - -Population: - US Bureau of the Census - 16,095,664 (July 1992), growth rate 2.4% (1992) - and excludes 3,750,796 refugees in Pakistan and 1,607,281 refugees in Iran; - note - another report indicates a July 1990 population of 16,904,904, - including 3,271,580 refugees in Pakistan and 1,277,700 refugees in Iran -Birth rate: - 44 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 20 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992); note - there are flows across the border - in both directions, but data are fragmentary and unreliable -Infant mortality rate: - 162 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 45 years male, 43 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 6.4 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Afghan(s); adjective - Afghan -Ethnic divisions: - Pashtun 38%, Tajik 25%, Uzbek 6%, Hazara 19%; minor ethnic groups include - Chahar Aimaks, Turkmen, Baloch, and others -Religions: - Sunni Muslim 84%, Shi`a Muslim 15%, other 1% -Languages: - Pashtu 35%, Afghan Persian (Dari) 50%, Turkic languages (primarily Uzbek and - Turkmen) 11%, 30 minor languages (primarily Balochi and Pashai) 4%; much - bilingualism -Literacy: - 29% (male 44%, female 14%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 4,980,000; agriculture and animal husbandry 67.8%, industry 10.2%, - construction 6.3%, commerce 5.0%, services and other 10.7%, (1980 est.) -Organized labor: - some small government-controlled unions existed under the former regime but - probably now have disbanded - -:Afghanistan Government - -Long-form name: - Islamic State of Afghanistan -Type: - transitional -Capital: - Kabul -Administrative divisions: - 30 provinces (velayat, singular - velayat); Badakhshan, Badghis, Baghlan, - Balkh, Bamian, Farah, Faryab, Ghazni, Ghowr, Helmand, Herat, Jowzjan, Kabol, - Kandahar, Kapisa, Konar, Kondoz, Laghman, Lowgar, Nangarhar, Nimruz, - Oruzgan, Paktia, Paktika, Parvan, Samangan, Sar-e Pol, Takhar, Vardak, - Zabol; note - there may be a new province of Nurestan (Nuristan) -Independence: - 19 August 1919 (from UK) -Constitution: - the old Communist-era constitution probably will be replaced with an Islamic - constitution -Legal system: - a new legal system has not been adopted but the transitional government has - declared it will follow Islamic law (Shari`a) -National holiday: - 28 April, Victory of the Muslim Nation; 4 May, Remembrance Day for Martyrs - and Disabled; 19 August, Independence Day -Executive branch: - a 51-member transitional council headed by Sibghatullah MOJADDEDI rules - Kabul; this body is to turn over power to a leadership council, which will - function as the government and organize elections; Burhanuddin RABBANI will - serve as interim President -Legislative branch: - previous bicameral legislature has been abolished -Judicial branch: - an interim Chief Justice of the Supreme Court has been appointed, but a new - court system has not yet been organized -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - Interim President Burhanuddin RABBANI; First Vice President Abdul Wahed - SORABI (since 7 January 1991); Prime Minister Fazil Haq KHALIQYAR (since 21 - May 1990) -Political parties and leaders: - the former resistance parties represent the only current political - organizations and include Jamiat-i-Islami (Islamic Society), Burhanuddin - RABBANI; Hizbi Islami-Gulbuddin (Islamic Party), Gulbuddin Hikmatyar - Faction; Hizbi Islami-Khalis (Islamic Party) Yunis Khalis Faction; - Ittihad-i-Islami Barai Azadi Afghanistan (Islamic Union for the Liberation - of Afghanistan), Abdul Rasul SAYYAF; Harakat-Inqilab-i-Islami (Islamic - Revolutionary Movement), Mohammad Nabi MOHAMMADI; Jabha-i-Najat-i-Milli - Afghanistan (Afghanistan National Liberation Front), Sibghatullah MOJADDEDI; - Mahaz-i-Milli-Islami (National Islamic Front), Sayed Ahamad GAILANI; - Jonbesh-i-Milli Islami (National Islamic Movement), Ahmad Shah MASOOD and - Rashid DOSTAM; Hizbi Wahdat (Islamic Unity Party), and a number of minor - resistance parties; the former ruling Watan Party has been disbanded -Suffrage: - undetermined; previously universal, male ages 15-50 -Elections: - the transition government has promised elections in October 1992 -Communists: - the former ruling Watan (Homeland) Party has been disbanded - -:Afghanistan Government - -Other political or pressure groups: - the former resistance commanders are the major power brokers in the - countryside; shuras (councils) of commanders are now administering most - cities outside Kabul; ulema (religious scholars); tribal elders -Member of: - Has previously been a member of AsDB, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, - ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OIC, - UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO; note - the new - government has not yet announced whether it will continue to be a member of - these bodies; the former resistance government in exile (Afghan Interim - Government) was given membership in the OIC in 1989 -Diplomatic representation: - previous Minister-Counselor, Charge d'Affaires Abdul Ghafur JOUSHAN; - Chancery at 2341 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) - 234-3770 or 3771; a new representative has not yet been named - US: - Charge d'Affaires (vacant); Embassy at Ansari Wat, Wazir Akbar Khan Mina, - Kabul; telephone 62230 through 62235 or 62436; note - US Embassy in Kabul - was closed in January 1989 -Flag: - a new flag of unknown description reportedly has been adopted; previous flag - consisted of three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green, - with the national coat of arms superimposed on the hoist side of the black - and red bands; similar to the flag of Malawi, which is shorter and bears a - radiant, rising red sun centered in the black band - -:Afghanistan Economy - -Overview: - Fundamentally, Afghanistan is an extremely poor, landlocked country, highly - dependent on farming (wheat especially) and livestock raising (sheep and - goats). Economic considerations, however, have played second fiddle to - political and military upheavals during more than 13 years of war, including - the nearly 10-year Soviet military occupation (which ended 15 February - 1989). Over the past decade, one-third of the population fled the country, - with Pakistan sheltering more than 3 million refugees and Iran about 1.3 - million. Another 1 million probably moved into and around urban areas within - Afghanistan. Although reliable data are unavailable, gross domestic product - is lower than 12 years ago because of the loss of labor and capital and the - disruption of trade and transport. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $3 billion, per capita $200; real growth rate 0% - (1989 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - over 90% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues NA; expenditures NA, including capital expenditures of NA -Exports: - $236 million (f.o.b., FY91 est.) - commodities: - natural gas 55%, fruits and nuts 24%, handwoven carpets, wool, cotton, - hides, and pelts - partners: - mostly former USSR -Imports: - $874 million (c.i.f., FY91 est.) - commodities: - food and petroleum products - partners: - mostly former USSR -External debt: - $2.3 billion (March 1991 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 2.3% (FY91 est.); accounts for about 25% of GDP -Electricity: - 480,000 kW capacity; 1,450 million kWh produced, 90 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - small-scale production of textiles, soap, furniture, shoes, fertilizer, and - cement; handwoven carpets; natural gas, oil, coal, copper -Agriculture: - largely subsistence farming and nomadic animal husbandry; cash products - - wheat, fruits, nuts, karakul pelts, wool, mutton -Illicit drugs: - an illicit producer of opium poppy and cannabis for the international drug - trade; world's second-largest opium producer (after Burma) and a major - source of hashish -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $380 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $510 million; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $57 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $4.1 - billion; net official Western disbursements (1985-89), $270 million -Currency: - afghani (plural - afghanis); 1 afghani (Af) = 100 puls - -:Afghanistan Economy - -Exchange rates: - afghanis (Af) per US$1 - 550 (May 1992, free market exchange rate), 900 - (free market exchange rate as of November 1991), 850 (1991), 700 (1989-90), - 220 (1988-89); note - these rates reflect the bazaar rates rather than the - official exchange rates -Fiscal year: - 21 March - 20 March - -:Afghanistan Communications - -Railroads: - 9.6 km (single track) 1.524-meter gauge from Kushka (Turkmenistan) to - Towraghondi and 15.0 km from Termez (Uzbekistan) to Kheyrabad transshipment - point on south bank of Amu Darya -Highways: - 21,000 km total (1984); 2,800 km hard surface, 1,650 km bituminous-treated - gravel and improved earth, 16,550 km unimproved earth and tracks -Inland waterways: - total navigability 1,200 km; chiefly Amu Darya, which handles steamers up to - about 500 metric tons -Pipelines: - petroleum products - former USSR to Bagram and former USSR to Shindand; - natural gas 180 km -Ports: - Shir Khan and Kheyrabad (river ports) -Civil air: - 2 Tu-154, 2 Boeing 727, 4 Yak-40, assorted smaller transports -Airports: - 41 total, 37 usable; 9 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways - over 3,659 m; 10 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 18 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - limited telephone, telegraph, and radiobroadcast services; television - introduced in 1980; 31,200 telephones; broadcast stations - 5 AM, no FM, 1 - TV; 1 satellite earth station - -:Afghanistan Defense Forces - -Branches: - the military currently is being reorganized by the new government and does - not yet exist on a national scale; some elements of the former Army, Air and - Air Defense Forces, National Guard, Border Guard Forces, National Police - Force (Sarandoi), and Tribal Militias remain intact and are supporting the - new government; the government has asked all military personnel to return to - their stations; a large number of former resistance groups also field - irregular military forces; the Ministry of State Security (WAD) has been - disbanded -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 3,989,232; 2,139,771 fit for military service; 150,572 reach - military age (22) annually -Defense expenditures: - the new government has not yet adopted a defense budget - -:Albania Geography - -Total area: - 28,750 km2 -Land area: - 27,400 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly larger than Maryland -Land boundaries: - 720 km total; Greece 282 km, Macedonia 151 km, Serbia and Montenegro 287 km - (114 km with Serbia, 173 km with Montenegro) -Coastline: - 362 km -Maritime claims: - Continental shelf: - not specified - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - Kosovo question with Serbia and Montenegro; Northern Epirus question with - Greece -Climate: - mild temperate; cool, cloudy, wet winters; hot, clear, dry summers; interior - is cooler and wetter -Terrain: - mostly mountains and hills; small plains along coast -Natural resources: - crude oil, natural gas, coal, chromium, copper, timber, nickel -Land use: - arable land 21%; permanent crops 4%; meadows and pastures 15%; forest and - woodland 38%; other 22%; includes irrigated 1% -Environment: - subject to destructive earthquakes; tsunami occur along southwestern coast -Note: - strategic location along Strait of Otranto (links Adriatic Sea to Ionian Sea - and Mediterranean Sea) - -:Albania People - -Population: - 3,285,224 (July 1992), growth rate 1.1% (1992) -Birth rate: - 23 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - --6 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 27 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 71 years male, 78 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 2.8 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Albanian(s); adjective - Albanian -Ethnic divisions: - Albanian 90%, Greeks 8%, other 2% (Vlachs, Gypsies, Serbs, and Bulgarians) - (1989 est.) -Religions: - all mosques and churches were closed in 1967 and religious observances - prohibited; in November 1990, Albania began allowing private religious - practice; estimates of religious affiliation - Muslim 70%, Greek Orthodox - 20%, Roman Catholic 10% -Languages: - Albanian (Tosk is official dialect), Greek -Literacy: - 72% (male 80%, female 63%) age 9 and over can read and write (1955) -Labor force: - 1,500,000 (1987); agriculture about 60%, industry and commerce 40% (1986) -Organized labor: - Independent Trade Union Federation of Albania; Confederation of Trade Unions - -:Albania Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Albania -Type: - nascent democracy -Capital: - Tirane -Administrative divisions: - 26 districts (rrethe, singular - rreth); Berat, Dibre, Durres, Elbasan, - Fier, Gjirokaster, Gramsh, Kolonje, Kore, Kruje, Kukes, Lezhe, Librazhd, - Lushnje, Mat, Mirdite, Permet, Pogradec, Puke, Sarande, Shkoder, Skrapar, - Tepelene, Tirane, Tropoje, Vlore -Independence: - 28 November 1912 (from Ottoman Empire); People's Socialist Republic of - Albania declared 11 January 1946 -Constitution: - an interim basic law was approved by the People's Assembly on 29 April 1991; - a new constitution is to be drafted for adoption in 1992 -Legal system: - has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Liberation Day, 29 November (1944) -Executive branch: - president, prime minister of the Council of Ministers, two deputy prime - ministers of the Council of Ministers -Legislative branch: - unicameral People's Assembly (Kuvendi Popullor) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President of the Republic Sali BERISHA (since 9 April 1992) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister of the Council of Ministers Aleksander MEKSI (since 10 April - 1992) -Political parties and leaders: - there are at least 18 political parties; most prominent are the Albanian - Socialist Party (ASP), Fatos NANO, first secretary; Democratic Party (DP), - Eduard SELAMI, chairman; Albanian Republican Party (RP), Sabri GODO; Omonia - (Greek minority party), leader NA (ran in 1992 election as Unity for Human - Rights Party (UHP)); Social Democratic Party (SDP), Skender GJINUSHI; note - - in December 1990 then President ALIA allowed new political parties to be - formed in addition to the then AWP for the first time since 1944 -Suffrage: - universal and compulsory at age 18 -Elections: - People's Assembly: - last held 22 March 1992; results - DP 62.29%, ASP 25.57%, SDP 4.33%, RP - 3.15%, UHP 2.92%, other 1.74%; seats - (140 total) DP 92, ASP 38, SDP 7, RP - 1, UHP 2 -Member of: - CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, IMF, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, OIC, - UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO -Diplomatic representation: - Minister-Counselor, Charge d'Affaires ad interim (30 April 1991) Sazan Hyda - BEJO; chancery (temporary) at 320 East 79th Street, New York, NY 10021; - telephone (212) 249-2059 - US: - Ambassador (vacant); Embassy at Rruga Labinoti 103, room 2921, Tirane - (mailing address is APO AE 09624); telephone 355-42-32875; FAX 355-42-32222 - -:Albania Government - -Flag: - red with a black two-headed eagle in the center - -:Albania Economy - -Overview: - The Albanian economy, already providing the lowest standard of living in - Europe, contracted sharply in 1991, with most industries producing at only a - fraction of past levels and an unemployment rate estimated at 40%. For over - 40 years, the Stalinist-type economy has operated on the principle of - central planning and state ownership of the means of production. Albania - began fitful economic reforms during 1991, including the liberalization of - prices and trade, the privatization of shops and transport, and land reform. - These reform measures were crippled, however, by the widespread civil - disorder that accompanied the collapse of the Communist state. Following - their overwhelming victory in the 22 March 1991 elections, the new - Democratic government announced a program of shock therapy to stabilize the - economy and establish a market economy. In an effort to expand international - ties, Tirane has reestablished diplomatic relations with the former Soviet - Union and the US and has joined the IMF and World Bank. The Albanians have - also passed legislation allowing foreign investment. Albania possesses - considerable mineral resources and, until 1990, was largely self-sufficient - in food; however, the breakup of cooperative farms in 1991 and general - economic decline forced Albania to rely on foreign aid to maintain adequate - supplies. Available statistics on Albanian economic activity are rudimentary - and subject to an especially wide margin of error. -GNP: - purchasing power equivalent - $2.7 billion, per capita $820; real growth - rate --35% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 100% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 40% (1992 est.) -Budget: - revenues $1.1 billion; expenditures $1.4 billion, including capital - expenditures of $70 million (1991 est.) -Exports: - $80 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) - commodities: - asphalt, petroleum products, metals and metallic ores, electricity, crude - oil, vegetables, fruits, tobacco - partners: - Italy, Yugoslavia, Germany, Greece, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Romania, - Bulgaria, Hungary -Imports: - $147 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) - commodities: - machinery, machine tools, iron and steel products, textiles, chemicals, - pharmaceuticals - partners: - Italy, Yugoslavia, Germany, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Poland, Hungary, - Bulgaria -External debt: - $500 million (1991 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate --55% (1991 est.) -Electricity: - 1,690,000 kW capacity; 5,000 million kWh produced, 1,530 kWh per capita - (1990) -Industries: - food processing, textiles and clothing, lumber, oil, cement, chemicals, - basic metals, hydropower - -:Albania Economy - -Agriculture: - arable land per capita among lowest in Europe; over 60% of arable land now - in private hands; one-half of work force engaged in farming; wide range of - temperate-zone crops and livestock; severe dislocations suffered in 1991 -Economic aid: - $190 million humanitarian aid, $94 million in loans/guarantees/credits -Currency: - lek (plural - leke); 1 lek (L) = 100 qintars -Exchange rates: - leke (L) per US$1 - 50 (January 1992), 25 (September 1991) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Albania Communications - -Railroads: - 543 km total; 509 1.435-meter standard gauge, single track and 34 km narrow - gauge, single track (1990); line connecting Titograd (Serbia and Montenegro) - and Shkoder (Albania) completed August 1986 -Highways: - 16,700 km total; 6,700 km highways, 10,000 km forest and agricultural cart - roads (1990) -Inland waterways: - 43 km plus Albanian sections of Lake Scutari, Lake Ohrid, and Lake Prespa - (1990) -Pipelines: - crude oil 145 km; petroleum products 55 km; natural gas 64 km (1988) -Ports: - Durres, Sarande, Vlore -Merchant marine: - 11 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 52,886 GRT/76,449 DWT -Airports: - 12 total, 10 usable; more than 5 with permanent-surface runways; more than 5 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - inadequate service; 15,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 13 AM, 1 TV; - 514,000 radios, 255,000 TVs (1987 est.) - -:Albania Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Coastal Defense Command, Air and Air Defense Forces, Interior Ministry - Troops, Border Troops -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 886,032; 731,072 fit for military service; 33,028 reach - military age (19) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - 1.0 billion leks, NA% of GNP (FY90); note - - conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the current - exchange rate could produce misleading results - -:Algeria Geography - -Total area: - 2,381,740 km2 -Land area: - 2,381,740 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Texas -Land boundaries: - 6,343 km total; Libya 982 km, Mali 1,376 km, Mauritania 463 km, Morocco - 1,559 km, Niger 956 km, Tunisia 965 km, Western Sahara 42 km -Coastline: - 998 km -Maritime claims: - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - Libya claims about 19,400 km2 in southeastern Algeria; land boundary - disputes with Tunisia under discussion -Climate: - arid to semiarid; mild, wet winters with hot, dry summers along coast; drier - with cold winters and hot summers on high plateau; sirocco is a hot, - dust/sand-laden wind especially common in summer -Terrain: - mostly high plateau and desert; some mountains; narrow, discontinuous - coastal plain -Natural resources: - crude oil, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, uranium, lead, zinc -Land use: - arable land 3%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 13%; forest and - woodland 2%; other 82%; includes irrigated NEGL% -Environment: - mountainous areas subject to severe earthquakes; desertification -Note: - second-largest country in Africa (after Sudan) - -:Algeria People - -Population: - 26,666,921 (July 1992), growth rate 2.5% (1992) -Birth rate: - 31 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 56 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 66 years male, 68 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 4.1 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Algerian(s); adjective - Algerian -Ethnic divisions: - Arab-Berber 99%, European less than 1% -Religions: - Sunni Muslim (state religion) 99%, Christian and Jewish 1% -Languages: - Arabic (official), French, Berber dialects -Literacy: - 50% (male 63%, female 36%) age 15 and over can read and write (1987) -Labor force: - 3,700,000; industry and commerce 40%, agriculture 24%, government 17%, - services 10% (1984) -Organized labor: - 16-19% of labor force claimed; General Union of Algerian Workers (UGTA) is - the only labor organization and is subordinate to the National Liberation - Front - -:Algeria Government - -Long-form name: - Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria -Type: - republic -Capital: - Algiers -Administrative divisions: - 48 provinces (wilayast, singular - wilaya); Adrar, Ain Defla, Ain - Temouchent, Alger, Annaba, Batna, Bechar, Bejaia, Biskra, Blida, Bordj Bou - Arreridj, Bouira, Boumerdes, Chlef, Constantine, Djelfa, El Bayadh, El Oued, - El Tarf, Ghardaia, Guelma, Illizi, Jijel, Khenchela, Laghouat, Mascara, - Medea, Mila, Mostaganem, M'Sila, Naama, Oran, Ouargla, Oum el Bouaghi, - Relizane, Saida, Setif, Sidi Bel Abbes, Skikda, Souk Ahras, Tamanghasset, - Tebessa, Tiaret, Tindouf, Tipaza, Tissemsilt, Tizi Ouzou, Tlemcen -Independence: - 5 July 1962 (from France) -Constitution: - 19 November 1976, effective 22 November 1976; revised February 1989 -Legal system: - socialist, based on French and Islamic law; judicial review of legislative - acts in ad hoc Constitutional Council composed of various public officials, - including several Supreme Court justices; has not accepted compulsory ICJ - jurisdiction -National holiday: - Anniversary of the Revolution, 1 November (1954) -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral National People's Assembly (Al-Majlis Ech-Chaabi Al-Watani) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Mohamed BOUDIAF; assassinated 29 June 1992 - Head of Government: - Interim Prime Minister Sid Ahmed GHOZALI (since 6 June 1991) -Political parties and leaders: - National Liberation Front (FLN); Socialist Forces Front (FFS), Hocine Ait - AHMED, Secretary General; the government established a multiparty system in - September 1989, and, as of 31 December 1990, over 30 legal parties existed -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - National People's Assembly: - first round held on 26 December 1991 (second round canceled by the military - after President BENJEDID resigned 11 January 1992); results - percent of - vote by party NA; seats - (281 total); the fundamentalist FIS won 188 of the - 231 seats contested in the first round; note - elections (municipal and - wilaya) were held in June 1990, the first in Algerian history; results - FIS - 55%, FLN 27.5%, other 17.5%, with 65% of the voters participating - President: - next election to be held December 1993 -Communists: - 400 (est.); Communist party banned 1962 -Member of: - ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-15, G-24, G-77, IAEA, - IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, - IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OAU, OIC, OPEC, UN, - UNAVEM, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - -:Algeria Government - -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Abderrahmane BENSID; Chancery at 2118 Kalorama Road NW, - Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 265-2800 - US: - Ambassador Mary Ann CASEY; Embassy at 4 Chemin Cheich Bachir El-Ibrahimi, - Algiers (mailing address is B. P. Box 549, Alger-Gare, 16000 Algiers); - telephone [213] (2) 601-425 or 255, 186; FAX [213] (2) 603979; there is a US - Consulate in Oran -Flag: - two equal vertical bands of green (hoist side) and white with a red - five-pointed star within a red crescent; the crescent, star, and color green - are traditional symbols of Islam (the state religion) - -:Algeria Economy - -Overview: - The oil and natural gas sector forms the backbone of the economy. Algeria - depends on hydrocarbons for nearly all of its export receipts, about 30% of - government revenues, and nearly 25% of GDP. In 1973-74 the sharp increase in - oil prices led to a booming economy and helped to finance an ambitious - program of industrialization. Plunging oil and gas prices, combined with the - mismanagement of Algeria's highly centralized economy, has brought the - nation to its most serious social and economic crisis since independence in - 1988. The government has promised far-reaching reforms, including - privatization of some public- sector companies, encouraging private-sector - activity, boosting gas and nonhydrocarbon exports, and proposing a major - overhaul of the banking and financial systems, but to date it has made only - limited progress. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $54 billion, per capita $2,130; real growth rate - 2.5% (1990 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 30% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 30% (1991 est.) -Budget: - revenues $16.7 billion; expenditures $17.3 billion, including capital - expenditures of $6.6 billion (1990 est.) -Exports: - $11.7 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) - commodities: - petroleum and natural gas 97% - partners: - Netherlands, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Italy, France, US -Imports: - $9 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) - commodities: - capital goods 29%, consumer goods 30% - partners: - France 25%, Italy 8%, FRG 8%, US 6-7% -External debt: - $26.4 billion -Industrial production: - growth rate --3% (1989 est.); accounts for 30% of GDP, including petroleum -Electricity: - 6,380,000 kW capacity; 16,700 million kWh produced, 640 kWh per capita - (1991) -Industries: - petroleum, light industries, natural gas, mining, electrical, petrochemical, - food processing -Agriculture: - accounts for 11% of GDP and employs 24% of labor force; net importer of food - - grain, vegetable oil, and sugar; farm production includes wheat, barley, - oats, grapes, olives, citrus, fruits, sheep, and cattle -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-85), $1.4 billion; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $925 million; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $1.8 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $2.7 - billion; net official disbursements (1985-89), --$375 million -Currency: - Algerian dinar (plural - dinars); 1 Algerian dinar (DA) = 100 centimes -Exchange rates: - Algerian dinars (DA) per US$1 - 21.862 (January 1992), 18.473 (1991), 8.958 - (1990), 7.6086 (1989), 5.9148 (1988), 4.8497 (1987) - -:Algeria Economy - -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Algeria Communications - -Railroads: - 4,060 km total; 2,616 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 1,188 km 1.055-meter - gauge, 256 km 1.000-meter gauge; 300 km electrified; 215 km double track -Highways: - 80,000 km total; 60,000 km concrete or bituminous, 20,000 km gravel, crushed - stone, unimproved earth -Pipelines: - crude oil 6,612 km; petroleum products 298 km; natural gas 2,948 km -Ports: - Algiers, Annaba, Arzew, Bejaia, Djendjene, Ghazaouet, Jijel, Mers el Kebir, - Mostaganem, Oran, Skikda -Merchant marine: - 75 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 903,179 GRT/1,064,246 DWT; includes 5 - short-sea passenger, 27 cargo, 12 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 5 petroleum - tanker, 9 liquefied gas, 7 chemical tanker, 9 bulk, 1 specialized tanker -Civil air: - 42 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 141 total, 124 usable; 53 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways - over 3,659 m; 32 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 65 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - excellent domestic and international service in the north, sparse in the - south; 822,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 26 AM, no FM, 18 TV; - 1,600,000 TV sets; 5,200,000 radios; 5 submarine cables; radio relay to - Italy, France, Spain, Morocco, and Tunisia; coaxial cable to Morocco and - Tunisia; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian - Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Intersputnik, l ARABSAT, and 15 domestic - -:Algeria Defense Forces - -Branches: - National Popular Army, Navy, Air Force, Territorial Air Defense, National - Gendarmerie -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 6,386,157; 3,928,029 fit for military service; 283,068 reach - military age (19) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $867 million, approximately 1.8% of GDP (1992) - -:American Samoa Geography - -Total area: - 199 km2 -Land area: - 199 km2; includes Rose Island and Swains Island -Comparative area: - slightly larger than Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 116 km -Maritime claims: - Contiguous zone: - 12 nm - Continental shelf: - 200 m (depth) - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical marine, moderated by southeast trade winds; annual rainfall - averages 124 inches; rainy season from November to April, dry season from - May to October; little seasonal temperature variation -Terrain: - five volcanic islands with rugged peaks and limited coastal plains, two - coral atolls -Natural resources: - pumice and pumicite -Land use: - arable land 10%; permanent crops 5%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and - woodland 75%; other 10% -Environment: - typhoons common from December to March -Note: - Pago Pago has one of the best natural deepwater harbors in the South Pacific - Ocean, sheltered by shape from rough seas and protected by peripheral - mountains from high winds; strategic location about 3,700 km south-southwest - of Honolulu in the South Pacific Ocean about halfway between Hawaii and New - Zealand - -:American Samoa People - -Population: - 51,115 (July 1992), growth rate 3.9% (1992); about 65,000 American Samoans - live in the states of California and Washington and 20,000 in Hawaii -Birth rate: - 37 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 4 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 6 immigrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 19 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 71 years male, 75 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 4.5 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - American Samoan(s); adjective - American Samoan; US, noncitizen - nationals -Ethnic divisions: - Samoan (Polynesian) 90%, Caucasian 2%, Tongan 2%, other 6% -Religions: - Christian Congregationalist 50%, Roman Catholic 20%, Protestant - denominations and other 30% -Languages: - Samoan (closely related to Hawaiian and other Polynesian languages) and - English; most people are bilingual -Literacy: - 97% (male 97%, female 97%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980) -Labor force: - 14,400 (1990); government 48%, tuna canneries 33%, other 19% (1986 est.) -Organized labor: - NA - -:American Samoa Government - -Long-form name: - Territory of American Samoa -Type: - unincorporated and unorganized territory of the US; - administered by the US Department of Interior, Office of Territorial and - International Affairs; indigenous inhabitants are US nationals, not citizens - of the US -Capital: - Pago Pago -Administrative divisions: - none (territory of the US) -Independence: - none (territory of the US) -Constitution: - ratified 1966, in effect 1967; note - a comprehensive revision is awaiting - ratification by the US Congress (1992) -National holiday: - Territorial Flag Day, 17 April (1900) -Executive branch: - popularly elected governor and lieutenant governor -Legislative branch: - bicameral Legislative Assembly (Fono) consists of an upper house or Senate - and a lower house or House of Representatives -Judicial branch: - High Court, district courts, and village courts -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President George BUSH (since 20 January 1989); Vice President Dan QUAYLE - (since 20 January 1989) - Head of Government: - Governor Peter Tali COLEMAN (since 20 January 1989); Lieutenant Governor - Galea'i POUMELE (since NA 1989) -Suffrage: - universal at age 18; indigenous inhabitants are US nationals, not US - citizens -Elections: - Governor: - last held 7 November 1988 (next to be held November 1992); results - Peter - T. COLEMAN was elected (percent of vote NA) - House of Representatives: - last held November 1990 (next to be held November 1992); results - - representatives popularly elected from 17 house districts; seats - (21 - total, 20 elected, and 1 nonvoting delegate from Swain's Island) - Senate: - last held 7 November 1988 (next to be held November 1992); results - - senators elected by county councils from 12 senate districts; seats - (18 - total) number of seats by party NA - US House of Representatives: - last held 19 November 1990 (next to be held November 1992); results - Eni R. - F. H. FALEOMAVAEGA reelected as a nonvoting delegate -Member of: - ESCAP, IOC, SPC -Diplomatic representation: - none (territory of the US) -Flag: - blue with a white triangle edged in red that is based on the fly side and - extends to the hoist side; a brown and white American bald eagle flying - toward the hoist side is carrying two traditional Samoan symbols of - authority, a staff and a war club - -:American Samoa Economy - -Overview: - Economic development is strongly linked to the US, with which American Samoa - does nearly 90% of its foreign trade. Tuna fishing and tuna processing - plants are the backbone of the private-sector economy, with canned tuna the - primary export. The tuna canneries and the government are by far the two - largest employers. Other economic activities include a slowly developing - tourist industry. -GNP: - purchasing power equivalent - $128 million, per capita $2,500; real growth - rate NA% (1990) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 4.3% (1989) -Unemployment rate: - 12% (1991) -Budget: - revenues $126,394,000 (consisting of $46,441,000 local revenue and - $79,953,000 grant revenue); including capital expenditures of $NA million - (1990) -Exports: - $307 million (f.o.b., 1989) - commodities: - canned tuna 93% - partners: - US 99.6% -Imports: - $377.9 million (c.i.f., 1989) - commodities: - materials for canneries 56%, food 8%, petroleum 7%, machinery and parts 6% - partners: - US 72%, Japan 7%, NZ 7%, Australia 5%, other 9% -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 42,000 kW capacity; 85 million kWh produced, 2,020 kWh per capita (1990) -Industries: - tuna canneries (largely dependent on foreign supplies of raw tuna), meat - canning, handicrafts -Agriculture: - bananas, coconuts, vegetables, taro, breadfruit, yams, copra, pineapples, - papayas, dairy farming -Economic aid: - $21,042,650 in operational funds and $5,948,931 in construction funds for - capital improvement projects from the US Department of Interior (1991) -Currency: - US currency is used -Exchange rates: - US currency is used -Fiscal year: - 1 October - 30 September - -:American Samoa Communications - -Railroads: - none -Highways: - 350 km total; 150 km paved, 200 km unpaved -Ports: - Pago Pago, Ta'u -Airports: - 4 total, 4 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over - 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440 to 3,659 m (international airport at Tafuna, - near Pago Pago); small airstrips on Ta'u and Ofu -Telecommunications: - 6,500 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 2 FM, 1 TV; good telex, - telegraph, and facsimile services; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station, 1 - COMSAT earth station - -:American Samoa Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of the US - -:Andorra Geography - -Total area: - 450 km2 -Land area: - 450 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly more than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - 125 km total; France 60 km, Spain 65 km -Coastline: - none - landlocked -Maritime claims: - none - landlocked -Disputes: - none -Climate: - temperate; snowy, cold winters and cool, dry summers -Terrain: - rugged mountains dissected by narrow valleys -Natural resources: - hydropower, mineral water, timber, iron ore, lead -Land use: - arable land 2%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 56%; forest and - woodland 22%; other 20% -Environment: - deforestation, overgrazing -Note: - landlocked - -:Andorra People - -Population: - 54,428 (July 1992), growth rate 2.2% (1992) -Birth rate: - 11 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 4 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 15 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 74 years male, 81 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 1.3 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Andorran(s); adjective - Andorran -Ethnic divisions: - Catalan stock; Spanish 61%, Andorran 30%, French 6%, other 3% -Religions: - virtually all Roman Catholic -Languages: - Catalan (official); many also speak some French and Castilian -Literacy: - NA% (male NA%, female NA%) -Labor force: - NA -Organized labor: - none - -:Andorra Government - -Long-form name: - Principality of Andorra -Type: - unique coprincipality under formal sovereignty of president of France and - Spanish bishop of Seo de Urgel, who are represented locally by officials - called veguers -Capital: - Andorra la Vella -Administrative divisions: - 7 parishes (parroquies, singular - parroquia); Andorra, Canillo, Encamp, La - Massana, Les Escaldes, Ordino, Sant Julia de Loria -Independence: - 1278 -Constitution: - none; some pareatges and decrees, mostly custom and usage -Legal system: - based on French and Spanish civil codes; no judicial review of legislative - acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Mare de Deu de Meritxell, 8 September -Executive branch: - two co-princes (president of France, bishop of Seo de Urgel in Spain), two - designated representatives (French veguer, Episcopal veguer), two permanent - delegates (French prefect for the department of Pyrenees-Orientales, Spanish - vicar general for the Seo de Urgel diocese), president of government, - Executive Council -Legislative branch: - unicameral General Council of the Valleys (Consell General de las Valls) -Judicial branch: - civil cases - Supreme Court of Andorra at Perpignan (France) or the - Ecclesiastical Court of the bishop of Seo de Urgel (Spain); criminal cases - - Tribunal of the Courts (Tribunal des Cortes) -Leaders: - Chiefs of State: - French Co-Prince Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981), represented by - Veguer de Franca Jean Pierre COURTOIS; Spanish Episcopal Co-Prince Mgr. Joan - MARTI y Alanis (since 31 January 1971), represented by Veguer Episcopal - Francesc BADIA Batalla - Head of Government: - Oscar RIBAS Reig (since January 1990) -Political parties and leaders: - political parties not yet legally recognized; traditionally no political - parties but partisans for particular independent candidates for the General - Council on the basis of competence, personality, and orientation toward - Spain or France; various small pressure groups developed in 1972; first - formal political party, Andorran Democratic Association, was formed in 1976 - and reorganized in 1979 as Andorran Democratic Party -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - General Council of the Valleys: - last held 11 December 1989 (next to be held December 1993); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (28 total) number of seats by party NA -Member of: - INTERPOL, IOC -Diplomatic representation: - Andorra has no mission in the US - -:Andorra Government - - US: - includes Andorra within the Barcelona (Spain) Consular District, and the US - Consul General visits Andorra periodically; Consul General Carolee HEILEMAN; - Consulate General at Via Layetana 33, 08003 Barcelona (mailing address APO - AE 09646); telephone [34] (3) 319-9550 -Flag: - three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red with the - national coat of arms centered in the yellow band; the coat of arms features - a quartered shield; similar to the flags of Chad and Romania that do not - have a national coat of arms in the center - -:Andorra Economy - -Overview: - The mainstay of Andorra's economy is tourism. An estimated 13 million - tourists visit annually, attracted by Andorra's duty-free status and by its - summer and winter resorts. Agricultural production is limited by a scarcity - of arable land, and most food has to be imported. The principal livestock - activity is sheep raising. Manufacturing consists mainly of cigarettes, - cigars, and furniture. The rapid pace of European economic integration is a - potential threat to Andorra's advantages from its duty-free status. -GDP: - purchasing power equivalent - $727 million, per capita $14,000; real growth - rate NA% (1990 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - NA% -Unemployment rate: - none -Budget: - revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA -Exports: - $0.017 million (f.o.b., 1986) - commodities: - electricity - partners: - France, Spain -Imports: - $531 million (f.o.b., 1986) - commodities: - consumer goods, food - partners: - France, Spain -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 35,000 kW capacity; 140 million kWh produced, 2,800 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - tourism (particularly skiing), sheep, timber, tobacco, banking -Agriculture: - sheep raising; small quantities of tobacco, rye, wheat, barley, oats, and - some vegetables -Economic aid: - none -Currency: - French franc (plural - francs) and Spanish peseta (plural - pesetas); 1 - French franc (F) = 100 centimes and 1 Spanish peseta (Pta) = 100 centimos -Exchange rates: - French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.3801 January (1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453 - (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988), 6.0107 (1987); Spanish pesetas (Ptas) - per US$1 - 100.02 (January 1992), 103.91 (1991), 101.93 (1990), 118.38 - (1989), 116.49 (1988), 123.48 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Andorra Communications - -Highways: - 96 km -Telecommunications: - international digital microwave network; international landline circuits to - France and Spain; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; 17,700 telephones - -:Andorra Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of France and Spain - -:Angola Geography - -Total area: - 1,246,700 km2 -Land area: - 1,246,700 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly less than twice the size of Texas -Land boundaries: - 5,198 km total; Congo 201 km, Namibia 1,376 km, Zaire 2,511 km, Zambia 1,110 - km -Coastline: - 1,600 km -Maritime claims: - Exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 20 nm -Disputes: - civil war since independence on 11 November 1975; on 31 May 1991 Angolan - President Jose Eduardo dos SANTOS and Jonas SAVIMBI, leader of the National - Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), signed a peace treaty - that calls for multiparty elections in late September 1992, an - internationally monitored cease-fire, and termination of outside military - assistance -Climate: - semiarid in south and along coast to Luanda; north has cool, dry season (May - to October) and hot, rainy season (November to April) -Terrain: - narrow coastal plain rises abruptly to vast interior plateau -Natural resources: - petroleum, diamonds, iron ore, phosphates, copper, feldspar, gold, bauxite, - uranium -Land use: - arable land 2%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 23%; forest and - woodland 43%; other 32% -Environment: - locally heavy rainfall causes periodic flooding on plateau; desertification -Note: - Cabinda is separated from rest of country by Zaire - -:Angola People - -Population: - 8,902,076 (July 1992), growth rate 2.7% (1992) -Birth rate: - 46 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 19 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 152 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 43 years male, 47 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 6.6 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Angolan(s); adjective - Angolan -Ethnic divisions: - Ovimbundu 37%, Kimbundu 25%, Bakongo 13%, Mestico 2%,European 1%, other 22% -Religions: - indigenous beliefs 47%, Roman Catholic 38%, Protestant 15% (est.) -Languages: - Portuguese (official); various Bantu dialects -Literacy: - 42% (male 56%, female 28%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 2,783,000 economically active; agriculture 85%, industry 15% (1985 est.) -Organized labor: - about 450,695 (1980) - -:Angola Government - -Long-form name: - People's Republic of Angola -Type: - in transition from a one-party Marxist state to a multiparty democracy with - a strong presidential system -Capital: - Luanda -Administrative divisions: - 18 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Bengo, Benguela, Bie, - Cabinda, Cuando Cubango, Cuanza Norte, Cuanza Sul, Cunene, Huambo, Huila, - Luanda, Lunda Norte, Lunda Sul, Malanje, Moxico, Namibe, Uige, Zaire -Independence: - 11 November 1975 (from Portugal) -Constitution: - 11 November 1975; revised 7 January 1978, 11 August 1980, and 6 March 1991 -Legal system: - based on Portuguese civil law system and customary law; recently modified to - accommodate multipartyism and increased use of free markets -National holiday: - Independence Day, 11 November (1975) -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, chairman of the Council of Ministers, Council of - Ministers (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral People's Assembly (Assembleia do Povo) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court (Tribunal da Relacaao) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Jose Eduardo dos SANTOS (since 21 September 1979) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Fernando Jose Franca VAN DUNEM (since 21 July 1991) -Political parties and leaders: - the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola - Labor Party (MPLA), led - by Jose Eduardo dos SANTOS, is the ruling party that has been in power in - Angola's one-party system since 1975. The National Union for the Total - Independence of Angola (UNITA), led by Jonas SAVIMBI, has been in insurgency - since 1975, but as a result of the peace accords is now a legally recognized - political party. Some 30 other political parties now exist in Angola, but - few of them are viable and only a couple have met the requirements to become - legally recognized. -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - first nationwide, multiparty elections to be held between September and - November 1992 -Member of: - ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEEAC (observer), ECA, FAO, FLS, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IFAD, - ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, SADCC, UN, - UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - none; note - US Liaison Office (USLO) established after Peace Accords in May - 1991 as a precursor to establishing an embassy after election in 1992; - address - Luanda (USLO), BPA Building, llth floor, telephone [244] (2) - 39-02-42; FAX [244] (2) 39-05-15 -Flag: - two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and black with a centered yellow - emblem consisting of a five-pointed star within half a cogwheel crossed by a - machete (in the style of a hammer and sickle) - -:Angola Economy - -Overview: - Subsistence agriculture provides the main livelihood for 80-90% of the - population, but accounts for less than 15% of GDP. Oil production is vital - to the economy, contributing about 60% to GDP. In recent years, a bitter - internal war has severely affected the nonoil economy, and food has to be - imported. For the long run, Angola has the advantage of rich natural - resources in addition to oil, notably gold, diamonds, and arable land. To - realize its economic potential Angola not only must secure domestic peace - but also must reform government policies that have led to distortions and - imbalances throughout the economy. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $8.3 billion, per capita $950; real growth rate - 1.7% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 6.1% (1990 est.) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $2.6 billion; expenditures $4.4 billion, including capital - expenditures of $963 million (1990 est.) -Exports: - $3.9 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.) - commodities: - oil, liquefied petroleum gas, diamonds, coffee, sisal, fish and fish - products, timber, cotton - partners: - US, USSR, Cuba, Portugal, Brazil, France -Imports: - $1.5 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.) - commodities: - capital equipment (machinery and electrical equipment), food, vehicles and - spare parts, textiles and clothing, medicines; substantial military - deliveries - partners: - US, USSR, Cuba, Portugal, Brazil -External debt: - $7.0 billion (1990) -Industrial production: - growth rate NA%; accounts for about 60% of GDP, including petroleum output -Electricity: - 510,000 kW capacity; 770 million kWh produced, 90 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - petroleum, diamonds, mining, fish processing, food processing, brewing, - tobacco, sugar, textiles, cement, basic metal products -Agriculture: - cash crops - coffee, sisal, corn, cotton, sugar, manioc, tobacco; food crops - - cassava, corn, vegetables, plantains, bananas; livestock production - accounts for 20%, fishing 4%, forestry 2% of total agricultural output; - disruptions caused by civil war and marketing deficiencies require food - imports -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $265 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1,105 million; - Communist countries (1970-89), $1.3 billion; net official disbursements - (1985-89), $750 million -Currency: - kwanza (plural - kwanza); 1 kwanza (Kz) = 100 lwei -Exchange rates: - kwanza (Kz) per US$1 - 180.0 - -:Angola Economy - -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Angola Communications - -Railroads: - 3,189 km total; 2,879 km 1.067-meter gauge, 310 km 0.600-meter gauge; - limited trackage in use because of landmines still in place from the civil - war; majority of the Benguela Railroad also closed because of civil war -Highways: - 73,828 km total; 8,577 km bituminous-surface treatment, 29,350 km crushed - stone, gravel, or improved earth, remainder unimproved earth -Inland waterways: - 1,295 km navigable -Pipelines: - crude oil 179 km -Ports: - Luanda, Lobito, Namibe, Cabinda -Merchant marine: - 12 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 66,348 GRT/102,825 DWT; includes 11 - cargo, 1 petroleum tanker -Civil air: - 28 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 309 total, 177 usable; 30 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways - over 3,659 m; 15 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 54 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - limited system of wire, radio relay, and troposcatter routes; high frequency - radio used extensively for military links; 40,300 telephones; broadcast - stations - 17 AM, 13 FM, 6 TV; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations - -:Angola Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force/Air Defense, People's Defense Organization and - Territorial Troops, Frontier Guard -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 2,129,877; 1,072,323 fit for military service; 89,585 reach - military age (18) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP - -:Anguilla Geography - -Total area: - 91 km2 -Land area: - 91 km2 -Comparative area: - about half the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 61 km -Maritime claims: - Exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 3 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds -Terrain: - flat and low-lying island of coral and limestone -Natural resources: - negligible; salt, fish, lobster -Land use: - arable land NA%; permanent crops NA%; meadows and pastures NA%; forest and - woodland NA%; other NA%; mostly rock with sparse scrub oak, few trees, some - commercial salt ponds -Environment: - frequent hurricanes, other tropical storms (July to October) -Note: - located 270 km east of Puerto Rico - -:Anguilla People - -Population: - 6,963 (July 1992), growth rate 0.6% (1992) -Birth rate: - 24 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - --10 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 18 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 71 years male, 77 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 3.1 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Anguillan(s); adjective - Anguillan -Ethnic divisions: - mainly of black African descent -Religions: - Anglican 40%, Methodist 33%, Seventh-Day Adventist 7%, Baptist 5%, Roman - Catholic 3%, other 12% -Languages: - English (official) -Literacy: - 95% (male 95%, female 95%) age 12 and over can read and write (1984) -Labor force: - 2,780 (1984) -Organized labor: - NA - -:Anguilla Government - -Long-form name: - none -Type: - dependent territory of the UK -Capital: - The Valley -Administrative divisions: - none (dependent territory of the UK) -Independence: - none (dependent territory of the UK) -Constitution: - 1 April 1982 -Legal system: - based on English common law -National holiday: - Anguilla Day, 30 May -Executive branch: - British monarch, governor, chief minister, Executive Council (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral House of Assembly -Judicial branch: - High Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor Brian G. - J. CANTY (since NA 1989) - Head of Government: - Chief Minister Emile GUMBS (since March 1984, served previously from - February 1977 to May 1980) -Political parties and leaders: - Anguilla National Alliance (ANA), Emile GUMBS; Anguilla United Party (AUP), - Hubert HUGHES; Anguilla Democratic Party (ADP), Victor BANKS -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - House of Assembly: - last held 27 February 1989 (next to be held February 1994); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (11 total, 7 elected) ANA 3, AUP 2, ADP - 1, independent 1 -Member of: - CARICOM (observer), CDB -Diplomatic representation: - none (dependent territory of the UK) -Flag: - two horizontal bands of white (top, almost triple width) and light blue with - three orange dolphins in an interlocking circular design centered in the - white band; a new flag may have been in use since 30 May 1990 - -:Anguilla Economy - -Overview: - Anguilla has few natural resources, and the economy depends heavily on - lobster fishing, offshore banking, tourism, and remittances from emigrants. - In recent years the economy has benefited from a boom in tourism. - Development plans center around the improvement of the infrastructure, - particularly transport and tourist facilities, and also light industry. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $23 million, per capita $3,300; real growth rate - 8.2% (1988 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 4.5% (1988 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 5.0% (1988 est.) -Budget: - revenues $13.8 million; expenditures $15.2 million, including capital - expenditures of $2.4 million (1992 est.) -Exports: - $NA - commodities: - lobster and salt - partners: - NA -Imports: - $NA - commodities: - NA - partners: - NA -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 2,000 kW capacity; 6 million kWh produced, 867 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - tourism, boat building, salt, fishing (including lobster) -Agriculture: - pigeon peas, corn, sweet potatoes, sheep, goats, pigs, cattle, poultry -Economic aid: - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $38 - million -Currency: - East Caribbean dollar (plural - dollars); 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976) -Fiscal year: - NA - -:Anguilla Communications - -Highways: - 60 km surfaced -Ports: - Road Bay, Blowing Point -Civil air: - no major transport aircraft -Airports: - 3 total, 3 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways of 1,100 m (Wallblake - Airport) -Telecommunications: - modern internal telephone system; 890 telephones; broadcast stations - 3 AM, - 1 FM, no TV; radio relay link to island of Saint Martin - -:Anguilla Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of the UK - -:Antarctica Geography - -Total area: - 14,000,000 km2 (est.) -Land area: - about 14,000,000 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly less than 1.5 times the size of the US; second-smallest continent - (after Australia) -Land boundaries: - none, but see entry on Disputes -Coastline: - 17,968 km -Maritime claims: - none, but see entry on Disputes -Disputes: - Antarctic Treaty defers claims (see Antarctic Treaty Summary below); - sections (some overlapping) claimed by Argentina, Australia, Chile, France - (Adelie Land), New Zealand (Ross Dependency), Norway (Queen Maud Land), and - UK; the US and Russia do not recognize the territorial claims of other - nations and have made no claims themselves (but reserve the right to do so); - no formal claims have been made in the sector between 90. west and 150. - west, where, because of floating ice, Antarctica is unapproachable from the - sea -Climate: - severe low temperatures vary with latitude, elevation, and distance from the - ocean; East Antarctica is colder than West Antarctica because of its higher - elevation; Antarctic Peninsula has the most moderate climate; higher - temperatures occur in January along the coast and average slightly below - freezing -Terrain: - about 98% thick continental ice sheet and 2% barren rock, with average - elevations between 2,000 and 4,000 meters; mountain ranges up to 4,897 - meters high; ice-free coastal areas include parts of southern Victoria Land, - Wilkes Land, the Antarctic Peninsula area, and Ross Island on McMurdo Sound; - glaciers form ice shelves along about half of the coastline, and floating - ice shelves constitute 11% of the area of the continent -Natural resources: - none presently exploited; iron, chromium, copper, gold, nickel, platinum, - and other minerals, and coal and hydrocarbons have been found in small, - uncommercial quantities -Land use: - no arable land and no plant growth; ice 98%, barren rock 2% -Environment: - mostly uninhabitable; katabatic (gravity-driven) winds blow coastward from - the high interior; frequent blizzards form near the foot of the plateau; a - circumpolar ocean current flows clockwise along the coast as do cyclonic - storms that form over the ocean; during summer more solar radiation reaches - the surface at the South Pole than is received at the Equator in an - equivalent period; in October 1991 it was reported that the ozone shield, - which protects the Earth's surface from harmful ultraviolet radiation, had - dwindled to its lowest level ever over Antarctica; active volcanism on - Deception Island and isolated areas of West Antarctica; other seismic - activity rare and weak -Note: - the coldest, windiest, highest, and driest continent - -:Antarctica People - -Population: - no indigenous inhabitants; staffing of research stations varies seasonally -Population: - Summer (January) population: - 4,115; Argentina 207, Australia 268, Belgium 13, Brazil 80, Chile 256, China - NA, Ecuador NA, Finland 11, France 78, Germany 32, Greenpeace 12, India 60, - Italy 210, Japan 59, South Korea 14, Netherlands 10, New Zealand 264, Norway - 23, Peru 39, Poland NA, South Africa 79, Spain 43, Sweden 10, UK 116, - Uruguay NA, US 1,666, Russia 565 (1989-90) - Summer only stations: - over 40; Argentina 7, Australia 3, Chile 5, Germany 3, India 1, Italy 1, - Japan 4, New Zealand 2, Norway 1, Peru 1, South Africa 1, Spain 1, Sweden 2, - UK 1, US numerous, Russia 5 (1989-90); note - the disintegration of the - former Soviet Union has placed the status and future of its Antarctic - facilities in doubt. Stations may be subject to closings at any time because - of ongoing economic difficulties. - Winter (July) population: - 1,066 total; Argentina 150, Australia 71, Brazil 12, Chile 73, China NA, - France 33, Germany 19, Greenpeace 5, India 1, Japan 38, South Korea 14, NZ - 11, Poland NA, South Africa 12, UK 69, Uruguay NA, US 225, Russia 313 - (1989-90) - Year-round stations: - 43 total; Argentina 6, Australia 3, Brazil 1, Chile 3, China 2, Finland 1, - France 1, Germany 1, India 1, Japan 2, South Korea 1, NZ 1, Poland 1, South - Africa 3, UK 5, Uruguay 1, US 3, Russia 6 (1990-91) - -:Antarctica Government - -Long-form name: - none -Type: - Antarctic Treaty Summary: Article 1: - area to be used for peaceful purposes only; military activity, such as - weapons testing, is prohibited, but military personnel and equipment may be - used for scientific research or any other peaceful purposes - Article 2: - freedom of scientific investigation and cooperation shall continue - Article 3: - free exchange of information and personnel in cooperation with the UN and - other international agencies - Article 4: - does not recognize, dispute, or establish territorial claims and no new - claims shall be asserted while the treaty is in force - Article 5: - prohibits nuclear explosions or disposal of radioactive wastes - Article 6: - includes under the treaty all land and ice shelves south of 60. 00' south - Article 7: - treaty-state observers have free access, including aerial observation, to - any area and may inspect all stations, installations, and equipment; advance - notice of all activities and of the introduction of military personnel must - be given - Article 8: - allows for jurisdiction over observers and scientists by their own states - Article 9: - frequent consultative meetings take place among member nations - Article 10: - treaty states will discourage activities by any country in Antarctica that - are contrary to the treaty - Article 11: - disputes to be settled peacefully by the parties concerned or, ultimately, - by the ICJ - Article 12, 13, 14: - deal with upholding, interpreting, and amending the treaty among involved - nations - Other agreements: - more than 170 recommendations adopted at treaty consultative meetings and - ratified by governments include - Agreed Measures for the Conservation of - Antarctic Fauna and Flora (1964); Convention for the Conservation of - Antarctic Seals (1972); Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine - Living Resources (1980); a mineral resources agreement was signed in 1988 - but was subsequently rejected; in 1991 the Protocol on Environmental - Protection to the Antarctic Treaty was signed and awaits ratification; this - agreement provides for the protection of the Antarctic environment through - five specific annexes on marine pollution, fauna, and flora, environmental - impact assessments, waste management, and protected areas; it also prohibits - all activities relating to mineral resources except scientific research - -:Antarctica Economy - -Overview: - No economic activity at present except for fishing off the coast and - small-scale tourism, both based abroad. - -:Antarctica Communications - -Ports: - none; offshore anchorage only at most coastal stations -Airports: - 41 airport facilities at different locations operated by 14 national - governments party to the Treaty; one additional air facility operated by - commercial (nongovernmental) tourist organization; helicopter pads at 28 of - these locations; runways at 9 locations are gravel, sea ice, glacier ice, or - compacted snow surface suitable for wheeled fixed-wing aircraft; no paved - runways; 16 locations have snow-surface skiways limited to use by - ski-equipped planes - 9 runways/skiways 1,000 to 3,000 m, 4 runways/skiways - less than 1,000 m, 5 runways/skiways greater than 3,000 m, and 7 of - unspecified or variable length; airports generally subject to severe - restrictions and limitations resulting from extreme seasonal and geographic - conditions - -:Antarctica Defense Forces - -Note: - none; Article 7 of the Antarctic Treaty states that advance notice of all - military activities and the introduction of military personnel must be given - -:Antigua and Barbuda Geography - -Total area: - 440 km2 -Land area: - 440 km2; includes Redonda -Comparative area: - slightly less than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 153 km -Maritime claims: - Contiguous zone: - 24 nm - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical marine; little seasonal temperature variation -Terrain: - mostly low-lying limestone and coral islands with some higher volcanic areas -Natural resources: - negligible; pleasant climate fosters tourism -Land use: - arable land 18%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 7%; forest and - woodland 16%; other 59% -Environment: - subject to hurricanes and tropical storms (July to October); insufficient - freshwater resources; deeply indented coastline provides many natural - harbors -Note: - 420 km east-southeast of Puerto Rico - -:Antigua and Barbuda People - -Population: - 64,110 (July 1992), growth rate 0.4% (1992) -Birth rate: - 18 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - --8 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 20 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 71 years male, 75 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 1.7 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Antiguan(s), Barbudan(s); adjective - Antiguan, Barbudan -Ethnic divisions: - almost entirely of black African origin; some of British, Portuguese, - Lebanese, and Syrian origin -Religions: - Anglican (predominant), other Protestant sects, some Roman Catholic -Languages: - English (official), local dialects -Literacy: - 89% (male 90%, female 88%) age 15 and over having completed 5 or more years - of schooling (1960) -Labor force: - 30,000; commerce and services 82%, agriculture 11%, industry 7% (1983) -Organized labor: - Antigua and Barbuda Public Service Association (ABPSA), membership 500; - Antigua Trades and Labor Union (ATLU), 10,000 members; Antigua Workers Union - (AWU), 10,000 members (1986 est.) - -:Antigua and Barbuda Government - -Long-form name: - none -Type: - parliamentary democracy -Capital: - Saint John's -Administrative divisions: - 6 parishes and 2 dependencies*; Barbuda*, Redonda*, Saint George, Saint - John, Saint Mary, Saint Paul, Saint Peter, Saint Philip -Independence: - 1 November 1981 (from UK) -Constitution: - 1 November 1981 -Legal system: - based on English common law -National holiday: - Independence Day, 1 November (1981) -Executive branch: - British monarch, governor general, prime minister, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house - or House of Representatives -Judicial branch: - Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General - Sir Wilfred Ebenezer JACOBS (since 1 November 1981, previously Governor - since 1976) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Vere Cornwall BIRD, Sr. (since NA 1976); Deputy Prime - Minister (vacant) -Political parties and leaders: - Antigua Labor Party (ALP), Vere C. BIRD, Sr., Lester BIRD; United - Progressive Party (UPP), Baldwin SPENCER -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - House of Representatives: - last held 9 March 1989 (next to be held NA 1994); results - percent of vote - by party NA; seats - (17 total) ALP 15, UPP 1, independent 1 -Other political or pressure groups: - United Progressive Party (UPP), a coalition of three opposition political - parties - the United National Democratic Party (UNDP), the Antigua Caribbean - Liberation Movement (ACLM), and the Progressive Labor Movement (PLM), the - UPP is led by Baldwin SPENCER; Antigua Trades and Labor Union (ATLU), headed - by Noel THOMAS -Member of: - ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IFAD, IFC, - ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, NAM (observer), OAS, OECS, OPANAL, UN, - UNCTAD, UNESCO, WCL, WHO, WMO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Patrick Albert LEWIS; Chancery at Suite 2H, 3400 International - Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 362-5211 or 5166, 5122, - 5225; there is an Antiguan Consulate in Miami - -:Antigua and Barbuda Government - - US: - the US Ambassador to Barbados is accredited to Antigua and Barbuda, and, in - his absence, the Embassy is headed by Charge d'Affaires Bryant SALTER; - Embassy at Queen Elizabeth Highway, Saint John's (mailing address is FPO AA - 34054); telephone (809) 462-3505 or 3506; FAX (809) 462-3516 -Flag: - red with an inverted isosceles triangle based on the top edge of the flag; - the triangle contains three horizontal bands of black (top), light blue, and - white with a yellow rising sun in the black band - -:Antigua and Barbuda Economy - -Overview: - The economy is primarily service oriented, with tourism the most important - determinant of economic performance. During the period 1987-90, real GDP - expanded at an annual average rate of about 6%. Tourism makes a direct - contribution to GDP of about 13% and also affects growth in other sectors - - particularly in construction, communications, and public utilities. Although - Antigua and Barbuda is one of the few areas in the Caribbean experiencing a - labor shortage in some sectors of the economy, it was hurt in 1991 by a - downturn in tourism caused by the Persian Gulf war and the US recession. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $418 million, per capita $6,500 (1989); real - growth rate 4.2% (1990 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 7% (1990 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 5.0% (1988 est.) -Budget: - revenues $92.8 million; expenditures $101 million, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1990 est.) -Exports: - $33.2 million (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - petroleum products 48%, manufactures 23%, food and live animals 4%, - machinery and transport equipment 17% - partners: - OECS 26%, Barbados 15%, Guyana 4%, Trinidad and Tobago 2%, US 0.3% -Imports: - $325.9 million (c.i.f., 1990) - commodities: - food and live animals, machinery and transport equipment, manufactures, - chemicals, oil - partners: - US 27%, UK 16%, Canada 4%, OECS 3%, other 50% -External debt: - $250 million (1990 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 3% (1989 est.); accounts for 3% of GDP -Electricity: - 52,100 kW capacity; 95 million kWh produced, 1,482 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - tourism, construction, light manufacturing (clothing, alcohol, household - appliances) -Agriculture: - accounts for 4% of GDP; expanding output of cotton, fruits, vegetables, and - livestock; other crops - bananas, coconuts, cucumbers, mangoes, sugarcane; - not self-sufficient in food -Economic aid: - US commitments, $10 million (1985-88); Western (non-US) countries, ODA and - OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $50 million -Currency: - East Caribbean dollar (plural - dollars); 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976) -Fiscal year: - 1 April - 31 March - -:Antigua and Barbuda Communications - -Railroads: - 64 km 0.760-meter narrow gauge and 13 km 0.610-meter gauge used almost - exclusively for handling sugarcane -Highways: - 240 km -Ports: - Saint John's -Merchant marine: - 105 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 364,891 GRT/552,475 DWT; includes 71 - cargo, 3 refrigerated cargo, 12 container, 3 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 - multifunction large load carrier, 1 oil tanker, 12 chemical tanker, 2 bulk; - note - a flag of convenience registry -Civil air: - 11 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 3 total, 3 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways - 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways less than 1,220 m -Telecommunications: - good automatic telephone system; 6,700 telephones; tropospheric scatter - links with Saba and Guadeloupe; broadcast stations - 4 AM, 2 FM, 2 TV, 2 - shortwave; 1 coaxial submarine cable; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth - station - -:Antigua and Barbuda Defense Forces - -Branches: - Royal Antigua and Barbuda Defense Force, Royal Antigua and Barbuda Police - Force (including the Coast Guard) -Manpower availability: - NA -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $1.4 million, 1% of GDP (FY91) - -:Arctic Ocean Geography - -Total area: - 14,056,000 km2 -Land area: - 14,056,000 km2; includes Baffin Bay, Barents Sea, Beaufort Sea, Chukchi Sea, - East Siberian Sea, Greenland Sea, Hudson Bay, Hudson Strait, Kara Sea, - Laptev Sea, and other tributary water bodies -Comparative area: - slightly more than 1.5 times the size of the US; smallest of the world's - four oceans (after Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, and Indian Ocean) -Coastline: - 45,389 km -Disputes: - some maritime disputes (see littoral states) -Climate: - persistent cold and relatively narrow annual temperature ranges; winters - characterized by continuous darkness, cold and stable weather conditions, - and clear skies; summers characterized by continuous daylight, damp and - foggy weather, and weak cyclones with rain or snow -Terrain: - central surface covered by a perennial drifting polar icepack that averages - about 3 meters in thickness, although pressure ridges may be three times - that size; clockwise drift pattern in the Beaufort Gyral Stream, but nearly - straight line movement from the New Siberian Islands (Russia) to Denmark - Strait (between Greenland and Iceland); the ice pack is surrounded by open - seas during the summer, but more than doubles in size during the winter and - extends to the encircling land masses; the ocean floor is about 50% - continental shelf (highest percentage of any ocean) with the remainder a - central basin interrupted by three submarine ridges (Alpha Cordillera, - Nansen Cordillera, and Lomonsov Ridge); maximum depth is 4,665 meters in the - Fram Basin -Natural resources: - sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules, oil and - gas fields, fish, marine mammals (seals, whales) -Environment: - endangered marine species include walruses and whales; ice islands - occasionally break away from northern Ellesmere Island; icebergs calved from - glaciers in western Greenland and extreme northeastern Canada; maximum snow - cover in March or April about 20 to 50 centimeters over the frozen ocean and - lasts about 10 months; permafrost in islands; virtually icelocked from - October to June; fragile ecosystem slow to change and slow to recover from - disruptions or damage -Note: - major chokepoint is the southern Chukchi Sea (northern access to the Pacific - Ocean via the Bering Strait); ships subject to superstructure icing from - October to May; strategic location between North America and Russia; - shortest marine link between the extremes of eastern and western Russia, - floating research stations operated by the US and Russia - -:Arctic Ocean Economy - -Overview: - Economic activity is limited to the exploitation of natural resources, - including crude oil, natural gas, fish, and seals. - -:Arctic Ocean Communications - -Ports: - Churchill (Canada), Murmansk (Russia), Prudhoe Bay (US) -Telecommunications: - no submarine cables -Note: - sparse network of air, ocean, river, and land routes; the Northwest Passage - (North America) and Northern Sea Route (Asia) are important seasonal - waterways - -:Argentina Geography - -Total area: - 2,766,890 km2 -Land area: - 2,736,690 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly more than four times the size of Texas -Land boundaries: - 9,665 km total; Bolivia 832 km, Brazil 1,224 km, Chile 5,150 km, Paraguay - 1,880 km, Uruguay 579 km -Coastline: - 4,989 km -Maritime claims: - Continental shelf: - 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation - Exclusive economic zone: - nm limits unknown - Territorial sea: - 12 nm (overflight and navigation permitted beyond 12 nm) -Disputes: - short section of the boundary with Uruguay is in dispute; short section of - the boundary with Chile is indefinite; claims British-administered Falkland - Islands (Islas Malvinas); claims British- administered South Georgia and the - South Sandwich Islands; territorial claim in Antarctica -Climate: - mostly temperate; arid in southeast; subantarctic in southwest -Terrain: - rich plains of the Pampas in northern half, flat to rolling plateau of - Patagonia in south, rugged Andes along western border -Natural resources: - fertile plains of the pampas, lead, zinc, tin, copper, iron ore, manganese, - crude oil, uranium -Land use: - arable land 9%; permanent crops 4%; meadows and pastures 52%; forest and - woodland 22%; other 13%; includes irrigated 1% -Environment: - Tucuman and Mendoza areas in Andes subject to earthquakes; pamperos are - violent windstorms that can strike Pampas and northeast; irrigated soil - degradation; desertification; air and water pollution in Buenos Aires -Note: - second-largest country in South America (after Brazil); strategic location - relative to sea lanes between South Atlantic and South Pacific Oceans - (Strait of Magellan, Beagle Channel, Drake Passage) - -:Argentina People - -Population: - 32,901,234 (July 1992), growth rate 1.1% (1992) -Birth rate: - 20 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 9 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 34 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 67 years male, 74 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 2.8 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Argentine(s); adjective - Argentine -Ethnic divisions: - white 85%; mestizo, Indian, or other nonwhite groups 15% -Religions: - nominally Roman Catholic 90% (less than 20% practicing), Protestant 2%, - Jewish 2%, other 6% -Languages: - Spanish (official), English, Italian, German, French -Literacy: - 95% (male 96%, female 95%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 10,900,000; agriculture 12%, industry 31%, services 57% (1985 est.) -Organized labor: - 3,000,000; 28% of labor force - -:Argentina Government - -Long-form name: - Argentine Republic -Type: - republic -Capital: - Buenos Aires -Administrative divisions: - 23 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia), and 1 district** - (distrito); Buenos Aires, Catamarca, Chaco, Chubut, Cordoba, Corrientes, - Distrito Federal**, Entre Rios, Formosa, Jujuy, La Pampa, La Rioja, Mendoza, - Misiones, Neuquen, Rio Negro, Salta, San Juan, San Luis, Santa Cruz, Santa - Fe, Santiago del Estero, Tierra del Fuego, Tucuman; note - the national - territory is in the process of becoming a province; the US does not - recognize claims to Antarctica -Independence: - 9 July 1816 (from Spain) -Constitution: - 1 May 1853 -Legal system: - mixture of US and West European legal systems; has not accepted compulsory - ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Revolution Day, 25 May (1810) -Executive branch: - president, vice president, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - bicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional) consists of an upper chamber - or Senate (Senado) and a lower chamber or Chamber of Deputies (Camara de - Diputados) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court (Corte Suprema) -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Carlos Saul MENEM (since 8 July 1989); Vice President (position - vacant) -Political parties and leaders: - Justicialist Party (JP), Carlos Saul MENEM, Peronist umbrella political - organization; Radical Civic Union (UCR), Mario LOSADA, moderately left of - center; Union of the Democratic Center (UCD), Jorge AGUADO, conservative - party; Intransigent Party (PI), Dr. Oscar ALENDE, leftist party; several - provincial parties -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - Chamber of Deputies: - last held in three phases during late 1991 for half of 254 seats, total - current breakdown of seats - JP 122, UCR 85, UCD 10, other 37 - President: - last held 14 May 1989 (next to be held NA May 1995); results - Carlos Saul - MENEM was elected - Senate: - last held May 1989, but provincial elections in late 1991 set the stage for - indirect elections by provincial senators for one-third of 46 seats in the - national senate in May 1992; total current breakdown of seats - JP 27, UCR - 14, others 5 -Communists: - some 70,000 members in various party organizations, including a small - nucleus of activists - -:Argentina Government - -Other political or pressure groups: - Peronist-dominated labor movement, General Confederation of Labor - (Peronist-leaning umbrella labor organization), Argentine Industrial Union - (manufacturers' association), Argentine Rural Society (large landowners' - association), business organizations, students, the Roman Catholic Church, - the Armed Forces -Member of: - AfDB, AG (observer), CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-6, G-11, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, - GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, - INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, - MERCOSUR, OAS, PCA, RG, UN, UNAVEM, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, - UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Carlos ORTIZ DE ROZAS; Chancery at 1600 New Hampshire Avenue NW, - Washington, DC 20009; telephone (202) 939-6400 through 6403; there are - Argentine Consulates General in Houston, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San - Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico), and Consulates in Baltimore, Chicago, - and Los Angeles - US: - Ambassador Terence A. TODMAN; Embassy at 4300 Colombia, 1425 Buenos Aires - (mailing address is APO AA 34034); telephone [54] (1) 774- 7611 or 8811, - 9911; Telex 18156 AMEMBAR -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of light blue (top), white, and light blue; - centered in the white band is a radiant yellow sun with a human face known - as the Sun of May - -:Argentina Economy - -Overview: - Argentina is rich in natural resources and has a highly literate population, - an export-oriented agricultural sector, and a diversified industrial base. - Nevertheless, following decades of mismanagement and statist policies, the - economy has encountered major problems in recent years, leading to - escalating inflation and a recession during 1988-90. Since 1978, Argentina's - external debt has nearly doubled to $58 billion, creating severe debt - servicing difficulties and hurting the country's creditworthiness with - international lenders. Elected in 1989, President Menem has implemented a - comprehensive economic restructuring program that shows signs of reversing - Argentina's economic decline and putting it on a path of stable, sustainable - growth. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $101.2 billion, per capita $3,100; real growth - rate 5.5% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 83.8% (1991) -Unemployment rate: - 6.4% (October 1991) -Budget: - revenues $13.6 billion; expenditures $16.6 billion, including capital - expenditures of $2.5 billion (1991) -Exports: - $12 billion (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - meat, wheat, corn, oilseed, hides, wool - partners: - US 12%, USSR, Italy, Brazil, Japan, Netherlands -Imports: - $8 billion (c.i.f., 1991) - commodities: - machinery and equipment, chemicals, metals, fuels and lubricants, - agricultural products - partners: - US 22%, Brazil, FRG, Bolivia, Japan, Italy, Netherlands -External debt: - $61 billion (January 1992) -Industrial production: - growth rate 20% (1991 est.); accounts for 30% of GDP -Electricity: - 17,059,000 kW capacity; 47,357 million kWh produced, 1,450 kWh per capita - (1991) -Industries: - food processing, motor vehicles, consumer durables, textiles, chemicals and - petrochemicals, printing, metallurgy, steel -Agriculture: - accounts for 15% of GNP (including fishing); produces abundant food for both - domestic consumption and exports; among world's top five exporters of grain - and beef; principal crops - wheat, corn, sorghum, soybeans, sugar beets -Illicit drugs: - increasing use as a transshipment country for cocaine headed for the US and - Europe -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.0 billion; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $4.4 billion; - Communist countries (1970-89), $718 million -Currency: - peso (plural - pesos); 1 pesos = 100 centavos - -:Argentina Economy - -Exchange rates: - pesos per US$1 - 0.99076 (Feburary 1992), 0.95355 (1991), 0.48759 (1990), - 0.04233 (1989), 0.00088 (1988), 0.00021 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Argentina Communications - -Railroads: - 34,172 km total (includes 209 km electrified); includes a mixture of - 1.435-meter standard gauge, 1.676-meter broad gauge, 1.000-meter narrow - gauge, and 0.750-meter narrow gauge -Highways: - 208,350 km total; 47,550 km paved, 39,500 km gravel, 101,000 km improved - earth, 20,300 km unimproved earth -Inland waterways: - 11,000 km navigable -Pipelines: - crude oil 4,090 km; petroleum products 2,900 km; natural gas 9,918 km -Ports: - Bahia Blanca, Buenos Aires, Necochea, Rio Gallegos, Rosario, Santa Fe -Merchant marine: - 98 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,235,385 GRT/1,952,307 DWT; includes - 35 cargo, 6 refrigerated cargo, 6 container, 1 railcar carrier, 33 oil - tanker, 4 chemical tanker, 3 liquefied gas, 10 bulk; in addition, 2 naval - tankers and 1 military transport are sometimes used commercially -Civil air: - 56 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 1,702 total, 1,473 usable; 137 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with - runways over 3,659 m; 31 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 326 with runways - 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - extensive modern system; 2,650,000 telephones (12,000 public telephones); - microwave widely used; broadcast stations - 171 AM, no FM, 231 TV, 13 - shortwave; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations; domestic satellite - network has 40 earth stations - -:Argentina Defense Forces - -Branches: - Argentine Army, Navy of the Argentine Republic, Argentine Air Force, - National Gendarmerie, Argentine Naval Prefecture (Coast Guard only), - National Aeronautical Police Force -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 8,101,856; 6,568,885 fit for military service; 276,457 reach - military age (20) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $700 million, 1.5% of GDP (1991) - -:Armenia Geography - -Total area: - 29,800 km2 -Land area: - 28,400 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly larger than Maryland -Land boundaries: - 1,254 km total; Azerbaijan (east) 566 km, Azerbaijan (south) 221 km, Georgia - 164 km, Iran 35 km, Turkey 268 km -Coastline: - none - landlocked -Maritime claims: - none - landlocked -Disputes: - violent and longstanding dispute with Azerbaijan over ethnically Armenian - exclave of Nagorno-Karabakh; some irredentism by Armenians living in - southern Georgia; traditional demands on former Armenian lands in Turkey - have greatly subsided -Climate: - continental, hot, and subject to drought -Terrain: - high Armenian Plateau with mountain; little forest land; fast flowing - rivers; good soil in Aras River valley -Natural resources: - small deposits of gold, copper, molybdenum, zinc, alumina -Land use: - 10% arable land; NA% permanent crops; NA% meadows and pastures; NA% forest - and woodland; NA% other; NA% irrigated -Environment: - pollution of Razdan and Aras Rivers; air pollution in Yerevan - -:Armenia People - -Population: - 3,415,566 (July 1992), growth rate 0.8% (1992) -Birth rate: - 22 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - --7 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 35 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 68 years male, 74 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 2.7 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Armenian(s); adjective - Armenian -Ethnic divisions: - Armenian 93.3%, Russian 1.5%, Kurd 1.7%, other 3.5% -Religions: - Armenian Orthodox 94% -Languages: - Armenian 93%, Russian 2%, other 5% -Literacy: - NA% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (NA) -Labor force: - 1,630,000; industry and construction 42%, agriculture and forestry 18%, - other 40%(1990) -Organized labor: - NA - -:Armenia Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Armenia -Type: - republic -Capital: - Yerevan -Administrative divisions: - none - all rayons are under direct republic jurisdiction -Independence: - Armenian Republic formed 29 November 1920 and became part of the Soviet - Union on 30 December 1922; on 23 September 1991, Armenia renamed itself the - Republic of Armenia -Constitution: - adopted NA April 1978, effective NA -Legal system: - based on civil law system -National holiday: - NA -Executive branch: - President, Council of Ministers, prime minister -Legislative branch: - unicameral body - Supreme Soviet -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Levon Akopovich TER-PETROSYAN (since 16 October 1991), Vice - President Gagik ARUTYUNYAN (since 16 October 1991) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Gagik ARUTYUNYAN (since November 1991), First Deputy Prime - Minister Grant BAGRATYAN (since NA September 1990); Supreme Soviet Chairman - - Babken ARARKTSYAN -Political parties and leaders: - Armenian National Movement, Husik LAZARYAN, chairman; National - Self-Determination Association, Pakvyr HAYRIKIAN, chairman; National - Democratic Union, Vazgen MANUKYAN, chairman; Democratic Liberal Party, - Ramkavar AZATAKAN, chairman; Dashnatktsutyan Party, Rouben MIRZAKHANIN; - Chairman of Parliamentary opposition - Mekhak GABRIYELYAN -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - President: - last held 16 October 1990 (next to be held NA); results - elected by the - Supreme Soviet, Levon Akopovich TER-PETROSYAN 86%; radical nationalists - about 7% - Supreme Soviet: - last held 20 May 1990 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by - party NA; seats - (259 total); number of seats by party NA -Other political or pressure groups: - NA -Member of: - CSCE, NACC, UN, UNCTAD -Diplomatic representation: - Charge d'Affaires ad interim, Aleksandr ARZOUMANIAN - US: - Ambassador (vacant); Steven R. MANN, Charge d'Affaires; Embassy at Hotel - Hrazdan (telephone 8-011-7-8852-53-53-32); (mailing address is APO AE - 09862); telephone 8-011-7-885-215-1122 (voice and FAX); 8-011-7-885-215-1144 - (voice) - -:Armenia Government - -Flag: - NA - -:Armenia Economy - -Overview: - Armenia under the old centrally planned Soviet system had built up textile, - machine-building, and other industries and had become a key supplier to - sister republics. In turn, Armenia had depended on supplies of raw materials - and energy from the other republics. Most of these supplies enter the - republic by rail through Azerbaijan (85%) and Georgia (15%). The economy has - been severely hurt by ethnic strife with Azerbaijan over control of the - Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast, a mostly Armenian-populated enclave - within the national boundaries of Azerbaijan. In addition to outright - warfare, the strife has included interdiction of Armenian imports on the - Azerbaijani railroads and expensive airlifts of supplies to beleagured - Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh. An earthquake in December 1988 destroyed - about one-tenth of industrial capacity and housing, the repair of which has - not been possible because the supply of funds and real resources has been - disrupted by the reorganization and subsequent dismantling of the central - USSR administrative apparatus. Among facilities made unserviceable by the - earthquake are the Yerevan nuclear power plant, which had supplied 40% of - Armenia's needs for electric power and a plant that produced one-quarter of - the output of elevators in the former USSR. Armenia has some deposits of - nonferrous metal ores (bauxite, copper, zinc, and molybdenum) that are - largely unexploited. For the mid-term, Armenia's economic prospects seem - particularly bleak because of ethnic strife and the unusually high - dependence on outside areas, themselves in a chaotic state of - transformation. -GDP: - $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate --10% (1991) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 91% -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA -Exports: - $176 million (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - machinery and transport equipment, ferrous and nonferrous metals, and - chemicals (1991) - partners: - NA -Imports: - $1.5 billion (c.i.f., 1990) - commodities: - machinery, energy, consumer goods (1991) - partners: - NA -External debt: - $650 million (December 1991 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate --9.6% (1991) -Electricity: - NA kW capacity; 10,433 million kWh produced, about 3,000 kWh per capita - (1990) -Industries: - diverse, including (in percent of output of former USSR) metalcutting - machine tools (6.7%), forging-pressing machines (4.7%), electric motors - (8.7%), tires (2.1%), knitted wear (5.6%), hosiery (2.3%), shoes (2.2%), - silk fabric (5.3%), washing machines (2.0%); also chemicals, trucks, - watches, instruments, and microelectronics - -:Armenia Economy - -Agriculture: - only 10% of land area is arable; employs 18% of labor force; citrus, cotton, - and dairy farming; vineyards near Yerevan are famous for brandy and other - liqueurs -Illicit drugs: - illicit producer of cannabis mostly for domestic consumption; used as a - transshipment point for illicit drugs to Western Europe -Economic aid: - NA -Currency: - as of May 1992, retaining ruble as currency -Exchange rates: - NA -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Armenia Communications - -Railroads: - 840 km all 1.000-meter gauge (includes NA km electrified); does not include - industrial lines (1990) -Highways: - 11,300 km total (1990); 10,500 km hard surfaced, 800 km earth -Inland waterways: - NA km perennially navigable -Pipelines: - NA -Ports: - none - landlocked -Merchant marine: - none: - landlocked -Civil air: - none -Airports: - NA total, NA usable; NA with permanent-surface runways; NA with runways over - 3,659 m; NA with runways 2,440-3,659 m; NA with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - Armenia has about 260,000 telephones, of which about 110,000 are in Yerevan; - average telephone density is 8 per 100 persons; international connections to - other former republics of the USSR are by landline or microwave and to other - countries by satellite and by leased connection through the Moscow - international gateway switch; broadcast stations - 100% of population - receives Armenian and Russian TV programs; satellite earth station - - INTELSAT - -:Armenia Defense Forces - -Branches: - Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops), National Guard; CIS - Forces (Ground and Air Defense) -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, NA; NA fit for military service; NA reach military age (18) - annually -Defense expenditures: - $NA, NA% of GDP - -:Aruba Geography - -Total area: - 193 km2 -Land area: - 193 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly larger than Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 68.5 km -Maritime claims: - Exclusive fishing zone: - 12 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical marine; little seasonal temperature variation -Terrain: - flat with a few hills; scant vegetation -Natural resources: - negligible; white sandy beaches -Land use: - arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and - woodland 0%; other 100% -Environment: - lies outside the Caribbean hurricane belt -Note: - 28 km north of Venezuela - -:Aruba People - -Population: - 64,692 (July 1992), growth rate 0.7% (1992) -Birth rate: - 16 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - --3 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 9 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 73 years male, 80 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 1.8 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Aruban(s); adjective - Aruban -Ethnic divisions: - mixed European/Caribbean Indian 80% -Religions: - Roman Catholic 82%, Protestant 8%, also small Hindu, Muslim, Confucian, and - Jewish minority -Languages: - Dutch (official), Papiamento (a Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, English - dialect), English (widely spoken), Spanish -Literacy: - NA% (male NA%, female NA%) -Labor force: - NA, but most employment is in the tourist industry (1986) -Organized labor: - Aruban Workers' Federation (FTA) - -:Aruba Government - -Long-form name: - none -Type: - part of the Dutch realm - full autonomy in internal affairs obtained in 1986 - upon separation from the Netherlands Antilles -Capital: - Oranjestad -Administrative divisions: - none (self-governing part of the Netherlands) -Independence: - none (part of the Dutch realm); note - in 1990, Aruba requested and received - from the Netherlands cancellation of the agreement to automatically give - independence to the island in 1996 -Constitution: - 1 January 1986 -Legal system: - based on Dutch civil law system, with some English common law influence -National holiday: - Flag Day, 18 March -Executive branch: - Dutch monarch, governor, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral legislature (Staten) -Judicial branch: - Joint High Court of Justice -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen BEATRIX Wilhelmina Armgard (since 30 April 1980), represented by - Governor General Felipe B. TROMP (since 1 January 1986) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Nelson ODUBER (since NA February 1989) -Political parties and leaders: - Electoral Movement Party (MEP), Nelson ODUBER; Aruban People's Party (AVP), - Henny EMAN; National Democratic Action (ADN), Pedro Charro KELLY; New - Patriotic Party (PPN), Eddy WERLEMEN; Aruban Patriotic Party (PPA), Benny - NISBET; Aruban Democratic Party (PDA), Leo BERLINSKI; Democratic Action '86 - (AD '86), Arturo ODUBER; Organization for Aruban Liberty (OHA), Glenbert - CROES; governing coalition includes the MEP, PPA, and ADN -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - Legislature: - last held 6 January 1989 (next to be held by NA January 1993); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (21 total) MEP 10, AVP 8, ADN 1, PPN 1, - PPA 1 -Member of: - ECLAC (associate), INTERPOL, IOC, UNESCO (associate), WCL, WTO (associate) -Diplomatic representation: - none (self-governing part of the Netherlands) -Flag: - blue with two narrow horizontal yellow stripes across the lower portion and - a red, four-pointed star outlined in white in the upper hoist-side corner - -:Aruba Economy - -Overview: - Tourism is the mainstay of the economy, although offshore banking and oil - refining and storage are also important. Hotel capacity expanded rapidly - between 1985 and 1989 and nearly doubled in 1990 alone. Unemployment has - steadily declined from about 20% in 1986 to about 3% in 1991. The reopening - of the local oil refinery, once a major source of employment and foreign - exchange earnings, promises to give the economy an additional boost. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $854 million, per capita $13,600; real growth - rate l0% (1990 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 8% (1990 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 3% (1991 est.) -Budget: - revenues $145 million; expenditures $185 million, including capital - expenditures of $42 million (1988) -Exports: - $134.4 million (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - mostly petroleum products - partners: - US 64%, EC -Imports: - $488 million (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - food, consumer goods, manufactures - partners: - US 8%, EC -External debt: - $81 million (1987) -Industrial production: - growth rate NA -Electricity: - 310,000 kW capacity; 945 million kWh produced, 15,000 kWh per capita (1990) -Industries: - tourism, transshipment facilities, oil refining -Agriculture: - poor quality soils and low rainfall limit agricultural activity to the - cultivation of aloes, some livestock, and fishing -Economic aid: - Western (non-US) countries ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-89), $220 - million -Currency: - Aruban florin (plural - florins); 1 Aruban florin (Af.) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - Aruban florins (Af.) per US$1 - 1.7900 (fixed rate since 1986) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Aruba Communications - -Highways: - Aruba has a system of all-weather highways -Ports: - Oranjestad, Sint Nicolaas -Civil air: - Air Aruba has a fleet of 3 intermediate-range Boeing aircraft -Airports: - government-owned airport east of Oranjestad accepts transatlantic flights -Telecommunications: - generally adequate; extensive interisland radio relay links; 72,168 - telephones; broadcast stations - 4 AM, 4 FM, 1 TV; 1 sea cable to Sint - Maarten - -:Aruba Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of the Netherlands - -:Ashmore and Cartier Islands Geography - -Total area: - 5 km2 -Land area: - 5 km2; includes Ashmore Reef (West, Middle, and East Islets) and Cartier - Island -Comparative area: - about 8.5 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 74.1 km -Maritime claims: - Contiguous zone: - 12 nm - Continental shelf: - 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploration - Exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 3 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical -Terrain: - low with sand and coral -Natural resources: - fish -Land use: - arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and - woodland 0%; other - grass and sand 100% -Environment: - surrounded by shoals and reefs; Ashmore Reef National Nature Reserve - established in August 1983 -Note: - located in extreme eastern Indian Ocean between Australia and Indonesia, 320 - km off the northwest coast of Australia - -:Ashmore and Cartier Islands People - -Population: - no permanent inhabitants; seasonal caretakers - -:Ashmore and Cartier Islands Government - -Long-form name: - Territory of Ashmore and Cartier Islands -Type: - territory of Australia administered by the Australian Minister for Arts, - Sports, the Environment, Tourism, and Territories - Roslyn KELLY -Capital: - none; administered from Canberra, Australia -Administrative divisions: - none (territory of Australia) -Legal system: - relevant laws of the Northern Territory of Australia -Diplomatic representation: - none (territory of Australia) - -:Ashmore and Cartier Islands Economy - -Overview: - no economic activity - -:Ashmore and Cartier Islands Communications - -Ports: - none; offshore anchorage only - -:Ashmore and Cartier Islands Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of Australia; periodic visits by the Royal - Australian Navy and Royal Australian Air Force - -:Atlantic Ocean Geography - -Total area: - 82,217,000 km2 -Land area: - 82,217,000 km2; includes Baltic Sea, Black Sea, Caribbean Sea, Davis Strait, - Denmark Strait, Drake Passage, Gulf of Mexico, Mediterranean Sea, North Sea, - Norwegian Sea, Weddell Sea, and other tributary water bodies -Comparative area: - slightly less than nine times the size of the US; second-largest of the - world's four oceans (after the Pacific Ocean, but larger than Indian Ocean - or Arctic Ocean) -Coastline: - 111,866 km -Disputes: - some maritime disputes (see littoral states) -Climate: - tropical cyclones (hurricanes) develop off the coast of Africa near Cape - Verde and move westward into the Caribbean Sea; hurricanes can occur from - May to December, but are most frequent from August to November -Terrain: - surface usually covered with sea ice in Labrador Sea, Denmark Strait, and - Baltic Sea from October to June; clockwise warm water gyre (broad, circular - system of currents) in the north Atlantic, counterclockwise warm water gyre - in the south Atlantic; the ocean floor is dominated by the Mid-Atlantic - Ridge, a rugged north-south centerline for the entire Atlantic basin; - maximum depth is 8,605 meters in the Puerto Rico Trench -Natural resources: - oil and gas fields, fish, marine mammals (seals and whales), sand and gravel - aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules, precious stones -Environment: - endangered marine species include the manatee, seals, sea lions, turtles, - and whales; municipal sludge pollution off eastern US, southern Brazil, and - eastern Argentina; oil pollution in Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Lake - Maracaibo, Mediterranean Sea, and North Sea; industrial waste and municipal - sewage pollution in Baltic Sea, North Sea, and Mediterranean Sea; icebergs - common in Davis Strait, Denmark Strait, and the northwestern Atlantic from - February to August and have been spotted as far south as Bermuda and the - Madeira Islands; icebergs from Antarctica occur in the extreme southern - Atlantic -Note: - ships subject to superstructure icing in extreme north Atlantic from October - to May and extreme south Atlantic from May to October; persistent fog can be - a hazard to shipping from May to September; major choke points include the - Dardanelles, Strait of Gibraltar, access to the Panama and Suez Canals; - strategic straits include the Dover Strait, Straits of Florida, Mona - Passage, The Sound (Oresund), and Windward Passage; north Atlantic shipping - lanes subject to icebergs from February to August; the Equator divides the - Atlantic Ocean into the North Atlantic Ocean and South Atlantic Ocean - Kiel Canal and Saint Lawrence Seaway are two important waterways - -:Atlantic Ocean Economy - -Overview: - Economic activity is limited to exploitation of natural resources, - especially fish, dredging aragonite sands (The Bahamas), and crude oil and - natural gas production (Caribbean Sea and North Sea). - -:Atlantic Ocean Communications - -Ports: - Alexandria (Egypt), Algiers (Algeria), Antwerp (Belgium), Barcelona (Spain), - Buenos Aires (Argentina), Casablanca (Morocco), Colon (Panama), Copenhagen - (Denmark), Dakar (Senegal), Gdansk (Poland), Hamburg (Germany), Helsinki - (Finland), Las Palmas (Canary Islands, Spain), Le Havre (France), Lisbon - (Portugal), London (UK), Marseille (France), Montevideo (Uruguay), Montreal - (Canada), Naples (Italy), New Orleans (US), New York (US), Oran (Algeria), - Oslo (Norway), Piraeus (Greece), Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), Rotterdam - (Netherlands), Saint Petersburg (formerly Leningrad; Russia), Stockholm - (Sweden) -Telecommunications: - numerous submarine cables with most between continental Europe and the UK, - North America and the UK, and in the Mediterranean; numerous direct links - across Atlantic via INTELSAT satellite network - -:Australia Geography - -Total area: - 7,686,850 km2 -Land area: - 7,617,930 km2; includes Macquarie Island -Comparative area: - slightly smaller than the US -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 25,760 km -Maritime claims: - Contiguous zone: - 12 nm - Continental shelf: - 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation - Exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - territorial claim in Antarctica (Australian Antarctic Territory) -Climate: - generally arid to semiarid; temperate in south and east; tropical in north -Terrain: - mostly low plateau with deserts; fertile plain in southeast -Natural resources: - bauxite, coal, iron ore, copper, tin, silver, uranium, nickel, tungsten, - mineral sands, lead, zinc, diamonds, natural gas, crude oil -Land use: - arable land 6%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 58%; forest and - woodland 14%; other 22%; includes irrigated NEGL% -Environment: - subject to severe droughts and floods; cyclones along coast; limited - freshwater availability; irrigated soil degradation; regular, tropical, - invigorating, sea breeze known as the doctor occurs along west coast in - summer; desertification -Note: - world's smallest continent but sixth-largest country - -:Australia People - -Population: - 17,576,354 (July 1992), growth rate 1.4% (1992) -Birth rate: - 15 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 7 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 8 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 74 years male, 80 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 1.8 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Australian(s); adjective - Australian -Ethnic divisions: - Caucasian 95%, Asian 4%, Aboriginal and other 1% -Religions: - Anglican 26.1%, Roman Catholic 26.0%, other Christian 24.3% -Languages: - English, native languages -Literacy: - 100% (male 100%, female 100%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980 est.) -Labor force: - 8,630,000 (September 1991); finance and services 33.8%, public and community - services 22.3%, wholesale and retail trade 20.1%, manufacturing and industry - 16.2%, agriculture 6.1% (1987) -Organized labor: - 40% of labor force (November 1991) - -:Australia Government - -Long-form name: - Commonwealth of Australia -Type: - federal parliamentary state -Capital: - Canberra -Administrative divisions: - 6 states and 2 territories*; Australian Capital Territory*, New South Wales, - Northern Territory*, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, - Western Australia -Independence: - 1 January 1901 (federation of UK colonies) -Constitution: - 9 July 1900, effective 1 January 1901 -Dependent areas: - Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, - Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Norfolk Island -Legal system: - based on English common law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with - reservations -National holiday: - Australia Day, 26 January -Executive branch: - British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister, - Cabinet -Legislative branch: - bicameral Federal Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a - lower house or House of Representatives -Judicial branch: - High Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen ELIZABETH II (since February 1952), represented by Governor General - William George HAYDEN (since 16 February 1989) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Paul John KEATING (since 20 December 1991); Deputy Prime - Minister Brian HOWE (since 4 June 1991) -Political parties and leaders: - government: - Australian Labor Party, Paul John KEATING - opposition: - Liberal Party, John HEWSON; National Party, Timothy FISCHER; Australian - Democratic Party, John COULTER -Suffrage: - universal and compulsory at age 18 -Elections: - House of Representatives: - last held 24 March 1990 (next to be held by NA November 1993); results - - Labor 39.7%, Liberal-National 43%, Australian Democrats and independents - 11.1%; seats - (148 total) Labor 78, Liberal-National 69, independent 1 - Senate: - last held 11 July 1987 (next to be held by NA July 1993); results - Labor - 43%, Liberal-National 42%, Australian Democrats 8%, independents 2%; seats - - (76 total) Labor 32, Liberal-National 34, Australian Democrats 7, - independents 3 -Communists: - 4,000 members (est.) - -:Australia Government - -Other political or pressure groups: - Australian Democratic Labor Party (anti-Communist Labor Party splinter - group); Peace and Nuclear Disarmament Action (Nuclear Disarmament Party - splinter group) -Member of: - AfDB, AG (observer), ANZUS, APEC, AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, C, CCC, COCOM, - CP, EBRD, ESCAP, FAO, GATT, G-8, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, - IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, - LORCS, MTCR, NAM (guest), NEA, NSG, OECD, PCA, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, - UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIIMOG, UNTAG, UNTSO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Michael J. COOK; Chancery at 1601 Massachusetts Avenue NW, - Washington, DC 20036; telephone (202) 797-3000; there are Australian - Consulates General in Chicago, Honolulu, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, - Pago Pago (American Samoa), and San Francisco - US: - Ambassador Melvin F. SEMBLER; Moonah Place, Yarralumla, Canberra, Australian - Capital Territory 2600 (mailing address is APO AP 96549); telephone [61] (6) - 270-5000; FAX [61] (6) 270-5970; there are US Consulates General in - Melbourne, Perth, and Sydney, and a Consulate in Brisbane -Flag: - blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and a large - seven-pointed star in the lower hoist-side quadrant; the remaining half is a - representation of the Southern Cross constellation in white with one small - five-pointed star and four, larger, seven-pointed stars - -:Australia Economy - -Overview: - Australia has a prosperous Western-style capitalist economy, with a per - capita GDP comparable to levels in industrialized West European countries. - Rich in natural resources, Australia is a major exporter of agricultural - products, minerals, metals, and fossil fuels. Of the top 25 exports, 21 are - primary products, so that, as happened during 1983-84, a downturn in world - commodity prices can have a big impact on the economy. The government is - pushing for increased exports of manufactured goods, but competition in - international markets continues to be severe. -GDP: - purchasing power equivalent - $280.8 billion, per capita $16,200; real - growth rate --0.6% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 3.3% (September 1991) -Unemployment rate: - 10.5% (November 1991) -Budget: - revenues $76.9 billion; expenditures $75.4 billion, including capital - expenditures of NA (FY91) -Exports: - $41.7 billion (f.o.b., FY91) - commodities: - metals, minerals, coal, wool, cereals, meat, manufacturers - partners: - Japan 26%, US 11%, NZ 6%, South Korea 4%, Singapore 4%, UK, Taiwan, Hong - Kong -Imports: - $37.8 billion (f.o.b., FY91) - commodities: - manufactured raw materials, capital equipment, consumer goods - partners: - US 24%, Japan 19%, UK 6%, FRG 7%, NZ 4% (1990) -External debt: - $130.4 billion (June 1991) -Industrial production: - growth rate --0.9% (1991); accounts for 32% of GDP -Electricity: - 40,000,000 kW capacity; 155,000 million kWh produced, 8,960 kWh per capita - (1991) -Industries: - mining, industrial and transportation equipment, food processing, chemicals, - steel, motor vehicles -Agriculture: - accounts for 5% of GNP and 37% of export revenues; world's largest exporter - of beef and wool, second-largest for mutton, and among top wheat exporters; - major crops - wheat, barley, sugarcane, fruit; livestock - cattle, sheep, - poultry -Illicit drugs: - Tasmania is one of the world's major suppliers of licit opiate products; - government maintains strict controls over areas of opium poppy cultivation - and output of poppy straw concentrate -Economic aid: - donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $10.4 billion -Currency: - Australian dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.3360 (January 1992), 1.2836 (1991), - 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988), 1.4267 (1987) - -:Australia Economy - -Fiscal year: - 1 July - 30 June - -:Australia Communications - -Railroads: - 40,478 km total; 7,970 km 1.600-meter gauge, 16,201 km 1.435-meter standard - gauge, 16,307 km 1.067-meter gauge; 183 km dual gauge; 1,130 km electrified; - government owned (except for a few hundred kilometers of privately owned - track) (1985) -Highways: - 837,872 km total; 243,750 km paved, 228,396 km gravel, crushed stone, or - stabilized soil surface, 365,726 km unimproved earth -Inland waterways: - 8,368 km; mainly by small, shallow-draft craft -Pipelines: - crude oil 2,500 km; petroleum products 500 km; natural gas 5,600 km -Ports: - Adelaide, Brisbane, Cairns, Darwin, Devonport, Fremantle, Geelong, Hobart, - Launceston, Mackay, Melbourne, Sydney, Townsville -Merchant marine: - 85 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,324,803 GRT/3,504,385 DWT; includes - 2 short-sea passenger, 8 cargo, 8 container, 11 roll-on/roll-off, 1 vehicle - carrier, 17 petroleum tanker, 2 chemical tanker, 4 liquefied gas, 1 - combination ore/oil, 30 bulk, 1 combination bulk -Civil air: - about 150 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 481 total, 440 usable; 237 with permanent-surface runways, 1 with runway - over 3,659 m; 20 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 268 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - good international and domestic service; 8.7 million telephones; broadcast - stations - 258 AM, 67 FM, 134 TV; submarine cables to New Zealand, Papua New - Guinea, and Indonesia; domestic satellite service; satellite stations - 4 - Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 6 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth stations - -:Australia Defense Forces - -Branches: - Australian Army, Royal Australian Navy, Royal Australian Air Force -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 4,769,005; 4,153,060 fit for military service; 138,117 reach - military age (17) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $7.5 billion, 2.4% of GDP (FY92 budget) - -:Austria Geography - -Total area: - 83,850 km2 -Land area: - 82,730 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly smaller than Maine -Land boundaries: - 2,591 km total; Czechoslovakia 548 km, Germany 784 km, Hungary 366 km, Italy - 430 km, Liechtenstein 37 km, Slovenia 262 km, Switzerland 164 km -Coastline: - none - landlocked -Maritime claims: - none - landlocked -Disputes: - none -Climate: - temperate; continental, cloudy; cold winters with frequent rain in lowlands - and snow in mountains; cool summers with occasional showers -Terrain: - mostly mountains with Alps in west and south; mostly flat, with gentle - slopes along eastern and northern margins -Natural resources: - iron ore, crude oil, timber, magnesite, aluminum, lead, coal, lignite, - copper, hydropower -Land use: - arable land 17%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 24%; forest and - woodland 39%; other 19%; includes irrigated NEGL% -Environment: - because of steep slopes, poor soils, and cold temperatures, population is - concentrated on eastern lowlands -Note: - landlocked; strategic location at the crossroads of central Europe with many - easily traversable Alpine passes and valleys; major river is the Danube - -:Austria People - -Population: - 7,867,541 (July 1992), growth rate 0.7% (1992) -Birth rate: - 12 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 11 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 5 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 8 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 73 years male, 80 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 1.5 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Austrian(s); adjective - Austrian -Ethnic divisions: - German 99.4%, Croatian 0.3%, Slovene 0.2%, other 0.1% -Religions: - Roman Catholic 85%, Protestant 6%, other 9% -Languages: - German -Literacy: - 99% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1974 est.) -Labor force: - 3,470,000 (1989); services 56.4%, industry and crafts 35.4%, agriculture and - forestry 8.1%; an estimated 200,000 Austrians are employed in other European - countries; foreign laborers in Austria number 177,840, about 6% of labor - force (1988) -Organized labor: - 60.1% of work force; the Austrian Trade Union Federation has 1,644,408 - members (1989) - -:Austria Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Austria -Type: - federal republic -Capital: - Vienna -Administrative divisions: - 9 states (bundeslander, singular - bundesland); Burgenland, Karnten, - Niederosterreich, Oberosterreich, Salzburg, Steiermark, Tirol, Vorarlberg, - Wien -Independence: - 12 November 1918 (from Austro-Hungarian Empire) -Constitution: - 1920; revised 1929 (reinstated 1945) -Legal system: - civil law system with Roman law origin; judicial review of legislative acts - by a Constitutional Court; separate administrative and civil/penal supreme - courts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - National Day, 26 October (1955) -Executive branch: - president, chancellor, vice chancellor, Council of Ministers (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - bicameral Federal Assembly (Bundesversammlung) consists of an upper council - or Federal Council (Bundesrat) and a lower council or National Council - (Nationalrat) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Judicial Court (Oberster Gerichtshof) for civil and criminal cases, - Administrative Court (Verwaltungsgerichtshof) for bureaucratic cases, - Constitutional Court (Verfassungsgerichtshof) for constitutional cases -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Thomas KLESTIL (since 8 July 1992) - Head of Government: - Chancellor Franz VRANITZKY (since 16 June 1986); Vice Chancellor Erhard - BUSEK (since 2 July 1991) -Political parties and leaders: - Social Democratic Party of Austria (SPO), Franz VRANITZKY, chairman; - Austrian People's Party (OVP), Erhard BUSEK, chairman; Freedom Party of - Austria (FPO), Jorg HAIDER, chairman; Communist Party (KPO), Walter - SILBERMAYER, chairman; Green Alternative List (GAL), Johannes VOGGENHUBER, - chairman -Suffrage: - universal at age 19; compulsory for presidential elections -Elections: - National Council: - last held 7 October 1990 (next to be held October 1994); results - SPO 43%, - OVP 32.1%, FPO 16.6%, GAL 4.5%, KPO 0.7%, other 0.32%; seats - (183 total) - SPO 80, OVP 60, FPO 33, GAL 10 - President: - last held 24 May 1992 (next to be held 1996); results of Second Ballot - - Thomas KLESTIL 57%, Rudolf STREICHER 43% -Communists: - membership 15,000 est.; activists 7,000-8,000 - -:Austria Government - -Other political or pressure groups: - Federal Chamber of Commerce and Industry; Austrian Trade Union Federation - (primarily Socialist); three composite leagues of the Austrian People's - Party (OVP) representing business, labor, and farmers; OVP-oriented League - of Austrian Industrialists; Roman Catholic Church, including its chief lay - organization, Catholic Action -Member of: - AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, - EBRD, ECE, EFTA, ESA, FAO, G-9, GATT, HG, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, - ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, - ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTRC, NAM (guest), NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, - UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNDOF, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, - WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Friedrich HOESS; Embassy at 3524 International Court NW, - Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 895-6700; there are Austrian - Consulates General in Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York - US: - Ambassador Roy Michael HUFFINGTON; Embassy at Boltzmanngasse 16, A-1091, - Vienna (mailing address is APO AE 09108-0001); telephone [43] (1) 31-55-11; - FAX [43] (1) 310-0682; there is a US Consulate General in Salzburg -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and red - -:Austria Economy - -Overview: - Austria boasts a prosperous and stable capitalist economy with a sizable - proportion of nationalized industry and extensive welfare benefits. Thanks - to an excellent raw material endowment, a technically skilled labor force, - and strong links to German industrial firms, Austria occupies specialized - niches in European industry and services (tourism, banking) and produces - almost enough food to feed itself with only 8% of the labor force in - agriculture. Improved export prospects resulting from German unification and - the opening of Eastern Europe, boosted the economy during 1990 and to a - lesser extent in 1991. GDP growth slowed from 4.9% in 1990 to 3% in 1991 - - mainly due to the weaker world economy - and is expected to drop to around - 2% in 1992. Inflation is forecasted at about 4%, while unemployment probably - will increase moderately through 1992 before declining in 1993. Living - standards are comparable with the large industrial countries of Western - Europe. Problems for the l990s include an aging population, the high level - of subsidies, and the struggle to keep welfare benefits within budget - capabilities. Austria, which has applied for EC membership, was involved in - EC and European Free Trade Association negotiations for a European Economic - Area and will have to adapt its economy to achieve freer interchange of - goods, services, capital, and labor within the EC. -GDP: - purchasing power equivalent - $164.1 billion, per capita $20,985; real - growth rate 3% (1991) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 3.3% (1991, annual rate) -Unemployment rate: - 5.8% (1991) -Budget: - revenues $47.7 billion; expenditures $53.0 billion, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1990) -Exports: - $40 billion (1991) - commodities: - machinery and equipment, iron and steel, lumber, textiles, paper products, - chemicals - partners: - EC 65.8%, (Germany 39%), EFTA 9.1%, Eastern Europe/former USSR 9.0%, Japan - 1.7%, US 2.8% -Imports: - $50.2 billion (1991) - commodities: - petroleum, foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, vehicles, chemicals, - textiles and clothing, pharmaceuticals - partners: - EC 67.8% (Germany is 43.0%), EFTA 6.9%, Eastern Europe/former USSR 6.0%, - Japan 4.8%, US 3.9% -External debt: - $11.8 billion (1990 est.) -Industrial production: - 2.0% (1991) -Electricity: - 17,600,000 kW capacity; 49,500 million kWh produced, 6,500 kWh per capita - (1991) -Industries: - foods, iron and steel, machines, textiles, chemicals, electrical, paper and - pulp, tourism, mining - -:Austria Economy - -Agriculture: - accounts for 3.2% of GDP (including forestry); principal crops and animals - - grains, fruit, potatoes, sugar beets, sawn wood, cattle, pigs, poultry; - 80-90% self-sufficient in food -Economic aid: - donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $2.4 billion -Currency: - Austrian schilling (plural - schillings); 1 Austrian schilling (S) = 100 - groschen -Exchange rates: - Austrian schillings (S) per US$1 - 11.068 (January 1992), 11.676 (1991), - 11.370 (1990), 13.231 (1989), 12.348 (1988), 12.643 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Austria Communications - -Railroads: - 6,028 km total; 5,388 km government owned and 640 km privately owned (1.435- - and 1.000-meter gauge); 5,403 km 1.435-meter standard gauge of which 3,051 - km is electrified and 1,520 km is double tracked; 363 km 0.760-meter narrow - gauge of which 91 km is electrified -Highways: - 95,412 km total; 34,612 km are the primary network (including 1,012 km of - autobahn, 10,400 km of federal, and 23,200 km of provincial roads); of this - number, 21,812 km are paved and 12,800 km are unpaved; in addition, there - are 60,800 km of communal roads (mostly gravel, crushed stone, earth) -Inland waterways: - 446 km -Pipelines: - crude oil 554 km; natural gas 2,611 km; petroleum products 171 km -Ports: - Vienna, Linz (river ports) -Merchant marine: - 31 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 130,966 GRT/219,130 DWT; includes 26 - cargo, 1 container, 4 bulk -Civil air: - 25 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 55 total, 55 usable; 20 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways - over 3,659 m; 6 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - highly developed and efficient; 4,014,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 6 - AM, 21 (545 repeaters) FM, 47 (870 repeaters) TV; satellite ground stations - for Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, Indian Ocean INTELSAT, and EUTELSAT systems - -:Austria Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Flying Division, Gendarmerie -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 2,011,895; 1,693,244 fit for military service; 51,788 reach - military age (19) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $1.8 billion, 1% of GDP (1991) - -:Azerbaijan Geography - -Total area: - 86,600 km2 -Land area: - 86,100 km2; includes the Nakhichevan' Autonomous Republic and the - Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast; region's autonomy was abolished by - Azerbaijan Supreme Soviet on 26 November 1991 -Comparative area: - slightly larger than Maine -Land boundaries: - 2,013 km total; Armenia (west) 566 km, Armenia (southwest) 221 km, Georgia - 322 km, Iran (south) 432 km, Iran (southwest) 179 km, Russia 284 km, Turkey - 9 km -Coastline: - none - landlocked -Maritime claims: - NA - Exclusive fishing zone: - NA nm; Azerbaijani claims in Caspian Sea unknown; 10 nm fishing zone - provided for in 1940 treaty regarding trade and navigation between Soviet - Union and Iran -Disputes: - violent and longstanding dispute with Armenia over status of - Nagorno-Karabakh, lesser dispute concerns Nakhichevan'; some Azeris desire - absorption of and/or unification with the ethnically Azeri portion of Iran; - minor irredentist disputes along Georgia border -Climate: - dry, semiarid steppe; subject to drought -Terrain: - large, flat Kura Lowland (much of it below sea level) with Great Caucasus - Mountains to the north, Karabakh Upland in west; Baku lies on Aspheson - Peninsula that juts into Caspian Sea -Natural resources: - petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, nonferrous metals, alumina -Land use: - NA% arable land; NA% permanent crops; NA% meadows and pastures; NA% forest - and woodland; NA% other; includes 70% of cultivated land irrigated (1.2 - million hectares) -Environment: - local scientists consider Apsheron Peninsula, including Baku and Sumgait, - and the Caspian Sea to be "most ecologically devastated area in the world" - because of severe air and water pollution -Note: - landlocked; major polluters are oil, gas, and chemical industries - -:Azerbaijan People - -Population: - 7,450,787 (July 1992), growth rate 1.6% (1992) -Birth rate: - 26 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - --3 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 45 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 65 years male, 73 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 2.9 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Azerbaijani(s); adjective - Azerbaijani -Ethnic divisions: - Azeri 82.7%, Russian 5.6%, Armenian 5.6%, Daghestanis 3.2%, other 2.9%; note - - Armenian share may be less than 5.6% because many Armenians have fled the - ethnic violence since 1989 census -Religions: - Moslem 87%, Russian Orthodox 5.6%, Armenian Orthodox 5.6%, other 1.8% -Languages: - Azeri 82%, Russian 7%, Armenian 5%, other 6% -Literacy: - NA% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1992 est.) -Labor force: - 2,789,000; agriculture and forestry 32%, industry and construction 26%, - other 42% (1990) -Organized labor: - NA (1992) - -:Azerbaijan Government - -Long-form name: - Azerbaijani Republic; short-form name: Azerbaijan -Type: - republic -Capital: - Baku (Baky) -Administrative divisions: - 1 autonomous republic (avtomnaya respublika), Nakhichevan' (administrative - center at Nakhichevan'); note - all rayons except for the exclave of - Nakhichevan' are under direct republic jurisdiction;1 autonomous oblast, - Nagorno-Karabakh (officially abolished by Azerbaijani Supreme Soviet on 26 - November 1991) has declared itself Nagorno-Karabakh Republic -Independence: - 28 May 1918; on 28 April 1920, Azerbaijan became the Soviet Socialist - Republic of Azerbaijan; on 30 April 1992 it became the Azerbaijani Republic; - independence declared 30 August 1991 -Constitution: - adopted NA April 1978 -Legal system: - based on civil law system -National holiday: - NA -Executive branch: - president, Council of Ministers -Legislative branch: - National Parliament (Milli Majlis) was formed on the basis of the National - Council (Milli Shura) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President-elect Ebulfez ELCIBEY (since 7 June 1992) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Rahim GUSEYNOV (since 14 May 1992) -Political parties and leaders: - NA -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - National Parliament: - last held NA September 1990 (next expected to be held late 1992); results - - seats - (360 total) Communists 280, Democratic Bloc 45 (grouping of - opposition parties), other 15, vacant 20; note - these figures are - approximate - President: - held 8 September 1991 (next to be held 7 June 1992); results - Ebulfez - ELCIBEY (6,390 unofficial) -Other political or pressure groups: - Self-proclaimed Armenian Nagorno-Karabakh Republic -Member of: - CIS, CSCE, IMF, OIC, UN, UNCTAD -Diplomatic representation: - NA - US: - Ambassador (vacant); Robert MILES, Charge d'Affaires; Embassy at Hotel - Intourist (telephone 8-011-7-8922-91-79-56) plus 8 hours; (mailing address - is APO New York is 09862); telephone NA - -:Azerbaijan Government - -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), red, and green; a crescent and - eight-pointed star in white are centered in red band - -:Azerbaijan Economy - -Overview: - Azerbaijan is less developed industrially than either Armenia or Georgia, - the other Transcaucasian states. It resembles the Central Asian states in - its majority Muslim population, high structural unemployment, and low - standard of living. The economy's most prominent products are cotton, oil, - and gas. Production from the Caspian oil and gas field has been in decline - for several years. With foreign assistance, the oil industry might generate - the funds needed to spur industrial development. However, civil unrest, - marked by armed conflict in the Nagorno-Karabakh region between Muslim - Azeris and Christian Armenians, makes foreign investors wary. Azerbaijan - accounts for 1.5% to 2% of the capital stock and output of the former Soviet - Union. Although immediate economic prospects are not favorable because of - civil strife, lack of economic reform, political disputes about new economic - arrangements, and the skittishness of foreign investors, Azerbaijan's - economic performance was the best of all former Soviet republics in 1991 - largely because of its reliance on domestic resources for industrial output. -GDP: - $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate --0.7% (1991) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 87% (1991) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA (1992) -Exports: - $780 million (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - oil and gas, chemicals, oilfield equipment, textiles, cotton (1991) - partners: - mostly CIS countries -Imports: - $2.2 billion (c.i.f., 1990) - commodities: - machinery and parts, consumer durables, foodstuffs, textiles (1991) -External debt: - $1.3 billion (1991 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 3.8% (1991) -Electricity: - 6,025,000 kW capacity; 23,300 million kWh produced, 3,280 kWh per capita - (1991) -Industries: - petroleum and natural gas, petroleum products, oilfield equipment; steel, - iron ore, cement; chemicals and petrochemicals; textiles -Agriculture: - cotton, grain, rice, grapes, fruit, vegetables, tea, tobacco; cattle, pigs, - sheep and goats -Illicit drugs: - illicit producer of cannabis and opium; mostly for domestic consumption; - status of government eradication programs unknown; used as transshipment - points for illicit drugs to Western Europe -Economic aid: - NA -Currency: - as of May 1992, retaining ruble as currency -Exchange rates: - NA -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Azerbaijan Communications - -Railroads: - 2,090 km (includes NA km electrified); does not include industrial lines - (1990) -Highways: - 36,700 km total (1990); 31,800 km hard surfaced; 4,900 km earth -Inland waterways: - NA km perennially navigable -Pipelines: - NA -Ports: - inland - Baku (Baky) -Merchant marine: - none - landlocked -Civil air: - none -Airports: - NA -Telecommunications: - quality of local telephone service is poor; connections to other former USSR - republics by landline or microwave and to countries beyond the former USSR - via the Moscow international gateway switch; Azeri and Russian TV broadcasts - are received; Turkish and Iranian TV broadcasts are received from INTELSAT - through a TV receive-only earth station - -:Azerbaijan Defense Forces - -Branches: - Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops), National Guard; CIS - Forces (Ground, Navy, Air, Air Defense) -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, NA; NA fit for military service; NA reach military age (18) - annually -Defense expenditures: - $NA million, NA% of GDP - -:The Bahamas Geography - -Total area: - 13,940 km2 -Land area: - 10,070 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly larger than Connecticut -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 3,542 km -Maritime claims: - Continental shelf: - 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation - Exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 3 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical marine; moderated by warm waters of Gulf Stream -Terrain: - long, flat coral formations with some low rounded hills -Natural resources: - salt, aragonite, timber -Land use: - arable land 1%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures NEGL%; forest - and woodland 32%; other 67% -Environment: - subject to hurricanes and other tropical storms that cause extensive flood - damage -Note: - strategic location adjacent to US and Cuba; extensive island chain - -:The Bahamas People - -Population: - 255,811 (July 1992), growth rate 1.4% (1992) -Birth rate: - 19 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 19 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 69 years male, 76 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 2.2 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun--Bahamian(s); adjective--Bahamian -Ethnic divisions: - black 85%, white 15% -Religions: - Baptist 32%, Anglican 20%, Roman Catholic 19%, Methodist 6%, Church of God - 6%, other Protestant 12%, none or unknown 3%, other 2% (1980) -Languages: - English; some Creole among Haitian immigrants -Literacy: - 90% (male 90%, female 89%) age 15 and over but definition of literacy not - available (1963 est.) -Labor force: - 127,400; government 30%, hotels and restaurants 25%, business services - 10%, agriculture 5% (1989) -Organized labor: - 25% of labor force - -:The Bahamas Government - -Long-form name: - The Commonwealth of The Bahamas -Type: - commonwealth -Capital: - Nassau -Administrative divisions: - 21 districts; Abaco, Acklins Island, Andros Island, Berry Islands, - Biminis, Cat Island, Cay Lobos, Crooked Island, Eleuthera, Exuma, Grand - Bahama, Harbour Island, Inagua, Long Cay, Long Island, Mayaguana, - New Providence, Ragged Island, Rum Cay, San Salvador, - Spanish Wells -Independence: - 10 July 1973 (from UK) -Constitution: - 10 July 1973 -Legal system: - based on English common law -National holiday: - National Day, 10 July (1973) -Executive branch: - British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime - minister, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower - house or House of Assembly -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by - Acting Governor General Sir Clifford DARLING (since 2 January 1992) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Sir Lynden Oscar PINDLING (since 16 January 1967) -Political parties and leaders: - Progressive Liberal Party (PLP), Sir Lynden O. PINDLING; Free National - Movement (FNM), Hubert Alexander INGRAHAM -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - House of Assembly: - last held 19 June 1987 (next to be held by NA June 1992); - results--percent of vote by party NA; seats--(49 total) PLP 32, FNM 17 - *** No entry for this item *** -Other political or pressure groups: - Vanguard Nationalist and Socialist Party (VNSP), a small leftist party - headed - by Lionel CAREY; Trade Union Congress (TUC), headed by Arlington MILLER -Member of: - ACP, C, CCC, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, - ICFTU, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, - OAS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Margaret E. McDONALD; Chancery at 2220 Massachusetts - Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 319-2660; there are - Bahamian Consulates General in Miami and New York; - -:The Bahamas Government - - US: - Ambassador Chic HECHT; Embassy at Mosmar Building, Queen Street, Nassau - (mailing address is P. O. Box N-8197, Nassau); telephone (809) 322-1181 or - 328-2206; FAX (809) 328-7838 -Diplomatic representation: - *** No entry for this item *** -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of aquamarine (top), gold, and aquamarine with - a black equilateral triangle based on the hoist side - -:The Bahamas Economy - -Overview: - The Bahamas is a stable, middle-income developing nation whose economy is - based primarily on tourism and offshore banking. Tourism alone provides - about 50% of GDP and directly or indirectly employs about 50,000 people or - 40% of the local work force. The economy has slackened in recent years, as - the annual increase in the number of tourists slowed. Nonetheless, the per - capita GDP of $9,900 is one of the highest in the region. -GDP: - purchasing power equivalent--$2.5 billion, per capita $9,900; real growth - rate 1.0% (1990 est.) - *** No entry for this item *** -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 7.3% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 16.0% (1991) -Budget: - revenues $627.5 million; expenditures $727.5 million, including capital - expenditures of $100 million (1992, projected) - *** No entry for this item *** -Exports: - $306 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.); - commodities: - pharmaceuticals, cement, rum, crawfish; - partners: - US 41%, Norway 30%, Denmark 4% -Imports: - $1.14 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.); - commodities: - foodstuffs, manufactured goods, mineral fuels; - partners: - US 35%, Nigeria 21%, Japan 13%, Angola 11% -External debt: - $1.2 billion (December 1990) -Industrial production: - growth rate 3% (1990); accounts for 15% of GDP -Electricity: - 368,000 kw capacity; 857 million kWh produced 3,339 kWh per capita - (1991) -Industries: - tourism, banking, cement, oil refining and transshipment, salt production, - rum, aragonite, pharmaceuticals, spiral welded steel pipe - *** No entry for this item *** -Agriculture: - accounts for less than 5% of GDP; dominated by small-scale producers; - principal products--citrus fruit, vegetables, poultry; large net importer of - food - *** No entry for this item *** -Illicit drugs: - transshipment point for cocaine -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY85-89), $1.0 million; Western - (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $345 - million -Currency: - Bahamian dollar (plural--dollars); 1 Bahamian dollar (B$) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - Bahamian dollar (B$) per US$1--1.00 (fixed rate) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:The Bahamas Communications - -Highways: - 2,400 km total; 1,350 km paved, 1,050 km gravel -Ports: - Freeport, Nassau -Merchant marine: - 778 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 18,129,173 GRT/30,002,421 DWT; - includes 48 passenger, 19 short-sea passenger, 152 cargo, 37 - roll-on/roll-off cargo, 42 container, 6 vehicle carrier, 1 railcar carrier, - 172 petroleum tanker, 9 liquefied gas, 16 combination ore/oil, 47 chemical - tanker, 1 specialized tanker, 143 bulk, 7 combination bulk, 78 refrigerated - cargo; - note--a flag of convenience registry - *** No entry for this item *** -Civil air: - 11 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 59 total, 54 usable; 30 with permanent-surface runways; none with - runways over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3, 659 m; 26 with runways - 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - highly developed; 99,000 telephones in totally automatic system; - tropospheric scatter and submarine cable links to Florida; broadcast - stations--3 AM, 2 FM, 1 TV; 3 coaxial submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean - INTELSAT earth station - *** No entry for this item *** - -:The Bahamas Defense Forces - -Branches: - Royal Bahamas Defense Force (Coast Guard only), Royal Bahamas Police -Branches: - Force -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 68,020; NA fit for military service -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion--$65 million, 2.7% of GDP (1990) - -:Bahrain Geography - -Total area: - 620 km2 -Land area: - 620 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 161 km -Maritime claims: - Continental shelf: - not specific - Territorial sea: - 3 nm -Disputes: - territorial dispute with Qatar over the Hawar Islands; maritime boundary - with Qatar -Climate: - arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers -Terrain: - mostly low desert plain rising gently to low central escarpment -Natural resources: - oil, associated and nonassociated natural gas, fish -Land use: - arable land 2%; permanent crops 2%; meadows and pastures 6%; forest and - woodland 0%; other 90%, includes irrigated NEGL% -Environment: - subsurface water sources being rapidly depleted (requires development of - desalination facilities); dust storms; desertification -Note: - close to primary Middle Eastern crude oil sources; strategic location in - Persian Gulf through which much of Western world's crude oil must transit to - reach open ocean - -:Bahrain People - -Population: - 551,513 (July 1992), growth rate 3.1% (1992) -Birth rate: - 27 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 4 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 7 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 21 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 70 years male, 75 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 4.0 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Bahraini(s); adjective - Bahraini -Ethnic divisions: - Bahraini 63%, Asian 13%, other Arab 10%, Iranian 8%, other 6% -Religions: - Muslim (Shi`a 70%, Sunni 30%) -Languages: - Arabic (official); English also widely spoken; Farsi, Urdu -Literacy: - 77% (male 82%, female 69%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 140,000; 42% of labor force is Bahraini; industry and commerce 85%, - agriculture 5%, services 5%, government 3% (1982) -Organized labor: - General Committee for Bahrain Workers exists in only eight major designated - companies - -:Bahrain Government - -Long-form name: - State of Bahrain -Type: - traditional monarchy -Capital: - Manama -Administrative divisions: - 12 districts (manatiq, singular - mintaqah); Al Hadd, Al Manamah, Al - Mintaqah al Gharbiyah, Al Mintaqah al Wusta, Al Mintaqah ash Shamaliyah, Al - Muharraq, Ar Rifa`wa al Mintaqah al Janubiyah, Jidd Hafs, Madinat Hamad, - Madinat `Isa, Mintaqat Juzur Hawar, Sitrah -Independence: - 15 August 1971 (from UK) -Constitution: - 26 May 1973, effective 6 December 1973 -Legal system: - based on Islamic law and English common law -National holiday: - Independence Day, 16 December -Executive branch: - amir, crown prince and heir apparent, prime minister, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral National Assembly was dissolved 26 August 1975 and legislative - powers were assumed by the Cabinet -Judicial branch: - High Civil Appeals Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Amir `ISA bin Salman Al Khalifa (since 2 November 1961); Heir Apparent HAMAD - bin `Isa Al Khalifa (son of Amir; born 28 January 1950) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister KHALIFA bin Salman Al Khalifa (since 19 January 1970) -Political parties and leaders: - political parties prohibited; several small, clandestine leftist and Islamic - fundamentalist groups are active -Suffrage: - none -Elections: - none -Member of: - ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, GCC, IBRD, ICAO, IDB, ILO, IMF, - IMO, INMARSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, - OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador `Abd al-Rahman Faris Al KHALIFA; Chancery at 3502 International - Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 342-0741 or 342-0742; there - is a Bahraini Consulate General in New York - US: - Ambassador Dr. Charles W. HOSTLER; Embassy at Road No. 3119 (next to Alahli - Sports Club), Zinj; (mailing address is P. O. 26431, Manama, or FPO AE - 09834-6210); telephone [973] 273-300; FAX (973) 272-594 -Flag: - red with a white serrated band (eight white points) on the hoist side - -:Bahrain Economy - -Overview: - Petroleum production and processing account for about 80% of export - receipts, 60% of government revenues, and 31% of GDP. Economic conditions - have fluctuated with the changing fortunes of oil since 1985, for example, - the Gulf crisis of 1990-91. The liberation of Kuwait in early 1991 has - improved short- to medium-term prospects and has raised investors' - confidence. Bahrain with its highly developed communication and transport - facilities is home to numerous multinational firms with business in the - Gulf. A large share of exports is petroleum products made from imported - crude. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $4.0 billion, per capita $7,500 (1990); real - growth rate 6.7% (1988) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 1.5% (1989) -Unemployment rate: - 8-10% (1989) -Budget: - revenues $1.2 billion; expenditures $1.32 billion, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1989) -Exports: - $3.7 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.) - commodities: - petroleum and petroleum products 80%, aluminum 7%, other 13% - partners: - UAE 18%, Japan 12%, India 11%, US 6% -Imports: - $3.7 billion (f.o.b., 1989) - commodities: - nonoil 59%, crude oil 41% - partners: - Saudi Arabia 41%, US 23%, Japan 8%, UK 8% -External debt: - $1.1 billion (December 1989 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 3.8% (1988); accounts for 44% of GDP -Electricity: - 3,600,000 kW capacity; 10,500 million kWh produced, 21,000 kWh per capita - (1991) -Industries: - petroleum processing and refining, aluminum smelting, offshore banking, ship - repairing -Agriculture: - including fishing, accounts for less than 2% of GDP; not self-sufficient in - food production; heavily subsidized sector produces fruit, vegetables, - poultry, dairy products, shrimp, and fish; fish catch 9,000 metric tons in - 1987 -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-79), $24 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $45 million; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $9.8 billion -Currency: - Bahraini dinar (plural - dinars); 1 Bahraini dinar (BD) = 1,000 fils -Exchange rates: - Bahraini dinars (BD) per US$1 - 0.3760 (fixed rate) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Bahrain Communications - -Highways: - 200 km bituminous surfaced, including 25 km bridge-causeway to Saudi Arabia - opened in November 1986; NA km natural surface tracks -Pipelines: - crude oil 56 km; petroleum products 16 km; natural gas 32 km -Ports: - Mina' Salman, Manama, Sitrah -Merchant marine: - 9 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 186,367 GRT/249,441 DWT; includes 5 - cargo, 2 container, 1 liquefied gas, 1 bulk -Civil air: - 27 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 3 total, 3 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over - 3,659 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - excellent international telecommunications; good domestic services; 98,000 - telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 3 FM, 2 TV; satellite earth stations - - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 ARABSAT; - tropospheric scatter to Qatar, UAE, and microwave to Saudi Arabia; submarine - cable to Qatar, UAE, and Saudi Arabia - -:Bahrain Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense, Police Force -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 190,937; 105,857 fit for military service -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $194 million, 6% of GDP (1990) - -:Baker Island Geography - -Total area: - 1.4 km2 -Land area: - 1.4 km2 -Comparative area: - about 2.3 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 4.8 km -Maritime claims: - Contiguous zone: - 12 nm - Continental shelf: - 200 m (depth) - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun -Terrain: - low, nearly level coral island surrounded by a narrow fringing reef -Natural resources: - guano (deposits worked until 1891) -Land use: - arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and - woodland 0%; other 100% -Environment: - treeless, sparse and scattered vegetation consisting of grasses, prostrate - vines, and low growing shrubs; lacks fresh water; primarily a nesting, - roosting, and foraging habitat for seabirds, shorebirds, and marine wildlife -Note: - remote location 2,575 km southwest of Honolulu in the North Pacific Ocean, - just north of the Equator, about halfway between Hawaii and Australia - -:Baker Island People - -Population: - uninhabited; American civilians evacuated in 1942 after Japanese air and - naval attacks during World War II; occupied by US military during World War - II, but abandoned after the war; public entry is by special-use permit only - and generally restricted to scientists and educators - -:Baker Island Government - -Long-form name: - none -Type: - unincorporated territory of the US administered by the Fish and Wildlife - Service of the US Department of the Interior as part of the National - Wildlife Refuge system -Capital: - none; administered from Washington, DC - -:Baker Island Economy - -Overview: - no economic activity - -:Baker Island Communications - -Ports: - none; offshore anchorage only, one boat landing area along the middle of the - west coast -Airports: - 1 abandoned World War II runway of 1,665 m -Telecommunications: - there is a day beacon near the middle of the west coast - -:Baker Island Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of the US; visited annually by the US Coast - Guard - -:Bangladesh Geography - -Total area: - 144,000 km2 -Land area: - 133,910 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly smaller than Wisconsin -Land boundaries: - 4,246 km total; Burma 193 km, India 4,053 km -Coastline: - 580 km -Maritime claims: - Contiguous zone: - 18 nm - Continental shelf: - up to outer limits of continental margin - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - a portion of the boundary with India is in dispute; water sharing problems - with upstream riparian India over the Ganges -Climate: - tropical; cool, dry winter (October to March); hot, humid summer (March to - June); cool, rainy monsoon (June to October) -Terrain: - mostly flat alluvial plain; hilly in southeast -Natural resources: - natural gas, uranium, arable land, timber -Land use: - arable land 67%; permanent crops 2%; meadows and pastures 4%; forest and - woodland 16%; other 11%; includes irrigated 14% -Environment: - vulnerable to droughts; much of country routinely flooded during summer - monsoon season; overpopulation; deforestation -Note: - almost completely surrounded by India - -:Bangladesh People - -Population: - 119,411,711 (July 1992), growth rate 2.4% (1992) -Birth rate: - 36 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 12 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 112 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 55 years male, 54 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 4.6 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Bangladeshi(s); adjective - Bangladesh -Ethnic divisions: - Bengali 98%, Biharis 250,000, and tribals less than 1 million -Religions: - Muslim 83%, Hindu 16%, Buddhist, Christian, and other less than 1% -Languages: - Bangla (official), English widely used -Literacy: - 35% (male 47%, female 22%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 35,100,000; agriculture 74%, services 15%, industry and commerce 11% (FY86); - extensive export of labor to Saudi Arabia, UAE, and Oman (1991) -Organized labor: - 3% of labor force belongs to 2,614 registered unions (1986 est.) - -:Bangladesh Government - -Long-form name: - People's Republic of Bangladesh -Type: - republic -Capital: - Dhaka -Administrative divisions: - 64 districts (zillagulo, singular - zilla); Bagerhat, Bandarban, Barguna, - Barisal, Bhola, Bogra, Brahmanbaria, Chandpur, Chapai Nawabganj, Chattagram, - Chuadanga, Comilla, Cox's Bazar, Dhaka, Dinajpur, Faridpur, Feni, Gaibandha, - Gazipur, Gopalganj, Habiganj, Jaipurhat, Jamalpur, Jessore, Jhalakati, - Jhenaidah, Khagrachari, Khulna, Kishorganj, Kurigram, Kushtia, Laksmipur, - Lalmonirhat, Madaripur, Magura, Manikganj, Meherpur, Moulavibazar, - Munshiganj, Mymensingh, Naogaon, Narail, Narayanganj, Narsingdi, Nator, - Netrakona, Nilphamari, Noakhali, Pabna, Panchagar, Parbattya Chattagram, - Patuakhali, Pirojpur, Rajbari, Rajshahi, Rangpur, Satkhira, Shariyatpur, - Sherpur, Sirajganj, Sunamganj, Sylhet, Tangail, Thakurgaon -Independence: - 16 December 1971 (from Pakistan; formerly East Pakistan) -Constitution: - 4 November 1972, effective 16 December 1972, suspended following coup of 24 - March 1982, restored 10 November 1986, amended NA March 1991 -Legal system: - based on English common law -National holiday: - Independence Day, 26 March (1971) -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral National Parliament (Jatiya Sangsad) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Abdur Rahman BISWAS (since 8 October 1991) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Khaleda ZIAUR Rahman (since 20 March 1991) -Political parties and leaders: - Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), Khaleda ZIAUR Rahman; Awami League (AL), - Sheikh Hasina WAZED; Jatiyo Party (JP), Hussain Mohammad ERSHAD; - Jamaat-E-Islami (JI), Ali KHAN; Bangladesh Communist Party (BCP), Saifuddin - Ahmed MANIK; National Awami Party (Muzaffar); Workers Party, leader NA; - Jatiyo Samajtantik Dal (National Socialist Party - SIRAJ), M. A. JALIL; - Ganotantri Party, leader NA; Islami Oikya Jote, leader NA; National - Democratic Party (NDP), leader NA; Muslim League, Khan A. SABUR; Democratic - League, Khondakar MUSHTAQUE Ahmed; United People's Party, Kazi ZAFAR Ahmed -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - National Parliament: - last held 27 February 1991 (next to be held NA February 1996); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (330 total, 300 elected and 30 seats - reserved for women) BNP 168, AL 93, JP 35, JI 20, CBP 5, National Awami - Party (Muzaffar) 1, Workers Party 1, SIRAJ 1, Ganotantri Party 1, Islami - Oikya Jote 1, NDP 1, independents 3 - President: - last held 8 October 1991 (next to be held by NA October 1996); results - - Abdur Rahman BISWAS received 52.1% of parliamentary vote - -:Bangladesh Government - -Communists: - 5,000 members (1987 est.) -Member of: - AsDB, C, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, - IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, - NAM, OIC, SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UPU, WHO, WFTU, WIPO, - WCL, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Abul AHSAN; Chancery at 2201 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC - 20007; telephone (202) 342-8372 through 8376; there is a Bangladesh - Consulate General in New York - US: - Ambassador William B. MILAM; Embassy at Diplomatic Enclave, Madani Avenue, - Baridhara, Dhaka (mailing address is G. P. O. Box 323, Dhaka 1212); - telephone [880] (2) 884700-22; FAX [880] (2) 883648 -Flag: - green with a large red disk slightly to the hoist side of center; green is - the traditional color of Islam - -:Bangladesh Economy - -Overview: - Bangladesh is one of the poorest nations in the world. The economy is based - on the output of a narrow range of agricultural products, such as jute, - which is the main cash crop and major source of export earnings, and rice. - Bangladesh is hampered by a relative lack of natural resources, population - growth of more than 2% a year, large-scale unemployment, and a limited - infrastructure; furthermore, it is highly vulnerable to natural disasters. - Despite these constraints, real GDP growth averaged about 3.5% annually - during 1985-89. A strong agricultural performance in FY90 pushed the growth - rate up to 6.2%, and FY91 saw further, though smaller, increases in output. - Alleviation of poverty remains the cornerstone of the government's - development strategy. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $23.1 billion, per capita $200; real growth rate - 3.2% (FY91) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 8.9% (FY91 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 30%, including underemployment (FY90 est.) -Budget: - revenues $2.24 billion; expenditures $3.7 billion (FY91) -Exports: - $1.7 billion (FY91 est.) - commodities: - garments, jute and jute goods, leather, shrimp - partners: - US 32%, Italy 8.1%, UK 6.2% (FY90) -Imports: - $3.5 billion (FY91 est.) - commodities: - capital goods, petroleum, food, textiles - partners: - Japan 9.2%, India 6.2%, Singapore 5.9%, US 5.7% -External debt: - $11.1 billion (FY91 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 1% (FY91 est.); accounts for 10% of GDP -Electricity: - 1,990,000 kW capacity; 5,700 million kWh produced, 50 kWh per capita (1990) -Industries: - jute manufacturing, cotton textiles, food processing, steel, fertilizer -Agriculture: - accounts for about 40% of GDP, 70% of employment, and one-third of exports; - imports 10% of food grain requirements; world's largest exporter of jute; - commercial products - jute, rice, wheat, tea, sugarcane, potatoes, beef, - milk, poultry; shortages include wheat, vegetable oils and cotton; fish - catch 778,000 metric tons in 1986 -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $3.4 billion; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-89), $11.65 million; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $6.52 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $1.5 - billion -Currency: - taka (plural - taka); 1 taka (Tk) = 100 paise -Exchange rates: - taka (Tk) per US$1 - 38.800 (January 1992), 36.596 (1991), 34.569 (1990), - 32.270 (1989), 31.733 (1988), 30.950 (1987) -Fiscal year: - 1 July - 30 June - -:Bangladesh Communications - -Railroads: - 2,892 km total (1986); 1,914 km 1.000 meter gauge, 978 km 1.676 meter broad - gauge -Highways: - 7,240 km total (1985); 3,840 km paved, 3,400 km unpaved -Inland waterways: - 5,150-8,046 km navigable waterways (includes 2,575-3,058 km main cargo - routes) -Pipelines: - natural gas 1,220 km -Ports: - Chittagong, Chalna -Merchant marine: - 44 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 328,382 GRT/479,985 DWT; includes 36 - cargo, 2 petroleum tanker, 3 refrigerated cargo, 3 bulk -Civil air: - 15 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 16 total, 12 usable; 12 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways - over 3,659 m; 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 6 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - adequate international radio communications and landline service; fair - domestic wire and microwave service; fair broadcast service; 241,250 - telephones; broadcast stations - 9 AM, 6 FM, 11 TV; 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT - satellite earth stations - -:Bangladesh Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force; paramilitary forces - Bangladesh Rifles, Bangladesh - Ansars, Armed Police Reserve, Coastal Police -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 29,891,224; 17,745,343 fit for military service -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $339 million, 1.5% of GDP (FY92 budget) - -:Barbados Geography - -Total area: - 430 km2 -Land area: - 430 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly less than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 97 km -Maritime claims: - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; rainy season (June to October) -Terrain: - relatively flat; rises gently to central highland region -Natural resources: - crude oil, fishing, natural gas -Land use: - arable land 77%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 9%; forest and - woodland 0%; other 14% -Environment: - subject to hurricanes (especially June to October) -Note: - easternmost Caribbean island - -:Barbados People - -Population: - 254,934 (July 1992), growth rate 0.1% (1992) -Birth rate: - 16 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 9 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - --6 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 22 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 70 years male, 76 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 1.8 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Barbadian(s); adjective - Barbadian -Ethnic divisions: - African 80%, mixed 16%, European 4% -Religions: - Protestant 67% (Anglican 40%, Pentecostal 8%, Methodist 7%, other 12%), - Roman Catholic 4%; none 17%, unknown 3%, other 9% (1980) -Languages: - English -Literacy: - 99% (male 99%, female 99%) age 15 and over having ever attended school - (1970) -Labor force: - 120,900 (1991); services and government 37%; commerce 22%; manufacturing and - construction 22%; transportation, storage, communications, and financial - institutions 9%; agriculture 8%; utilities 2% (1985 est.) -Organized labor: - 32% of labor force - -:Barbados Government - -Long-form name: - none -Type: - parliamentary democracy -Capital: - Bridgetown -Administrative divisions: - 11 parishes; Christ Church, Saint Andrew, Saint George, Saint James, Saint - John, Saint Joseph, Saint Lucy, Saint Michael, Saint Peter, Saint Philip, - Saint Thomas; note - there may be a new city of Bridgetown -Independence: - 30 November 1966 (from UK) -Constitution: - 30 November 1966 -Legal system: - English common law; no judicial review of legislative acts -National holiday: - Independence Day, 30 November (1966) -Executive branch: - British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister, - Cabinet -Legislative branch: - bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house - or House of Assembly -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court of Judicature -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General - Dame Nita BARROW (since 6 June 1990) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Lloyd Erskine SANDIFORD (since 2 June 1987) -Political parties and leaders: - Democratic Labor Party (DLP), Erskine SANDIFORD; Barbados Labor Party (BLP), - Henry FORDE; National Democratic Party (NDP), Richie HAYNES -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - House of Assembly: - last held 22 January 1991 (next to be held by January 1996); results - DLP - 49.8%; seats - (28 total) DLP 18, BLP 10 -Other political or pressure groups: - Industrial and General Workers Union, Sir Frank WALCOTT; People's - Progressive Movement, Eric SEALY; Workers' Party of Barbados, Dr. George - BELLE -Member of: - ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IFAD, - IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LAES, - LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Dr. Rudi WEBSTER; Chancery at 2144 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, - DC 20008; telephone (202) 939-9200 through 9202; there is a Barbadian - Consulate General in New York and a Consulate in Los Angeles - US: - Ambassador G. Philip HUGHES; Embassy at Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce - Building, Broad Street, Bridgetown (mailing address is P. O. Box 302, Box B, - FPO AA 34054); telephone (809) 436-4950 through 4957; FAX (809) 429-5246 - -:Barbados Government - -Flag: - three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and blue with the - head of a black trident centered on the gold band; the trident head - represents independence and a break with the past (the colonial coat of arms - contained a complete trident) - -:Barbados Economy - -Overview: - A per capita income of $6,500 gives Barbados one of the highest standards of - living of all the small island states of the eastern Caribbean. - Historically, the economy was based on the cultivation of sugarcane and - related activities. In recent years, however, the economy has diversified - into manufacturing and tourism. The tourist industry is now a major employer - of the labor force and a primary source of foreign exchange. The economy - slowed in 1990-91, however, and Bridgetown's declining hard currency - reserves and inability to finance its deficits have caused it to adopt an - austere economic reform program. -GDP: - purchasing power equivalent - $1.7 billion, per capita $6,500; real growth - rate--3.1% (1990) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 3.4% (1990) -Unemployment rate: - 18% (1991) -Budget: - revenues $514 million; expenditures $615 million (FY91-92) -Exports: - $210.6 million (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - sugar and molasses, chemicals, electrical components, clothing, rum, - machinery and transport equipment - partners: - CARICOM 30%, US 20%, UK 20% -Imports: - $704 million (c.i.f., 1990) - commodities: - foodstuffs, consumer durables, raw materials, machinery, crude oil, - construction materials, chemicals - partners: - US 35%, CARICOM 13%, UK 12%, Japan 6%, Canada 8%, Venezuela 4% -External debt: - $539.9 million (1990) -Industrial production: - growth rate--2.7% (1990); accounts for 14% of GDP -Electricity: - 152,100 kW capacity; 539 million kWh produced, 2,117 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - tourism, sugar, light manufacturing, component assembly for export -Agriculture: - accounts for 10% of GDP; major cash crop is sugarcane; other crops - - vegetables and cotton; not self-sufficient in food -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $15 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $171 million -Currency: - Barbadian dollars (plural - dollars); 1 Barbadian dollar (Bds$) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - Barbadian dollars (Bds$) per US$1 - 2.0113 (fixed rate) -Fiscal year: - 1 April - 31 March - -:Barbados Communications - -Highways: - 1,570 km total; 1,475 km paved, 95 km gravel and earth -Ports: - Bridgetown -Merchant marine: - 2 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,200 GRT/7,338 DWT -Civil air: - no major transport aircraft -Airports: - 1 with permanent-surface runways 2,440-3,659 m -Telecommunications: - islandwide automatic telephone system with 89,000 telephones; tropospheric - scatter link to Trinidad and Saint Lucia; broadcast stations - 3 AM, 2 FM, 2 - (1 is pay) TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -:Barbados Defense Forces - -Branches: - Royal Barbados Defense Force, Coast Guard, Royal Barbados Police Force -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 69,678; 48,803 fit for military service, no conscription -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $10 million, 0.7% of GDP (1989) - -:Bassas da India Geography - -Total area: - NA -Land area: - undetermined -Comparative area: - undetermined -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 35.2 km -Maritime claims: - Contiguous zone: - 12 nm - Continental shelf: - 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - claimed by Madagascar -Climate: - tropical -Terrain: - a volcanic rock 2.4 m high -Natural resources: - none -Land use: - arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and - woodland 0%; other (rock) 100% -Environment: - surrounded by reefs; subject to periodic cyclones -Note: - navigational hazard since it is usually under water during high tide; - located in southern Mozambique Channel about halfway between Africa and - Madagascar - -:Bassas da India People - -Population: - uninhabited - -:Bassas da India Government - -Long-form name: - none -Type: - French possession administered by Commissioner of the Republic Jacques - DEWATRE (since July 1991), resident in Reunion -Capital: - none; administered by France from Reunion - -:Bassas da India Economy - -Overview: - no economic activity - -:Bassas da India Communications - -Ports: - none; offshore anchorage only - -:Bassas da India Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of France - -:Belarus Geography - -Total area: - 207,600 km2 -Land area: - 207,600 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly smaller than Kansas -Land boundaries: - 3,098 km total; Latvia 141 km, Lithuania 502 km, Poland 605 km, Russia 959 - km, Ukraine 891 km -Coastline: - none - landlocked -Maritime claims: - none - landlocked -Disputes: - none -Climate: - mild and moist; transitional between continental and maritime -Terrain: - generally flat and contains much marshland -Natural resources: - forest land and peat deposits -Land use: - arable land NA%; permanent crops NA%; meadows and pastures NA%; forest and - woodland NA%; other NA%; includes irrigated NA% -Environment: - southern part of Belarus - highly contaminated with fallout from 1986 nuclear reactor accident at - Chernobyl' -Note: - landlocked - -:Belarus People - -Population: - 10,373,881 (July 1992), growth rate 0.5% (1992) -Birth rate: - 15 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 11 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 20 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 66 years male, 76 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 2.1 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Belarusian(s); adjective - Belarusian -Ethnic divisions: - Byelorussian 77.9%, Russian 13.2%, Poles 4.1%, Ukrainian 2.9%, Jews 1.1%, - other 0.8% -Religions: - Russian Orthodox NA%, unknown NA%, none NA%, other NA% -Languages: - Byelorussian NA%, Russian NA%, other NA% -Literacy: - NA% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write -Labor force: - 5,418,000; industry and construction 42%, agriculture and forestry 20%, - other 38% (1990) -Organized labor: - NA - -:Belarus Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Belarus -Type: - republic -Capital: - Mensk -Administrative divisions: - 6 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast'); Brest, Gomel', Grodno, Minsk, - Mogilev, Vitebsk; note - all oblasts have the same name as their - administrative center -Independence: - 1 January 1919 Belorussian Republic; 30 December 1922 joined with the USSR; - 25 August 1991 redeclared independence -Constitution: - adopted April 1978 -Legal system: - based on civil law system -National holiday: - 24 August (1991) -Executive branch: - NA -Legislative branch: - unicameral with 360 seats -Judicial branch: - NA -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Chairman of the Supreme Soviet Stanislav S. SHUSHKEVICH (since NA 1991) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Vyacheslav F. KEBICH (since NA April 1990), First Deputy - Prime Minister Mikhail MYASNIKOVICH (since early 1991) -Political parties and leaders: - Belarusian Popular Front, Zenon POZNYAK, chairman; United Democratic Party, - Stanislav GUSAK, co-chairman; Social Democratic Gramada, Mikhail TKACHEV, - chairman; Belarus Workers Union, Mikhail SOBOL, Chairman -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - President: - NA - Supreme Soviet: - last held 4 March 1990 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by - party NA; seats - (360 total) number of seats by party NA; note - 50 seats - are for public bodies -Communists: - NA -Other political or pressure groups: - NA -Member of: - CE, CIS, CSCE, ECE, IAEA, ILO, INMARSAT, IOC, ITU, NACC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, - UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Martynov; Chancery at NA NW, Washington, DC 200__; telephone NA - US: - Ambassador (vacant); David SWARTZ, Charge d'Affaires; Embassy at Hotel - Belarus (telephone 8-011-7-0172-69-08-02) plus 7 hours; (mailing address is - APO New York is 09862); telephone NA -Flag: - white, red, and white - -:Belarus Economy - -Overview: - In many ways Belarus resembles the three Baltic states, for example, in its - industrial competence, its higher-than-average standard of living, and its - critical dependence on the other former Soviet states for fuels and raw - materials. Belarus ranks fourth in gross output among the former Soviet - republics, producing 4% of the total GDP and employing 4% of the labor - force. Once a mainly agricultural area, it now supplies important producer - and consumer goods - sometimes as the sole producer - to the other states. - The soil in Belarus is not as fertile as the black earth of Ukraine, but by - emphasizing favorable crops and livestock (especially pigs and chickens), - Belarus has become a net exporter to the other republics of meat, milk, - eggs, flour, and potatoes. Belarus produces only small amounts of oil and - gas and receives most of its fuel from Russia through the Druzhba oil - pipeline and the Northern Lights gas pipeline. These pipelines transit - Belarus enroute to Eastern Europe. Belarus produces petrochemicals, - plastics, synthetic fibers (nearly 30% of former Soviet output), and - fertilizer (20% of former Soviet output). Raw material resources are limited - to potash and peat deposits. The peat (more than one-third of the total for - the former Soviet Union) is used in domestic heating as boiler fuel for - electric power stations and in the production of chemicals. The potash - supports fertilizer production. -GDP: - NA - $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate --2% (1991) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 81% (1991) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $NA million; expenditures $NA million, including capital - expenditures of $NA million -Exports: - $4.3 billion (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs - partners: - NA -Imports: - $5.6 billion (c.i.f., 1990) - commodities: - machinery, chemicals, textiles - partners: - NA -External debt: - $2.6 billion (end of 1991) -Industrial production: - growth rate --1.5% (1991) -Electricity: - 7,500,000 kW capacity; 38,700 million kWh produced, 3,770 kWh per capita - (1991) - -:Belarus Economy - -Industries: - employ about 27% of labor force and produce a wide variety of products - essential to the other states; products include (in percent share of total - output of former Soviet Union): tractors(12%); metal-cutting machine tools - (11%); off-highway dump trucksup to 110-metric- ton load capacity (100%); - wheel-type earthmovers for construction and mining (100%); eight- - wheel-drive, high-flotation trucks with cargo capacity of 25 metric tons for - use in tundra and roadless areas (100%); equipment for animal husbandry and - livestock feeding (25%); motorcycles (21.3%); television sets (11%); - chemical fibers (28%); fertilizer (18%); linen fabric (11%); wool fabric - (7%); radios; refrigerators; and other consumer goods -Agriculture: - accounts for 5.7% of total agricultural output of former Soviet Union; - employs 29% of the labor force; in 1988 produced the following (in percent - of total Soviet production): grain (3.6%), potatoes (12.2%), vegetables - (3.0%), meat (6.0%), milk (7.0%); net exporter of meat, milk, eggs, flour, - and potatoes -Illicit drugs: - illicit producer of opium mostly for the domestic market; transshipment - point for illicit drugs to Western Europe -Economic aid: - NA -Currency: - as of May 1992, retaining ruble as currency -Exchange rates: - NA -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Belarus Communications - -Railroads: - 5,570 km (includes NA km electrified); does not include industrial lines - (1990) -Highways: - 98,200 km total (1990); 66,100 km hard surfaced, 32,100 km earth -Inland waterways: - NA km -Pipelines: - NA -Ports: - none - landlocked -Merchant marine: - none - landlocked -Civil air: - NA major transport aircraft -Airports: - NA -Telecommunications: - telephone network has 1.7 million lines, 15% of which are switched - automatically; Minsk has 450,000 lines; telephone density is approximately - 17 per 100 persons; as of 31 January 1990, 721,000 applications from - households for telephones were still unsatisfied; international connections - to other former Soviet republics are by landline or microwave and to other - countries by leased connection through the Moscow international gateway - switch - -:Belarus Defense Forces - -Branches: - Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops); CIS Forces (Ground, - Air, Air Defense, Strategic Rocket) -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, NA; NA fit for military service; NA reach military age (18) - annually -Defense expenditures: - $NA, NA% of GDP - -:Belgium Geography - -Total area: - 30,510 km2 -Land area: - 30,230 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly larger than Maryland -Land boundaries: - 1,385 km total; France 620 km, Germany 167 km, Luxembourg 148 km, - Netherlands 450 km -Coastline: - 64 km -Maritime claims: - Continental shelf: - not specific - Exclusive fishing zone: - equidistant line with neighbors (extends about 68 km from coast) - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - temperate; mild winters, cool summers; rainy, humid, cloudy -Terrain: - flat coastal plains in northwest, central rolling hills, rugged mountains of - Ardennes Forest in southeast -Natural resources: - coal, natural gas -Land use: - arable land 24%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 20%; forest and - woodland 21%; other 34%, includes irrigated NEGL% -Environment: - air and water pollution -Note: - majority of West European capitals within 1,000 km of Brussels; crossroads - of Western Europe; Brussels is the seat of the EC - -:Belgium People - -Population: - 10,016,623 (July 1992), growth rate 0.3% (1992) -Birth rate: - 12 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 10 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 8 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 73 years male, 80 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 1.6 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Belgian(s); adjective - Belgian -Ethnic divisions: - Fleming 55%, Walloon 33%, mixed or other 12% -Religions: - Roman Catholic 75%, remainder Protestant or other -Languages: - Flemish (Dutch) 56%, French 32%, German 1%; legally bilingual 11%; divided - along ethnic lines -Literacy: - 99% (male 99%, female 99%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980 est.) -Labor force: - 4,126,000; services 63.6%, industry 28%, construction 6.1%, agriculture 2.3% - (1988) -Organized labor: - 70% of labor force - -:Belgium Government - -Long-form name: - Kingdom of Belgium -Type: - constitutional monarchy -Capital: - Brussels -Administrative divisions: - 9 provinces (French - provinces, singular - province; Flemish - provincien, - singular - provincie); Antwerpen, Brabant, Hainaut, Liege, Limburg, - Luxembourg, Namur, Oost-Vlaanderen, West-Vlaanderen -Independence: - 4 October 1830 (from the Netherlands) -Constitution: - 7 February 1831, last revised 8-9 August 1980; the government is in the - process of revising the Constitution with the aim of federalizing the - Belgian state -Legal system: - civil law system influenced by English constitutional theory; judicial - review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with - reservations -National holiday: - National Day, 21 July (ascension of King Leopold to the throne in 1831) -Executive branch: - monarch, prime minister, three deputy prime ministers, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - bicameral Parliament consists of an upper chamber or Senate (Flemish - - Senaat, French - Senat) and a lower chamber or Chamber of Representatives - (Flemish - Kamer van Volksvertegenwoordigers, French - Chambre des - Representants) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court of Justice (Flemish - Hof van Cassatie, French - Cour de - Cassation) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - King BAUDOUIN I (since 17 July 1951); Heir Apparent Prince ALBERT of Liege - (brother of the King; born 6 June 1934) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Jean-Luc DEHAENE (since 6 March 1992) -Political parties and leaders: - Flemish Social Christian (CVP), Herman van ROMPUY, president; Walloon Social - Christian (PSC) , Gerard DEPREZ, president; Flemish Socialist (SP), Frank - VANDENBROUCKE, president; Walloon Socialist (PS), NA; Flemish Liberal (PVV), - Guy VERHOF STADT, president; Walloon Liberal (PRL), Antoine DUQUESNE, - president; Francophone Democratic Front (FDF), Georges CLERFAYT, president; - Volksunie (VU), Jaak GABRIELS, president; Communist Party (PCB), Louis van - GEYT, president; Vlaams Blok (VB), Karel DILLEN, chairman; ROSSEM, Jean - Pierre VAN ROSSEM; National Front (FN), Werner van STEEN; Live Differently - (AGALEV), Leo COX; Ecologist (ECOLO), NA; other minor parties -Suffrage: - universal and compulsory at age 18 -Elections: - Chamber of Representatives: - last held 24 November 1991 (next to be held by November 1996); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (212 total) number of seats by party NA - Senate: - last held 24 November 1991 (next to be held by November 1996); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (106 total) number of seats by party NA - -:Belgium Government - -Other political or pressure groups: - Christian and Socialist Trade Unions; Federation of Belgian Industries; - numerous other associations representing bankers, manufacturers, - middle-class artisans, and the legal and medical professions; various - organizations represent the cultural interests of Flanders and Wallonia; - various peace groups such as the Flemish Action Committee Against Nuclear - Weapons and Pax Christi -Member of: - ACCT, AfDB, AG, AsDB, Benelux, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, - ECE, EIB, ESA, FAO, G-9, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, - IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, - ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NACC, NATO, NEA, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, - UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMOGIP, UNRWA, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, - WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Juan CASSIERS; Chancery at 3330 Garfield Street NW, Washington, - DC 20008; telephone (202) 333-6900; there are Belgian Consulates General in - Atlanta, Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York - US: - Ambassador Bruce S. GELB; Embassy at 27 Boulevard du Regent, B-1000 Brussels - (mailing address is APO AE 09724); telephone [32] (2) 513-3830; FAX [32] (2) - 511-2725; there is a US Consulate General in Antwerp -Flag: - three equal vertical bands of black (hoist side), yellow, and red; the - design was based on the flag of France - -:Belgium Economy - -Overview: - This small private enterprise economy has capitalized on its central - geographic location, highly developed transport network, and diversified - industrial and commercial base. Industry is concentrated mainly in the - populous Flemish area in the north, although the government is encouraging - reinvestment in the southern region of Walloon. With few natural resources - Belgium must import essential raw materials, making its economy closely - dependent on the state of world markets. Over 70% of trade is with other EC - countries. During the period 1988-90, Belgium's economic performance was - marked by 4% average growth, moderate inflation, and a substantial external - surplus. Growth fell to 1.4% in 1991. -GDP: - purchasing power equivalent - $171.8 billion, per capita $17,300; real - growth rate 1.4% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 3.2% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 9.4% est. (1991 est.) -Budget: - revenues $45.0 billion; expenditures $55.3 billion, including capital - expenditures of NA (1989) -Exports: - $118 billion (f.o.b., 1990) Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union - commodities: - iron and steel, transportation equipment, tractors, diamonds, petroleum - products - partners: - EC 74%, US 5%, former Communist countries 2% (1989) -Imports: - $120 billion (c.i.f., 1990) Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union - commodities: - fuels, grains, chemicals, foodstuffs - partners: - EC 73%, US 4%, oil-exporting less developed countries 4%, former Communist - countries 3% (1989) -External debt: - $28.8 billion (1990 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 1.2% (1991 est.); accounts for almost 30% of GDP -Electricity: - 17,400,000 kW capacity; 67,100 million kWh produced, 6,767 kWh per capita - (1991) -Industries: - engineering and metal products, processed food and beverages, chemicals, - basic metals, textiles, glass, petroleum, coal -Agriculture: - accounts for 2.3% of GDP; emphasis on livestock production - beef, veal, - pork, milk; major crops are sugar beets, fresh vegetables, fruits, grain, - and tobacco; net importer of farm products -Economic aid: - donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $5.8 billion -Currency: - Belgian franc (plural - francs); 1 Belgian franc (BF) = 100 centimes -Exchange rates: - Belgian francs (BF) per US$1 - 32.462 (January 1992), 34.148 (1991), 33.418 - (1990), 39.404 (1989), 36.768 (1988), 37.334 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Belgium Communications - -Railroads: - Belgian National Railways (SNCB) operates 3,667 km 1.435-meter standard - gauge, government owned; 2,563 km double track; 1,978 km electrified; 191 km - 1.000-meter gauge, government owned and operated -Highways: - 103,396 km total; 1,317 km limited access, divided autoroute; 11,717 km - national highway; 1,362 km provincial road; about 38,000 km paved and 51,000 - km unpaved rural roads -Inland waterways: - 2,043 km (1,528 km in regular commercial use) -Pipelines: - petroleum products 1,167 km; crude oil 161 km; natural gas 3,300 km -Ports: - Antwerp, Brugge, Gent, Oostende, Zeebrugge -Merchant marine: - 23 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 62,979 GRT/88,738 DWT; includes 10 - cargo, 4 petroleum tanker, 1 liquefied gas, 5 chemical tanker, 1 bulk, 2 - refrigerated cargo -Civil air: - 47 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 42 total, 42 usable; 24 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways - over 3,659 m; 14 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - highly developed, technologically advanced, and completely automated - domestic and international telephone and telegraph facilities; extensive - cable network; limited radio relay network; 4,720,000 telephones; broadcast - stations - 3 AM, 39 FM, 32 TV; 5 submarine cables; 2 satellite earth - stations - Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and EUTELSAT systems; nationwide mobile - phone system - -:Belgium Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force, National Gendarmerie -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 2,550,088; 2,133,483 fit for military service; 66,249 reach - military age (19) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $4.2 billion, 2.7% of GDP (1991) - -:Belize Geography - -Total area: - 22,960 km2 -Land area: - 22,800 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly larger than Massachusetts -Land boundaries: - 516 km total; Guatemala 266 km, Mexico 250 km -Coastline: - 386 km -Maritime claims: - Territorial sea: - 12 nm in the north and 3 nm in the south; note - from the mouth of the - Sarstoon River to Ranguana Caye, Belize's territorial sea is 3 miles; - according to Belize's Maritime Areas Act, 1992, the purpose of this - limitation is to provide a framework for the negotiation of a definitive - agreement on territorial differences with the Republic of Guatemala'' -Disputes: - claimed by Guatemala, but boundary negotiations to resolve the dispute have - begun -Climate: - tropical; very hot and humid; rainy season (May to February) -Terrain: - flat, swampy coastal plain; low mountains in south -Natural resources: - arable land potential, timber, fish -Land use: - arable land 2%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 2%; forest and - woodland 44%; other 52%, includes irrigated NEGL% -Environment: - frequent devastating hurricanes (September to December) and coastal flooding - (especially in south); deforestation -Note: - national capital moved 80 km inland from Belize City to Belmopan because of - hurricanes; only country in Central America without a coastline on the North - Pacific Ocean - -:Belize People - -Population: - 229,143 (July 1992), growth rate 3.0% (1992) -Birth rate: - 31 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 4 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 30 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 67 years male, 73 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 3.8 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Belizean(s); adjective - Belizean -Ethnic divisions: - Creole 39.7%, Mestizo 33.1%, Maya 9.5%, Garifuna 7.6%, East Indian 2.1%, - other 8.0% -Religions: - Roman Catholic 62%, Protestant 30% (Anglican 12%, Methodist 6%, Mennonite - 4%, Seventh-Day Adventist 3%, Pentecostal 2%, Jehovah's Witnesses 1%, other - 2%), none 2%, unknown 3%, other 3% (1980) -Languages: - English (official), Spanish, Maya, Garifuna (Carib) -Literacy: - 91% (male 91%, female 91%) age 15 and over having ever attended school - (1970) -Labor force: - 51,500; agriculture 30.0%, services 16.0%, government 15.4%, commerce 11.2%, - manufacturing 10.3%; shortage of skilled labor and all types of technical - personnel (1985) -Organized labor: - 12% of labor force; 7 unions currently active - -:Belize Government - -Long-form name: - none -Type: - parliamentary democracy -Capital: - Belmopan -Administrative divisions: - 6 districts; Belize, Cayo, Corozal, Orange Walk, Stann Creek, Toledo -Independence: - 21 September 1981 (from UK; formerly British Honduras) -Constitution: - 21 September 1981 -Legal system: - English law -National holiday: - Independence Day, 21 September -Executive branch: - British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister, - Cabinet -Legislative branch: - bicameral National Assembly consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower - house or House of Representatives -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General - Dame Elmira Minita GORDON (since 21 September 1981) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister George Cadle PRICE (since 4 September 1989) -Political parties and leaders: - People's United Party (PUP), George PRICE, Florencio MARIN, Said MUSA; - United Democratic Party (UDP), Manuel ESQUIVEL, Dean LINDO, Dean BARROW; - Belize Popular Party (BPP), Louis SYLVESTRE -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - National Assembly: - last held 4 September 1989 (next to be held September 1994); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (28 total) PUP 15, UDP 13; note - in - January 1990 one member expelled from UDP joined PUP, making the seat count - PUP 16, UDP 12 -Other political or pressure groups: - Society for the Promotion of Education and Research (SPEAR) headed by former - PUP minister; United Workers Front -Member of: - ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, - ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAS, UN, - UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WMO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador James V. HYDE; Chancery at 2535 Massachusetts Avenue NW, - Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 332-9636 - US: - Ambassador Eugene L. SCASSA; Embassy at Gabourel Lane and Hutson Street, - Belize City (mailing address is P. O. Box 286, Belize City); telephone [501] - (2) 77161; FAX [501] (2) 30802 -Flag: - on a scroll at the bottom, all encircled by a green garland - -:Belize Government - - blue with a narrow red stripe along the top and the bottom edges; centered - is a large white disk bearing the coat of arms; the coat of arms features a - shield flanked by two workers in front of a mahogany tree with the related - motto RA FLOREO (I Flourish in the Shade) - -:Belize Economy - -Overview: - The economy is based primarily on agriculture, agro-based industry, and - merchandising, with tourism and construction assuming increasing importance. - Agriculture accounts for about 30% of GDP and provides 75% of export - earnings, while sugar, the chief crop, accounts for almost 40% of hard - currency earnings. The US, Belize's main trading partner, is assisting in - efforts to reduce dependency on sugar with an agricultural diversification - program. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $373 million, per capita $1,635; real growth rate - 10% (1990 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 3.5% (1990 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 12% (1988) -Budget: - revenues $126.8 million; expenditures $123.1 million, including capital - expenditures of $44.8 million (FY91 est.) -Exports: - $134 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) - commodities: - sugar, clothing, seafood, molasses, citrus, wood and wood products - partners: - US 47%, UK, Trinidad and Tobago, Canada (1987) -Imports: - $194 million (c.i.f., 1991 est.) - commodities: - machinery and transportation equipment, food, manufactured goods, fuels, - chemicals, pharmaceuticals - partners: - US 56%, UK, Netherlands Antilles, Mexico (1991) -External debt: - $142 million (December 1991) -Industrial production: - growth rate 9.7% (1989); accounts for 16% of GDP -Electricity: - 34,532 kW capacity; 90 million kWh produced, 395 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - garment production, citrus concentrates, sugar refining, rum, beverages, - tourism -Agriculture: - accounts for 30% of GDP (including fish and forestry); commercial crops - include sugarcane, bananas, coca, citrus fruits; expanding output of lumber - and cultured shrimp; net importer of basic foods -Illicit drugs: - an illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade; - eradication program cut marijuana production from 200 metric tons in 1987 to - about 50 metric tons in 1991; transshipment point for cocaine -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $104 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $215 million -Currency: - Belizean dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Belizean dollar (Bz$) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - Belizean dollars (Bz$) per US$1 - 2.00 (fixed rate) -Fiscal year: - 1 April - 31 March - -:Belize Communications - -Highways: - 2,710 km total; 500 km paved, 1,600 km gravel, 300 km improved earth, and - 310 km unimproved earth -Inland waterways: - 825 km river network used by shallow-draft craft; seasonally navigable -Ports: - Belize City; additional ports for shallow draught craft include Corozol, - Punta Gorda, Big Creek -Merchant marine: - 2 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,127 GRT/5,885 DWT -Civil air: - 2 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 44 total, 34 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways - over 2,439 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - 8,650 telephones; above-average system based on radio relay; broadcast - stations - 6 AM, 5 FM, 1 TV, 1 shortwave; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth - station - -:Belize Defense Forces - -Branches: - British Forces Belize, Belize Defense Force (including Army, Navy, Air - Force, and Volunteer Guard) -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 55,333; 33,040 fit for military service; 2,509 reach military - age (18) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $4.8 million, 1.8% of GDP (FY91) - -:Benin Geography - -Total area: - 112,620 km2 -Land area: - 110,620 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly smaller than Pennsylvania -Land boundaries: - 1,989 km total; Burkina 306 km, Niger 266 km, Nigeria 773 km, Togo 644 km -Coastline: - 121 km -Maritime claims: - Territorial sea: - 200 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north -Terrain: - mostly flat to undulating plain; some hills and low mountains -Natural resources: - small offshore oil deposits, limestone, marble, timber -Land use: - arable land 12%; permanent crops 4%; meadows and pastures 4%; forest and - woodland 35%; other 45%, includes irrigated NEGL% -Environment: - hot, dry, dusty harmattan wind may affect north in winter; deforestation; - desertification -Note: - recent droughts have severely affected marginal agriculture in north; no - natural harbors - -:Benin People - -Population: - 4,997,599 (July 1992), growth rate 3.3% (1992) -Birth rate: - 49 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 15 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 115 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 49 years male, 53 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 6.9 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Beninese (singular and plural); adjective - Beninese -Ethnic divisions: - African 99% (42 ethnic groups, most important being Fon, Adja, Yoruba, - Bariba); Europeans 5,500 -Religions: - indigenous beliefs 70%, Muslim 15%, Christian 15% -Languages: - French (official); Fon and Yoruba most common vernaculars in south; at least - six major tribal languages in north -Literacy: - 23% (male 32%, female 16%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 1,900,000 (1987); agriculture 60%, transport, commerce, and public services - 38%, industry less than 2%; 49% of population of working age (1985) -Organized labor: - about 75% of wage earners - -:Benin Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Benin -Type: - republic under multiparty democratic rule; dropped Marxism-Leninism December - 1989; democratic reforms adopted February 1990; transition to multiparty - system completed 4 April 1991 -Capital: - Porto-Novo -Administrative divisions: - 6 provinces; Atakora, Atlantique, Borgou, Mono, Oueme, Zou -Independence: - 1 August 1960 (from France; formerly Dahomey) -Constitution: - 2 December 1990 -Legal system: - based on French civil law and customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ - jurisdiction -National holiday: - National Day, 1 August (1990) -Executive branch: - president, cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Nicephore SOGLO (since 4 April 1991) -Political parties and leaders: - Alliance of the Democratic Union for the Forces of Progress (UDFP), Timothee - ADANLIN; Movement for Democracy and Social Progress (MDPS), Jean-Roger - AHOYO; and the Union for Liberty and Development (ULD), Marcellin DEGBE; - Alliance of the National Party for Democracy and Development (PNDD) and the - Democratic Renewal Party (PRD), Pascal Chabi KAO; Alliance of the Social - Democratic Party (PSD) and the National Union for Solidarity and Progress - (UNSP), Bruno AMOUSSOU; Our Common Cause (NCC), Albert TEVOEDJRE; National - Rally for Democracy (RND), Joseph KEKE; Alliance of the National Movement - for Democracy and Development (MNDD), Bertin BORNA; Movement for Solidarity, - Union, and Progress (MSUP), Adebo ADENIYI; and Union for Democracy and - National Reconstruction (UDRN), Azaria FAKOREDE; Union for Democracy and - National Solidarity (UDS), Mama Amadou N'DIAYE; Assembly of Liberal - Democrats for National Reconstruction (RDL), Severin ADJOVI; Alliance of the - Alliance for Social Democracy (ASD), Robert DOSSOU, and Bloc for Social - Democracy (BSD), Michel MAGNIDE; Alliance of the Alliance for Democracy and - Progress (ADP), Akindes ADEKPEDJOU, and Democratic Union for Social Renewal - (UDRS), Bio Gado Seko N'GOYE; National Union for Democracy and Progress - (UNDP), Robert TAGNON; numerous other small parties -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - National Assembly: - last held 10 and 24 March 1991; results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - - (64 total) UDFP-MDPS-ULD 12, PNDD/PRD 9, PSD/UNSP 8, NCC 7, RND 7, - MNDD/MSUP/UDRN 6, UDS 5, RDL 4, ASD/BSD 3, ADP/UDRS 2, UNDP 1 - President: - last held 10 and 24 March 1991; results - Nicephore SOGLO 68%, Mathieu - KEREKOU 32% -Communists: - Communist Party of Dahomey (PCD) remains active - -:Benin Government - -Member of: - ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IBRD, - ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, - LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL, WHO, WIPO, - WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Candide AHOUANSOU; Chancery at 2737 Cathedral Avenue NW, - Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 232-6656 - US: - Ambassador Harriet W. ISOM; Embassy at Rue Caporal Anani Bernard, Cotonou - (mailing address is B. P. 2012, Cotonou); telephone [229] 30-06-50, - 30-05-13, 30-17-92; FAX [229] 30-14-39 and 30-19-74 -Flag: - two equal horizontal bands of yellow (top) and red with a vertical green - band on the hoist side - -:Benin Economy - -Overview: - Benin is one of the least developed countries in the world because of - limited natural resources and a poorly developed infrastructure. Agriculture - accounts for about 35% of GDP, employs about 60% of the labor force, and - generates a major share of foreign exchange earnings. The industrial sector - contributes only about 15% to GDP and employs 2% of the work force. Low - prices in recent years have kept down hard currency earnings from Benin's - major exports of agricultural products and crude oil. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $2.0 billion, per capita $410; real growth rate - 3% (1991) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 3.0% (1990) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $194 million; expenditures $390 million, including capital - expenditures of $104 million (1990 est.) -Exports: - $263.3 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) - commodities: - crude oil, cotton, palm products, cocoa - partners: - FRG 36%, France 16%, Spain 14%, Italy 8%, UK 4% -Imports: - $428 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) - commodities: - foodstuffs, beverages, tobacco, petroleum products, intermediate goods, - capital goods, light consumer goods - partners: - France 34%, Netherlands 10%, Japan 7%, Italy 6%, US 4% -External debt: - $1.0 billion (December 1990 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate --0.7% (1988); accounts for 15% of GDP -Electricity: - 30,000 kW capacity; 25 million kWh produced, 5 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - textiles, cigarettes, construction materials, beverages, food production, - petroleum -Agriculture: - small farms produce 90% of agricultural output; production is dominated by - food crops - corn, sorghum, cassava, beans, and rice; cash crops include - cotton, palm oil, and peanuts; poultry and livestock output has not kept up - with consumption -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $46 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1,300 million; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $19 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $101 - million -Currency: - Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural - francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF) - = 100 centimes -Exchange rates: - Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 269.01 (January - 1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 - (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Benin Communications - -Railroads: - 578 km, all 1.000-meter gauge, single track -Highways: - 5,050 km total; 920 km paved, 2,600 laterite, 1,530 km improved earth -Inland waterways: - navigable along small sections, important only locally -Ports: - Cotonou -Civil air: - no major transport aircraft -Airports: - 6 total, 5 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over - 2,439 m; 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - fair system of open wire, submarine cable, and radio relay; broadcast - stations - 2 AM, 2 FM, 2 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -:Benin Defense Forces - -Branches: - Armed Forces (including Army, Navy, Air Force), National Gendarmerie -Manpower availability: - eligible 15-49, 2,165,515; of the 1,031,738 males 15-49, 528,366 are fit for - military service; of the 1,133,777 females 15-49, 572,603 are fit for - military service; about 55,697 males and 53,786 females reach military age - (18) annually; both sexes are liable for military service -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $29 million, 1.7% of GDP (1988 est.) - -:Bermuda Geography - -Total area: - 50 km2 -Land area: - 50 km2 -Comparative area: - about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 103 km -Maritime claims: - Exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Climate: - subtropical; mild, humid; gales, strong winds common in winter -Terrain: - low hills separated by fertile depressions -Natural resources: - limestone, pleasant climate fostering tourism -Land use: - arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and - woodland 20%; other 80% -Environment: - ample rainfall, but no rivers or freshwater lakes; consists of about 360 - small coral islands -Note: - 1,050 km east of North Carolina; some reclaimed land leased by US Government - -:Bermuda People - -Population: - 60,213 (July 1992), growth rate 0.8% (1992) -Birth rate: - 15 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 13 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 73 years male, 77 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 1.8 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Bermudian(s); adjective - Bermudian -Ethnic divisions: - black 61%, white and other 39% -Religions: - Anglican 37%, Roman Catholic 14%, African Methodist Episcopal (Zion) 10%, - Methodist 6%, Seventh-Day Adventist 5%, other 28% -Languages: - English -Literacy: - 98% (male 98%, female 99%) age 15 and over can read and write (1970) -Labor force: - 32,000; clerical 25%, services 22%, laborers 21%, professional and technical - 13%, administrative and managerial 10%, sales 7%, agriculture and fishing 2% - (1984) -Organized labor: - 8,573 members (1985); largest union is Bermuda Industrial Union - -:Bermuda Government - -Long-form name: - none -Type: - dependent territory of the UK -Capital: - Hamilton -Administrative divisions: - 9 parishes and 2 municipalities*; Devonshire, Hamilton, Hamilton*, Paget, - Pembroke, Saint George*, Saint George's, Sandys, Smiths, Southampton, - Warwick -Independence: - none (dependent territory of the UK) -Constitution: - 8 June 1968 -Legal system: - English law -National holiday: - Bermuda Day, 22 May -Executive branch: - British monarch, governor, deputy governor, premier, deputy premier, - Executive Council (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house - or House of Assembly -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor Lord - David WADDINGTON - Head of Government: - Premier John William David SWAN (since January 1982) -Political parties and leaders: - United Bermuda Party (UBP), John W. D. SWAN; Progressive Labor Party (PLP), - Frederick WADE; National Liberal Party (NLP), Gilbert DARRELL -Suffrage: - universal at age 21 -Elections: - House of Assembly: - last held 9 February 1989 (next to be held by February 1994); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (40 total) UBP 23, PLP 15, NLP 1, other - 1 -Other political or pressure groups: - Bermuda Industrial Union (BIU), headed by Ottiwell SIMMONS -Member of: - CARICOM (observer), CCC, ICFTU, IOC -Diplomatic representation: - as a dependent territory of the UK, Bermuda's interests in the US are - represented by the UK - US: - Consul General L. Ebersole GAINES; Consulate General at Crown Hill, 16 - Middle Road, Devonshire, Hamilton (mailing address is P. O. Box HM325, - Hamilton HMBX; PSC 1002, FPO AE 09727-1002); telephone (809) 295-1342; FAX - (809) 295-1592 -Flag: - red with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the - Bermudian coat of arms (white and blue shield with a red lion holding a - scrolled shield showing the sinking of the ship Sea Venture off Bermuda in - 1609) centered on the outer half of the flag - -:Bermuda Economy - -Overview: - Bermuda enjoys one of the highest per capita incomes in the world, having - successfully exploited its location by providing luxury tourist facilities - and financial services. The tourist industry attracts more than 90% of its - business from North America. The industrial sector is small, and agriculture - is severely limited by a lack of suitable land. About 80% of food needs are - imported. -GDP: - purchasing power equivalent - $1.3 billion, per capita $22,400; real growth - rate 2.0% (1989 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 5.8% (June 1989, annual rate) -Unemployment rate: - 2.0% (1988) -Budget: - revenues $361.6 million; expenditures $396.1 million, including capital - expenditures of $74.1 million (FY91 est.) -Exports: - $30 million (f.o.b., FY88) - commodities: - semitropical produce, light manufactures - partners: - US 25%, Italy 25%, UK 14%, Canada 5%, other 31% -Imports: - $420 million (c.i.f., FY88) - commodities: - fuel, foodstuffs, machinery - partners: - US 58%, Netherlands Antilles 9%, UK 8%, Canada 6%, Japan 5%, other 14% -External debt: - NA -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 154,000 kW capacity; 504 million kWh produced, 8,625 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - tourism, finance, structural concrete products, paints, pharmaceuticals, - ship repairing -Agriculture: - accounts for less than 1% of GDP; most basic foods must be imported; - produces bananas, vegetables, citrus fruits, flowers, dairy products -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-81), $34 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $277 million -Currency: - Bermudian dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Bermudian dollar (Bd$) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - Bermudian dollar (Bd$) per US$1 - 1.0000 (fixed rate) -Fiscal year: - 1 April - 31 March - -:Bermuda Communications - -Highways: - 210 km public roads, all paved (about 400 km of private roads) -Ports: - Freeport, Hamilton, Saint George -Merchant marine: - 73 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,511,972 GRT/6,093,321 DWT; includes - 4 cargo, 5 refrigerated cargo, 4 container, 7 roll-on/roll-off, 23 petroleum - tanker, 12 liquefied gas, 18 bulk; note - a flag of convenience registry -Civil air: - 16 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 1 with permanent-surface runways 2,440-3,659 m -Telecommunications: - modern with fully automatic telephone system; 52,670 telephones; broadcast - stations - 5 AM, 3 FM, 2 TV; 3 submarine cables; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT - earth stations - -:Bermuda Defense Forces - -Branches: - Bermuda Regiment, Bermuda Police Force, Bermuda Reserve Constabulary -Note: - defense is the responsibility of the UK - -:Bhutan Geography - -Total area: - 47,000 km2 -Land area: - 47,000 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly more than half the size of Indiana -Land boundaries: - 1,075 km; China 470 km, India 605 km -Coastline: - none - landlocked -Maritime claims: - none - landlocked -Disputes: - none -Climate: - varies; tropical in southern plains; cool winters and hot summers in central - valleys; severe winters and cool summers in Himalayas -Terrain: - mostly mountainous with some fertile valleys and savanna -Natural resources: - timber, hydropower, gypsum, calcium carbide, tourism potential -Land use: - arable land 2%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 5%; forest and - woodland 70%; other 23% -Environment: - violent storms coming down from the Himalayas were the source of the country - name which translates as Land of the Thunder Dragon -Note: - landlocked; strategic location between China and India; controls several key - Himalayan mountain passes - -:Bhutan People - -Population: - 1,660,167 (July 1992), growth rate 2.3% (1992) -Birth rate: - 40 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 17 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 126 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 50 years male, 49 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 5.5 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Bhutanese (singular and plural); adjective - Bhutanese -Ethnic divisions: - Bhote 60%, ethnic Nepalese 25%, indigenous or migrant tribes 15% -Religions: - Lamaistic Buddhism 75%, Indian- and Nepalese-influenced Hinduism 25% -Languages: - Bhotes speak various Tibetan dialects - most widely spoken dialect is - Dzongkha (official); Nepalese speak various Nepalese dialects -Literacy: - NA% (male NA%, female NA%) -Labor force: - NA; agriculture 93%, services 5%, industry and commerce 2%; massive lack of - skilled labor -Organized labor: - not permitted - -:Bhutan Government - -Long-form name: - Kingdom of Bhutan -Type: - monarchy; special treaty relationship with India -Capital: - Thimphu -Administrative divisions: - 18 districts (dzongkhag, singular and plural); Bumthang, Chhukha, Chirang, - Daga, Geylegphug, Ha, Lhuntshi, Mongar, Paro, Pemagatsel, Punakha, Samchi, - Samdrup Jongkhar, Shemgang, Tashigang, Thimphu, Tongsa, Wangdi Phodrang -Independence: - 8 August 1949 (from India) -Constitution: - no written constitution or bill of rights -Legal system: - based on Indian law and English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ - jurisdiction -National holiday: - National Day (Ugyen Wangchuck became first hereditary king), 17 December - (1907) -Executive branch: - monarch, chairman of the Royal Advisory Council, Royal Advisory Council - (Lodoi Tsokde), chairman of the Council of Ministers, Council of Ministers - (Lhengye Shungtsog) -Legislative branch: - unicameral National Assembly (Tshogdu) -Judicial branch: - High Court -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - King Jigme Singye WANGCHUCK (since 24 July 1972) -Political parties and leaders: - no legal parties -Suffrage: - each family has one vote in village-level elections -Elections: - no national elections -Communists: - no overt Communist presence -Other political or pressure groups: - Buddhist clergy, Indian merchant community; ethnic Nepalese organizations - leading militant antigovernment campaign -Member of: - AsDB, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IMF, IOC, ITU, NAM, - SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO -Diplomatic representation: - no formal diplomatic relations, although informal contact is maintained - between the Bhutanese and US Embassies in New Delhi (India); the Bhutanese - mission to the UN in New York has consular jurisdiction in the US -Flag: - divided diagonally from the lower hoist side corner; the upper triangle is - orange and the lower triangle is red; centered along the dividing line is a - large black and white dragon facing away from the hoist side - -:Bhutan Economy - -Overview: - The economy, one of the world's least developed, is based on agriculture and - forestry, which provide the main livelihood for 90% of the population and - account for about 50% of GDP. Rugged mountains dominate the terrain and make - the building of roads and other infrastructure difficult and expensive. The - economy is closely aligned with that of India through strong trade and - monetary links. Low wages in industry lead most Bhutanese to stay in - agriculture. Most development projects, such as road construction, rely on - Indian migrant labor. Bhutan's hydropower potential and its attraction for - tourists are its most important natural resources. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $320 million, per capita $200; real growth rate - 3.1% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 12% (FY90) -Unemployment rate: - NA -Budget: - revenues $112 million; expenditures $121 million, including capital - expenditures of $58 million (FY91 est.) -Exports: - $74 million (f.o.b., FY91) - commodities: - cardamon, gypsum, timber, handicrafts, cement, fruit - partners: - India 93% -Imports: - $106.4 million (c.i.f., FY91 est.) - commodities: - fuel and lubricants, grain, machinery and parts, vehicles, fabrics - partners: - India 67% -External debt: - $80 million (FY91 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate NA; accounts for 18% of GDP -Electricity: - 353,000 kW capacity; 2,000 million kWh produced, 1,280 kWh per capita (1990) -Industries: - cement, wood products, processed fruits, alcoholic beverages, calcium - carbide -Agriculture: - accounts for 50% of GDP; based on subsistence farming and animal husbandry; - self-sufficient in food except for foodgrains; other production - rice, - corn, root crops, citrus fruit, dairy, and eggs -Economic aid: - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), - $115 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $11 million -Currency: - ngultrum (plural - ngultrum); 1 ngultrum (Nu) = 100 chetrum; note - Indian - currency is also legal tender -Exchange rates: - ngultrum (Nu) per US$1 - 25.927 (January 1992), 22.742 (1991), 17.504 - (1990), 16.226 (1989), 13.917 (1988), 12.962 (1987); note - the Bhutanese - ngultrum is at par with the Indian rupee -Fiscal year: - 1 July - 30 June - -:Bhutan Communications - -Highways: - 1,304 km total; 418 km surfaced, 515 km improved, 371 km unimproved earth -Civil air: - 1 jet, 2 prop -Airports: - 2 total, 2 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over - 2,439 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - inadequate; 1,990 telephones (1988); 22,000 radios (1990 est.); 85 TVs - (1985); broadcast stations - 1 AM, 1 FM, no TV (1990) - -:Bhutan Defense Forces - -Branches: - Royal Bhutan Army, Palace Guard, Militia -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 406,360; 217,348 fit for military service; 17,316 reach - military age (18) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP - -:Bolivia Geography - -Total area: - 1,098,580 km2 -Land area: - 1,084,390 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly less than three times the size of Montana -Land boundaries: - 6,743 km; Argentina 832 km, Brazil 3,400 km, Chile 861 km, Paraguay 750 km, - Peru 900 km -Coastline: - none - landlocked -Maritime claims: - none - landlocked -Disputes: - has wanted a sovereign corridor to the South Pacific Ocean since the Atacama - area was lost to Chile in 1884; dispute with Chile over Rio Lauca water - rights -Climate: - varies with altitude; humid and tropical to cold and semiarid -Terrain: - rugged Andes Mountains with a highland plateau (Altiplano), hills, lowland - plains of the Amazon basin -Natural resources: - tin, natural gas, crude oil, zinc, tungsten, antimony, silver, iron ore, - lead, gold, timber -Land use: - arable land 3%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 25%; forest and - woodland 52%; other 20%; includes irrigated NEGL% -Environment: - cold, thin air of high plateau is obstacle to efficient fuel combustion; - overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification -Note: - landlocked; shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake, - with Peru - -:Bolivia People - -Population: - 7,323,048 (July 1992), growth rate 2.3% (1992) -Birth rate: - 33 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 9 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - --1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 82 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 59 years male, 64 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 4.5 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Bolivian(s); adjective - Bolivian -Ethnic divisions: - Quechua 30%, Aymara 25%, mixed 25-30%, European 5-15% -Religions: - Roman Catholic 95%; active Protestant minority, especially Evangelical - Methodist -Languages: - Spanish, Quechua, and Aymara (all official) -Literacy: - 78% (male 85%, female 71%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 1,700,000; agriculture 50%, services and utilities 26%, manufacturing 10%, - mining 4%, other 10% (1983) -Organized labor: - 150,000-200,000, concentrated in mining, industry, construction, and - transportation; mostly organized under Bolivian Workers' Central (COB) labor - federation - -:Bolivia Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Bolivia -Type: - republic -Capital: - La Paz (seat of government); Sucre (legal capital and seat of judiciary) -Administrative divisions: - 9 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Chuquisaca, - Cochabamba, Beni, La Paz, Oruro, Pando, Potosi, Santa Cruz, Tarija -Independence: - 6 August 1825 (from Spain) -Constitution: - 2 February 1967 -Legal system: - based on Spanish law and Code Napoleon; has not accepted compulsory ICJ - jurisdiction -National holiday: - Independence Day, 6 August (1825) -Executive branch: - president, vice president, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - bicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional) consists of an upper chamber - or Chamber of Senators (Camara de Senadores) and a lower chamber or Chamber - of Deputies (Camara de Diputados) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court (Corte Suprema) -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Jaime PAZ Zamora (since 6 August 1989); Vice President Luis OSSIO - Sanjines (since 6 August 1989) -Political parties and leaders: - Movement of the Revolutionary Left (MIR), Jaime PAZ Zamora; Nationalist - Democratic Action (ADN), Hugo BANZER Suarez; Nationalist Revolutionary - Movement (MNR), Gonzalo SANCHEZ de Lozada; Civic Solidarity Union (UCS), Max - FERNANDEZ Rojas; Conscience of the Fatherland (CONDEPA), Carlos PALENQUE - Aviles; Christian Democratic Party (PDC), Jorge AGREDO; Free Bolivia - Movement (MBL), led by Antonio ARANIBAR; United Left (IU), a coalition of - leftist parties that includes Patriotic National Convergency Axis (EJE-P) - led by Walter DELGADILLO, and Bolivian Communist Party (PCB) led by Humberto - RAMIREZ; Revolutionary Vanguard - 9th of April (VR-9), Carlos SERRATE Reich -Suffrage: - universal and compulsory at age 18 (married) or 21 (single) -Elections: - Chamber of Deputies: - last held 7 May 1989 (next to be held May 1993); results - percent of vote - by party NA; note - legislative and presidential candidates run on a unified - slate, so vote percentages are the same as in section on presidential - election results; seats - (130 total) MNR 40, ADN 35, MIR 33, IU 10, CONDEPA - 9, PDC 3 - Chamber of Senators: - last held 7 May 1989 (next to be held May 1993); results - percent of vote - by party NA; note - legislative and presidential candidates run on a unified - slate, so vote percentages are the same as in section on presidential - election results; seats - (27 total) MNR 9, ADN 7, MIR 8, CONDEPA 2, PDC 1 - -:Bolivia Government - - President: - last held 7 May 1989 (next to be held May 1993); results - Gonzalo SANCHEZ - de Lozada (MNR) 23%, Hugo BANZER Suarez (ADN) 22%, Jaime PAZ Zamora (MIR) - 19%; no candidate received a majority of the popular vote; Jaime PAZ Zamora - (MIR) formed a coalition with Hugo BANZER (ADN); with ADN support PAZ Zamora - won the congressional runoff election on 4 August and was inaugurated on 6 - August 1989 -Member of: - AG, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, - IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, - PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Jorge CRESPO; Chancery at 3014 Massachusetts Avenue NW, - Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 483-4410 through 4412; there are - Bolivian Consulates General in Los Angeles, Miami, New York, and San - Francisco - US: - Ambassador Charles R. BOWERS; Embassy at Banco Popular del Peru Building, - corner of Calles Mercado y Colon, La Paz (mailing address is P. O. Box 425, - La Paz, or APO AA 34032); telephone [591] (2) 350251 or 350120; FAX [591] - (2) 359875 -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green with the coat - of arms centered on the yellow band; similar to the flag of Ghana, which has - a large black five-pointed star centered in the yellow band - -:Bolivia Economy - -Overview: - The Bolivian economy steadily deteriorated between 1980 and 1985 as La Paz - financed growing budget deficits by expanding the money supply, and - inflation spiraled - peaking at 11,700%. An austere orthodox economic - program adopted by then President Paz Estenssoro in 1985, however, succeeded - in reducing inflation to between 10% and 20% annually since 1987, eventually - restarting economic growth. Since August 1989, President Paz Zamora has - retained the economic policies of the previous government, keeping inflation - down and continuing moderate growth. Nevertheless, Bolivia continues to be - one of the poorest countries in Latin America, with widespread poverty and - unemployment, and it remains vulnerable to price fluctuations for its - limited exports - agricultural products, minerals, and natural gas. - Moreover, for many farmers, who constitute half of the country's work force, - the main cash crop is coca, which is sold for cocaine processing. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $4.6 billion, per capita $630; real growth rate - 4% (1991) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 15% (1991) -Unemployment rate: - 7% (1991 est.) -Budget: - revenues $900 million; expenditures $825 million, including capital - expenditures of $300 million (1991 est.) -Exports: - $970 million (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - metals 45%, natural gas 25%, other 30% (coffee, soybeans, sugar, cotton, - timber) - partners: - US 15%, Argentina -Imports: - $760 million (c.i.f., 1991) - commodities: - food, petroleum, consumer goods, capital goods - partners: - US 22% -External debt: - $3.3 billion (December 1991) -Industrial production: - growth rate 6% (1991); accounts for almost 30% of GDP -Electricity: - 849,000 kW capacity; 1,798 million kWh produced, 251 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - mining, smelting, petroleum, food and beverage, tobacco, handicrafts, - clothing; illicit drug industry reportedly produces significant revenues -Agriculture: - accounts for about 20% of GDP (including forestry and fisheries); principal - commodities - coffee, coca, cotton, corn, sugarcane, rice, potatoes, timber; - self-sufficient in food -Illicit drugs: - world's second-largest producer of coca (after Peru) with an estimated - 47,900 hectares under cultivation; voluntary and forced eradication program - unable to prevent production from rising to 78,400 metric tons in 1991 from - 74,700 tons in 1989; government considers all but 12,000 hectares illicit; - intermediate coca products and cocaine exported to or through Colombia and - Brazil to the US and other international drug markets - -:Bolivia Economy - -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $990 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2,025 million; - Communist countries (1970-89), $340 million -Currency: - boliviano (plural - bolivianos); 1 boliviano ($B) = 100 centavos -Exchange rates: - bolivianos ($B) per US$1 - 3.7534 (January 1992), 3.5806 (1991), 3.1727 - (1990), 2.6917 (1989), 2.3502 (1988), 2.0549 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Bolivia Communications - -Railroads: - 3,684 km total, all narrow gauge; 3,652 km 1.000-meter gauge and 32 km - 0.760-meter gauge, all government owned, single track -Highways: - 38,836 km total; 1,300 km paved, 6,700 km gravel, 30,836 km improved and - unimproved earth -Inland waterways: - 10,000 km of commercially navigable waterways -Pipelines: - crude oil 1,800 km; petroleum products 580 km; natural gas 1,495 km -Ports: - none; maritime outlets are Arica and Antofagasta in Chile, Matarani and Ilo - in Peru -Merchant marine: - 2 cargo and 1 container ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 16,951 GRT/26,320 - DWT -Civil air: - 56 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 1,105 total, 943 usable; 9 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways - over 3,659 m; 7 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 146 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - radio relay system being expanded; improved international services; 144,300 - telephones; broadcast stations - 129 AM, no FM, 43 TV, 68 shortwave; 1 - Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -:Bolivia Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy (including Marines), Air Force, National Police Force -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 1,727,101; 1,122,224 fit for military service; 72,977 reach - military age (18) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $80 million, 1.6% of GDP (1990 est). - -:Bosnia and Herzegovina Geography - -Total area: - 51,233 km2 -Land area: - 51,233 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly larger than Tennessee -Land boundaries: - 1,369 km; Croatia (northwest) 751 km, Croatia (south) 91 km, Serbia and - Montenegro 527 km -Coastline: - 20 km -Maritime claims: - Contiguous zone: - NA nm - Continental shelf: - 20-meter depth - Exclusive economic zone: - 12 nm - Exclusive fishing zone: - 12 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - Serbia and Croatia seek to cantonize Bosnia and Herzegovina; Muslim majority - being forced from many areas -Climate: - hot summers and cold winters; areas of high elevation have short, cool - summers and long, severe winters; mild, rainy winters along coast -Terrain: - mountains and valleys -Natural resources: - coal, iron, bauxite, manganese, timber, wood products, copper, chromium, - lead, zinc -Land use: - 20% arable land; 2% permanent crops; 25% meadows and pastures; 36% forest - and woodland; 16% other; includes 1% irrigated -Environment: - air pollution from metallurgical plants; water scarce; sites for disposing - of urban waste are limited; subject to frequent and destructive earthquakes -Note: - Controls large percentage of important land routes from Western Europe to - Aegean Sea and Turkish Straits - -:Bosnia and Herzegovina People - -Population: - 4,364,000 (July 1991), growth rate 0.5% (1991) -Birth rate: - 14.5 births/1,000 population (1991) -Death rate: - 6.5 deaths/1,000 population (1991) -Net migration rate: - NA migrants/1,000 population (1991) -Infant mortality rate: - 15.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1991) -Life expectancy at birth: - 68 years male, 73 years female (1980-82) -Total fertility rate: - NA children born/woman (1991) -Nationality: - noun - Muslim, Serb, Croat (s); adjective - Muslim, Serbian, Croatian -Ethnic divisions: - Muslim 44%, Serb 33%, Croat 17% -Religions: - Slavic Muslim 40%, Orthodox 31%, Catholic 15%, Protestant 4% -Languages: - Serbo-Croatian 99% -Literacy: - 85.5% (male 94.5%, female 76.7%) age 10 and over can read and write (1981 - est.) -Labor force: - 1,026,254; 2% agriculture, industry, mining 45% (1991 est.) -Organized labor: - NA - -:Bosnia and Herzegovina Government - -Long-form name: - none -Type: - emerging democracy -Capital: - Sarajevo -Administrative divisions: - NA -Independence: - December 1918; April 1992 from Yugoslavia -Constitution: - NA -Legal system: - based on civil law system -National holiday: - NA -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, deputy prime minister -Legislative branch: - NA -Judicial branch: - NA -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Alija IZETBEGOVIC (since December 1990), Vice President NA - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Jore PELIVAN (since January 1991), Deputy Prime Minister - Muhamed CENGIC and Rusmir MAHMUTCEHAJIC (since January 1991) -Political parties and leaders: - Party of Democratic Action, Alija IZETBEGOVIC; Croatian Democratic Union, - Mate BOBAN; Serbian Democratic Party, Radovah KARADZIC; Muslim Bosnian - Organization, Muhamed Zulfikar PASIC; Socialist Democratic Party, Nijaz - DURAKOVIC -Suffrage: - at age 16 if employed; universal at age 18 -Elections: - NA -Other political or pressure groups: - NA -Member of: - CSCE -Diplomatic representation: - NA -Flag: - NA - -:Bosnia and Herzegovina Economy - -Overview: - Bosnia and Herzegovina ranked next to Macedonia as the poorest component in - the old Yugoslav federation. Although agriculture has been almost all in - private hands, farms have been small and inefficient, and the republic - traditionally has been a net importer of food. Industry has been greatly - overstaffed, one reflection of the rigidities of Communist central planning - and management. Tito had pushed the development of military industries in - the republic with the result that Bosnia hosted a large share of - Yugoslavia's defense plants. As of April 1992, the newly independent - republic was being torn apart by bitter interethnic warfare that has caused - production to plummet, unemployment and inflation to soar, and human misery - to multiply. The survival of the republic as a political and economic unit - is in doubt. Both Serbia and Croatia have imposed various economic blockades - and may permanently take over large areas populated by fellow ethnic groups. - These areas contain most of the industry. If a much smaller core Muslim - state survives, it will share many Third World problems of poverty, - technological backwardness, and dependence on historically soft foreign - markets for its primary products. In these circumstances, other Muslim - countries might offer assistance. -GDP: - $14 billion; real growth rate --37% (1991) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 80% per month (1991) -Unemployment rate: - 28% (February 1992 est.) -Budget: - revenues $NA million; expenditures $NA million, including capital - expenditures of $NA million (19__) -Exports: - $2,054 million (1990) - commodities: - manufactured goods (31%), machinery and transport equipment (20.8%), raw - materials (18%), miscellaneous manufactured articles (17.3%), chemicals - (9.4%), fuel and lubricants (1.4%), food and live animals (1.2%) - partners: - principally the other former Yugoslav republics -Imports: - $1,891 million (1990) - commodities: - fuels and lubricants (32%), machinery and transport equipment (23.3%), other - manufactures (21.3%), chemicals (10%), raw materials (6.7%), food and live - animals (5.5%), beverages and tobacco (1.9%) - partners: - principally the other former Yugoslav republics -External debt: - NA -Industrial production: - sharply down because of interethnic and interrepublic warfare (1991-92) -Electricity: - 14,400 million kW capacity; NA million kWh produced, 3,303 kWh per capita - (1991) -Industries: - steel production, mining (coal, iron ore, lead, zinc, manganese, and - bauxite), manufacturing (vehicle assembly, textiles, tobacco products, - wooden furniture, 40% of former Yugoslavia's armaments including tank and - aircraft assembly, domestic appliances), oil refining - -:Bosnia and Herzegovina Economy - -Agriculture: - accounted for 8.6% of national income in 1989; regularly produces less than - 50% of food needs; the foothills of northern Bosnia support orchards, - vineyards, livestock, and some wheat and corn; long winters and heavy - precipitation leach soil fertility reducing agricultural output in the - mountains; farms are mostly privately held, small, and not very productive -Illicit drugs: - NA -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $NA billion; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-86), $NA million; - Communist countries (1971-86), $NA million -Currency: - none; note - Croatian dinar used in ethnic Croat areas, Yugoslav dinar used - in all other areas -Exchange rates: - NA -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Bosnia and Herzegovina Communications - -Railroads: - NA km all 1.000-meter gauge (includes NA km electrified) -Highways: - 21,168 km total (1991); 11,436 km paved, 8,146 km gravel, 1,586 km earth -Inland waterways: - NA km perennially navigable -Pipelines: - crude oil 174 km, petroleum products NA km, natural gas NA km -Ports: - maritime - none; inland - Bosanski Brod -Merchant marine: - NA ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling NA GRT/NA DWT; includes NA cargo, NA - container, NA liquefied gas, NA petroleum tanker -Civil air: - NA major transport aircraft -Airports: - 2 main, NA usable; NA with permanent-surface runways; NA with runways over - 3,659 m; NA with runways 2,440-3,659 m; NA with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - Bosnia's telephone and telegraph network is in need of modernization and - expansion, many urban areas being below average compared with services in - other former Yugoslav republics; 727,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 9 - AM, 2 FM, 6 (0 repeaters) TV; 840,000 radios; 1,012,094 TVs; NA submarine - coaxial cables; satellite ground stations - none - -:Bosnia and Herzegovina Defense Forces - -Branches: - Territorial Defense Force -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, NA; NA fit for military service; 39,000 reach military age (18) - annually -Defense expenditures: - $NA, NA% of GDP - -:Botswana Geography - -Total area: - 600,370 km2 -Land area: - 585, 370 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly smaller than Texas -Land boundaries: - 4,013 km; Namibia 1,360 km, South Africa 1,840 km, Zimbabwe 813 km -Coastline: - none - landlocked -Maritime claims: - none - landlocked -Disputes: - none -Climate: - semiarid; warm winters and hot summers -Terrain: - predominately flat to gently rolling tableland; Kalahari Desert in southwest -Natural resources: - diamonds, copper, nickel, salt, soda, ash, potash, coal, iron ore, silver, - natural gas -Land use: - urable land 2%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 75%; forest and - woodland 2%; other 21%; includes irrigated NEGL% -Environment: - rains in early 1988 broke six years of drought that had severely affected - the important cattle industry; overgazing; desertification -Note: - landlocked - -:Botswana People - -Population: - 1,292,210 (July 1992), growth rate 2.6% (1992) -Birth rate: - 35 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 42 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 59 years male, 65 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 4.4 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun and ajective - Motswana (singular), Batswana (plural) -Ethnic divisions: - Batswana 95%; Kalanga, Basarwa, and Kgalagadi about 4%; white about 1% -Religions: - indigenous beliefs 50%, Christian 50% -Languages: - English (official), Setswana -Literacy: - 23% (male 32%, female 16%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 400,000; 198,500 formal sector employees, most others are engaged in cattle - raising and subsistence agriculture (1990 est.); 14,600 are employed in - various mines in South Africa (1990) -Organized labor: - 19 trade unions - -:Botswana Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Botswana -Type: - parliamentary republic -Capital: - Gaborone -Administrative divisions: - 10 districts: Central, Chobe, Ghanzi, Kgalagadi, Kgatleng, Kweneng, - Ngamiland, North-East, South-East, Southern; note - in addition, there may - now be 4 town councils named Francistown, Gaborone, Lobaste Selebi-Pikwe -Independence: - 30 September 1966 (from UK; formerly Bechuanaland) -Constitution: - March 1965, effective 30 September 1966 -Legal system: - based on Roman-Dutch law and local customary law; judicial review limited to - matters of interpretation; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Independence Day, 30 September (1966) -Executive branch: - president, vice president, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - bicameral National Assembly consists of an upper house or House of Chiefs - and a lower house or National Assembly -Judicial branch: - High Court, Court of Appeal -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Quett K. J. MASIRE (since 13 July 1980); Vice President Peter S. - MMUSI (since 3 January 1983) -Political parties and leaders: - Botswana Democratic Party (BDP), Quett MASIRE; Botswana National Front - (BNF), Kenneth KOMA; Boswana People's Party (BPP), Knight MARIPE; Botswana - Independence Party (BIP), Motsamai MPHO -Suffrage: - universal at age 21 -Elections: - National Assembly: - last held 7 October 1989 (next to be held October 1994); results - percent - of vote by party NA; seats - (38 total, 34 elected) BDP 35, BNF 3 - President: - last held 7 October 1989 (next to be held October 1994); results - President - Quett K. J. MASIRE was reelected by the National Assembly -Communists: - no known Communist organization; Kenneth KOMA of BNF has long history of - Communist contacts -Member of: - ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, - IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, SACU, SADCC, UN, UNCTAD, - UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Botsweletse Kingsley SEBELE; Chancery at Suite 7M, 3400 - International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 244-4990 or - 4991 - US: - Ambassador Davie PASSAGE; Embassy at Gaborone (mailing address is P. O. Box - 90, Gaborone); telephone [267] 353-982; FAX [267] 356-947 -Flag: - light blue with a horizontal white-edged black stripe in the center - -:Botswana Economy - -Overview: - The economy has historically been based on cattle raising and crops. - Agriculture today provides a livelihood for more than 80% of the population, - but produces only about 50% of food needs. The driving force behind the - rapid economic growth of the 1970s and 1980s has been the mining industry. - This sector, mostly on the strength of diamonds, has gone from generating - 25% of GDP in 1980 to over 50% in 1989. No other sector has experienced such - growth, especially not agriculture, which is plagued by erratic rainfall and - poor soils. The unemployment rate remains a problem at 25%. Although diamond - production remained level in FY91, substantial gains in coal output and - manufacturing helped boost the economy -GDP: - purchasing power equivalent - $3.6 billion, per capita $2,800; real growth - rate 6.3% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 12.6% (1991) -Unemployment rate: - 25% (1989) -Budget: - revenues $1,935 million; expenditures $1,885 million, including capital - expenditures of $658 million (FY93) -Exports: - $1.8 billion (f.o.b. 1990) - commodities: - diamonds 80%, copper and nickel 9%, meat 4%, cattle, animal products - partners: - Switzerland, UK, SACU (Southern African Customs Union) -Imports: - $1.6 billion (c.i.f., 1990 est.) - commodities: - foodstuffs, vehicles and transport equipment, textiles, petroleum products - partners: - Switzerland, SACU (Southern African Customs Union), UK, US -External debt: - $780 million (December 1990 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 16.8% (FY86); accounts for about 57% of GDP, including mining -Electricity: - 220,000 kW capacity; 630 million kWh produced 858 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - mining of diamonds, copper, nickel, coal, salt, soda ash, potash; livestock - processing -Agriculture: - accounts for only 3% of DGP; subsistence farming predominates; cattle - raising supports 50% of the population; must import large share of food - needs -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $257 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1,875 million; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $43 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $29 - million -Currency: - pula (plural - pula); 1 pula (P) = 100 thebe -Exchange rates: - pula (P) per US$1 - 2.1683 (March 1992), 2.0173 (1991), 1.8601 (1990), - 2.0125 (1989), 1.8159 (1988), 1.6779 (1987) -Fiscal year: - 1 April - 31 March - -:Botswana Communications - -Railroads: - 712 km 1.067-meter gauge -Highways: - 11,514 km total; 1,600 km paved; 1,700 km crushed stone or gravel, 5,177 km - improved earth, 3,037 km unimproved earth -Civil air: - 5 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 100 total, 87 unable; 8 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways - over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 27 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - the small system is a combination of open-wire lines, radio relay links, and - a few radio-communications stations; 26,000 telephones; broadcast stations - - 7 AM, 13 FM, no TV; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -:Botswana Defense Forces - -Branches: - Botswana Defense Force (including Army and Air Wing); Botswana National - Police -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 271,511; 142,947 fit for military service; 14,473 reach - military age (18) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $136.4 million, 4.4% of GDP (FY92) - -:Bouvet Island Geography - -Total area: - 58 km2 -Land area: - 58 km2 -Comparative area: - about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 29.6 km -Maritime claims: - Territorial sea: - 4 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - antarctic -Terrain: - volcanic; maximum elevation about 800 meters; coast is mostly inacessible -Natural resources: - none -Land use: - arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and - woodland 0%; other 100% (ice) -Environment: - covered by glacial ice -Note: - located in the South Atlantic Ocean 2,575 km south-southwest of the Cape of - Good Hope, South Africa - -:Bouvet Island People - -Population: - uninhabited - -:Bouvet Island Government - -Long-form name: - none -Type: - territory of Norway -Capital: - none; administered from Oslo, Norway - -:Bouvet Island Economy - -Overview: - no economic activity - -:Bouvet Island Communications - -Ports: - none; offshore anchorage only -Telecommunications: - automatic meteorological station - -:Bouvet Island Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of Norway - -:Brazil Geography - -Total area: - 8,511,965 km2 -Land area: - 8,456,510 km2; includes Arquipelago de Fernando de Noronha, Atol das Rocas, - Ilha da Trindade, Ilhas Martin Vaz, and Penedos de Sao Pedro e Sao Paulo -Comparative area: - slightly smaller than the US -Land boundaries: - 14,691 km; Argentina 1,224 km, Bolivia 3,400 km, Colombia 1,643 km, French - Guiana 673 km, Guyana 1,119 km, Paraguay 1,290 km, Peru 1,560 km, Suriname - 597 km, Uruguay 985 km, Venezuela 2,200 km -Coastline: - 7,491 km -Maritime claims: - Continental shelf: - 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation - Exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 200 nm -Disputes: - short section of the boundary with Paraguay (just west of Guaira Falls on - the Rio Parana) is in dispute; two short sections of boundary with Uruguay - are in dispute (Arroyo de la Invernada area of the Rio Quarai and the - islands at the confluence of the Rio Quarai and the Uruguay) -Climate: - mostly tropical, but temperate in south -Terrain: - mostly flat to rolling lowlands in north; some plains, hills, mountains, and - narrow coastal belt -Natural resources: - iron ore, manganese, bauxite, nickel, uranium, phosphates, tin, hydropower, - gold, platinum, crude oil, timber -Land use: - arable land 7%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 19%; forest and - woodland 67%; other 6%; includes irrigated NEGL% -Environment: - recurrent droughts in northeast; floods and frost in south; deforestation in - Amazon basin; air and water pollution in Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo -Note: - largest country in South America; shares common boundaries with every South - American country except Chile and Ecuador - -:Brazil People - -Population: - 158,202,019 (July 1992), growth rate 1.8% (1992) -Birth rate: - 25 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 67 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 62 years male, 69 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 3.0 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Brazilian(s); adjective - Brazilian -Ethnic divisions: - Portuguese, Italian, German, Japanese, black, Amerindian; white 55%, mixed - 38%, black 6%, other 1% -Religions: - Roman Catholic (nominal) 90% -Languages: - Portuguese (official), Spanish, English, French -Literacy: - 81% (male 82%, female 80%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 57,000,000 (1989 est.); services 42%, agriculture 31%, industry 27% -Organized labor: - 13,000,000 dues paying members (1989 est.) - -:Brazil Government - -Long-form name: - Federative Republic of Brazil -Type: - federal republic -Capital: - Brasilia -Administrative divisions: - 26 states (estados, singular - estado) and 1 federal district* (distrito - federal); Acre, Alagoas, Amapa, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceara, Distrito Federal*, - Espirito Santo, Goias, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas - Gerais, Para, Paraiba, Parana, Pernambuco, Piaui, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande - do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Rondonia, Roraima, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo, - Sergipe, Tocantins; note - the former territories of Amapa and Roraima - became states in January 1991 -Independence: - 7 September 1822 (from Portugal) -Constitution: - 5 October 1988 -Legal system: - based on Latin codes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Independence Day, 7 September (1822) -Executive branch: - president, vice president, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - bicameral National Congress (Congresso Nacional) consists of an upper - chamber or Federal Senate (Senado Federal) and a lower chamber or Chamber of - Deputies (Camara dos Deputados) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Federal Tribunal -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Fernando Affonso COLLOR de Mello (since 15 March 1990); Vice - President Itamar FRANCO (since 15 March 1990) -Political parties and leaders: - National Reconstruction Party (PRN), Daniel TOURINHO, president; Brazilian - Democratic Movement Party (PMDB), Orestes QUERCIA, president; Liberal Front - Party (PFL), Hugo NAPOLEAO, president; Workers' Party (PT), Luis Ignacio - (Lula) da SILVA, president; Brazilian Labor Party (PTB), Luiz GONZAGA de - Paiva Muniz, president; Democratic Labor Party (PDT), Leonel BRIZOLA, - president; Democratic Social Party (PPS), Paulo MALUF, president; Brazilian - Social Democracy Party (PSDB), Tasso JEREISSATI, president; Popular - Socialist Party (PPS), Roberto FREIRE, president; Communist Party of Brazil - (PCdoB), Joao AMAZONAS, secretary general; Christian Democratic Party (PDC), - Siqueira CAMPOS, president -Suffrage: - voluntary at age 16; compulsory between ages 18 and 70; voluntary at age 70 -Elections: - Chamber of Deputies: - last held 3 October 1990 (next to be held November 1994); results - PMDB - 21%, PFL 17%, PDT 9%, PDS 8%, PRN 7.9%, PTB 7%, PT 7%, other 23.1%; seats - - (503 total as of 3 February 1991) PMDB 108, PFL 87, PDT 46, PDS 43, PRN 40, - PTB 35, PT 35, other 109 - Federal Senate: - last held 3 October 1990 (next to be held November 1994); results - percent - of vote by party NA; seats - (81 total as of 3 February 1991) PMDB 27, PFL - 15, PSDB 10, PTB 8, PDT 5, other 16 - -:Brazil Government - - President: - last held 15 November 1989, with runoff on 17 December 1989 (next to be held - November 1994); results - Fernando COLLOR de Mello 53%, Luis Inacio da SILVA - 47%; note - first free, direct presidential election since 1960 -Communists: - less than 30,000 -Other political or pressure groups: - left wing of the Catholic Church and labor unions allied to leftist Worker's - Party are critical of government's social and economic policies -Member of: - AfDB, AG (observer), CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, - IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, - INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, - MERCOSUR, NAM (observer), OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNAVEM, UNCTAD, UNESCO, - UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WFTU, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Rubens RICUPERO; Chancery at 3006 Massachusetts Avenue NW, - Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 745-2700; there are Brazilian - Consulates General in Chicago, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, and New - York, and Consulates in Dallas, Houston, and San Francisco - US: - Ambassador Richard MELTON; Embassy at Avenida das Nacoes, Lote 3, Brasilia, - Distrito Federal (mailing address is APO AA 34030); telephone [55] (61) - 321-7272; FAX [55] (61) 225-9136; there are US Consulates General in Rio de - Janeiro and Sao Paulo, and Consulates in PortoAlegre and Recife -Flag: - green with a large yellow diamond in the center bearing a blue celestial - globe with 23 white five-pointed stars (one for each state) arranged in the - same pattern as the night sky over Brazil; the globe has a white equatorial - band with the motto ORDEM E PROGRESSO (Order and Progress) - -:Brazil Economy - -Overview: - The economy, with large agrarian, mining, and manufacturing sectors, entered - the 1990s with declining real growth, runaway inflation, an unserviceable - foreign debt of $122 billion, and a lack of policy direction. In addition, - the economy remained highly regulated, inward-looking, and protected by - substantial trade and investment barriers. Ownership of major industrial and - mining facilities is divided among private interests - including several - multinationals - and the government. Most large agricultural holdings are - private, with the government channeling financing to this sector. Conflicts - between large landholders and landless peasants have produced intermittent - violence. The Collor government, which assumed office in March 1990, is - embarked on an ambitious reform program that seeks to modernize and - reinvigorate the economy by stabilizing prices, deregulating the economy, - and opening it to increased foreign competition. The government in December - 1991 signed a letter of intent with the IMF for a 20-month standby loan. - Having reached an agreement on the repayment of interest arrears accumulated - during 1989 and 1990, Brazilian officials and commercial bankers are engaged - in talks on the reduction of medium- and long-term debt and debt service - payments and on the elimination of remaining interest arrears. A major - long-run strength is Brazil's vast natural resources. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $358 billion, per capita $2,300; real growth rate - 1.2% (1991) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 478.5% (December 1991, annual rate) -Unemployment rate: - 4.3% (1991) -Budget: - revenues $164.3 billion; expenditures $170.6 billion, including capital - expenditures of $32.9 billion (1990) -Exports: - $31.6 billion (1991) - commodities: - iron ore, soybean bran, orange juice, footwear, coffee - partners: - EC 31%, US 24%, Latin America 11%, Japan 8% (1990) -Imports: - $21.0 billion (1991) - commodities: - crude oil, capital goods, chemical products, foodstuffs, coal - partners: - Middle East and Africa 22%, US 21%, EC 21%, Latin America 18%, Japan 6% - (1990) -External debt: - $118 billion (December 1991) -Industrial production: - growth rate--0.5% (1991); accounts for 39% of GDP -Electricity: - 58,500,000 kW capacity; 229,824 million kWh produced, 1,479 kWh per capita - (1991) -Industries: - textiles and other consumer goods, shoes, chemicals, cement, lumber, iron - ore, steel, motor vehicles and auto parts, metalworking, capital goods, tin -Agriculture: - world's largest producer and exporter of coffee and orange juice concentrate - and second- largest exporter of soybeans; other products - rice, corn, - sugarcane, cocoa, beef; self-sufficient in food, except for wheat - -:Brazil Economy - -Illicit drugs: - illicit producer of cannabis and coca, mostly for domestic consumption; - government has a modest eradication program to control cannabis and coca - cultivation; important transshipment country for Bolivian and Colombian - cocaine headed for the US and Europe -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $2.5 billion; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $10.2 million; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $284 million; former Communist countries (1970-89), - $1.3 billion -Currency: - cruzeiro (plural - cruzeiros); 1 cruzeiro (Cr$) = 100 centavos -Exchange rates: - cruzeiros (Cr$) per US$1 - 1,197.38 (January 1992), 406.61 (1991), 68.300 - (1990), 2.834 (1989), 0.26238 (1988), 0.03923 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Brazil Communications - -Railroads: - 28,828 km total; 24,864 km 1.000-meter gauge, 3,877 km 1.600-meter gauge, 74 - km mixed 1.600-1.000-meter gauge, 13 km 0.760-meter gauge; 2,360 km - electrified -Highways: - 1,448,000 km total; 48,000 km paved, 1,400,000 km gravel or earth -Inland waterways: - 50,000 km navigable -Pipelines: - crude oil 2,000 km; petroleum products 3,804 km; natural gas 1,095 km -Ports: - Belem, Fortaleza, Ilheus, Manaus, Paranagua, Porto Alegre, Recife, Rio de - Janeiro, Rio Grande, Salvador, Santos -Merchant marine: - 245 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,693,500 GRT/9,623,918 DWT; includes - 3 passenger-cargo, 49 cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 13 container, 9 - roll-on/roll-off, 57 petroleum tanker, 15 chemical tanker, 11 liquefied gas, - 14 combination ore/oil, 71 bulk, 2 combination bulk; in addition, 2 naval - tankers and 4 military transport are sometimes used commercially -Civil air: - 198 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 3,563 total, 2,911 usable; 420 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with - runways over 3,659 m; 22 with runways 2,240-3,659 m; 550 with runways - 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - good system; extensive radio relay facilities; 9.86 million telephones; - broadcast stations - 1,223 AM, no FM, 112 TV, 151 shortwave; 3 coaxial - submarine cables, 3 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations and 64 domestic - satellite earth stations - -:Brazil Defense Forces - -Branches: - Brazilian Army, Navy of Brazil (including Marines), Brazilian Air Force, - Military Police (paramilitary) -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 41,515,103; 27,987,257 fit for military service; 1,644,571 - reach military age (18) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $1.1 billion, 0.3% of GDP (1990) - -:British Indian Ocean Territory Geography - -Total area: - 60 km2 -Land area: - 60 km2; includes the island of Diego Garcia -Comparative area: - about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 698 km -Maritime claims: - Territorial sea: - UK announced establishment of 200-nm fishery zone in August 1991 -Disputes: - the entire Chagos Archipelago is claimed by Mauritius -Climate: - tropical marine; hot, humid, moderated by trade winds -Terrain: - flat and low (up to 4 meters in elevation) -Natural resources: - coconuts, fish -Land use: - arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and - woodland 0%; other 100% -Environment: - archipelago of 2,300 islands -Note: - Diego Garcia, largest and southernmost island, occupies strategic location - in central Indian Ocean; island is site of joint US-UK military facility - -:British Indian Ocean Territory People - -Population: - no permanent civilian population; formerly about 3,000 islanders -Ethnic divisions: - civilian inhabitants, known as the Ilois, evacuated to Mauritius before - construction of UK and US defense facilities - -:British Indian Ocean Territory Government - -Long-form name: - British Indian Ocean Territory (no short-form name); abbreviated BIOT -Type: - dependent territory of the UK -Capital: - none -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) - Head of Government: - Commissioner Mr. T. G. HARRIS; Administrator Mr. R. G. WELLS (since NA - 1991); note - both reside in the UK -Diplomatic representation: - none (dependent territory of UK) -Flag: - white with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and six blue - wavy horizontal stripes bearing a palm tree and yellow crown centered on the - outer half of the flag - -:British Indian Ocean Territory Economy - -Overview: - All economic activity is concentrated on the largest island of Diego Garcia, - where joint UK-US defense facilities are located. Construction projects and - various services needed to support the military installations are done by - military and contract employees from the UK and the US. There are no - industrial or agricultural activities on the islands. -Electricity: - provided by the US military - -:British Indian Ocean Territory Communications - -Highways: - short stretch of paved road between port and airfield on Diego Garcia -Ports: - Diego Garcia -Airports: - 1 with permanent-surface runways over 3,659 m on Diego Garcia -Telecommunications: - minimal facilities; broadcast stations (operated by US Navy) - 1 AM, 1 FM, 1 - TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -:British Indian Ocean Territory Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of the UK - -:British Virgin Islands Geography - -Total area: - 150 km2 -Land area: - 150 km2; includes the island of Anegada -Comparative area: - about 0.8 times the size of Washington, DC -Coastline: - 80 km -Maritime claims: - Exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 3 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - subtropical; humid; temperatures moderated by trade winds -Terrain: - coral islands relatively flat; volcanic islands steep, hilly -Natural resources: - negligible -Land use: - arable land 20%; permanent crops 7%; meadows and pastures 33%; forest and - woodland 7%; other 33% -Environment: - subject to hurricanes and tropical storms from July to October -Note: - strong ties to nearby US Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico - -:British Virgin Islands People - -Population: - 12,555 (July 1992), growth rate 1.2% (1992) -Birth rate: - 20 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - --2 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 20 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 71 years male, 75 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 2.3 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - British Virgin Islander(s); adjective - British Virgin Islander -Ethnic divisions: - over 90% black, remainder of white and Asian origin -Religions: - Protestant 86% (Methodist 45%, Anglican 21%, Church of God 7%, Seventh-Day - Adventist 5%, Baptist 4%, Jehovah's Witnesses 2%, other 2%), Roman Catholic - 6%, none 2%, other 6% (1981) -Languages: - English (official) -Literacy: - 98% (male 98%, female 98%) age 15 and over can read and write (1970) -Labor force: - 4,911 (1980) -Organized labor: - NA% of labor force - -:British Virgin Islands Government - -Long-form name: - none -Type: - dependent territory of the UK -Capital: - Road Town -Administrative divisions: - none (dependent territory of the UK) -Independence: - none (dependent territory of the UK) -Constitution: - 1 June 1977 -Legal system: - English law -National holiday: - Territory Day, 1 July -Executive branch: - British monarch, governor, chief minister, Executive Council (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral Legislative Council -Judicial branch: - Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor P. A. - PENFOLD (since NA 1991) - Head of Government: - Chief Minister H. Lavity STOUTT (since NA 1986) -Political parties and leaders: - United Party (UP), Conrad MADURO; Virgin Islands Party (VIP), H. Lavity - STOUTT; Independent Progressive Movement (IPM), Cyril B. ROMNEY -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - Legislative Council: - last held 12 November 1990 (next to be held by November 1995); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (9 total) VIP 6, IPM 1, independents 2 -Member of: - CARICOM (associate), CDB, ECLAC (associate), IOC, OECS, UNESCO (associate) -Diplomatic representation: - none (dependent territory of UK) -Flag: - blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Virgin - Islander coat of arms centered in the outer half of the flag; the coat of - arms depicts a woman flanked on either side by a vertical column of six oil - lamps above a scroll bearing the Latin word - VIGILATE (Be Watchful) - -:British Virgin Islands Economy - -Overview: - The economy, one of the most prosperous in the Caribbean area, is highly - dependent on the tourist industry, which generates about 21% of the national - income. In 1985 the government offered offshore registration to companies - wishing to incorporate in the islands, and, in consequence, incorporation - fees generated about $2 million in 1987. Livestock raising is the most - significant agricultural activity. The islands' crops, limited by poor - soils, are unable to meet food requirements. -GDP: - purchasing power equivalent - $130 million, per capita $10,600; real growth - rate 6.3% (1990) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 2.5% (1990 est.) -Unemployment rate: - NEGL% -Budget: - revenues $51 million; expenditures $88 million, including capital - expenditures of $38 million (1991) -Exports: - $2.7 million (f.o.b., 1988) - commodities: - rum, fresh fish, gravel, sand, fruits, animals - partners: - Virgin Islands (US), Puerto Rico, US -Imports: - $11.5 million (c.i.f., 1988) - commodities: - building materials, automobiles, foodstuffs, machinery - partners: - Virgin Islands (US), Puerto Rico, US -External debt: - $4.5 million (1985) -Industrial production: - growth rate--4.0% (1985) -Electricity: - 10,500 kW capacity; 43 million kWh produced, 3,510 kWh per capita (1990) -Industries: - tourism, light industry, construction, rum, concrete block, offshore - financial center -Agriculture: - livestock (including poultry), fish, fruit, vegetables -Economic aid: - NA -Currency: - US currency is used -Exchange rates: - US currency is used -Fiscal year: - 1 April - 31 March - -:British Virgin Islands Communications - -Highways: - 106 km motorable roads (1983) -Ports: - Road Town -Airports: - 3 total, 3 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways less than 1,220 m -Telecommunications: - 3,000 telephones; worldwide external telephone service; submarine cable - communication links to Bermuda; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, 1 TV - -:British Virgin Islands Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of the UK - -:Brunei Geography - -Total area: - 5,770 km2 -Land area: - 5,270 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly larger than Delaware -Land boundaries: - 381 km; Malysia 381 km -Coastline: - 161 km -Maritime claims: - Exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - may wish to purchase the Malaysian salient that divides the country; all of - the Spratly Islands are claimed by China, Taiwan, and Vietnam; parts of them - are claimed by Malaysia and the Philippines; in 1984, Brunei established an - exclusive fishing zone that encompasses Louisa Reef, but has not publicly - claimed the island -Climate: - tropical; hot, humid, rainy -Terrain: - flat coastal plain rises to mountains in east; hilly lowland in west -Natural resources: - crude oil, natural gas, timber -Land use: - arable land 1%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 1%; forest and - woodland 79%; other 18%; includes irrigated NEGL% -Environment: - typhoons, earthquakes, and severe flooding are rare -Note: - close to vital sea lanes through South China Sea linking Indian and Pacific - Oceans; two parts physically separated by Malaysia; almost an enclave of - Malaysia - -:Brunei People - -Population: - 269,319 (July 1992), growth rate 2.9% (1992) -Birth rate: - 27 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 7 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 26 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 69 years male, 73 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 3.5 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Bruneian(s); adjective - Bruneian -Ethnic divisions: - Malay 64%, Chinese 20%, other 16% -Religions: - Muslim (official) 63%, Buddhism 14%, Christian 8%, indigenous beliefs and - other 15% (1981) -Languages: - Malay (official), English, and Chinese -Literacy: - 77% (male 85%, female 69%) age 15 and over can read and write (1981) -Labor force: - 89,000 (includes members of the Army); 33% of labor force is foreign (1988); - government 47.5%; production of oil, natural gas, services, and construction - 41.9%; agriculture, forestry, and fishing 3.8% (1986) -Organized labor: - 2% of labor force - -:Brunei Government - -Long-form name: - Negara Brunei Darussalam -Type: - constitutional sultanate -Capital: - Bandar Seri Begawan -Administrative divisions: - 4 districts (daerah-daerah, singular - daerah); Belait, Brunei and Muara, - Temburong, Tutong -Independence: - 1 January 1984 (from UK) -Constitution: - 29 September 1959 (some provisions suspended under a State of Emergency - since December 1962, others since independence on 1 January 1984) -Legal system: - based on Islamic law -National holiday: - 23 February (1984) -Executive branch: - sultan, prime minister, Council of Cabinet Ministers -Legislative branch: - unicameral Legislative Council (Majlis Masyuarat Megeri) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - Sultan and Prime Minister His Majesty Paduka Seri Baginda Sultan Haji - HASSANAL Bolkiah Mu`izzaddin Waddaulah (since 5 October 1967) -Political parties and leaders: - Brunei United National Party (inactive), Anak HASANUDDIN, chairman; Brunei - National Democratic Party (the first legal political party and now banned), - leader NA -Suffrage: - none -Elections: - Legislative Council: - last held in March 1962; in 1970 the Council was changed to an appointive - body by decree of the sultan and no elections are planned -Member of: - APEC, ASEAN, C, ESCAP, G-77, ICAO, IDB, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO - (correspondent), ITU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UPU, WHO, WMO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Mohamed KASSIM bin Haji Mohamed Daud; Chancery at 2600 Virginia - Avenue NW, Suite 3000, Washington, DC 20037; telephone (202) 342-0159 - US: - Ambassador (vacant); Embassy at Third Floor, Teck Guan Plaza, Jalan Sultan, - American Embassy Box B, APO AP 96440; telephone [673] (2) 229-670; FAX [673] - (2) 225-293 -Flag: - yellow with two diagonal bands of white (top, almost double width) and black - starting from the upper hoist side; the national emblem in red is - superimposed at the center; the emblem includes a swallow-tailed flag on top - of a winged column within an upturned crescent above a scroll and flanked by - two upraised hands - -:Brunei Economy - -Overview: - The economy is a mixture of foreign and domestic entrepreneurship, - government regulation and welfare measures, and village tradition. It is - almost totally supported by exports of crude oil and natural gas, with - revenues from the petroleum sector accounting for more than 50% of GDP. Per - capita GDP of $8,800 is among the highest in the Third World, and - substantial income from overseas investment supplements domestic production. - The government provides for all medical services and subsidizes food and - housing. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $3.5 billion, per capita $8,800; real growth rate - 1% (1990 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 1.3% (1989) -Unemployment rate: - 3.7%, shortage of skilled labor (1989) -Budget: - revenues $1.3 billion; expenditures $1.5 billion, including capital - expenditures of $255 million (1989 est.) -Exports: - $2.2 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.) - commodities: - crude oil, liquefied natural gas, petroleum products - partners: - Japan 53%, UK 12%, South Korea 9%, Thailand 7%, Singapore 5% (1990) -Imports: - $1.7 billion (c.i.f., 1990 est.) - commodities: - machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, food, chemicals - partners: - Singapore 35%, UK 26%, Switzerland 9%, US 9%, Japan 5% (1990) -External debt: - none -Industrial production: - growth rate 12.9% (1987); accounts for 52.4% of GDP -Electricity: - 310,000 kW capacity; 890 million kWh produced, 2,400 kWh per capita (1990) -Industries: - petroleum, petroleum refining, liquefied natural gas, construction -Agriculture: - imports about 80% of its food needs; principal crops and livestock include - rice, cassava, bananas, buffaloes, and pigs -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $20.6 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $153 million -Currency: - Bruneian dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Bruneian dollar (B$) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - Bruneian dollars (B$) per US$1 - 1.7454 (January 1991), 1.8125 (1990), - 1.9503 (1989), 2.0124 (1988), 2.1060 (1987), 2.1774 (1986); note - the - Bruneian dollar is at par with the Singapore dollar -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Brunei Communications - -Railroads: - 13 km 0.610-meter narrow-gauge private line -Highways: - 1,090 km total; 370 km paved (bituminous treated) and another 52 km under - construction, 720 km gravel or unimproved -Inland waterways: - 209 km; navigable by craft drawing less than 1.2 meters -Pipelines: - crude oil 135 km; petroleum products 418 km; natural gas 920 km -Ports: - Kuala Belait, Muara -Merchant marine: - 7 liquefied gas carriers (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 348,476 GRT/340,635 - DWT -Civil air: - 4 major transport aircraft (3 Boeing 757-200, 1 Boeing 737-200) -Airports: - 2 total, 2 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway over - 3,659 m; 1 with runway 1,406 m -Telecommunications: - service throughout country is adequate for present needs; international - service good to adjacent Malaysia; radiobroadcast coverage good; 33,000 - telephones (1987); broadcast stations - 4 AM/FM, 1 TV; 74,000 radio - receivers (1987); satellite earth stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 - Pacific Ocean INTELSAT - -:Brunei Defense Forces - -Branches: - Ground Forces, Navy, Air Force, and Royal Brunei Police -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 75,330; 43,969 fit for military service; 2,595 reach military - age (18) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $233.1 million, 7.1% of GDP (1988) - -:Bulgaria Geography - -Total area: - 110,910 km2 -Land area: - 110,550 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly larger than Tennessee -Land boundaries: - 1,881 km; Greece 494 km, Macedonia 148 km, Romania 608 km, Serbia and - Montenegro 318 km, Turkey 240 km -Coastline: - 354 km -Maritime claims: - Contiguous zone: - 24 nm - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - Macedonia question with Greece and Macedonia -Climate: - temperate; cold, damp winters; hot, dry summers -Terrain: - mostly mountains with lowlands in north and south -Natural resources: - bauxite, copper, lead, zinc, coal, timber, arable land -Land use: - arable land 34%; permanent crops 3%; meadows and pastures 18%; forest and - woodland 35%; other 10%; includes irrigated 11% -Environment: - subject to earthquakes, landslides; deforestation; air pollution -Note: - strategic location near Turkish Straits; controls key land routes from - Europe to Middle East and Asia - -:Bulgaria People - -Population: - 8,869,161 (July 1992), growth rate --0.5% (1992) -Birth rate: - 12 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 12 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - --5 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 13 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 69 years male, 76 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 1.7 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Bulgarian(s); adjective - Bulgarian -Ethnic divisions: - Bulgarian 85.3%, Turk 8.5%, Gypsy 2.6%, Macedonian 2.5%, Armenian 0.3%, - Russian 0.2%, other 0.6% -Religions: - Bulgarian Orthodox 85%; Muslim 13%; Jewish 0.8%; Roman Catholic 0.5%; Uniate - Catholic 0.2%; Protestant, Gregorian-Armenian, and other 0.5% -Languages: - Bulgarian; secondary languages closely correspond to ethnic breakdown -Literacy: - 93% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1970 est.) -Labor force: - 4,300,000; industry 33%, agriculture 20%, other 47% (1987) -Organized labor: - Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of Bulgaria (KNSB); Edinstvo - (Unity) People's Trade Union (splinter confederation from KNSB); Podkrepa - (Support) Labor Confederation, legally registered in January 1990 - -:Bulgaria Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Bulgaria -Type: - emerging democracy, diminishing Communist Party influence -Capital: - Sofia -Administrative divisions: - 9 provinces (oblasti, singular - oblast); Burgas, Grad Sofiya, Khaskovo, - Lovech, Mikhaylovgrad, Plovdiv, Razgrad, Sofiya, Varna -Independence: - 22 September 1908 (from Ottoman Empire) -Constitution: - adopted 12 July 1991 -Legal system: - based on civil law system, with Soviet law influence; has accepted - compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - 3 March (1878) -Executive branch: - president, chairman of the Council of Ministers (premier), two deputy - chairmen of the Council of Ministers, Council of Ministers -Legislative branch: - unicameral National Assembly (Narodno Sobranie) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court; Constitutional Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Zhelyu ZHELEV (since 1 August 1990) - Head of Government: - Chairman of the Council of Ministers (Premier) Filip DIMITROV (since 8 - November 1991); Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers (Deputy Prime - Minister) Stoyan GANEV (since 8 November 1991); Deputy Chairman of the - Council of Ministers Nikolay VASILEV (since 8 November 1991) -Political parties and leaders: - government: - Union of Democratic Forces (UDF), Filip DIMITROV, chairman, consisting of - United Democratic Center, Democratic Party, Radical Democratic Party, - Christian Democratic Union, Alternative Social Liberal Party, Republican - Party, Civic Initiative Movement, Union of the Repressed, and about a dozen - other groups; Movement for Rights and Freedoms (pro-Muslim party) (MRF), - Ahmed DOGAN, chairman, supports UDF but not officially in coalition with it - opposition: - Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP), formerly Bulgarian Communist Party (BCP), - Zhan VIDENOV, chairman -Suffrage: - universalandcompulsoryatage 18 -Elections: - National Assembly: - last held 13 October 1991; results - BSP 33%, UDF 34%, MRF 7.5%; seats - - (240 total) BSP 106, UDF 110, Movement for Rights and Freedoms 24 - President: - last held 12 January 1992; second round held 19 January 1992; results - - Zhelyu ZHELEV was elected by popular vote -Communists: - Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP), formerly Bulgarian Communist Party (BCP), - 501,793 members; several small Communist parties - -:Bulgaria Government - -Other political or pressure groups: - Ecoglasnost; Podkrepa (Support) Labor Confederation; Fatherland Union; - Bulgarian Democratic Youth (formerly Communist Youth Union); Confederation - of Independent Trade Unions of Bulgaria (KNSB); Nationwide Committee for - Defense of National Interests; Peasant Youth League; Bulgarian Agrarian - National Union - United (BZNS); Bulgarian Democratic Center; "Nikola Petkov" - Bulgarian Agrarian National Union; Internal Macedonian Revolutionary - Organization - Union of Macedonian Societies (IMRO-UMS); numerous regional, - ethnic, and national interest groups with various agendas -Member of: - BIS, CCC, CE, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, G-9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IIB, ILO, - IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NACC, NSG, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, - UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Ognyan PISHEV; Chancery at 1621 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC - 20008; telephone (202) 387-7969 - US: - Ambassador Hugh Kenneth HILL; Embassy at 1 Alexander Stamboliski Boulevard, - Sofia (mailing address is APO AE 09213-5740); telephone [359] (2) 88-48-01 - through 05; Embassy has no FAX machine -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of white (top), green, and red; the national - emblem formerly on the hoist side of the white stripe has been removed - it - contained a rampant lion within a wreath of wheat ears below a red - five-pointed star and above a ribbon bearing the dates 681 (first Bulgarian - state established) and 1944 (liberation from Nazi control) - -:Bulgaria Economy - -Overview: - Growth in the lackluster Bulgarian economy fell to the 2% annual level in - the 1980s. By 1990, Sofia's foreign debt had skyrocketed to over $10 billion - - giving a debt-service ratio of more than 40% of hard currency earnings and - leading the regime to declare a moratorium on its hard currency payments. - The post-Communist government faces major problems of renovating an aging - industrial plant; coping with worsening energy, food, and consumer goods - shortages; keeping abreast of rapidly unfolding technological developments; - investing in additional energy capacity (the portion of electric power from - nuclear energy reached over one-third in 1990); and motivating workers, in - part by giving them a share in the earnings of their enterprises. Bulgaria's - new government, led by Prime Minister Filip Dimitrov, is strongly committed - to economic reform. The previous government, even though dominated by former - Communists, had taken the first steps toward dismantling the central - planning system, bringing the economy back into balance, and reducing - inflationary pressures. The program produced some encouraging early results, - including eased restrictions on foreign investment, increased support from - international financial institutions, and liberalized currency trading. - Small entrepreneurs have begun to emerge and some privatization of small - enterprises has taken place. The government has passed bills to privatize - large state-owned enterprises and reform the banking system. Negotiations on - an association agreement with the EC began in late 1991. -GNP: - purchasing power equivalent - $36.4 billion, per capita $4,100; real growth - rate --22% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 420% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 10% (1991 est.) -Budget: - revenues NA; expenditures NA, including capital expenditures of $NA billion - (1991) -Exports: - $8.4 billion (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - machinery and equipment 55.3%; agricultural products 15.0%; manufactured - consumer goods 10.0%; fuels, minerals, raw materials, and metals 18.4%; - other 1.3% (1990) - partners: - former CMEA countries 70.6% (USSR 56.2%, Czechoslovakia 3.9%, Poland 2.5%); - developed countries 13.6% (Germany 2.1%, Greece 1.2%); less developed - countries 13.1% (Libya 5.8%, Iran 0.5%) (1990) -Imports: - $9.6 billion (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - fuels, minerals, and raw materials 43.7%; machinery and equipment 45.2%; - manufactured consumer goods 6.7%; agricultural products 3.8%; other 0.6% - partners: - former CMEA countries 70.9% (former USSR 52.7%, Poland 4.1%); developed - countries 20.2% (Germany 5.0%, Austria 2.1%); less developed countries 7.2% - (Libya 2.0%, Iran 0.7%) -External debt: - $11.2 billion (1991) -Industrial production: - growth rate --14.7% (1990); accounts for about 37% of GNP (1990) -Electricity: - 11,500,000 kW capacity; 45,000 million kWh produced, 5,040 kWh per capita - (1990) - -:Bulgaria Economy - -Industries: - machine building and metal working, food processing, chemicals, textiles, - building materials, ferrous and nonferrous metals -Agriculture: - accounts for 22% of GNP (1990); climate and soil conditions support - livestock raising and the growing of various grain crops, oilseeds, - vegetables, fruits, and tobacco; more than one-third of the arable land - devoted to grain; world's fourth-largest tobacco exporter; surplus food - producer -Illicit drugs: - transshipment point for southwest Asian heroin transiting the Balkan route -Economic aid: - donor - $1.6 billion in bilateral aid to non-Communist less developed - countries (1956-89) -Currency: - lev (plural - leva); 1 lev (Lv) = 100 stotinki -Exchange rates: - leva (Lv) per US$1 - 17.18 (1 January 1992), 16.13 (March 1991), 0.7446 - (November 1990), 0.84 (1989), 0.82 (1988), 0.90 (1987); note - floating - exchange rate since February 1991 -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Bulgaria Communications - -Railroads: - 4,300 km total, all government owned (1987); 4,055 km 1.435-meter standard - gauge, 245 km narrow gauge; 917 km double track; 2,510 km electrified -Highways: - 36,908 km total; 33,535 km hard surface (including 242 km superhighways); - 3,373 km earth roads (1987) -Inland waterways: - 470 km (1987) -Pipelines: - crude oil 193 km; petroleum products 418 km; natural gas 1,400 km (1986) -Ports: - Burgas, Varna, Varna West; river ports are Ruse, Vidin, and Lom on the - Danube -Merchant marine: - 110 ships (1,000 GRT and over) totaling 1,234,657 GRT/1,847,759 DWT; - includes 2 short-sea passenger, 30 cargo, 2 container, 1 passenger-cargo - training, 6 roll-on/roll-off, 15 petroleum tanker, 4 chemical carrier, 2 - railcar carrier, 48 bulk; Bulgaria owns 1 ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling - 8,717 DWT operating under Liberian registry -Civil air: - 86 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 380 total, 380 usable; about 120 with permanent-surface runways; 20 with - runways 2,440-3,659 m; 20 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - extensive radio relay; 2.5 million telephones; direct dialing to 36 - countries; phone density is 25 phones per 100 persons; 67% of Sofia - households now have a phone (November 1988); broadcast stations - 20 AM, 15 - FM, and 29 TV, with 1 Soviet TV repeater in Sofia; 2.1 million TV sets - (1990); 92% of country receives No. 1 television program (May 1990); 1 - satellite ground station using Intersputnik; INTELSAT is used through a - Greek earth station - -:Bulgaria Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces, Frontier Troops, Internal Troops -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 2,181,421; 1,823,678 fit for military service; 65,942 reach - military age (19) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - 4.413 billion leva, 4.4% of GNP (1991); note - - conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the current - exchange rate could produce misleading results - -:Burkina Geography - -Total area: - 274,200 km2 -Land area: - 273,800 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly larger than Colorado -Land boundaries: - 3,192 km; Benin 306 km, Ghana 548 km, Ivory Coast 584 km, Mali 1,000 km, - Niger 628 km, Togo 126 km -Coastline: - none - landlocked -Maritime claims: - none - landlocked -Disputes: - the disputed international boundary between Burkina and Mali was submitted - to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in October 1983 and the ICJ - issued its final ruling in December 1986, which both sides agreed to accept; - Burkina and Mali are proceeding with boundary demarcation, including the - tripoint with Niger -Climate: - tropical; warm, dry winters; hot, wet summers -Terrain: - mostly flat to dissected, undulating plains; hills in west and southeast -Natural resources: - manganese, limestone, marble; small deposits of gold, antimony, copper, - nickel, bauxite, lead, phosphates, zinc, silver -Land use: - arable land 10%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 37%; forest and - woodland 26%; other 27%, includes irrigated NEGL% -Environment: - recent droughts and desertification severely affecting marginal agricultural - activities, population distribution, economy; overgrazing; deforestation -Note: - landlocked - -:Burkina People - -Population: - 9,653,672 (July 1992), growth rate 3.1% (1992) -Birth rate: - 49 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 16 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - --2 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 117 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 52 years male, 53 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 7.1 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Burkinabe (singular and plural); adjective - Burkinabe -Ethnic divisions: - more than 50 tribes; principal tribe is Mossi (about 2.5 million); other - important groups are Gurunsi, Senufo, Lobi, Bobo, Mande, and Fulani -Religions: - indigenous beliefs about 65%, Muslim 25%, Christian (mainly Roman Catholic) - 10% -Languages: - French (official); tribal languages belong to Sudanic family, spoken by 90% - of the population -Literacy: - 18% (male 28%, female 9%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 3,300,000 residents; 30,000 are wage earners; agriculture 82%, industry 13%, - commerce, services, and government 5%; 20% of male labor force migrates - annually to neighboring countries for seasonal employment (1984); 44% of - population of working age (1985) -Organized labor: - four principal trade union groups represent less than 1% of population - -:Burkina Government - -Long-form name: - Burkina Faso -Type: - military; established by coup on 4 August 1983 -Capital: - Ouagadougou -Administrative divisions: - 30 provinces; Bam, Bazega, Bougouriba, Boulgou, Boulkiemde, Ganzourgou, - Gnagna, Gourma, Houet, Kadiogo, Kenedougou, Komoe, Kossi, Kouritenga, - Mouhoun, Namentenga, Naouri, Oubritenga, Oudalan, Passore, Poni, Sanguie, - Sanmatenga, Seno, Sissili, Soum, Sourou, Tapoa, Yatenga, Zoundweogo -Independence: - 5 August 1960 (from France; formerly Upper Volta) -Constitution: - June 1991 -Legal system: - based on French civil law system and customary law -National holiday: - Anniversary of the Revolution, 4 August (1983) -Executive branch: - President, Council of Ministers -Legislative branch: - unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) was dissolved on 25 - November 1980 -Judicial branch: - Appeals Court -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Captain Blaise COMPAORE (since 15 October 1987) -Political parties and leaders: - Organization for Popular Democracy (ODP/MT), ruling party; Coordination of - Democratic Forces (CFD), composed of opposition parties -Suffrage: - none -Elections: - the National Assembly was dissolved 25 November 1980; presidential election - held December 1991 and legislative election scheduled for 24 May 1992 -Communists: - small Communist party front group; some sympathizers -Other political or pressure groups: - committees for the defense of the revolution, watchdog/political action - groups throughout the country in both organizations and communities -Member of: - ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IBRD, - ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, - ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL, - WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Paul Desire KABORE; Chancery at 2340 Massachusetts Avenue NW, - Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 332-5577 or 6895 - US: - Ambassador Edward P. BYRNN; Embassy at Avenue Raoul Follerau, Ouagadougou - (mailing address is 01 B. P. 35, Ouagadougou); telephone [226] 30-67- 23 - through 25 and [226] 33-34-22; FAX [226] 31-23-68 -Flag: - two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a yellow five-pointed - star in the center; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia - -:Burkina Economy - -Overview: - One of the poorest countries in the world, Burkina has a high population - density, few natural resources, and relatively infertile soil. Economic - development is hindered by a poor communications network within a landlocked - country. Agriculture provides about 40% of GDP and is entirely of a - subsistence nature. Industry, dominated by unprofitable - government-controlled corporations, accounts for about 15% of GDP. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $2.9 billion, per capita $320 (1988); real growth - rate 1.3% (1990 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - --0.5% (1989) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $275 million; expenditures $287 million, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1989) -Exports: - $262 million (f.o.b., 1989) - commodities: - oilseeds, cotton, live animals, gold - partners: - EC 42% (France 30%, other 12%), Taiwan 17%, Ivory Coast 15% (1985) -Imports: - $619 million (f.o.b., 1989) - commodities: - grain, dairy products, petroleum, machinery - partners: - EC 37% (France 23%, other 14%), Africa 31%, US 15% (1985) -External debt: - $962 million (December 1990 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 5.7% (1990 est.), accounts for about 15% of GDP (1988) -Electricity: - 120,000 kW capacity; 320 million kWh produced, 40 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - cotton lint, beverages, agricultural processing, soap, cigarettes, textiles, - gold -Agriculture: - accounts for about 40% of GDP; cash crops - peanuts, shea nuts, sesame, - cotton; food crops - sorghum, millet, corn, rice; livestock; not - self-sufficient in food grains -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $294 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.9 billion; - Communist countries (1970-89), $113 million -Currency: - Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural - francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF) - = 100 centimes -Exchange rates: - CFA francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 269.01 (January 1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 - (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Burkina Communications - -Railroads: - 620 km total; 520 km Ouagadougou to Ivory Coast border and 100 km - Ouagadougou to Kaya; all 1.00-meter gauge and single track -Highways: - 16,500 km total; 1,300 km paved, 7,400 km improved, 7,800 km unimproved - (1985) -Civil air: - 2 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 48 total, 38 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways - over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 8 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - all services only fair; radio relay, wire, and radio communication stations - in use; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 1 FM, 2 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT - earth station - -:Burkina Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Air Force, National Gendarmerie, National Police, Peoples' Militia -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 1,904,647; 971,954 fit for military service; no conscription -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $55 million, 2.7% of GDP (1988 est.) - -:Burma Geography - -Total area: - 678,500 km2 -Land area: - 657,740 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly smaller than Texas -Land boundaries: - 5,876 km; Bangladesh 193 km, China 2,185 km, India 1,463 km, Laos 235 km, - Thailand 1,800 km -Coastline: - 1,930 km -Maritime claims: - Contiguous zone: - 24 nm - Continental shelf: - edge of continental margin or 200 nm - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical monsoon; cloudy, rainy, hot, humid summers (southwest monsoon, June - to September); less cloudy, scant rainfall, mild temperatures, lower - humidity during winter (northeast monsoon, December to April) -Terrain: - central lowlands ringed by steep, rugged highlands -Natural resources: - crude oil, timber, tin, antimony, zinc, copper, tungsten, lead, coal, some - marble, limestone, precious stones, natural gas -Land use: - arable land 15%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 1%; forest and - woodland 49%; other 34%; includes irrigated 2% -Environment: - subject to destructive earthquakes and cyclones; flooding and landslides - common during rainy season (June to September); deforestation -Note: - strategic location near major Indian Ocean shipping lanes - -:Burma People - -Population: - 42,642,418 (July 1992), growth rate 1.9% (1992) -Birth rate: - 29 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 10 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 68 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 57 years male, 61 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 3.8 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Burmese (singular and plural); adjective - Burmese -Ethnic divisions: - Burman 68%, Shan 9%, Karen 7%, Rakhine 4%, Chinese 3%, Mon 2%, Indian 2%, - other 5% -Religions: - Buddhist 89%, Christian 4% (Baptist 3%, Roman Catholic 1%), Muslim 4%, - animist beliefs 1%, other 2% -Languages: - Burmese; minority ethnic groups have their own languages -Literacy: - 81% (male 89%, female 72%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 16,036,000; agriculture 65.2%, industry 14.3%, trade 10.1%, government 6.3%, - other 4.1% (FY89 est.) -Organized labor: - Workers' Asiayone (association), 1,800,000 members; Peasants' Asiayone, - 7,600,000 members - -:Burma Government - -Long-form name: - Union of Burma; note - the local official name is Pyidaungzu Myanma - Naingngandaw, which has been translated by the US Government as Union of - Myanma and by the Burmese as Union of Myanmar -Type: - military regime -Capital: - Rangoon (sometimes translated as Yangon) -Administrative divisions: - 7 divisions* (yin-mya, singular - yin) and 7 states (pyine-mya, singular - - pyine); Chin State, Irrawaddy*, Kachin State, Karan State, Kayah State, - Magwe*, Mandalay*, Mon State, Pegu*, Rakhine State, Rangoon*, Sagaing*, Shan - State, Tenasserim* -Independence: - 4 January 1948 (from UK) -Constitution: - 3 January 1974 (suspended since 18 September 1988) -Legal system: - martial law in effect throughout most of the country; has not accepted - compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Independence Day, 4 January (1948) -Executive branch: - chairman of the State Law and Order Restoration Council, State Law and Order - Restoration Council -Legislative branch: - unicameral People's Assembly (Pyithu Hluttaw) was dissolved after the coup - of 18 September 1988 -Judicial branch: - Council of People's Justices was abolished after the coup of 18 September - 1988 -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - Chairman of the State Law and Order Restoration Council Gen. THAN SHWE - (since 23 April 1992) -Political parties and leaders: - National Unity Party (NUP; proregime), THA KYAW; National League for - Democracy (NLD), U AUNG SHWE; National Coalition of Union of Burma (NCGUB), - SEIN WIN - consists of individuals legitimately elected but not recognized - by military regime; fled to border area and joined with insurgents in - December 1990 to form a parallel government -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - People's Assembly: - last held 27 May 1990, but Assembly never convened; results - NLD 80%; seats - - (485 total) NLD 396, the regime-favored NUP 10, other 79 -Communists: - several hundred (est.) in Burma Communist Party (BCP) -Other political or pressure groups: - Kachin Independence Army (KIA), United Wa State Army (UWSA), Karen National - Union (KNU) , several Shan factions, including the Shan United Army (SUA) - (all ethnically based insurgent groups) -Member of: - AsDB, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, - IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO - -:Burma Government - -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador U THAUNG; Chancery at 2300 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20008; - telephone (202) 332-9044 through 9046; there is a Burmese Consulate General - in New York - US: - Ambassador (vacant); Deputy Chief of Mission, Charge d'Affaires Franklin P. - HUDDLE, Jr.; Embassy at 581 Merchant Street, Rangoon (mailing address is GPO - Box 521, AMEMB Box B, APO AP 96546); telephone [95] (1) 82055, 82181; FAX - [95] (1) 80409 -Flag: - red with a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing, all in - white, 14 five-pointed stars encircling a cogwheel containing a stalk of - rice; the 14 stars represent the 14 administrative divisions - -:Burma Economy - -Overview: - Burma is a poor Asian country, with a per capita GDP of about $500. The - nation has been unable to achieve any substantial improvement in export - earnings because of falling prices for many of its major commodity exports. - For rice, traditionally the most important export, the drop in world prices - has been accompanied by shrinking markets and a smaller volume of sales. In - 1985 teak replaced rice as the largest export and continues to hold this - position. The economy is heavily dependent on the agricultural sector, which - generates about 40% of GDP and provides employment for 65% of the work - force. Burma has been largely isolated from international economic forces - and has been trying to encourage foreign investment, so far with little - success. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $22.2 billion, per capita $530; real growth rate - 5.6% (1991) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 40% (1991) -Unemployment rate: - 9.6% in urban areas (FY89 est.) -Budget: - revenues $7.2 billion; expenditures $9.3 billion, including capital - expenditures of $6 billion (1991) -Exports: - $568 million - commodities: - teak, rice, oilseed, metals, rubber, gems - partners: - Southeast Asia, India, Japan, China, EC, Africa -Imports: - $1.16 billion - commodities: - machinery, transport equipment, chemicals, food products - partners: - Japan, EC, China, Southeast Asia -External debt: - $4.2 billion (1991) -Industrial production: - growth rate 2.6% (FY90 est.); accounts for 10% of GDP -Electricity: - 950,000 kW capacity; 2,900 million kWh produced, 70 kWh per capita (1990) -Industries: - agricultural processing; textiles and footwear; wood and wood products; - petroleum refining; mining of copper, tin, tungsten, iron; construction - materials; pharmaceuticals; fertilizer -Agriculture: - accounts for 40% of GDP (including fish and forestry); self-sufficient in - food; principal crops - paddy rice, corn, oilseed, sugarcane, pulses; - world's largest stand of hardwood trees; rice and teak account for 55% of - export revenues; fish catch of 740,000 metric tons (FY90) -Illicit drugs: - world's largest illicit producer of opium poppy and minor producer of - cannabis for the international drug trade; opium production is on the - increase as growers respond to the collapse of Rangoon's antinarcotic - programs -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $158 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $3.9 billion; - Communist countries (1970-89), $424 million - -:Burma Economy - -Currency: - kyat (plural - kyats); 1 kyat (K) = 100 pyas -Exchange rates: - kyats (K) per US$1 - 6.0963 (January 1992), 6.2837 (1991), 6.3386 (1990), - 6.7049 (1989), 6.46 (1988), 6.6535 (1987) -Fiscal year: - 1 April - 31 March - -:Burma Communications - -Railroads: - 3,991 km total, all government owned; 3,878 km 1.000-meter gauge, 113 km - narrow-gauge industrial lines; 362 km double track -Highways: - 27,000 km total; 3,200 km bituminous, 17,700 km improved earth or gravel, - 6,100 km unimproved earth -Inland waterways: - 12,800 km; 3,200 km navigable by large commercial vessels -Pipelines: - crude oil 1,343 km; natural gas 330 km -Ports: - Rangoon, Moulmein, Bassein -Merchant marine: - 71 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,036,018 GRT/1,514,121 DWT; includes - 3 passenger-cargo, 19 cargo, 5 refrigerated cargo, 3 vehicle carrier, 3 - container, 2 petroleum tanker, 6 chemical, 1 combination ore/oil, 27 bulk, 1 - combination bulk, 1 roll-on/roll-off -Civil air: - 17 major transport aircraft (including 3 helicopters) -Airports: - 85 total, 82 usable; 27 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways - over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 38 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - meets minimum requirements for local and intercity service; international - service is good; 53,000 telephones (1986); radiobroadcast coverage is - limited to the most populous areas; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV - (1985); 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -:Burma Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force -Manpower availability: - eligible 15-49, 21,447,878; of the 10,745,530 males 15-49, 5,759,840 are fit - for military service; of the 10,702,348 females 15-49, 5,721,868 are fit for - military service; 424,474 males and 410,579 females reach military age (18) - annually; both sexes are liable for military service -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $1.28 billion, FY(91-92) - -:Burundi Geography - -Total area: - 27,830 km2 -Land area: - 25,650 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly larger than Maryland -Land boundaries: - 974 km; Rwanda 290 km, Tanzania 451 km, Zaire 233 km -Coastline: - none - landlocked -Maritime claims: - none - landlocked -Disputes: - none -Climate: - temperate; warm; occasional frost in uplands -Terrain: - mostly rolling to hilly highland; some plains -Natural resources: - nickel, uranium, rare earth oxide, peat, cobalt, copper, platinum (not yet - exploited), vanadium -Land use: - arable land 43%; permanent crops 8%; meadows and pastures 35%; forest and - woodland 2%; other 12%; includes irrigated NEGL% -Environment: - soil exhaustion; soil erosion; deforestation -Note: - landlocked; straddles crest of the Nile-Congo watershed - -:Burundi People - -Population: - 6,022,341 (July 1992), growth rate 3.2% (1992) -Birth rate: - 46 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 14 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 106 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 51 years male, 55 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 6.8 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Burundian(s); adjective - Burundi -Ethnic divisions: - Africans - Hutu (Bantu) 85%, Tutsi (Hamitic) 14%, Twa (Pygmy) 1%; other - Africans include about 70,000 refugees, mostly Rwandans and Zairians; - non-Africans include about 3,000 Europeans and 2,000 South Asians -Religions: - Christian about 67% (Roman Catholic 62%, Protestant 5%), indigenous beliefs - 32%, Muslim 1% -Languages: - Kirundi and French (official); Swahili (along Lake Tanganyika and in the - Bujumbura area) -Literacy: - 50% (male 61%, female 40%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 1,900,000 (1983 est.); agriculture 93.0%, government 4.0%, industry and - commerce 1.5%, services 1.5%; 52% of population of working age (1985) -Organized labor: - sole group is the Union of Burundi Workers (UTB); by charter, membership is - extended to all Burundi workers (informally); active membership figures NA - -:Burundi Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Burundi -Type: - republic -Capital: - Bujumbura -Administrative divisions: - 15 provinces; Bubanza, Bujumbura, Bururi, Cankuzo, Cibitoke, Gitega, Karuzi, - Kayanza, Kirundo, Makamba, Muramvya, Muyinga, Ngozi, Rutana, Ruyigi -Independence: - 1 July 1962 (from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration) -Constitution: - 20 November 1981; suspended following the coup of 3 September 1987; a - constitutional committee was charged with drafting a new constitution - created in February 1991; a referendum on the new constitution scheduled for - March 1992 -Legal system: - based on German and Belgian civil codes and customary law; has not accepted - compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Independence Day, 1 July (1962) -Executive branch: - president; chairman of the Central Committee of the National Party of Unity - and Progress (UPRONA), prime minister -Legislative branch: - unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) was dissolved following - the coup of 3 September 1987; at an extraordinary party congress held from - 27 to 29 December 1990, the Central Committee of the National Party of Unity - and Progress (UPRONA) replaced the Military Committee for National - Salvation, and became the supreme governing body during the transition to - constitutional government -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Major Pierre BUYOYA, President (since 9 September 1987) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Adrien SIBOMANA (since 26 October 1988) -Political parties and leaders: - only party - National Party of Unity and Progress (UPRONA), Nicolas MAYUGI, - secretary general; note - although Burundi is still officially a one-party - state, at least four political parties were formed in 1991 in anticipation - of proposed constitutional reform in 1992 - Burundi Democratic Front - (FRODEBU), Organization of the People of Burundi (RPB), Socialist Party of - Burundi (PSB), Movement for Peace and Democracy (MPD) - the Party for the - Liberation of the Hutu People (PALIPEHUTU), formed in exile in the early - 1980s, is an ethnically based political party dedicated to majority rule; - the government has long accused PALIPEHUTU of practicing devisive ethnic - politics and fomenting violence against the state. PALIPEHUTU's exclusivist - charter makes it an unlikely candidate for legalization under the new - constitution that will require party membership open to all ethnic groups -Suffrage: - universal adult at age NA -Elections: - National Assembly: - dissolved after the coup of 3 September 1987; note - The National Unity - Charter outlining the principles for constitutional government was adopted - by a national referendum on 5 February 1991 - -:Burundi Government - -Member of: - ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEEAC, CEPGL, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, - IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, - UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Julien KAVAKURE; Chancery at Suite 212, 2233 Wisconsin Avenue NW, - Washington, DC 20007; telephone (202) 342-2574 - US: - Ambassador Cynthia Shepherd PERRY; B. P. 1720, Avenue des Etats-Unis, - Bujumbura; telephone [257] (222) 454; FAX [257] (222) 926 -Flag: - divided by a white diagonal cross into red panels (top and bottom) and green - panels (hoist side and outer side) with a white disk superimposed at the - center bearing three red six-pointed stars outlined in green arranged in a - triangular design (one star above, two stars below) - -:Burundi Economy - -Overview: - A landlocked, resource-poor country in an early stage of economic - development, Burundi is predominately agricultural with only a few basic - industries. Its economic health depends on the coffee crop, which accounts - for an average 90% of foreign exchange earnings each year. The ability to - pay for imports therefore continues to rest largely on the vagaries of the - climate and the international coffee market. As part of its economic reform - agenda, launched in February 1991 with IMF and World Bank support, Burundi - is trying to diversify its export agriculture capability and attract foreign - investment in industry. Several state-owned coffee companies were privatized - via public auction in September 1991. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $1.13 billion, per capita $200; real growth rate - 3.4% (1990 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 7.1% (1990 est.) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $158 million; expenditures $204 million, including capital - expenditures of $131 million (1989 est.) -Exports: - $74.7 million (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - coffee 88%, tea, hides, and skins - partners: - EC 83%, US 5%, Asia 2% -Imports: - $234.6 million (c.i.f., 1990) - commodities: - capital goods 31%, petroleum products 15%, foodstuffs, consumer goods - partners: - EC 57%, Asia 23%, US 3% -External debt: - $1.0 billion (1990 est.) -Industrial production: - real growth rate 5.1% (1986); accounts for about 10% of GDP -Electricity: - 55,000 kW capacity; 105 million kWh produced, 20 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - light consumer goods such as blankets, shoes, soap; assembly of imports; - public works construction; food processing -Agriculture: - accounts for 60% of GDP; 90% of population dependent on subsistence farming; - marginally self-sufficient in food production; cash crops - coffee, cotton, - tea; food crops - corn, sorghum, sweet potatoes, bananas, manioc; livestock - - meat, milk, hides, and skins -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $71 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $10.2 billion; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $32 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $175 - million -Currency: - Burundi franc (plural - francs); 1 Burundi franc (FBu) = 100 centimes -Exchange rates: - Burundi francs (FBu) per US$1 - 193.72 (January 1992), 181.51 (1991), 171.26 - (1990), 158.67 (1989), 140.40 (1988), 123. 56 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Burundi Communications - -Highways: - 5,900 km total; 400 km paved, 2,500 km gravel or laterite, 3,000 km improved - or unimproved earth -Inland waterways: - Lake Tanganyika -Ports: - Bujumbura (lake port) connects to transportation systems of Tanzania and - Zaire -Civil air: - no major transport aircraft -Airports: - 6 total, 6 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over - 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; none with runways 1,220 to 2,439 m -Telecommunications: - sparse system of wire, radiocommunications, and low-capacity radio relay - links; 8,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 2 FM, 1 TV; 1 Indian - Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -:Burundi Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army (includes naval and air units); paramilitary Gendarmerie -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 1,306,611; 681,050 fit for military service; 59,676 reach - military age (16) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $28 million, 3.7% of GDP (1989) - -:Cambodia Geography - -Total area: - 181,040 km2 -Land area: - 176,520 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly smaller than Oklahoma -Land boundaries: - 2,572 km; Laos 541 km, Thailand 803 km, Vietnam 1,228 km -Coastline: - 443 km -Maritime claims: - Contiguous zone: - 24 nm - Continental shelf: - 200 nm - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - offshore islands and three sections of the boundary with Vietnam are in - dispute; maritime boundary with Vietnam not defined -Climate: - tropical; rainy, monsoon season (May to October); dry season (December to - March); little seasonal temperature variation -Terrain: - mostly low, flat plains; mountains in southwest and north -Natural resources: - timber, gemstones, some iron ore, manganese, phosphates, hydropower - potential -Land use: - arable land 16%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 3%; forest and - woodland 76%; other 4%; includes irrigated 1% -Environment: - a land of paddies and forests dominated by Mekong River and Tonle Sap -Note: - buffer between Thailand and Vietnam - -:Cambodia People - -Population: - 7,295,706 (July 1992), growth rate 2.1% (1992) -Birth rate: - 37 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 15 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 121 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 48 years male, 51 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 4.4 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Cambodian(s); adjective - Cambodian -Ethnic divisions: - Khmer 90%, Chinese 5%, other 5% -Religions: - Theravada Buddhism 95%, other 5% -Languages: - Khmer (official), French -Literacy: - 35% (male 48%, female 22%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 2.5-3.0 million; agriculture 80% (1988 est.) -Organized labor: - Kampuchea Federation of Trade Unions (FSC); under government control - -:Cambodia Government - -Long-form name: - none -Type: - currently administered by the Supreme National Council (SNC), a body set up - under United Nations' auspices, in preparation for an internationally - supervised election in 1993 and including representatives from each of the - country's four political factions -Capital: - Phnom Penh -Administrative divisions: - 19 provinces (khet, singular and plural) and 2 autonomous cities* Banteay - Meanchey, Batdambang, Kampong Cham, Kampong Chhnang, Kampong Saom City*, - Kampong Spoe, Kampong Thum, Kampot, Kandal, Kaoh Kong, Kracheh, Mondol Kiri, - Phnom Phen City*, Pouthisat, Preah Vihear, Prey Veng, Rotanokiri, - Siemreab-Otdar Meanchey, Stoeng Treng, Svay Rieng, Takev -Independence: - 8 November 1949 (from France) -Constitution: - a new constitution will be drafted after the national election in 1993 -National holiday: - NGC - Independence Day, 17 April (1975); SOC - Liberation Day, 7 January - (1979) -Executive branch: - a twelve-member Supreme National Council (SNC), chaired by Prince NORODOM - SIHANOUK, composed of representatives from each of the four political - factions; faction names and delegation leaders are: State of Cambodia (SOC) - - HUN SEN; Democratic Kampuchea (DK or Khmer Rouge) - KHIEU SAMPHAN; Khmer - People's National Liberation Front (KPNLF) - SON SANN; National United Front - for an Independent, Peaceful, Neutral, and Cooperative Cambodia (FUNCINPEC) - - Prince NORODOM RANARIDDH -Legislative branch: - pending a national election in 1993, the incumbent SOC faction's National - Assembly is the only functioning national legislative body -Judicial branch: - pending a national election in 1993, the incumbent SOC faction's Supreme - People's Court is the only functioning national judicial body -Leaders: - Chief of State: - SNC - Chairman Prince NORODOM SIHANOUK, under United Nations's supervision - Head of Government: - NGC - vacant, formerly held by SON SANN (since July 1982); will be - determined following the national election in 1993; SOC - Chairman of the - Council of Ministers HUN SEN (since 14 January 1985) -Political parties and leaders: - Democratic Kampuchea (DK, also known as the Khmer Rouge) under KHIEU - SAMPHAN; Cambodian Pracheachon Party or Cambodian People's Party (CPP) (name - changed and HENG SAMRIN replaced in October 1991) under CHEA SIM; Khmer - People's National Liberation Front (KPNLF) under SON SANN; National United - Front for an Independent, Neutral, Peaceful, and Cooperative Cambodia - (FUNCINPEC) under Prince NORODOM RANNARIDH -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - UN-supervised election for a 120-member constituent assembly based on - proportional representation within each province will be held nine months - after UN-organized voter registration is complete; the election is not - anticipated before April 1993; the assembly will draft and approve a - constitution and then transform itself into a legislature that will create a - new Cambodian Government - -:Cambodia Government - -Member of: - AsDB, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, - ITU, LORCS, NAM, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - the Supreme National Council (SNC) represents Cambodia in international - organizations - it filled UN seat in September 1991 - US: - Charles TWINNING is the US representative to Cambodia -Flag: - SNC - blue background with white map of Cambodia in middle; SOC - two equal - horizontal bands of red (top) and blue with a gold stylized five-towered - temple representing Angkor Wat in the center - -:Cambodia Economy - -Overview: - Cambodia is a desperately poor country whose economic development has been - stymied by deadly political infighting. The economy is based on agriculture - and related industries. Over the past decade Cambodia has been slowly - recovering from its near destruction by war and political upheaval. The food - situation remains precarious; during the 1980s famine was averted only - through international relief. In 1986 the production level of rice, the - staple food crop, was able to meet only 80% of domestic needs. The biggest - success of the nation's recovery program has been in new rubber plantings - and in fishing. Industry, other than rice processing, is almost nonexistent. - Foreign trade has been primarily with the former USSR and Vietnam, and both - trade and foreign aid are being adversely affected by the breakup of the - USSR. Statistical data on the economy continue to be sparse and unreliable. - Foreign aid from the former USSR and Eastern Europe has virtually stopped. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $930 million, per capita $130; real growth rate - NA (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 53% (1990 est.) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $178 million expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of - $NA (1991) -Exports: - $32 million (f.o.b., 1988) - commodities: - natural rubber, rice, pepper, wood - partners: - Vietnam, USSR, Eastern Europe, Japan, India -Imports: - $147 million (c.i.f., 1988) - commodities: - international food aid; fuels, consumer goods, machinery - partners: - Vietnam, USSR, Eastern Europe, Japan, India -External debt: - $600 million (1989) -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 140,000 kW capacity; 200 million kWh produced, 30 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - rice milling, fishing, wood and wood products, rubber, cement, gem mining -Agriculture: - mainly subsistence farming except for rubber plantations; main crops - rice, - rubber, corn; food shortages - rice, meat, vegetables, dairy products, - sugar, flour -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $725 million; Western (non-US - countries) (1970-89), $300 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $1.8 - billion -Currency: - riel (plural - riels); 1 riel (CR) = 100 sen -Exchange rates: - riels (CR) per US$1 - 714 (May 1992), 500 (December 1991), 560 (1990), - 159.00 (1988), 100.00 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Cambodia Communications - -Railroads: - 612 km 1.000-meter gauge, government owned -Highways: - 13,351 km total; 2,622 km bituminous; 7,105 km crushed stone, gravel, or - improved earth; 3,624 km unimproved earth; some roads in disrepair -Inland waterways: - 3,700 km navigable all year to craft drawing 0.6 meters; 282 km navigable to - craft drawing 1.8 meters -Ports: - Kampong Saom, Phnom Penh -Airports: - 16 total, 8 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over - 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - service barely adequate for government requirements and virtually - nonexistent for general public; international service limited to Vietnam and - other adjacent countries; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, 1 TV - -:Cambodia Defense Forces - -Branches: - SOC - Cambodian People's Armed Forces (CPAF); Communist resistance forces - - National Army of Democratic Kampuchea (Khmer Rouge); non-Communist - resistance forces - Armee National Kampuchea Independent (ANKI), which is - sometimes anglicized as National Army of Independent Cambodia (NAIC), and - Khmer People's National Liberation Armed Forces (KPNLAF) - under the Paris - peace agreement of October 1991, all four factions are to observe a - cease-fire and prepare for UN-supervised cantonment, disarmament, and 70% - demobilization before the election, with the fate of the remaining 30% to be - determined by the newly elected government - the United Nations Transitional - Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) will verify the cease-fire and disarm the - combatants -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 1,877,339; 1,032,102 fit for military service; 61,807 reach - military age (18) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP - -:Cameroon Geography - -Total area: - 475,440 km2 -Land area: - 469,440 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly larger than California -Land boundaries: - 4,591 km; Central African Republic 797 km, Chad 1,094 km, Congo 523 km, - Equatorial Guinea 189 km, Gabon 298 km, Nigeria 1,690 km -Coastline: - 402 km -Maritime claims: - Territorial sea: - 50 nm -Disputes: - demarcation of international boundaries in Lake Chad, the lack of which has - led to border incidents in the past, is completed and awaiting ratification - by Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria; boundary commission created with - Nigeria to discuss unresolved land and maritime boundaries - has not yet - convened -Climate: - varies with terrain from tropical along coast to semiarid and hot in north -Terrain: - diverse, with coastal plain in southwest, dissected plateau in center, - mountains in west, plains in north -Natural resources: - crude oil, bauxite, iron ore, timber, hydropower potential -Land use: - arable land 13%; permanent crops 2%; meadows and pastures 18%; forest and - woodland 54%; other 13%; includes irrigated NEGL% -Environment: - recent volcanic activity with release of poisonous gases; deforestation; - overgrazing; desertification -Note: - sometimes referred to as the hinge of Africa - -:Cameroon People - -Population: - 12,658,439 (July 1992), growth rate 3.3% (1992) -Birth rate: - 44 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 11 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 81 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 55 years male, 60 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 6.4 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Cameroonian(s); adjective - Cameroonian -Ethnic divisions: - over 200 tribes of widely differing background; Cameroon Highlanders 31%, - Equatorial Bantu 19%, Kirdi 11%, Fulani 10%, Northwestern Bantu 8%, Eastern - Nigritic 7%, other African 13%, non-African less than 1% -Religions: - indigenous beliefs 51%, Christian 33%, Muslim 16% -Languages: - English and French (official), 24 major African language groups -Literacy: - 54% (male 66%, female 43%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - NA; agriculture 74.4%, industry and transport 11.4%, other services 14.2% - (1983); 50% of population of working age (15-64 years) (1985) -Organized labor: - under 45% of wage labor force - -:Cameroon Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Cameroon -Type: - unitary republic; multiparty presidential regime (opposition parties - legalized 1990) -Capital: - Yaounde -Administrative divisions: - 10 provinces; Adamaoua, Centre, Est, Extreme-Nord, Littoral, Nord, - Nord-Ouest, Ouest, Sud, Sud-Ouest -Independence: - 1 January 1960 (from UN trusteeship under French administration; formerly - French Cameroon) -Constitution: - 20 May 1972 -Legal system: - based on French civil law system, with common law influence; has not - accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - National Day, 20 May (1972) -Executive branch: - president, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Paul BIYA (since 6 November 1982) - Head of Government: - interim Prime Minister Sadou HAYATOU (since 25 April 1991) -Political parties and leaders: - Cameroon People's Democratic Movement (RDPC), Paul BIYA, president, is - government-controlled and was formerly the only party; numerous small - parties formed since opposition parties were legalized in 1990 -Suffrage: - universal at age 20 -Elections: - National Assembly: - next to be held 1 March 1992 - President: - last held 24 April 1988 (next to be held April 1993); results - President - Paul BIYA reelected without opposition -Other political or pressure groups: - NA -Member of: - ACCT (associate), ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CCC, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-19, G-77, - GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, - INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, PCA, UDEAC, UN, UNCTAD, - UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Paul PONDI; Chancery at 2349 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, - DC 20008; telephone (202) 265-8790 through 8794 - US: - Ambassador Frances D. COOK; Embassy at Rue Nachtigal, Yaounde (mailing - address is B. P. 817, Yaounde); telephone [237] 234014; FAX [237] 230753; - there is a US Consulate General in Douala - -:Cameroon Government - -Flag: - three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), red, and yellow with a - yellow five-pointed star centered in the red band; uses the popular - pan-African colors of Ethiopia - -:Cameroon Economy - -Overview: - Because of its offshore oil resources, Cameroon has one of the highest - incomes per capita in tropical Africa. Still, it faces many of the serious - problems facing other underdeveloped countries, such as political - instability, a top-heavy civil service, and a generally unfavorable climate - for business enterprise. The development of the oil sector led rapid - economic growth between 1970 and 1985. Growth came to an abrupt halt in 1986 - precipitated by steep declines in the prices of major exports: coffee, - cocoa, and petroleum. Export earnings were cut by almost one-third, and - inefficiencies in fiscal management were exposed. In 1990-92, with support - from the IMF and World Bank, the government has begun to introduce reforms - designed to spur business investment, increase efficiency in agriculture, - and recapitalize the nation's banks. Nationwide strikes organized by - opposition parties in 1991, however, undermined these efforts. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $11.5 billion, per capita $1,040; real growth - rate 0.7% (1990 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 8.6% (FY88) -Unemployment rate: - 25% (1990 est.) -Budget: - revenues $1.2 billion; expenditures $1.8 billion, including capital - expenditures of $NA million (FY89) -Exports: - $2.1 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.) - commodities: - petroleum products 56%, coffee, cocoa, timber, manufactures - partners: - EC (particularly France) about 50%, US 10% -Imports: - $2.1 billion (c.i.f., 1990 est.) - commodities: - machines and electrical equipment, transport equipment, chemical products, - consumer goods - partners: - France 41%, Germany 9%, US 4% -External debt: - $4.9 billion (December 1989 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate - 6.4% (FY87); accounts for 30% of GDP -Electricity: - 755,000 kW capacity; 2,940 million kWh produced, 270 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - crude oil products, food processing, light consumer goods, textiles, - sawmills -Agriculture: - the agriculture and forestry sectors provide employment for the majority of - the population, contributing nearly 25% to GDP and providing a high degree - of self-sufficiency in staple foods; commercial and food crops include - coffee, cocoa, timber, cotton, rubber, bananas, oilseed, grains, livestock, - root starches -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $440 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $4.5 billion; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $29 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $125 - million - -:Cameroon Economy - -Currency: - Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural - francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF) - = 100 centimes -Exchange rates: - Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 269.01 (January - 1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 - (1987) -Fiscal year: - 1 July - 30 June - -:Cameroon Communications - -Railroads: - 1,003 km total; 858 km 1.000-meter gauge, 145 km 0.600-meter gauge -Highways: - about 65,000 km total; includes 2,682 km paved, 32,318 km gravel and - improved earth, and 30,000 km of unimproved earth -Inland waterways: - 2,090 km; of decreasing importance -Ports: - Douala -Merchant marine: - 2 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 24,122 GRT/33,509 DWT -Civil air: - 5 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 56 total, 50 usable; 10 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over - 3,659 m; 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 21 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - good system of open wire, cable, troposcatter, and radio relay; 26,000 - telephones; broadcast stations - 11 AM, 11 FM, 1 TV; 2 Atlantic Ocean - INTELSAT earth stations - -:Cameroon Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy (including naval infantry), Air Force; National Gendarmerie, - Presidential Guards -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 2,753,059; 1,385,706 fit for military service; 120,011 reach - military age (18) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $219 million, 1.7% of GDP (1990 est.) - -:Canada Geography - -Total area: - 9,976,140 km2 -Land area: - 9,220,970 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly larger than US -Land boundaries: - 8,893 km with US (includes 2,477 km with Alaska) -Coastline: - 243,791 km -Maritime claims: - Continental shelf: - 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation - Exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - maritime boundary disputes with the US -Climate: - varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north -Terrain: - mostly plains with mountains in west and lowlands in southeast -Natural resources: - nickel, zinc, copper, gold, lead, molybdenum, potash, silver, fish, timber, - wildlife, coal, crude oil, natural gas -Land use: - arable land 5%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 3%; forest and - woodland 35%; other 57%; includes NEGL% irrigated -Environment: - 80% of population concentrated within 160 km of US border; continuous - permafrost in north a serious obstacle to development -Note: - second-largest country in world (after Russia); strategic location between - Russia and US via north polar route - -:Canada People - -Population: - 27,351,509 (July 1992), growth rate 1.3% (1992) -Birth rate: - 14 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 6 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 74 years male, 81 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 1.8 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Canadian(s); adjective - Canadian -Ethnic divisions: - British Isles origin 40%, French origin 27%, other European 20%, indigenous - Indian and Eskimo 1.5% -Religions: - Roman Catholic 46%, United Church 16%, Anglican 10% -Languages: - English and French (both official) -Literacy: - 99% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1981 est.) -Labor force: - 13,380,000; services 75%, manufacturing 14%, agriculture 4%, construction - 3%, other 4% (1988) -Organized labor: - 30.6% of labor force; 39.6% of nonagricultural paid workers - -:Canada Government - -Long-form name: - none -Type: - confederation with parliamentary democracy -Capital: - Ottawa -Administrative divisions: - 10 provinces and 2 territories*; Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New - Brunswick, Newfoundland, Northwest Territories*, Nova Scotia, Ontario, - Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon Territory* -Independence: - 1 July 1867 (from UK) -Constitution: - amended British North America Act 1867 patriated to Canada 17 April 1982; - charter of rights and unwritten customs -Legal system: - based on English common law, except in Quebec, where civil law system based - on French law prevails; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with - reservations -National holiday: - Canada Day, 1 July (1867) -Executive branch: - British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister, - Cabinet -Legislative branch: - bicameral Parliament (Parlement) consists of an upper house or Senate - (Senat) and a lower house or House of Commons (Chambre des Communes) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General - Raymond John HNATSHYN (since 29 January 1990) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister (Martin) Brian MULRONEY (since 4 September 1984); Deputy - Prime Minister Donald Frank MAZANKOWSKI (since June 1986) -Political parties and leaders: - Progressive Conservative Party, Brian MULRONEY; Liberal Party, Jean - CHRETIEN; New Democratic Party, Audrey McLAUGHLIN -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - House of Commons: - last held 21 November 1988 (next to be held by November 1993); results - - Progressive Conservative Party 43.0%, Liberal Party 32%, New Democratic - Party 20%, other 5%; seats - (295 total) Progressive Conservative Party 159, - Liberal Party 80, New Democratic Party 44, independents 12 -Communists: - 3,000 -Member of: - ACCT, AfDB, AG (observer), APEC, AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, C, CCC, CDB, - COCOM, CP, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, ECLAC, FAO, G-7, G-8, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, - IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, - INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NACC, NATO, NEA, NSG, - OAS, OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, - UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC - -:Canada Government - -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Derek BURNEY; Chancery at 501 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, - DC 20001; telephone (202) 682-1740; there are Canadian Consulates General in - Atlanta, Boston, Buffalo, Chicago, Cleveland, Dallas, Detroit, Los Angeles, - Minneapolis, New York, Philadelphia, San Francisco, and Seattle - US: - Ambassador Peter TEELEY; Embassy at 100 Wellington Street, K1P 5T1, Ottawa - (mailing address is P. O. Box 5000, Ogdensburg, NY 13669-0430); telephone - (613) 238-5335 or (613) 238-4470; FAX (613) 238-5720; there are US - Consulates General in Calgary, Halifax, Montreal, Quebec, Toronto, and - Vancouver -Flag: - three vertical bands of red (hoist side), white (double width, square), and - red with a red maple leaf centered in the white band - -:Canada Economy - -Overview: - As an affluent, high-tech industrial society, Canada today closely resembles - the US in per capita output, market-oriented economic system, and pattern of - production. Since World War II the impressive growth of the manufacturing, - mining, and service sectors has transformed the nation from a largely rural - economy into one primarily industrial and urban. In the 1980s, Canada - registered one of the highest rates of real growth among the OECD nations, - averaging about 3.2%. With its great natural resources, skilled labor force, - and modern capital plant, Canada has excellent economic prospects. However, - the continuing constitutional impasse between English- and French-speaking - areas has observers discussing a possible split in the confederation; - foreign investors are becoming edgy. -GDP: - purchasing power equivalent - $521.5 billion, per capita $19,400; real - growth rate -1.1% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 4.2% (November 1991, annual rate) -Unemployment rate: - 10.3% (November 1991) -Budget: - revenues $111.8 billion; expenditures $138.3 billion, including capital - expenditures of $NA (FY90 est.) -Exports: - $124.0 billion (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - newsprint, wood pulp, timber, crude petroleum, machinery, natural gas, - aluminum, motor vehicles and parts; telecommunications equipment - partners: - US, Japan, UK, Germany, South Korea, Netherlands, China -Imports: - $118 billion (c.i.f., 1991) - commodities: - crude petroleum, chemicals, motor vehicles and parts, durable consumer - goods, electronic computers; telecommunications equipment and parts - partners: - US, Japan, UK, Germany, France, Mexico, Taiwan, South Korea -External debt: - $247 billion (1987) -Industrial production: - growth rate -3.8% (August 1991); accounts for 34% of GDP -Electricity: - 106,464,000 kW capacity; 479,600 million kWh produced, 17,872 kWh per capita - (1991) -Industries: - processed and unprocessed minerals, food products, wood and paper products, - transportation equipment, chemicals, fish products, petroleum and natural - gas -Agriculture: - accounts for about 3% of GDP; one of the world's major producers and - exporters of grain (wheat and barley); key source of US agricultural - imports; large forest resources cover 35% of total land area; commercial - fisheries provide annual catch of 1.5 million metric tons, of which 75% is - exported -Illicit drugs: - illicit producer of cannabis for the domestic drug market; use of - hydroponics technology permits growers to plant large quantities of - high-quality marijuana indoors; growing role as a transit point for heroin - and cocaine entering the US market - -:Canada Economy - -Economic aid: - donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $7.2 billion -Currency: - Canadian dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Canadian dollar (Can$) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - Canadian dollars (Can$) per US$1 - 1.1565 (January 1992), 1.1457 (1991), - 1.1668 (1990), 1.1840 (1989), 1.2307 (1988), 1.3260 (1987) -Fiscal year: - 1 April - 31 March - -:Canada Communications - -Railroads: - 93,544 km total; two major transcontinental freight railway systems - - Canadian National (government owned) and Canadian Pacific Railway; passenger - service - VIA (government operated) -Highways: - 884,272 km total; 712,936 km surfaced (250,023 km paved), 171,336 km earth -Inland waterways: - 3,000 km, including Saint Lawrence Seaway -Pipelines: - crude and refined oil 23,564 km; natural gas 74,980 km -Ports: - Halifax, Montreal, Quebec, Saint John (New Brunswick), Saint John's - (Newfoundland), Toronto, Vancouver -Merchant marine: - 70 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 500,904 GRT/727,118 DWT; includes 1 - passenger, 3 short-sea passenger, 2 passenger-cargo, 10 cargo, 2 railcar - carrier, 1 refrigerated cargo, 8 roll-on/roll-off, 1 container, 28 petroleum - tanker, 5 chemical tanker, 1 specialized tanker, 8 bulk; note - does not - include ships used exclusively in the Great Lakes -Civil air: - 636 major transport aircraft; Air Canada is the major carrier -Airports: - 1,416 total, 1,168 usable; 455 with permanent-surface runways; 4 with - runways over 3,659 m; 30 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 338 with runways - 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - excellent service provided by modern media; 18.0 million telephones; - broadcast stations - 900 AM, 29 FM, 53 (1,400 repeaters) TV; 5 coaxial - submarine cables; over 300 earth stations operating in INTELSAT (including 4 - Atlantic Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean) and domestic systems - -:Canada Defense Forces - -Branches: - Canadian Armed Forces (including Mobile Command, Maritime Command, Air - Command, Communications Command, Canadian Forces Europe, Training Commands), - Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 7,366,675; 6,387,459 fit for military service; 190,752 reach - military age (17) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $11.4 billion, 1.7% of GDP (FY91); $10.5 billion, - NA% of GDP (FY 92) - -:Cape Verde Geography - -Total area: - 4,030 km2 -Land area: - 4,030 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly larger than Rhode Island -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 965 km -Maritime claims: - (measured from claimed archipelagic baselines) - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - temperate; warm, dry, summer; precipitation very erratic -Terrain: - steep, rugged, rocky, volcanic -Natural resources: - salt, basalt rock, pozzolana, limestone, kaolin, fish -Land use: - arable land 9%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 6%; forest and - woodland NEGL%; other 85%; includes irrigated 1% -Environment: - subject to prolonged droughts; harmattan wind can obscure visibility; - volcanically and seismically active; deforestation; overgrazing -Note: - strategic location 500 km from African coast near major north-south sea - routes; important communications station; important sea and air refueling - site - -:Cape Verde People - -Population: - 398,276 (July 1992), growth rate 3.0% (1992) -Birth rate: - 48 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 10 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - - 8 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 61 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 60 years male, 64 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 6.5 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Cape Verdean(s); adjective - Cape Verdean -Ethnic divisions: - Creole (mulatto) about 71%, African 28%, European 1% -Religions: - Roman Catholicism fused with indigenous beliefs -Languages: - Portuguese and Crioulo, a blend of Portuguese and West African words -Literacy: - 66% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1989 est.) -Labor force: - 102,000 (1985 est.); agriculture (mostly subsistence) 57%, services 29%, - industry 14% (1981); 51% of population of working age (1985) -Organized labor: - Trade Unions of Cape Verde Unity Center (UNTC-CS) - -:Cape Verde Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Cape Verde -Type: - republic -Capital: - Praia -Administrative divisions: - 14 districts (concelhos, singular - concelho); Boa Vista, Brava, Fogo, Maio, - Paul, Praia, Porto Novo, Ribeira Grande, Sal, Santa Catarina, Santa Cruz, - Sao Nicolau, Sao Vicente, Tarrafal -Independence: - 5 July 1975 (from Portugal) -Constitution: - 7 September 1980; amended 12 February 1981, December 1988, and 28 September - 1990 (legalized opposition parties) -National holiday: - Independence Day, 5 July (1975) -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, deputy minister, secretaries of state, Council of - Ministers (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral People's National Assembly (Assembleia Nacional Popular) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Tribunal of Justice (Supremo Tribunal de Justia) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Antonio Monteiro MASCARENHAS (since 22 March 1991) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Carlos VEIGA (since 13 January 1991) -Political parties and leaders: - Movement for Democracy (MPD), Prime Minister Carlos VEIGA, founder and - chairman; African Party for Independence of Cape Verde (PAICV), Pedro Verona - Rodrigues PIRES, chairman -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - People's National Assembly: - last held 13 January 1991 (next to be held January 1996); results - percent - of vote by party NA; seats - (79 total) MPD 56, PAICV 23; note - this - multiparty Assembly election ended 15 years of single-party rule - President: - last held 17 February 1991 (next to be held February 1996); results - - Antonio Monteiro MASCARENHAS (MPD) received 72.6% of vote -Member of: - ACP, AfDB, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, - INTERPOL, IOM (observer), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, - UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Carlos Alberto Santos SILVA; Chancery at 3415 Massachusetts - Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007; telephone (202) 965-6820; there is a Cape - Verdean Consulate General in Boston - US: - Ambassador Francis T. (Terry) McNAMARA; Embassy at Rua Hoji Ya Henda Yenna - 81, Praia (mailing address is C. P. 201, Praia); telephone [238] 61-43-63 or - 61-42-53; FAX [238] 61-13-55 - -:Cape Verde Government - -Flag: - two equal horizontal bands of yellow (top) and green with a vertical red - band on the hoist side; in the upper portion of the red band is a black - five-pointed star framed by two corn stalks and a yellow clam shell; uses - the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of - Guinea-Bissau, which is longer and has an unadorned black star centered in - the red band - -:Cape Verde Economy - -Overview: - Cape Verde's low per capita GDP reflects a poor natural resource base, a - 17-year drought, and a high birthrate. The economy is service oriented, with - commerce, transport, and public services accounting for 65% of GDP during - the period 1985-88. Although nearly 70% of the population lives in rural - areas, agriculture's share of GDP is only 16%; the fishing sector accounts - for 4%. About 90% of food must be imported. The fishing potential, mostly - lobster and tuna, is not fully exploited. In 1988 fishing represented only - 3.5% of GDP. Cape Verde annually runs a high trade deficit, financed by - remittances from emigrants and foreign aid. Economic reforms launched by the - new democratic government in February 1991 are aimed at developing the - private sector and attracting foreign investment to diversify the economy. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $310 million, per capita $800; real growth rate - 4% (1990 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 10% (1990 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 25% (1988) -Budget: - revenues $98.3 million; expenditures $138.4 million, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1988 est.) -Exports: - $10.9 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.) - commodities: - fish, bananas, salt - partners: - Portugal 40%, Algeria 31%, Angola, Netherlands (1990 est.) -Imports: - $107.8 million (c.i.f., 1989) - commodities: - petroleum, foodstuffs, consumer goods, industrial products - partners: - Sweden 33%, Spain 11%, Germany 5%, Portugal 3%, France 3%, Netherlands, US - (1990 est.) -External debt: - $150 million (December 1990 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 18% (1988 est.); accounts for 7% of GDP -Electricity: - 15,000 kW capacity; 15 million kWh produced, 40 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - fish processing, salt mining, clothing factories, ship repair, construction - materials, food and beverage production -Agriculture: - accounts for 16% of GDP; largely subsistence farming; bananas are the only - export crop; other crops - corn, beans, sweet potatoes, coffee; growth - potential of agricultural sector limited by poor soils and limited rainfall; - annual food imports required; fish catch provides for both domestic - consumption and small exports -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY75-89), $88 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $537 million; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $12 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $36 - million -Currency: - Cape Verdean escudo (plural - escudos); 1 Cape Verdean escudo (CVEsc) = 100 - centavos - -:Cape Verde Economy - -Exchange rates: - Cape Verdean escudos (CVEsc) per US$1 - 71.28 (March 1992), 71.41 (1991), - 64.10 (November 1990), 74.86 (December 1989), 72.01 (1988), 72.5 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Cape Verde Communications - -Ports: - Mindelo, Praia -Merchant marine: - 7 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 11,717 GRT/19,000 DWT -Civil air: - 3 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 6 total, 6 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over - 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - interisland radio relay system, high-frequency radio to Senegal and - Guinea-Bissau; over 1,700 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 6 FM, 1 TV; - 2 coaxial submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -:Cape Verde Defense Forces - -Branches: - People's Revolutionary Armed Forces (FARP) - Army and Navy are separate - components of FARP; Security Service -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 72,916; 43,010 fit for military service -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP - -:Cayman Islands Geography - -Total area: - 260 km2 -Land area: - 260 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly less than 1.5 times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 160 km -Maritime claims: - Exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 3 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical marine; warm, rainy summers (May to October) and cool, relatively - dry winters (November to April) -Terrain: - low-lying limestone base surrounded by coral reefs -Natural resources: - fish, climate and beaches that foster tourism -Land use: - arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 8%; forest and - woodland 23%; other 69% -Environment: - within the Caribbean hurricane belt -Note: - important location between Cuba and Central America - -:Cayman Islands People - -Population: - 29,139 (July 1992), growth rate 4.4% (1992) -Birth rate: - 16 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 33 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 8 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 75 years male, 79 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 1.5 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Caymanian(s); adjective - Caymanian -Ethnic divisions: - 40% mixed, 20% white, 20% black, 20% expatriates of various ethnic groups -Religions: - United Church (Presbyterian and Congregational), Anglican, Baptist, Roman - Catholic, Church of God, other Protestant denominations -Languages: - English -Literacy: - 98% (male 98%, female 98%) age 15 and over having ever attended school - (1970) -Labor force: - 8,061; service workers 18.7%, clerical 18.6%, construction 12.5%, finance - and investment 6.7%, directors and business managers 5.9% (1979) -Organized labor: - Global Seaman's Union; Cayman All Trade Union - -:Cayman Islands Government - -Long-form name: - none -Type: - dependent territory of the UK -Capital: - George Town -Administrative divisions: - 8 districts; Creek, Eastern, Midland, South Town, Spot Bay, Stake Bay, West - End, Western -Independence: - none (dependent territory of the UK) -Constitution: - 1959, revised 1972 -Legal system: - British common law and local statutes -National holiday: - Constitution Day (first Monday in July) -Executive branch: - British monarch, governor, Executive Council (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral Legislative Assembly -Judicial branch: - Grand Court, Cayman Islands Court of Appeal -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor Michael - GORE (since May 1992) - Head of Government: - Governor and President of the Executive Council Alan James SCOTT (since NA - 1987) -Political parties and leaders: - no formal political parties -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - Legislative Assembly: - last held November 1988 (next to be held November 1992); results - percent - of vote by party NA; seats - (15 total, 12 elected) -Member of: - CARICOM (observer), CDB, IOC -Diplomatic representation: - as a dependent territory of the UK, Caymanian interests in the US are - represented by the UK - US: - none -Flag: - blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the - Caymanian coat of arms on a white disk centered on the outer half of the - flag; the coat of arms includes a pineapple and turtle above a shield with - three stars (representing the three islands) and a scroll at the bottom - bearing the motto HE HATH FOUNDED IT UPON THE SEAS - HE HATH FOUNDED IT UPON THE SEAS - -:Cayman Islands Economy - -Overview: - The economy depends heavily on tourism (70% of GDP and 75% of export - earnings) and offshore financial services, with the tourist industry aimed - at the luxury market and catering mainly to visitors from North America. - About 90% of the islands' food and consumer goods needs must be imported. - The Caymanians enjoy one of the highest standards of living in the region. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $384 million, per capita $14,500 (1989); real - growth rate 8% (1990) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 8% (1990 est.) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $83.6 million; expenditures $98.9 million, including capital - expenditures of $13.6 million (1990) -Exports: - $1.5 million (f.o.b., 1987 est.) - commodities: - turtle products, manufactured consumer goods - partners: - mostly US -Imports: - $136 million (c.i.f., 1987 est.) - commodities: - foodstuffs, manufactured goods - partners: - US, Trinidad and Tobago, UK, Netherlands Antilles, Japan -External debt: - $15 million (1986) -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 74,000 kW capacity; 256 million kWh produced, 9,313 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - tourism, banking, insurance and finance, construction, building materials, - furniture making -Agriculture: - minor production of vegetables, fruit, livestock; turtle farming -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $26.7 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $35 million -Currency: - Caymanian dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Caymanian dollar (CI$) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - Caymanian dollars (CI$) per US$1 - 1.20 (fixed rate) -Fiscal year: - 1 April - 31 March - -:Cayman Islands Communications - -Highways: - 160 km of main roads -Ports: - George Town, Cayman Brac -Merchant marine: - 32 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 364,174 GRT/560,241 DWT; includes 1 - passenger-cargo, 7 cargo, 8 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 6 petroleum tanker, 1 - chemical tanker, 1 specialized tanker, 1 liquefied gas carrier, 5 bulk, 2 - combination bulk; note - a flag of convenience registry -Civil air: - 2 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 3 total; 3 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over - 2,439 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - 35,000 telephones; telephone system uses 1 submarine coaxial cable and 1 - Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station to link islands and access - international services; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 1 FM, no TV - -:Cayman Islands Defense Forces - -Branches: - Royal Cayman Islands Police Force (RCIPF) -Note: - defense is the responsibility of the UK - -:Central African Republic Geography - -Total area: - 622,980 km2 -Land area: - 622,980 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly smaller than Texas -Land boundaries: - 5,203 km; Cameroon 797 km, Chad 1,197 km, Congo 467 km, Sudan 1,165 km, - Zaire 1,577 km -Coastline: - none - landlocked -Maritime claims: - none - landlocked -Disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; hot, dry winters; mild to hot, wet summers -Terrain: - vast, flat to rolling, monotonous plateau; scattered hills in northeast and - southwest -Natural resources: - diamonds, uranium, timber, gold, oil -Land use: - arable land 3%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 5%; forest and - woodland 64%; other 28% -Environment: - hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds affect northern areas; poaching has - diminished reputation as one of last great wildlife refuges; desertification -Note: - landlocked; almost the precise center of Africa - -:Central African Republic People - -Population: - 3,029,080 (July 1992), growth rate 2.6% (1992) -Birth rate: - 43 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 18 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 135 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 46 years male, 49 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 5.5 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Central African(s); adjective - Central African -Ethnic divisions: - about 80 ethnic groups, the majority of which have related ethnic and - linguistic characteristics; Baya 34%, Banda 27%, Sara 10%, Mandjia 21%, - Mboum 4%, M'Baka 4%; 6,500 Europeans, of whom 3,600 are French -Religions: - indigenous beliefs 24%, Protestant 25%, Roman Catholic 25%, Muslim 15%, - other 11%; animistic beliefs and practices strongly influence the Christian - majority -Languages: - French (official); Sangho (lingua franca and national language); Arabic, - Hunsa, Swahili -Literacy: - 27% (male 33%, female 15%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 775,413 (1986 est.); agriculture 85%, commerce and services 9%, industry 3%, - government 3%; about 64,000 salaried workers; 55% of population of working - age (1985) -Organized labor: - 1% of labor force - -:Central African Republic Government - -Long-form name: - Central African Republic (no short-form name); abbreviated CAR -Type: - republic, one-party presidential regime since 1986 -Capital: - Bangui -Administrative divisions: - 14 prefectures (prefectures, singular - prefecture), 2 economic prefectures* - (prefectures economiques, singular - prefecture economique), and 1 - commune**; Bamingui-Bangoran, Bangui** Basse-Kotto, Gribingui*, Haute-Kotto, - Haute-Sangha, Haut-Mbomou, Kemo-Gribingui, Lobaye, Mbomou, Nana-Mambere, - Ombella-Mpoko, Ouaka, Ouham, Ouham-Pende, Sangha*, Vakaga -Independence: - 13 August 1960 (from France; formerly Central African Empire) -Constitution: - 21 November 1986 -Legal system: - based on French law -National holiday: - National Day (proclamation of the republic), 1 December (1958) -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) advised by the Economic - and Regional Council (Conseil Economique et Regional); when they sit - together this is known as the Congress (Congres) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) -Leaders: - Chief of State:: - President Andre-Dieudonne KOLINGBA (since 1 September 1981) - Head of Government:: - Prime Minister Edouard FRANCK (since 15 March 1991) -Political parties and leaders: - Centrafrican Democratic Rally Party (RDC), Andre-Dieudonne KOLINGBA; note - - as part of political reforms leading to a democratic system announced in - April 1991, 18 opposition parties have been legalized -Suffrage: - universal at age 21 -Elections: - National Assembly: - last held 31 July 1987 (next to be held by end of 1992); results - RDC is - the only party; seats - (52 total) RDC 52 - President: - last held 21 November 1986 (next to be held by end of 1992); results - - President KOLINGBA was reelected without opposition -Communists: - small number of Communist sympathizers -Member of: - ACCT, ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CCC, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, - ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, - UDEAC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Jean-Pierre SOHAHONG-KOMBET; Chancery at 1618 22nd Street NW, - Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 483-7800 or 7801 - US: - Ambassador Daniel H. SIMPSON; Embassy at Avenue du President David Dacko, - Bangui (mailing address is B. P. 924, Bangui); telephone 61-02-00, 61-25-78, - or 61-43-33; FAX [190] (236) 61-44-94 - -:Central African Republic Government - -Flag: - four equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, green, and yellow with a - vertical red band in center; there is a yellow five-pointed star on the - hoist side of the blue band - -:Central African Republic Economy - -Overview: - Subsistence agriculture, including forestry, is the backbone of the CAR - economy, with more than 70% of the population living in the countryside. In - 1988 the agricultural sector generated about 40% of GDP. Agricultural - products accounted for about 60% of export earnings and the diamond industry - for 30%. The country's 1991 budget deficit was US $70 million and in 1992 is - expected to be about the same. Important constraints to economic development - include the CAR's landlocked position, a poor transportation system, and a - weak human resource base. Multilateral and bilateral development assistance, - particularly from France, plays a major role in providing capital for new - investment. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $1.3 billion, per capita $440; real growth rate - - 3.0% (1990 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - -3.0% (1990 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 30% in Bangui (1988 est.) -Budget: - revenues $121 million; expenditures $193 million, including capital - expenditures of $NA million (1991 est.) -Exports: - $151.3 million (1990 est.) - commodities: - diamonds, cotton, coffee, timber, tobacco - partners: - France, Belgium, Italy, Japan, US -Imports: - $214.5 million (1990 est.) - commodities: - food, textiles, petroleum products, machinery, electrical equipment, motor - vehicles, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, consumer goods, industrial products - partners: - France, other EC countries, Japan, Algeria, Yugoslavia -External debt: - $700 million (1990 est.) -Industrial production: - 0.8% (1988); accounts for 12% of GDP -Electricity: - 40,000 kW capacity; 95 million kWh produced, 30 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - diamond mining, sawmills, breweries, textiles, footwear, assembly of - bicycles and motorcycles -Agriculture: - accounts for 40% of GDP; self-sufficient in food production except for - grain; commercial crops - cotton, coffee, tobacco, timber; food crops - - manioc, yams, millet, corn, bananas -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $49 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.5 billion; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $6 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $38 - million -Currency: - Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural - francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF) - = 100 centimes -Exchange rates: - Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 269.01 (January - 1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 - (1987) - -:Central African Republic Economy - -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Central African Republic Communications - -Highways: - 22,000 km total; 458 km bituminous, 10,542 km improved earth, 11,000 - unimproved earth -Inland waterways: - 800 km; traditional trade carried on by means of shallow-draft dugouts; - Oubangui is the most important river -Civil air: - 2 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 66 total, 52 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways - over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 22 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - fair system; network relies primarily on radio relay links, with - low-capacity, low-powered radiocommunication also used; broadcast stations - - 1 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -:Central African Republic Defense Forces - -Branches: - Central African Army (including Republican Guard), Air Force, National - Gendarmerie, Police Force -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 677,889; 354,489 fit for military service -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $23 million, 1.8% of GDP (1989 est.) - -:Chad Geography - -Total area: - 1,284,000 km2 -Land area: - 1,259,200 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly more than three times the size of California -Land boundaries: - 5,968 km; Cameroon 1,094 km, Central African Republic 1,197 km, Libya 1,055 - km, Niger 1,175 km, Nigeria 87 km, Sudan 1,360 km -Coastline: - none - landlocked -Maritime claims: - none - landlocked -Disputes: - Libya claims and occupies the 100,000 km2 Aozou Strip in the far north; - demarcation of international boundaries in Lake Chad, the lack of which has - led to border incidents in the past, is completed and awaiting ratification - by Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria -Climate: - tropical in south, desert in north -Terrain: - broad, arid plains in center, desert in north, mountains in northwest, - lowlands in south -Natural resources: - crude oil (unexploited but exploration under way), uranium, natron, kaolin, - fish (Lake Chad) -Land use: - arable land 2%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 36%; forest and - woodland 11%; other 51%; includes irrigated NEGL% -Environment: - hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds occur in north; drought and desertification - adversely affecting south; subject to plagues of locusts -Note: - landlocked; Lake Chad is the most significant water body in the Sahel - -:Chad People - -Population: - 5,238,908 (July 1992), growth rate 2.1% (1992) -Birth rate: - 42 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 21 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 136 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 39 years male, 41 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 5.3 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Chadian(s); adjective - Chadian -Ethnic divisions: - some 200 distinct ethnic groups, most of whom are Muslims (Arabs, Toubou, - Hadjerai, Fulbe, Kotoko, Kanembou, Baguirmi, Boulala, Zaghawa, and Maba) in - the north and center and non-Muslims (Sara, Ngambaye, Mbaye, Goulaye, - Moundang, Moussei, Massa) in the south; some 150,000 nonindigenous, of whom - 1,000 are French -Religions: - Muslim 44%, Christian 33%, indigenous beliefs, animism 23% -Languages: - French and Arabic (official); Sara and Sango in south; more than 100 - different languages and dialects are spoken -Literacy: - 30% (male 42%, female 18%) age 15 and over can read and write French or - Arabic (1990 est.) -Labor force: - NA; agriculture (engaged in unpaid subsistence farming, herding, and - fishing) 85% -Organized labor: - about 20% of wage labor force - -:Chad Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Chad -Type: - republic -Capital: - N'Djamena -Administrative divisions: - 14 prefectures (prefectures, singular - prefecture); Batha, Biltine, - Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti, Chari-Baguirmi, Guera, Kanem, Lac, Logone Occidental, - Logone Oriental, Mayo-Kebbi, Moyen-Chari, Ouaddai, Salamat, Tandjile -Independence: - 11 August 1960 (from France) -Constitution: - 22 December 1989, suspended 3 December 1990; Provisional National Charter 1 - March 1991 -Legal system: - based on French civil law system and Chadian customary law; has not accepted - compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - 11 August -Executive branch: - president, Council of State (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - the National Consultative Council (Conseil National Consultatif) was - disbanded 3 December 1990 and replaced by the Provisional Council of the - Republic; 30 members appointed by President DEBY on 8 March 1991 -Judicial branch: - Court of Appeal -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Col. Idriss DEBY (since 4 December 1990) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Jean ALINGUE Bawoyeu (since 8 March 1991) -Political parties and leaders: - Patriotic Salvation Movement (MPS; former dissident group), Idriss DEBY, - chairman; President DEBY has promised political pluralism, a new - constitution, and free elections by September 1993; numerous dissident - groups; national conference to be held in 1992 -Suffrage: - universal at age NA -Elections: - National Consultative Council: - last held 8 July 1990; disbanded 3 December 1990 - President: - last held 10 December 1989 (next to be held NA); results - President Hissein - HABRE was elected without opposition; note - the government of then - President HABRE fell on 1 December 1990, and Idriss DEBY seized power on 3 - December 1990; national conference scheduled for mid-1992 and election to - follow in 1993 -Communists: - no front organizations or underground party; probably a few Communists and - some sympathizers -Other political or pressure groups: - NA -Member of: - ACCT, ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, - IDA, IDB, IFAD, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, - OIC, UDEAC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - -:Chad Government - -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador ACHEIKH ibn Oumar; Chancery at 2002 R Street NW, Washington, DC - 20009; telephone (202) 462-4009 - US: - Ambassador Richard W. BOGOSIAN; Embassy at Avenue Felix Eboue, N'Djamena - (mailing address is B. P. 413, N'Djamena); telephone [235] (51) 62-18, - 40-09, or 51-62-11; FAX [235] 51-33-72 -Flag: - three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; similar to - the flag of Romania; also similar to the flag of Andorra, which has a - national coat of arms featuring a quartered shield centered in the yellow - band; design was based on the flag of France - -:Chad Economy - -Overview: - The climate, geographic location, and lack of infrastructure and natural - resources potential make Chad one of the most underdeveloped countries in - the world. Its economy is burdened by the ravages of civil war, conflict - with Libya, drought, and food shortages. In 1986 real GDP returned to its - 1977 level, with cotton, the major cash crop, accounting for 48% of exports. - Over 80% of the work force is employed in subsistence farming and fishing. - Industry is based almost entirely on the processing of agricultural - products, including cotton, sugarcane, and cattle. Chad is highly dependent - on foreign aid, with its economy in trouble and many regions suffering from - shortages. Oil companies are exploring areas north of Lake Chad and in the - Doba basin in the south. Since coming to power in December 1990, the Deby - government has experienced a year of economic chaos. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $1.0 billion, per capita $205; real growth rate - 0.9% (1989 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - --4.9% (1989) -Unemployment rate: - NA -Budget: - entirely funded by outside donors -Exports: - $174 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) - commodities: - cotton 48%, cattle 35%, textiles 5%, fish - partners: - France, Nigeria, Cameroon -Imports: - $264 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.) - commodities: - machinery and transportation equipment 39%, industrial goods 20%, petroleum - products 13%, foodstuffs 9%; note - excludes military equipment - partners: - US, France, Nigeria, Cameroon -External debt: - $530 million (December 1990 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 12.9% (1989 est.); accounts for nearly 15% of GDP -Electricity: - 40,000 kW capacity; 70 million kWh produced, 15 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - cotton textile mills, slaughterhouses, brewery, natron (sodium carbonate), - soap, cigarettes -Agriculture: - accounts for about 45% of GDP; largely subsistence farming; cotton most - important cash crop; food crops include sorghum, millet, peanuts, rice, - potatoes, manioc; livestock - cattle, sheep, goats, camels; self-sufficient - in food in years of adequate rainfall -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $198 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.5 billion; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $28 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $80 - million -Currency: - Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural - francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF) - = 100 centimes - -:Chad Economy - -Exchange rates: - Communaute Financiere Africaine Francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 269.01 (January - 1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 - (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Chad Communications - -Highways: - 31,322 km total; 32 km bituminous; 7,300 km gravel and laterite; remainder - unimproved earth -Inland waterways: - 2,000 km navigable -Civil air: - 3 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 71 total, 55 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways - over 3,659 m; 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 25 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - fair system of radiocommunication stations for intercity links; broadcast - stations - 6 AM, 1 FM, limited TV service; many facilities are inoperative; - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -:Chad Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army (includes Ground Forces, Air Force, and Gendarmerie), National Police, - Republican Guard -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 1,217,728; 632,833 fit for military service; 50,966 reach - military age (20) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $39 million, 4.3% of GDP (1988) - -:Chile Geography - -Total area: - 756,950 km2 -Land area: - 748,800 km2; includes Isla de Pascua (Easter Island) and Isla Sala y Gomez -Comparative area: - slightly smaller than twice the size of Montana -Land boundaries: - 6,171 km; Argentina 5,150 km, Bolivia 861 km, Peru 160 km -Coastline: - 6,435 km -Maritime claims: - Contiguous zone: - 24 nm - Continental shelf: - 200 nm - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - short section of the southern boundary with Argentina is indefinite; Bolivia - has wanted a sovereign corridor to the South Pacific Ocean since the Atacama - area was lost to Chile in 1884; dispute with Bolivia over Rio Lauca water - rights; territorial claim in Antarctica (Chilean Antarctic Territory) - partially overlaps Argentine claim -Climate: - temperate; desert in north; cool and damp in south -Terrain: - low coastal mountains; fertile central valley; rugged Andes in east -Natural resources: - copper, timber, iron ore, nitrates, precious metals, molybdenum -Land use: - arable land 7%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 16%; forest and - woodland 21%; other 56%; includes irrigated 2% -Environment: - subject to severe earthquakes, active volcanism, tsunami; Atacama Desert one - of world's driest regions; desertification -Note: - strategic location relative to sea lanes between Atlantic and Pacific Oceans - (Strait of Magellan, Beagle Channel, Drake Passage) - -:Chile People - -Population: - 13,528,945 (July 1992), growth rate 1.6% (1992) -Birth rate: - 21 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 17 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 71 years male, 77 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 2.5 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Chilean(s); adjective - Chilean -Ethnic divisions: - European and European-Indian 95%, Indian 3%, other 2% -Religions: - Roman Catholic 89%, Protestant 11%, and small Jewish population -Languages: - Spanish -Literacy: - 93% (male 94%, female 93%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 4,728,000; services 38.3% (includes government 12%); industry and commerce - 33.8%; agriculture, forestry, and fishing 19.2%; mining 2.3%; construction - 6.4% (1990) -Organized labor: - 13% of labor force (1990) - -:Chile Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Chile -Type: - republic -Capital: - Santiago -Administrative divisions: - 13 regions (regiones, singular - region); Aisen del General Carlos Ibanez - del Campo, Antofagasta, Araucania, Atacama, Bio-Bio, Coquimbo, Libertador - General Bernardo O'Higgins, Los Lagos, Magallanes y de la Antartica Chilena, - Maule, Region Metropolitana, Tarapaca, Valparaiso; note - the US does not - recognize claims to Antarctica -Independence: - 18 September 1810 (from Spain) -Constitution: - 11 September 1980, effective 11 March 1981; amended 30 July 1989 -Legal system: - based on Code of 1857 derived from Spanish law and subsequent codes - influenced by French and Austrian law; judicial review of legislative acts - in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Independence Day, 18 September (1810) -Executive branch: - president, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - bicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional) consisting of an upper house - or Senate (Senado) and a lower house or Chamber of Deputies (Camara de - Diputados) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court (Corte Suprema) -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Patricio AYLWIN Azocar (since 11 March 1990) -Political parties and leaders: - Concertation of Parties for Democracy now consists mainly of five parties - - Christian Democratic Party (PDC), Eduardo FREI Ruiz-Tagle; Party for - Democracy (PPD), Erich SCHNAKE; Radical Party (PR), Carlos GONZALEZ Marquez; - Social Democratic Party (PSP), Roberto MUNOZ Barros; Socialist Party (PS), - Ricardo NUNEZ; National Renovation (RN), Andres ALLAMAND; Independent - Democratic Union (UDI), Julio DITTBORN; Center-Center Union (UCC), Francisco - Juner ERRAZURIZA; Communist Party of Chile (PCCh), Volodia TEITELBOIM; - Movement of Revolutionary Left (MIR) is splintered, no single leader -Suffrage: - universal and compulsory at age 18 -Elections: - Chamber of Deputies: - last held 14 December 1989 (next to be held December 1993 or January 1994); - results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (120 total) Concertation of - Parties for Democracy 72 (PDC 38, PPD 17, PR 5, other 12), RN 29, UDI 11, - right-wing independents 8 - President: - last held 14 December 1989 (next to be held December 1993 or January 1994); - results - Patricio AYLWIN (PDC) 55.2%, Hernan BUCHI 29.4%, other 15.4% - Senate: - last held 14 December 1989 (next to be held December 1993 or January 1994); - results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (46 total, 38 elected) - Concertation of Parties for Democracy 22 (PDC 13, PPD 5, PR 2, PSD 1, PRSD - 1), RN 6, UDI 2, independents 8 - -:Chile Government - -Communists: - The PCCh has legal party status and has less than 60,000 members -Other political or pressure groups: - revitalized university student federations at all major universities - dominated by opposition political groups; labor - United Labor Central (CUT) - includes trade unionists from the country's five largest labor - confederations; Roman Catholic Church -Member of: - CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, - IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, - LAIA, LORCS, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMOGIP, - UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WFTV, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Patricio SILVA Echenique; Chancery at 1732 Massachusetts Avenue - NW, Washington, DC 20036; telephone (202) 785-1746; there are Chilean - Consulates General in Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Philadelphia, - and San Francisco - US: - Ambassador Curtis KAMMAN; Embassy at Codina Building, 1343 Agustinas, - Santiago (mailing address is APO AA 34033); telephone [56] (2) 671-0133; FAX - [56] (2) 699-1141 -Flag: - two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; there is a blue square - the same height as the white band at the hoist-side end of the white band; - the square bears a white five-pointed star in the center; design was based - on the US flag - -:Chile Economy - -Overview: - The government of President Aylwin, which took power in 1990, has opted to - retain the orthodox economic policies of Pinochet, although the share of - spending for social welfare has risen slightly. In 1991 growth in GDP - recovered to 5.5% (led by consumer spending) after only 2.1% growth in 1990. - The tight monetary policy of 1990 helped cut the rate of inflation from - 27.3% in 1990 to 18.7% in 1991. Despite a 12% drop in copper prices, the - trade surplus rose in 1991, and international reserves increased. - Inflationary pressures are not expected to ease much in 1992, and economic - growth is likely to approach 7%. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $30.5 billion, per capita $2,300; real growth - rate 5.5% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 18.7% (1991) -Unemployment rate: - 6.5% (1991) -Budget: - revenues $7.6 billion; expenditures $8.3 billion, including capital - expenditures of $772 million (1991 est.) -Exports: - $8.9 billion (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - copper 50%, other metals and minerals 7%, wood products 6.5%, fish and - fishmeal 9%, fruits 5% (1989) - partners: - EC 36%, US 18%, Japan 14%, Brazil 6% (1989) -Imports: - $7.4 billion (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - petroleum, wheat, capital goods, spare parts, raw materials - partners: - EC 20%, US 20%, Japan 11%, Brazil 10% (1989) -External debt: - $16.2 billion (October 1991) -Industrial production: - growth rate 5.9% (1991 est.); accounts for 36% of GDP -Electricity: - 5,502,800 kW capacity; 21,470 million kWh produced, 1,616 kWh per capita - (1991) -Industries: - copper, other minerals, foodstuffs, fish processing, iron and steel, wood - and wood products, transport equipment, cement, textiles -Agriculture: - accounts for about 9% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); major - exporter of fruit, fish, and timber products; major crops - wheat, corn, - grapes, beans, sugar beets, potatoes, deciduous fruit; livestock products - - beef, poultry, wool; self-sufficient in most foods; 1989 fish catch of 6.1 - million metric tons; net agricultural importer -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $521 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.6 billion; - Communist countries (1970-89), $386 million -Currency: - Chilean peso (plural - pesos); 1 Chilean peso (Ch$) = 100 centavos -Exchange rates: - Chilean pesos (Ch$) per US$1 - 368.66 (January 1992), 349.37 (1991), 305.06 - (1990), 267.16 (1989), 245.05 (1988), 219.54 (1987) - -:Chile Economy - -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Chile Communications - -Railroads: - 7,766 km total; 3,974 km 1.676-meter gauge, 150 km 1.435-meter standard - gauge, 3,642 km 1.000-meter gauge; electrification, 1,865 km 1.676-meter - gauge, 80 km 1.000-meter gauge -Highways: - 79,025 km total; 9,913 km paved, 33,140 km gravel, 35,972 km improved and - unimproved earth (1984) -Inland waterways: - 725 km -Pipelines: - crude oil 755 km; petroleum products 785 km; natural gas 320 km -Ports: - Antofagasta, Iquique, Puerto Montt, Punta Arenas, Valparaiso, San Antonio, - Talcahuano, Arica -Merchant marine: - 33 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 468,873 GRT/780,932 DWT; includes 11 - cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 3 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 petroleum tanker, 1 - chemical tanker, 3 liquefied gas, 3 combination ore/oil, 9 bulk; note - in - addition, 2 naval tanker and 2 military transport are sometimes used - commercially -Civil air: - 29 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 390 total, 349 usable; 48 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways - over 3,659 m; 12 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 58 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - modern telephone system based on extensive microwave relay facilities; - 768,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 159 AM, no FM, 131 TV, 11 - shortwave; satellite ground stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 3 - domestic - -:Chile Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army of the Nation, National Navy (including Naval Air, Coast Guard, and - Marines), Air Force of the Nation, Carabineros of Chile (National Police), - Investigative Police -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 3,600,654; 2,685,924 fit for military service; 118,480 reach - military age (19) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $1 billion, 3.4% of GDP (1991 est.) - -:China Geography - -Total area: - 9,596,960 km2 -Land area: - 9,326,410 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly larger than the US -Land boundaries: - 22,143.34 km; Afghanistan 76 km, Bhutan 470 km, Burma 2,185 km, Hong Kong 30 - km, India 3,380 km, Kazakhstan 1,533 km, North Korea 1,416 km, Kyrgyzstan - 858 km, Laos 423 km, Macau 0.34 km, Mongolia 4,673 km, Nepal 1,236 km, - Pakistan 523 km, Russia (northeast) 3,605 km, Russia (northwest) 40 km, - Tajikistan 414 km, Vietnam 1,281 km -Coastline: - 14,500 km -Maritime claims: - Continental shelf: - claim to shallow areas of East China Sea and Yellow Sea - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - boundary with India; bilateral negotiations are under way to resolve - disputed sections of the boundary with Russia; boundary with Tajikistan - under dispute: a short section of the boundary with North Korea is - indefinite; involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with - Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; maritime - boundary dispute with Vietnam in the Gulf of Tonkin; Paracel Islands - occupied by China, but claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; claims - Japanese-administered Senkaku-shoto, as does Taiwan, (Senkaku Islands/Diaoyu - Tai) -Climate: - extremely diverse; tropical in south to subarctic in north -Terrain: - mostly mountains, high plateaus, deserts in west; plains, deltas, and hills - in east -Natural resources: - coal, iron ore, crude oil, mercury, tin, tungsten, antimony, manganese, - molybdenum, vanadium, magnetite, aluminum, lead, zinc, uranium, world's - largest hydropower potential -Land use: - arable land 10%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 31%; forest and - woodland 14%; other 45%; includes irrigated 5% -Environment: - frequent typhoons (about five times per year along southern and eastern - coasts), damaging floods, tsunamis, earthquakes; deforestation; soil - erosion; industrial pollution; water pollution; air pollution; - desertification -Note: - world's third-largest country (after Russia and Canada) - -:China People - -Population: - 1,169,619,601 (July 1992), growth rate 1.6% (1992) -Birth rate: - 22 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 32 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 69 years male, 72 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 2.3 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Chinese (singular and plural); adjective - Chinese -Ethnic divisions: - Han Chinese 93.3%; Zhuang, Uygur, Hui, Yi, Tibetan, Miao, Manchu, Mongol, - Buyi, Korean, and other nationalities 6.7% -Religions: - officially atheist, but traditionally pragmatic and eclectic; most important - elements of religion are Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism; Muslim 2-3%, - Christian 1% (est.) -Languages: - Standard Chinese (Putonghua) or Mandarin (based on the Beijing dialect); - also Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghainese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan - (Hokkien-Taiwanese), Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects, and minority languages (see - ethnic divisions) -Literacy: - 73% (male 84%, female 62%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 567,400,000; agriculture and forestry 60%, industry and commerce 25%, - construction and mining 5%, social services 5%, other 5% (1990 est.) -Organized labor: - All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU) follows the leadership of the - Chinese Communist Party; membership over 80 million or about 65% of the - urban work force (1985) - -:China Government - -Long-form name: - People's Republic of China; abbreviated PRC -Type: - Communist Party - led state -Capital: - Beijing -Administrative divisions: - 23 provinces (sheng, singular and plural), 5 autonomous regions* (zizhiqu, - singular and plural), and 3 municipalities** (shi, singular and plural); - Anhui, Beijing Shi**, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi*, Guizhou, Hainan, - Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, - Nei Mongol*, Ningxia*, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanghai Shi**, Shanxi, - Sichuan, Tianjin Shi**, Xinjiang*, Xizang*, Yunnan, Zhejiang; note - China - considers Taiwan its 23rd province -Independence: - unification under the Qin (Ch'in) Dynasty 221 BC, Qing (Ch'ing) Dynasty - replaced by the Republic on 12 February 1912, People's Republic established - 1 October 1949 -Constitution: - most recent promulgated 4 December 1982 -Legal system: - a complex amalgam of custom and statute, largely criminal law; rudimentary - civil code in effect since 1 January 1987; new legal codes in effect since 1 - January 1980; continuing efforts are being made to improve civil, - administrative, criminal, and commercial law -National holiday: - National Day, 1 October (1949) -Executive branch: - president, vice president, premier, five vice premiers, State Council -Legislative branch: - unicameral National People's Congress (Quanguo Renmin Daibiao Dahui) -Judicial branch: - Supreme People's Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President YANG Shangkun (since 8 April 1988); Vice President WANG Zhen - (since 8 April 1988) - Chief of State and Head of Government (de facto): - DENG Xiaoping (since mid-1977) - Head of Government: - Premier LI Peng (Acting Premier since 24 November 1987, Premier since 9 - April 1988); Vice Premier YAO Yilin (since 2 July 1979); Vice Premier TIAN - Jiyun (since 20 June 1983); Vice Premier WU Xueqian (since 12 April 1988); - Vice Premier ZOU Jiahua (since 8 April 1991); Vice Premier ZHU Rongji (since - 8 April 1991) -Political parties and leaders: - - Chinese Communist Party (CCP), JIANG Zemin, general secretary of the - Central Committee (since 24 June 1989); also, eight registered small parties - controlled by CCP -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - National People's Congress: - last held March 1988 (next to be held March 1993); results - CCP is the only - party but there are also independents; seats - (2,976 total) CCP and - independents 2,976 (indirectly elected at county or xian level) - President: - last held 8 April 1988 (next to be held March 1993); results - YANG Shangkun - was nominally elected by the Seventh National People's Congress - -:China Government - -Communists: - 49,000,000 party members (1990 est.) -Other political or pressure groups: - such meaningful opposition as exists consists of loose coalitions, usually - within the party and government organization, that vary by issue -Member of: - AfDB, APEC, AsDB, CCC, ESCAP, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, - IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, PCA, UN, - UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UN Security Council, UNTSO, UN Trusteeship - Council, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador ZHU Qizhen; Chancery at 2300 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, - DC 20008; telephone (202) 328-2500 through 2502; there are Chinese - Consulates General in Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, and San - Francisco - US: - Ambassador J. Stapleton ROY; Embassy at Xiu Shui Bei Jie 3, Beijing (mailing - address is 100600, PSC 461, Box 50, Beijing or FPO AP 96521-0002); telephone - [86] (1) 532-3831; FAX [86] (1) 532-3178; there are US Consulates General in - Chengdu, Guangzhou, Shanghai, and Shenyang -Flag: - red with a large yellow five-pointed star and four smaller yellow - five-pointed stars (arranged in a vertical arc toward the middle of the - flag) in the upper hoist-side corner - -:China Economy - -Overview: - Beginning in late 1978 the Chinese leadership has been trying to move the - economy from the sluggish Soviet-style centrally planned economy to a more - productive and flexible economy with market elements, but still within the - framework of monolithic Communist control. To this end the authorities have - switched to a system of household responsibility in agriculture in place of - the old collectivization, increased the authority of local officials and - plant managers in industry, permitted a wide variety of small-scale - enterprise in services and light manufacturing, and opened the foreign - economic sector to increased trade and joint ventures. The most gratifying - result has been a strong spurt in production, particularly in agriculture in - the early 1980s. Industry also has posted major gains, especially in coastal - areas near Hong Kong and opposite Taiwan, where foreign investment and - modern production methods have helped spur production of both domestic and - export goods. Aggregate output has more than doubled since 1978. On the - darker side, the leadership has often experienced in its hybrid system the - worst results of socialism (bureaucracy, lassitude, corruption) and of - capitalism (windfall gains and stepped-up inflation). Beijing thus has - periodically backtracked, retightening central controls at intervals and - thereby lessening the credibility of the reform process. In 1991 output rose - substantially, particularly in the favored coastal areas. Popular - resistance, changes in central policy, and loss of authority by rural cadres - have weakened China's population control program, which is essential to the - nation's long-term economic viability. -GNP: - $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate 6% (1991) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 2.1% (1991) -Unemployment rate: - 4.0% in urban areas (1991) -Budget: - deficit $9.5 billion (1990) -Exports: - $71.9 billion (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - textiles, garments, telecommunications and recording equipment, petroleum, - minerals - partners: - Hong Kong, Japan, US, USSR, Singapore (1990) -Imports: - $63.8 billion (c.i.f., 1991) - commodities: - specialized industrial machinery, chemicals, manufactured goods, steel, - textile yarn, fertilizer - partners: - Hong Kong, Japan, US, Germany, Taiwan (1990) -External debt: - $51 billion (1990 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 14.0% (1991); accounts for 45% of GNP -Electricity: - 138,000,000 kW capacity (1990); 670,000 million kWh produced (1991), 582 kWh - per capita (1991) -Industries: - iron, steel, coal, machine building, armaments, textiles, petroleum, cement, - chemical fertilizers, consumer durables, food processing - -:China Economy - -Agriculture: - accounts for 26% of GNP; among the world's largest producers of rice, - potatoes, sorghum, peanuts, tea, millet, barley, and pork; commercial crops - include cotton, other fibers, and oilseeds; produces variety of livestock - products; basically self-sufficient in food; fish catch of 8 million metric - tons in 1986 -Illicit drugs: - transshipment point for heroin produced in the Golden Triangle -Economic aid: - donor - to less developed countries (1970-89) $7.0 billion; US commitments, - including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $220.7 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA - and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $13.5 billion -Currency: - yuan (plural - yuan); 1 yuan (Y) = 10 jiao -Exchange rates: - yuan (Y) per US$1 - 5.4481 (January 1992), 5.3234 (1991), 4.7832 (1990), - 3.7651 (1989), 3.7221 (1988), 3.7221 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:China Communications - -Railroads: - total about 54,000 km common carrier lines; 53,400 km 1.435-meter standard - gauge; 600 km 1.000-meter gauge; of these 11,200 km are double track - standard-gauge lines; 6,900 km electrified (1990); 10,000 km dedicated - industrial lines (gauges range from 0.762 to 1.067 meters) -Highways: - about 1,029,000 km (1990) all types roads; 170,000 km (est.) paved roads, - 648,000 km (est.) gravel/improved earth roads, 211,000 km (est.) unimproved - earth roads and tracks -Inland waterways: - 138,600 km; about 109,800 km navigable -Pipelines: - crude oil 9,700 km (1990); petroleum products 1,100 km; natural gas 6,200 km -Ports: - Dalian, Guangzhou, Huangpu, Qingdao, Qinhuangdao, Shanghai, Xingang, - Zhanjiang, Ningbo, Xiamen, Tanggu, Shantou -Merchant marine: - 1,454 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 13,887,312 GRT/20,916,127 DWT; - includes 25 passenger, 42 short-sea passenger, 18 passenger-cargo, 6 - cargo/training, 801 cargo, 10 refrigerated cargo, 77 container, 19 - roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 multifunction/barge carrier, 177 petroleum tanker, - 10 chemical tanker, 254 bulk, 3 liquefied gas, 1 vehicle carrier, 9 - combination bulk, 1 barge carrier; note - China beneficially owns an - additional 194 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling approximately 7,077,089 - DWT that operate under Panamanian, British, Hong Kong, Maltese, Liberian, - Vanuatu, Cyprus, and Saint Vincent registry -Civil air: - 284 major transport aircraft (1988 est.) -Airports: - 330 total, 330 usable; 260 with permanent-surface runways; fewer than 10 - with runways over 3,500 m; 90 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 200 with runways - 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - domestic and international services are increasingly available for private - use; unevenly distributed internal system serves principal cities, - industrial centers, and most townships; 11,000,000 telephones (December - 1989); broadcast stations - 274 AM, unknown FM, 202 (2,050 repeaters) TV; - more than 215 million radio receivers; 75 million TVs; satellite earth - stations - 4 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 INMARSAT, - and 55 domestic - -:China Defense Forces - -Branches: - People's Liberation Army (PLA), PLA Navy (including Marines), PLA Air Force, - People's Armed Police -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 339,554,712; 188,995,620 fit for military service; 11,691,967 - reach military age (18) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $12-15 billion, NA of GNP (1991 est.) - -:Christmas Island Geography - -Total area: - 135 km2 -Land area: - 135 km2 -Comparative area: - about 0.8 times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 138.9 km -Maritime claims: - Contiguous zone: - 12 nm - Exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 3 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; heat and humidity moderated by trade winds -Terrain: - steep cliffs along coast rise abruptly to central plateau -Natural resources: - phosphate -Land use: - arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and - woodland 0%; other 100% -Environment: - almost completely surrounded by a reef -Note: - located along major sea lanes of Indian Ocean - -:Christmas Island People - -Population: - 929 (July 1992), growth rate NA% (1992) -Birth rate: - NA births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - NA deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - NA migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - NA deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - NA years male, NA years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - NA children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Christmas Islander(s); adjective - Christmas Island -Ethnic divisions: - Chinese 61%, Malay 25%, European 11%, other 3%; no indigenous population -Religions: - Buddhist 36.1%, Muslim 25.4%, Christian 17.7% (Roman Catholic 8.2%, Church - of England 3.2%, Presbyterian 0.9%, Uniting Church 0.4%, Methodist 0.2%, - Baptist 0.1%, and other 4.7%), none 12.7%, unknown 4.6%, other 3.5% (1981) -Languages: - English -Literacy: - NA% (male NA%, female NA%) -Labor force: - NA; all workers are employees of the Phosphate Mining Company of Christmas - Island, Ltd. -Organized labor: - NA - -:Christmas Island Government - -Long-form name: - Territory of Christmas Island -Type: - territory of Australia -Capital: - The Settlement -Administrative divisions: - none (territory of Australia) -Independence: - none (territory of Australia) -Constitution: - Christmas Island Act of 1958 -Legal system: - under the authority of the governor general of Australia -National holiday: - NA -Executive branch: - British monarch, governor general of Australia, administrator, Advisory - Council (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - none -Judicial branch: - none -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) - Head of Government: - Administrator W. A. MCKENZIE (since NA) -Member of: - none -Diplomatic representation: - none (territory of Australia) -Flag: - the flag of Australia is used - -:Christmas Island Economy - -Overview: - Phosphate mining had been the only significant economic activity, but in - December 1987 the Australian Government closed the mine as no longer - economically viable. Plans have been under way to reopen the mine and also - to build a casino and hotel to develop tourism, with a possible opening date - during the first half of 1992. -GDP: - NA - $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate NA% -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - NA% -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA -Exports: - $NA - commodities: - phosphate - partners: - Australia, NZ -Imports: - $NA - commodities: - NA - partners: - NA -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 11,000 kW capacity; 30 million kWh produced, 13,170 kWh per capita (1990) -Industries: - phosphate extraction (near depletion) -Agriculture: - NA -Economic aid: - none -Currency: - Australian dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.3360 (January 1992), 1.2836 (1991), - 1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988), 1.4267 (1987) -Fiscal year: - 1 July - 30 June - -:Christmas Island Communications - -Ports: - Flying Fish Cove -Airports: - 1 usable with permanent-surface runway 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - 4,000 radios (1982) - -:Christmas Island Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of Australia - -:Clipperton Island Geography - -Total area: - 7 km2 -Land area: - 7 km2 -Comparative area: - about 12 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 11.1 km -Maritime claims: - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - claimed by Mexico -Climate: - tropical -Terrain: - coral atoll -Natural resources: - none -Land use: - arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and - woodland 0%; other (coral) 100% -Environment: - reef about 8 km in circumference -Note: - located 1,120 km southwest of Mexico in the North Pacific Ocean; also called - Ile de la Passion - -:Clipperton Island People - -Population: - uninhabited - -:Clipperton Island Government - -Long-form name: - none -Type: - French possession administered by France from French Polynesia by High - Commissioner of the Republic Jean MONTPEZAT -Capital: - none; administered by France from French Polynesia - -:Clipperton Island Economy - -Overview: - The only economic activity is a tuna fishing station. - -:Clipperton Island Communications - -Ports: - none; offshore anchorage only - -:Clipperton Island Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of France - -:Cocos Islands Geography - -Total area: - 14 km2 -Land area: - 14 km2; main islands are West Island and Home Island -Comparative area: - about 24 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 2.6 km -Maritime claims: - Exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 3 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - pleasant, modified by the southeasttrade wind for about nine months of the - year; moderate rain fall -Terrain: - flat, low-lying coral atolls -Natural resources: - fish -Land use: - arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and - woodland 0%; other 100% -Environment: - two coral atolls thickly covered with coconut palms and other vegetation -Note: - located 1,070 km southwest of Sumatra (Indonesia) in the Indian Ocean about - halfway between Australia and Sri Lanka - -:Cocos Islands People - -Population: - 597 (July 1992), growth rate - 0.5% (1992) -Birth rate: - NA births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - NA deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - NA migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - NA deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - NA years male, NA years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - NA children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Cocos Islander(s); adjective - Cocos Islander -Ethnic divisions: - mostly Europeans on West Island and Cocos Malays on Home Island -Religions: - almost all Sunni Muslims -Languages: - English -Literacy: - NA% (male NA%, female NA%) -Labor force: - NA -Organized labor: - none - -:Cocos Islands Government - -Long-form name: - Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands -Type: - territory of Australia -Capital: - West Island -Administrative divisions: - none (territory of Australia) -Independence: - none (territory of Australia) -Constitution: - Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act of 1955 -Legal system: - based upon the laws of Australia and local laws -National holiday: - NA -Executive branch: - British monarch, governor general of Australia, administrator, chairman of - the Islands Council -Legislative branch: - unicameral Islands Council -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) - Head of Government: - Administrator B. CUNNINGHAM (since NA); Chairman of the Islands Council Haji - Wahin bin BYNIE (since NA) -Suffrage: - NA -Elections: - NA -Member of: - none -Diplomatic representation: - none (territory of Australia) -Flag: - the flag of Australia is used - -:Cocos Islands Economy - -Overview: - Grown throughout the islands, coconuts are the sole cash crop. Copra and - fresh coconuts are the major export earners. Small local gardens and fishing - contribute to the food supply, but additional food and most other - necessities must be imported from Australia. -GDP: - $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate NA% -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - NA% -Budget: - revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA -Exports: - $NA - commodities: - copra - partners: - Australia -Imports: - $NA - commodities: - foodstuffs - partners: - Australia -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 1,000 kW capacity; 2 million kWh produced, 2,980 kWh per capita (1990) -Industries: - copra products -Agriculture: - gardens provide vegetables, bananas, pawpaws, coconuts -Economic aid: - none -Currency: - Australian dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.3360 (January 1992), 1.2836 (1991), - 1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988), 1.4267 (1987) -Fiscal year: - 1 July - 30 June - -:Cocos Islands Communications - -Ports: - none; lagoon anchorage only -Airports: - 1 airfield with permanent-surface runway, 1,220-2,439 m; airport on West - Island is a link in service between Australia and South Africa -Telecommunications: - 250 radios (1985); linked by telephone, telex, and facsimile communications - via satellite with Australia; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV - -:Cocos Islands Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of Australia - -:Colombia Geography - -Total area: - 1,138,910 km2 -Land area: - 1,038,700 km2; includes Isla de Malpelo, Roncador Cay, Serrana Bank, and - Serranilla Bank -Comparative area: - slightly less than three times the size of Montana -Land boundaries: - 7,408 km; Brazil 1,643 km, Ecuador 590 km, Panama 225 km, Peru 2,900, - Venezuela 2,050 km -Coastline: - 3,208 km; Caribbean Sea 1,760 km, North Pacific Ocean 1,448 km -Maritime claims: - Continental shelf: - not specified - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - maritime boundary dispute with Venezuela in the Gulf of Venezuela; - territorial dispute with Nicaragua over Archipelago de San Andres y - Providencia and Quita Sueno Bank -Climate: - tropical along coast and eastern plains; cooler in highlands -Terrain: - flat coastal lowlands, central highlands, high Andes mountains, eastern - lowland plains -Natural resources: - crude oil, natural gas, coal, iron ore, nickel, gold, copper, emeralds -Land use: - arable land 4%; permanent crops 2%; meadows and pastures 29%; forest and - woodland 49%; other 16%; includes irrigated NEGL% -Environment: - highlands subject to volcanic eruptions; deforestation; soil damage from - overuse of pesticides; periodic droughts -Note: - only South American country with coastlines on both North Pacific Ocean and - Caribbean Sea - -:Colombia People - -Population: - 34,296,941 (July 1992), growth rate 1.9% (1992) -Birth rate: - 24 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 31 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 69 years male, 74 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 2.6 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Colombian(s); adjective - Colombian -Ethnic divisions: - mestizo 58%, white 20%, mulatto 14%, black 4%, mixed black-Indian 3%, Indian - 1% -Religions: - Roman Catholic 95% -Languages: - Spanish -Literacy: - 87% (male 88%, female 86%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 12,000,000 (1990); services 46%, agriculture 30%, industry 24% (1990) -Organized labor: - 984,000 members (1989), about 8.2% of labor force; the Communist-backed - Unitary Workers Central or CUT is the largest labor organization, with about - 725,000 members (including all affiliate unions) - -:Colombia Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Colombia -Type: - republic; executive branch dominates government structure -Capital: - Bogota -Administrative divisions: - 23 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento), 5 commissariats* - (comisarias, singular - comisaria), and 4 intendancies** (intendencias, - singular - intendencia); Amazonas*, Antioquia, Arauca**, Atlantico, Bolivar, - Boyaca, Caldas, Caqueta, Casanare**, Cauca, Cesar, Choco, Cordoba, - Cundinamarca, Guainia*, Guaviare*, Huila, La Guajira, Magdalena, Meta, - Narino, Norte de Santander, Putumayo**, Quindio, Risaralda, San Andres y - Providencia**, Santander, Sucre, Tolima, Valle del Cauca, Vaupes*, Vichada*; - note - there may be a new special district (distrito especial) named Bogota; - the Constitution of 5 July 1991 states that the commissariats and - intendancies are to become full departments and a capital district (distrito - capital) of Santa Fe de Bogota is to be established by 1997 -Independence: - 20 July 1810 (from Spain) -Constitution: - 5 July 1991 -Legal system: - based on Spanish law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme - Court; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations -National holiday: - Independence Day, 20 July (1810) -Executive branch: - president, presidential designate, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - bicameral Congress (Congreso) consists of a nationally elected upper chamber - or Senate (Senado) and a nationally elected lower chamber or House of - Representatives (Camara de Representantes) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justica) -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Cesar GAVIRIA Trujillo (since 7 August 1990) -Political parties and leaders: - Liberal Party (PL), Cesar GAVIRIA Trujillo, president; Social Conservative - Party (PCS), Misael PASTRANA Borrero; National Salvation Movement (MSN), - Alvaro GOMEZ Hurtado; Democratic Alliance M-19 (AD/M-19) is headed by 19th - of April Movement (M-19) leader Antonio NAVARRO Wolf, coalition of small - leftist parties and dissident liberals and conservatives; Patriotic Union - (UP) is a legal political party formed by Revolutionary Armed Forces of - Colombia (FARC) and Colombian Communist Party (PCC), Carlos ROMERO -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - President: - last held 27 May 1990 (next to be held May 1994); results - Cesar GAVIRIA - Trujillo (Liberal) 47%, Alvaro GOMEZ Hurtado (National Salvation Movement) - 24%, Antonio NAVARRO Wolff (M-19) 13%, Rodrigo LLOREDA (Conservative) 12% - Senate: - last held 27 October 1991 (next to be held March 1994); results - percent of - vote by party NA; seats - (102 total) Liberal 58, Conservative 22, AD/M-19 - 9, MSN 5, UP 1, others 7 - -:Colombia Government - - House of Representatives: - last held 27 October 1991 (next to be held March 1994); results - percent of - vote by party NA; seats - (161 total) Liberal 87, Conservative 31, AD/M-19 - 13, MSN 10, UP 3, other 17 -Communists: - 18,000 members (est.), including Communist Party Youth Organization (JUCO) -Other political or pressure groups: - three insurgent groups are active in Colombia - Revolutionary Armed Forces - of Colombia (FARC), led by Manuel MARULANDA and Alfonso CANO; National - Liberation Army (ELN), led by Manuel PEREZ; and dissidents of the recently - demobilized People's Liberation Army (EPL) led by Francisco CARABALLO -Member of: - AG, CDB, CG, ECLAC, FAO, G-3, G-11, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, - ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, - INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG, - UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Jaime GARCIA Parra; Chancery at 2118 Leroy Place NW, Washington, - DC 20008; telephone (202) 387-8338; there are Colombian Consulates General - in Chicago, Houston, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, and San - Juan (Puerto Rico), and Consulates in Atlanta, Boston, Detroit, Los Angeles, - and Tampa - US: - Ambassador Morris D. BUSBY; Embassy at Calle 38, No. 8-61, Bogota (mailing - address is P. O. Box A. A. 3831, Bogota or APO AA 34038); telephone [57] (1) - 285-1300 or 1688; FAX [571] 288-5687; there is a US Consulate in - Barranquilla -Flag: - three horizontal bands of yellow (top, double-width), blue, and red; similar - to the flag of Ecuador, which is longer and bears the Ecuadorian coat of - arms superimposed in the center - -:Colombia Economy - -Overview: - Economic development has slowed gradually since 1986, but growth rates - remain high by Latin American standards. Conservative economic policies have - kept inflation and unemployment near 30% and 10%, respectively. The rapid - development of oil, coal, and other nontraditional industries over the past - four years has helped to offset the decline in coffee prices - Colombia's - major export. The collapse of the International Coffee Agreement in the - summer of 1989, a troublesome rural insurgency, and drug-related violence - have dampened growth, but significant economic reforms are likely to - facilitate a resurgent economy in the medium term. These reforms center on - fiscal restraint, trade liberalization, and privatization of state utilities - and commercial banks. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $45 billion, per capita $1,300; real growth rate - 3.7% (1990 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 26.8% (1991) -Unemployment rate: - 10.5% (1991) -Budget: - revenues $4.39 billion; current expenditures $3.93 billion, capital - expenditures $1.03 billion (1989 est.) -Exports: - $7.5 billion (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - petroleum (19%), coffee, coal, bananas, fresh cut flowers - partners: - US 40%, EC 21%, Japan 5%, Netherlands 4%, Sweden 3% -Imports: - $6.1 billion (c.i.f., 1991) - commodities: - industrial equipment, transportation equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals, paper - products - partners: - US 36%, EC 16%, Brazil 4%, Venezuela 3%, Japan 3% -External debt: - $17.0 billion (1991) -Industrial production: - growth rate 1% (1991 est.); accounts for 21% of GDP -Electricity: - 9,624,000 kW capacity; 38,856 million kWh produced, 1,150 kWh per capita - (1991) -Industries: - textiles, food processing, oil, clothing and footwear, beverages, chemicals, - metal products, cement; mining - gold, coal, emeralds, iron, nickel, silver, - salt -Agriculture: - growth rate 3% (1991 est.) accounts for 22% of GDP; crops make up two-thirds - and livestock one-third of agricultural output; climate and soils permit a - wide variety of crops, such as coffee, rice, tobacco, corn, sugarcane, cocoa - beans, oilseeds, vegetables; forest products and shrimp farming are becoming - more important -Illicit drugs: - illicit producer of cannabis, coca, and opium; about 37,500 hectares of coca - under cultivation; major supplier of cocaine to the US and other - international drug markets - -:Colombia Economy - -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.6 billion; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $3.3 billion, - Communist countries (1970-89), $399 million -Currency: - Colombian peso (plural - pesos); 1 Colombian peso (Col$) = 100 centavos -Exchange rates: - Colombian pesos (Col$) per US$1 - 711.88 (January 1992), 633.08 (1991), - 550.00 (1990), 435.00 (1989), 336.00 (1988), 242.61 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Colombia Communications - -Railroads: - 3,386 km; 3,236 km 0.914-meter gauge, single track (2,611 km in use), 150 km - 1. 435-meter gauge -Highways: - 75,450 km total; 9,350 km paved, 66,100 km earth and gravel surfaces -Inland waterways: - 14,300 km, navigable by river boats -Pipelines: - crude oil 3,585 km; petroleum products 1,350 km; natural gas 830 km; natural - gas liquids 125 km -Ports: - Barranquilla, Buenaventura, Cartagena, Covenas, San Andres, Santa Marta, - Tumaco -Merchant marine: - 31 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 289,794 GRT/443,369 DWT; includes 9 - cargo, 1 chemical tanker, 3 petroleum tanker, 8 bulk, 10 container; note - - in addition, 2 naval tankers are sometimes used commercially -Civil air: - 83 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 1,167 total, 1,023 usable; 70 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways - over 3,659 m; 8 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 191 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - nationwide radio relay system; 1,890,000 telephones; broadcast stations - - 413 AM, no FM, 33 TV, 28 shortwave; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations - and 11 domestic satellite earth stations - -:Colombia Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army (Ejercito Nacional), Navy (Armada Nacional, including Marines), Air - Force (Fuerza Aerea de Colombia), National Police (Policia Nacional) -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 9,214,691; 6,240,601 fit for military service; 353,691 reach - military age (18) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $624 million, 1.4% of GDP (1991) - -:Comoros Geography - -Total area: - 2,170 km2 -Land area: - 2,170 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly more than 12 times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 340 km -Maritime claims: - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - claims French-administered Mayotte -Climate: - tropical marine; rainy season (November to May) -Terrain: - volcanic islands, interiors vary from steep mountains to low hills -Natural resources: - negligible -Land use: - arable land 35%; permanent crops 8%; meadows and pastures 7%; forest and - woodland 16%; other 34% -Environment: - soil degradation and erosion; deforestation; cyclones possible during rainy - season -Note: - important location at northern end of Mozambique Channel - -:Comoros People - -Population: - 493,853 (July 1992), growth rate 3.5% (1992) -Birth rate: - 47 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 12 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 84 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 55 years male, 59 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 6.9 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Comoran(s); adjective - Comoran -Ethnic divisions: - Antalote, Cafre, Makoa, Oimatsaha, Sakalava -Religions: - Sunni Muslim 86%, Roman Catholic 14% -Languages: - official languages are Arabic and French but majority of population speak - Comoran, a blend of Swahili and Arabic -Literacy: - 48% (male 56%, female 40%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980) -Labor force: - 140,000 (1982); agriculture 80%, government 3%; 51% of population of working - age (1985) -Organized labor: - NA - -:Comoros Government - -Long-form name: - Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros -Type: - independent republic -Capital: - Moroni -Administrative divisions: - three islands; Njazidja, Nzwani, and Mwali, formerly Grand Comore, Anjouan, - and Moheli respectively; note - there are also four municipalities named - Domoni, Fomboni, Moroni, and Mutsamudu -Independence: - 31 December 1975 (from France) -Constitution: - 1 October 1978, amended October 1982 and January 1985 -Legal system: - French and Muslim law in a new consolidated code -National holiday: - Independence Day, 6 July (1975) -Executive branch: - president, Council of Ministers (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral Federal Assembly (Assemblee Federale) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Said Mohamed DJOHAR (since 11 March 1990); coordinator of National - Unity Government (de facto prime minister) - Mohamed Taki ABDULKARIM (1 - January 1992) -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - Federal Assembly: - last held 22 March 1987 (next to be held March 1992); results - percent of - vote by party NA; seats - (42 total) Udzima 42 - President: - last held 11 March 1990 (next to be held March 1996); results - Said Mohamed - DJOHAR (Udzima) 55%, Mohamed TAKI Abdulkarim (UNDC) 45% -Member of: - ACCT, ACP, AfDB, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, ILO, IMF, - ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WMO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Amini Ali MOUMIN; Chancery (temporary) at the Comoran Permanent - Mission to the UN, 336 East 45th Street, 2nd Floor, New York, NY 10017; - telephone (212) 972-8010 - US: - Ambassador Kenneth N. PELTIER; Embassy at address NA, Moroni (mailing - address B. P. 1318, Moroni); telephone 73-22-03, 73-29-22 -Flag: - green with a white crescent placed diagonally (closed side of the crescent - points to the upper hoist-side corner of the flag); there are four white - five-pointed stars placed in a line between the points of the crescent; the - crescent, stars, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam; the four - stars represent the four main islands of the archipelago - Mwali, Njazidja, - Nzwani, and Mayotte (which is a territorial collectivity of France, but - claimed by the Comoros) - -:Comoros Economy - -Overview: - One of the world's poorest countries, Comoros is made up of several islands - that have poor transportation links, a young and rapidly increasing - population, and few natural resources. The low educational level of the - labor force contributes to a low level of economic activity, high - unemployment, and a heavy dependence on foreign grants and technical - assistance. Agriculture, including fishing, hunting, and forestry, is the - leading sector of the economy. It contributes about 34% to GDP, employs 80% - of the labor force, and provides most of the exports. The country is not - self-sufficient in food production, and rice, the main staple, accounts for - 90% of imports. During the period 1982-86 the industrial sector grew at an - annual average rate of 5.3%, but its contribution to GDP was only 5% in - 1988. Despite major investment in the tourist industry, which accounts for - about 25% of GDP, growth has stagnated since 1983. A sluggish growth rate of - 1.5% during 1985-90 has led to large budget deficits, declining incomes, and - balance-of-payments difficulties. Preliminary estimates for 1991 show a - moderate increase in the growth rate based on increased exports, tourism, - and government investment outlays. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $260 million, per capita $540; real growth rate - 2.7% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 4.0% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - over 16% (1988 est.) -Budget: - revenues $88 million; expenditures $92 million, including capital - expenditures of $13 million (1990 est.) -Exports: - $16 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) - commodities: - vanilla, cloves, perfume oil, copra, ylang-ylang - partners: - US 53%, France 41%, Africa 4%, FRG 2% (1988) -Imports: - $41 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) - commodities: - rice and other foodstuffs, cement, petroleum products, consumer goods - partners: - Europe 62% (France 22%), Africa 5%, Pakistan, China (1988) -External debt: - $196 million (1991 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 3.4% (1988 est.); accounts for 5% of GDP -Electricity: - 16,000 kW capacity; 25 million kWh produced, 50 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - perfume distillation, textiles, furniture, jewelry, construction materials, - soft drinks -Agriculture: - accounts for 34% of GDP; most of population works in subsistence agriculture - and fishing; plantations produce cash crops for export - vanilla, cloves, - perfume essences, and copra; principal food crops - coconuts, bananas, - cassava; world's leading producer of essence of ylang-ylang (for perfumes) - and second-largest producer of vanilla; large net food importer - -:Comoros Economy - -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY80-89), $10 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $435 million; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $22 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $18 - million -Currency: - Comoran franc (plural - francs); 1 Comoran franc (CF) = 100 centimes -Exchange rates: - Comoran francs (CF) per US$1 - 269.01 (January 1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 - (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 (1987); note - linked to the - French franc at 50 to 1 French franc -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Comoros Communications - -Highways: - 750 km total; about 210 km bituminous, remainder crushed stone or gravel -Ports: - Mutsamudu, Moroni -Civil air: - 1 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 4 total, 4 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over - 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - sparse system of radio relay and high-frequency radio communication stations - for interisland and external communications to Madagascar and Reunion; over - 1,800 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 1 FM, no TV - -:Comoros Defense Forces - -Branches: - Comoran Security Forces (FCS), Federal Gendarmerie (GFC) -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 105,022; 62,808 fit for military service -Defense expenditures: - $NA, NA of GDP - -:Congo Geography - -Total area: - 342,000 km2 -Land area: - 341,500 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly smaller than Montana -Land boundaries: - 5,504 km; Angola 201 km, Cameroon 523 km, Central African Republic 467 km, - Gabon 1,903 km, Zaire 2,410 km -Coastline: - 169 km -Maritime claims: - Territorial sea: - 200 nm -Disputes: - long section with Zaire along the Congo River is indefinite (no division of - the river or its islands has been made) -Climate: - tropical; rainy season (March to June); dry season (June to October); - constantly high temperatures and humidity; particularly enervating climate - astride the Equator -Terrain: - coastal plain, southern basin, central plateau, northern basin -Natural resources: - petroleum, timber, potash, lead, zinc, uranium, copper, phosphates, natural - gas -Land use: - arable land 2%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 29%; forest and - woodland 62%; other 7% -Environment: - deforestation; about 70% of the population lives in Brazzaville, Pointe - Noire, or along the railroad between them - -:Congo People - -Population: - 2,376,687 (July 1992), growth rate 2.9% (1992) -Birth rate: - 42 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 13 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 109 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 53 years male, 56 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 5.7 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Congolese (singular and plural); adjective - Congolese or Congo -Ethnic divisions: - about 15 ethnic groups divided into some 75 tribes, almost all Bantu; most - important ethnic groups are Kongo (48%) in the south, Sangha (20%) and - M'Bochi (12%) in the north, Teke (17%) in the center; about 8,500 Europeans, - mostly French -Religions: - Christian 50%, animist 48%, Muslim 2% -Languages: - French (official); many African languages with Lingala and Kikongo most - widely used -Literacy: - 57% (male 70%, female 44%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 79,100 wage earners; agriculture 75%, commerce, industry, and government - 25%; 51% of population of working age; 40% of population economically active - (1985) -Organized labor: - 20% of labor force (1979 est.) - -:Congo Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of the Congo -Type: - republic -Capital: - Brazzaville -Administrative divisions: - 9 regions (regions, singular - region) and 1 commune*; Bouenza, - Brazzaville*, Cuvette, Kouilou, Lekoumou, Likouala, Niari, Plateaux, Pool, - Sangha -Independence: - 15 August 1960 (from France; formerly Congo/Brazzaville) -Constitution: - 8 July 1979, currently being modified -Legal system: - based on French civil law system and customary law -National holiday: - Congolese National Day, 15 August (1960) -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - a transitional National Assembly -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO (since 8 February 1979); stripped of most - powers by National Conference in May 1991 - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Andre MILONGO (since May 1991) -Political parties and leaders: - Congolese Labor Party (PCT), President Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO, leader; note - - multiparty system legalized, with over 50 parties established -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - National Assembly: - transitional body selected by National Conference in May 1991; election for - new legislative body to be held spring 1992 - President: - last held 26-31 July 1989 (next to be held June 1992); results - President - SASSOU-NGUESSO unanimously reelected leader of the PCT by the Party - Congress, which automatically made him president -Communists: - small number of Communists and sympathizers -Other political or pressure groups: - Union of Congolese Socialist Youth (UJSC), Congolese Trade Union Congress - (CSC), Revolutionary Union of Congolese Women (URFC), General Union of - Congolese Pupils and Students (UGEEC) -Member of: - ACCT, ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CCC, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, - IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, - OAU, UDEAC, UN, UNAVEM, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, - WTO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Roger ISSOMBO; Chancery at 4891 Colorado Avenue NW, Washington, - DC 20011; telephone (202) 726-5500 - -:Congo Government - - US: - Ambassador James Daniel PHILLIPS; Embassy at Avenue Amilcar Cabral, - Brazzaville (mailing address is B. P. 1015, Brazzaville, or Box C, APO AE - 09828); telephone (242) 83-20-70; FAX [242] 83-63-38 -Flag: - red, divided diagonally from the lower hoist side by a yellow band; the - upper triangle (hoist side) is green and the lower triangle is red; uses the - popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia - -:Congo Economy - -Overview: - Congo's economy is a mixture of village agriculture and handicrafts, a - beginning industrial sector based largely on oil, supporting services, and a - government characterized by budget problems and overstaffing. A reform - program, supported by the IMF and World Bank, ran into difficulties in - 1990-91 because of problems in changing to a democratic political regime and - a heavy debt-servicing burden. Oil has supplanted forestry as the mainstay - of the economy, providing about two-thirds of government revenues and - exports. In the early 1980s rapidly rising oil revenues enabled Congo to - finance large-scale development projects with growth averaging 5% annually, - one of the highest rates in Africa. During the period 1987-91, however, - growth has slowed to an average of roughly 1.5% annually, only half the - population growth rate. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $2.4 billion, per capita $1,070; real growth rate - 0.5% (1990 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 4.6% (1989 est.) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $522 million; expenditures $767 million, including capital - expenditures of $141 million (1989) -Exports: - $751 million (f.o.b., 1988) - commodities: - crude petroleum 72%, lumber, plywood, coffee, cocoa, sugar, diamonds - partners: - US, France, other EC -Imports: - $564 million (c.i.f., 1988) - commodities: - foodstuffs, consumer goods, intermediate manufactures, capital equipment - partners: - France, Italy, other EC, US, FRG, Spain, Japan, Brazil -External debt: - $4.5 billion (December 1988) -Industrial production: - growth rate 1.2% (1989); accounts for 33% of GDP, including petroleum -Electricity: - 140,000 kW capacity; 315 million kWh produced, 135 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - crude oil, cement, sawmills, brewery, sugar mill, palm oil, soap, cigarettes -Agriculture: - accounts for 10% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); cassava accounts - for 90% of food output; other crops - rice, corn, peanuts, vegetables; cash - crops include coffee and cocoa; forest products important export earner; - imports over 90% of food needs -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $60 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.3 billion; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $15 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $338 - million -Currency: - Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural - francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF) - = 100 centimes - -:Congo Economy - -Exchange rates: - Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 269.01 (January - 1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 - (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Congo Communications - -Railroads: - 797 km, 1.067-meter gauge, single track (includes 285 km that are privately - owned) -Highways: - 11,960 km total; 560 km paved; 850 km gravel and laterite; 5,350 km improved - earth; 5,200 km unimproved earth -Inland waterways: - the Congo and Ubangi (Oubangui) Rivers provide 1,120 km of commercially - navigable water transport; the rest are used for local traffic only -Pipelines: - crude oil 25 km -Ports: - Pointe-Noire (ocean port), Brazzaville (river port) -Civil air: - 4 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 46 total, 42 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways - over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 17 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - services adequate for government use; primary network is composed of radio - relay routes and coaxial cables; key centers are Brazzaville, Pointe-Noire, - and Loubomo; 18,100 telephones; broadcast stations - 4 AM, 1 FM, 4 TV; 1 - Atlantic Ocean satellite earth station - -:Congo Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy (including Naval Infantry), Air Force, National Police -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 526,058; 267,393 fit for military service; 23,884 reach - military age (20) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $100 million, 4.6% of GDP (1987 est.) - -:Cook Islands Geography - -Total area: - 240 km2 -Land area: - 240 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly less than 1.3 times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 120 km -Maritime claims: - Continental shelf: - edge of continental margin or minimum of 200 nm - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; moderated by trade winds -Terrain: - low coral atolls in north; volcanic, hilly islands in south -Natural resources: - negligible -Land use: - arable land 4%; permanent crops 22%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and - woodland 0%; other 74% -Environment: - subject to typhoons from November to March -Note: - located 4,500 km south of Hawaii in the South Pacific Ocean - -:Cook Islands People - -Population: - 17,977 (July 1992), growth rate 0.5% (1992) -Birth rate: - 22 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - -10 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 25 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 69 years male, 73 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 3.0 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Cook Islander(s); adjective - Cook Islander -Ethnic divisions: - Polynesian (full blood) 81.3%, Polynesian and European 7.7%, Polynesian and - other 7.7%, European 2.4%, other 0.9% -Religions: - Christian, majority of populace members of Cook Islands Christian Church -Languages: - English (official); Maori -Literacy: - NA% (male NA%, female NA%) -Labor force: - 5,810; agriculture 29%, government 27%, services 25%, industry 15%, and - other 4% (1981) -Organized labor: - NA - -:Cook Islands Government - -Long-form name: - none -Type: - self-governing in free association with New Zealand; Cook Islands fully - responsible for internal affairs; New Zealand retains responsibility for - external affairs, in consultation with the Cook Islands -Capital: - Avarua -Administrative divisions: - none -Independence: - became self-governing in free association with New Zealand on 4 August 1965 - and has the right at any time to move to full independence by unilateral - action -Constitution: - 4 August 1965 -National holiday: - Constitution Day, 4 August -Executive branch: - British monarch, representative of the UK, representative of New Zealand, - prime minister, deputy prime minister, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral Parliament; note - the House of Arikis (chiefs) advises on - traditional matters, but has no legislative powers -Judicial branch: - High Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); Representative of the UK Sir - Tangaroa TANGAROA (since NA); Representative of New Zealand Adrian SINCOCK - (since NA) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Geoffrey HENRY (since 1 February 1989); Deputy Prime Minister - Inatio AKARURU (since February 1989) -Political parties and leaders: - Cook Islands Party, Geoffrey HENRY; Democratic Tumu Party, Vincent INGRAM; - Democratic Party, Terepai MAOATE; Cook Islands Labor Party, Rena JONASSEN; - Cook Islands People's Party, Sadaraka SADARAKA -Suffrage: - universal adult at age NA -Elections: - Parliament: - last held 19 January 1989 (next to be held by January 1994); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (24 total) Cook Islands Party 12, - Democratic Tumu Party 2, opposition coalition (including Democratic Party) - 9, independent 1 -Member of: - AsDB, ESCAP (associate), FAO, ICAO, IOC, SPC, SPF, UNESCO, WHO -Diplomatic representation: - none (self-governing in free association with New Zealand) -Flag: - blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and a large - circle of 15 white five-pointed stars (one for every island) centered in the - outer half of the flag - -:Cook Islands Economy - -Overview: - Agriculture provides the economic base. The major export earners are fruit, - copra, and clothing. Manufacturing activities are limited to a - fruit-processing plant and several clothing factories. Economic development - is hindered by the isolation of the islands from foreign markets and a lack - of natural resources and good transportation links. A large trade deficit is - annually made up for by remittances from emigrants and from foreign aid. - Current economic development plans call for exploiting the tourism potential - and expanding the fishing industry. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $40.0 million, per capita $2,200 (1988 est.); - real growth rate 5.3% (1986-88 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 8.0% (1988) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $33.8 million; expenditures $34.4 million, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1990 est.) -Exports: - $4.0 million (f.o.b., 1988) - commodities: - copra, fresh and canned fruit, clothing - partners: - NZ 80%, Japan -Imports: - $38.7 million (c.i.f., 1988) - commodities: - foodstuffs, textiles, fuels, timber - partners: - NZ 49%, Japan, Australia, US -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 14,000 kW capacity; 21 million kWh produced, 1,170 kWh per capita (1990) -Industries: - fruit processing, tourism -Agriculture: - export crops - copra, citrus fruits, pineapples, tomatoes, bananas; - subsistence crops - yams, taro -Economic aid: - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), - $128 million -Currency: - New Zealand dollar (plural - dollars); 1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 - cents -Exchange rates: - New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1 - 1.8502 (January 1992), 1.7266 (1991), - 1.6750 (1990), 1.6711 (1989), 1.5244 (1988), 1.6886 (1987) -Fiscal year: - 1 April - 31 March - -:Cook Islands Communications - -Highways: - 187 km total (1980); 35 km paved, 35 km gravel, 84 km improved earth, 33 km - unimproved earth -Ports: - Avatiu -Merchant marine: - 1 cargo ship (1,000 or over) totaling 1,464 GRT/2,181 DWT -Civil air: - no major transport aircraft -Airports: - 6 total, 6 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over - 2,439 m; 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, no TV; 10,000 radio receivers; 2,052 - telephones; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -:Cook Islands Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of New Zealand - -:Coral Sea Islands Geography - -Total area: - less than 3 km2 -Land area: - less than 3 km2; includes numerous small islands and reefs scattered over a - sea area of about 1 million km2, with Willis Islets the most important -Comparative area: - undetermined -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 3,095 km -Maritime claims: - Exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 3 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical -Terrain: - sand and coral reefs and islands (or cays) -Natural resources: - negligible -Land use: - arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and - woodland 0%; other, mostly grass or scrub cover 100%; Lihou Reef Reserve and - Coringa-Herald Reserve were declared National Nature Reserves on 3 August - 1982 -Environment: - subject to occasional tropical cyclones; no permanent fresh water; important - nesting area for birds and turtles -Note: - the islands are located just off the northeast coast of Australia in the - Coral Sea - -:Coral Sea Islands People - -Population: - 3 meteorologists (1992) - -:Coral Sea Islands Government - -Long-form name: - Coral Sea Islands Territory -Type: - territory of Australia administered by the Minister for Arts, Sport, the - Environment, Tourism, and Territories Roslyn KELLY -Capital: - none; administered from Canberra, Australia -Flag: - the flag of Australia is used - -:Coral Sea Islands Economy - -Overview: - no economic activity - -:Coral Sea Islands Communications - -Ports: - none; offshore anchorages only - -:Coral Sea Islands Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of Australia; visited regularly by the Royal - Australian Navy; Australia has control over the activities of visitors - -:Costa Rica Geography - -Total area: - 51,100 km2 -Land area: - 50,660 km2; includes Isla del Coco -Comparative area: - slightly smaller than West Virginia -Land boundaries: - 639 km; Nicaragua 309 km, Panama 330 km -Coastline: - 1,290 km -Maritime claims: - Continental shelf: - 200 nm - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; dry season (December to April); rainy season (May to November) -Terrain: - coastal plains separated by rugged mountains -Natural resources: - hydropower potential -Land use: - arable land 6%; permanent crops 7%; meadows and pastures 45%; forest and - woodland 34%; other 8%; includes irrigated 1% -Environment: - subject to occasional earthquakes, hurricanes along Atlantic coast; frequent - flooding of lowlands at onset of rainy season; active volcanoes; - deforestation; soil erosion - -:Costa Rica People - -Population: - 3,187,085 (July 1992), growth rate 2.4% (1992) -Birth rate: - 27 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 4 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 12 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 75 years male, 79 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 3.2 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Costa Rican(s); adjective - Costa Rican -Ethnic divisions: - white (including mestizo) 96%, black 2%, Indian 1%, Chinese 1% -Religions: - Roman Catholic 95% -Languages: - Spanish (official), English spoken around Puerto Limon -Literacy: - 93% (male 93%, female 93%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 868,300; industry and commerce 35.1%, government and services 33%, - agriculture 27%, other 4.9% (1985 est.) -Organized labor: - 15.1% of labor force - -:Costa Rica Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Costa Rica -Type: - democratic republic -Capital: - San Jose -Administrative divisions: - 7 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Alajuela, Cartago, - Guanacaste, Heredia, Limon, Puntarenas, San Jose -Independence: - 15 September 1821 (from Spain) -Constitution: - 9 November 1949 -Legal system: - based on Spanish civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts in - the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Independence Day, 15 September (1821) -Executive branch: - president, two vice presidents, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral Legislative Assembly (Asamblea Legislativa) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court (Corte Suprema) -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Rafael Angel CALDERON Fournier (since 8 May 1990); First Vice - President German SERRANO Pinto (since 8 May 1990); Second Vice President - Arnoldo LOPEZ Echandi (since 8 May 1990) -Political parties and leaders: - National Liberation Party (PLN), Carlos Manuel CASTILLO Morales; Social - Christian Unity Party (PUSC), Rafael Angel CALDERON Fournier; Marxist - Popular Vanguard Party (PVP), Humberto VARGAS Carbonell; New Republic - Movement (MNR), Sergio Erick ARDON Ramirez; Progressive Party (PP), Isaac - Felipe AZOFEIFA Bolanos; People's Party of Costa Rica (PPC), Lenin CHACON - Vargas; Radical Democratic Party (PRD), Juan Jose ECHEVERRIA Brealey -Suffrage: - universal and compulsory at age 18 -Elections: - Legislative Assembly: - last held 4 February 1990 (next to be held February 1994); results - percent - of vote by party NA; seats - (57 total) PUSC 29, PLN 25, PVP/PPC 1, regional - parties 2 - President: - last held 4 February 1990 (next to be held February 1994); results - Rafael - Angel CALDERON Fournier 51%, Carlos Manuel CASTILLO 47% -Communists: - 7,500 members and sympathizers -Other political or pressure groups: - Costa Rican Confederation of Democratic Workers (CCTD; Liberation Party - affiliate), Confederated Union of Workers (CUT; Communist Party affiliate), - Authentic Confederation of Democratic Workers (CATD; Communist Party - affiliate), Chamber of Coffee Growers, National Association for Economic - Development (ANFE), Free Costa Rica Movement (MCRL; rightwing militants), - National Association of Educators (ANDE) - -:Costa Rica Government - -Member of: - AG (observer), BCIE, CACM, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, - IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, - LORCS, NAM (observer), OAS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, - WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Gonzalo FACIO Segreda; Chancery at Suite 211, 1825 Connecticut - Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009; telephone (202) 234-2945 through 2947; - there are Costa Rican Consulates General at Albuquerque, Houston, Los - Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San Diego, San Francisco, and San - Juan (Puerto Rico), and a Consulate in Buffalo - US: - Ambassador Luis GUINOT, Jr.; Embassy at Pavas Road, San Jose (mailing - address is APO AA 34020); telephone [506] 20-39-39 FAX (506) 20-2305 -Flag: - five horizontal bands of blue (top), white, red (double width), white, and - blue, with the coat of arms in a white disk on the hoist side of the red - band - -:Costa Rica Economy - -Overview: - In 1991 the economy grew at an estimated 2.5%, down somewhat from the 3.6% - gain of 1990 and below the strong 5.5% gain of 1989. Increases in - agricultural production (on the strength of good coffee and banana crops) - and in construction have been offset by lower rates of growth for industry. - In 1991 consumer prices rose by 27%, about the same as in 1990. The trade - deficit of $270 million was substantially below the 1990 deficit of $677 - million. Unemployment is officially reported at 4.6%, but much - underemployment remains. External debt, on a per capita basis, is among the - world's highest. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $5.9 billion, per capita $1,900; real growth rate - 2.5% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 27% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 4.6% (1991) -Budget: - revenues $831 million; expenditures $1.08 billion, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1990 est.) -Exports: - $1.5 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) - commodities: - coffee, bananas, textiles, sugar - partners: - US 75%, Germany, Guatemala, Netherlands, UK, Japan -Imports: - $1.8 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.) - commodities: - petroleum, machinery, consumer durables, chemicals, fertilizer, foodstuffs - partners: - US 40%, Japan, Guatemala, Germany -External debt: - $4.5 billion (1990) -Industrial production: - growth rate 2.3% (1990 est.); accounts for 23% of GDP -Electricity: - 927,000 kW capacity; 3,408 million kWh produced, 1,095 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - food processing, textiles and clothing, construction materials, fertilizer, - plastic products -Agriculture: - accounts for 20-25% of GDP and 70% of exports; cash commodities - coffee, - beef, bananas, sugar; other food crops include corn, rice, beans, potatoes; - normally self-sufficient in food except for grain; depletion of forest - resources resulting in lower timber output -Illicit drugs: - illicit production of cannabis on small scattered plots; transshipment - country for cocaine from South America -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.4 billion; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $935 million; - Communist countries (1971-89), $27 million -Currency: - Costa Rican colon (plural - colones); 1 Costa Rican colon (C) = 100 centimos -Exchange rates: - Costa Rican colones (C) per US$1 - 136.35 (January 1992), 122.43 (1991), - 91.58 (1990), 81.504 (1989), 75.805 (1988), 62.776 (1987) - -:Costa Rica Economy - -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Costa Rica Communications - -Railroads: - 950 km total, all 1.067-meter gauge; 260 km electrified -Highways: - 15,400 km total; 7,030 km paved, 7,010 km gravel, 1,360 km unimproved earth -Inland waterways: - about 730 km, seasonally navigable -Pipelines: - petroleum products 176 km -Ports: - Puerto Limon, Caldera, Golfito, Moin, Puntarenas -Merchant marine: - 1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,878 GRT/4,506 DWT -Civil air: - 11 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 164 total, 149 usable; 28 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways - over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 10 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - very good domestic telephone service; 292,000 telephones; connection into - Central American Microwave System; broadcast stations - 71 AM, no FM, 18 TV, - 13 shortwave; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -:Costa Rica Defense Forces - -Branches: - Civil Guard, Rural Assistance Guard; note - Constitution prohibits armed - forces -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 829,576; 559,575 fit for military service; 31,828 reach - military age (18) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $22 million, 0.5% of GDP (1989) - -:Croatia Geography - -Total area: - 56,538 km2 -Land area: - 56,410 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly smaller than West Virginia -Land boundaries: - 1,843 km; Bosnia and Hercegovina (east) 751 km, Bosnia and Hercegovina - (southeast) 91 km, Hungary 292 km, Serbia and Montenegro 254 km, Slovenia - 455 km -Coastline: - 5,790 km; mainland 1,778 km, islands 4,012 km -Maritime claims: - Contiguous zone: - NA nm - Continental shelf: - 200-meter depth or to depth of exploitation - Exclusive economic zone: - 12 nm - Exclusive fishing zone: - 12 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - Serbian enclaves in eastern Slavonia and along the western Bosnia and - Hercegovinian border; dispute with Slovenia over fishing rights in Adriatic -Climate: - Mediterranean and continental; continental climate predominant with hot - summers and cold winters; mild winters, dry summers along coast -Terrain: - geographically diverse; flat plains along Hungarian border, low mountains - and highlands near Adriatic coast, coastline, and islands -Natural resources: - oil, some coal, bauxite, low-grade iron ore, calcium, natural asphalt, - silica, mica, clays, salt, fruit, livestock -Land use: - 32% arable land; 20% permanent crops; 18% meadows and pastures; 15% forest - and woodland; 9% other; includes 5% irrigated -Environment: - air pollution from metallurgical plants; damaged forest; coastal pollution - from industrial and domestic waste; subject to frequent and destructive - earthquakes -Note: - controls most land routes from Western Europe to Aegean Sea and Turkish - Straits - -:Croatia People - -Population: - 4,784,000 (July 1991), growth rate 0.39% (for the period 1981-91) -Birth rate: - 12.2 births/1,000 population (1991) -Death rate: - 11.3 deaths/1,000 population (1991) -Net migration rate: - NA migrants/1,000 population (1991) -Infant mortality rate: - 10 deaths/1,000 live births (1990) -Life expectancy at birth: - 67 years male, 74 years female (1980-82) -Total fertility rate: - NA children born/woman (1991) -Nationality: - noun - Croat(s); adjective - Croatian -Ethnic divisions: - Croat 78%, Serb 12%, Muslims 0.9%, Hungarian 0.5%, Slovenian 0.5%, others - 7.8% -Religions: - Catholic 76.5%, Orthodox 11.1%, Slavic Muslim 1.2%, Protestant 1.4%, others - and unknown 11% -Languages: - Serbo-Croatian 96% -Literacy: - 96.5% (male 98.6%, female 94.5%) age 10 and over can read and write (1991 - census) -Labor force: - 1,509,489; industry and mining 37%, agriculture 4%, government NA%, other -Organized labor: - NA - -:Croatia Government - -Long-form name: - None -Type: - parliamentary democracy -Capital: - Zagreb -Administrative divisions: - 102 districts (opcine, singular - opcina) -Independence: - June 1991 from Yugoslavia -Constitution: - promulgated on 22 December 1990 -Legal system: - based on civil law system; judicial/no judicial review of legislative acts; - does/does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - 30 May, Statehood Day (1990) -Executive branch: - president, prime minister -Legislative branch: - bicameral -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court, Constitutional Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Franjo TUDJMAN (since April 1990), Vice President NA (since NA) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Franjo GREGURIC (since August 1991), Deputy Prime Minister - Mila RAMLJAK (since NA ) -Political parties and leaders: - Christian Democratic Union, TUDJMAN; Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ), - Stjepan Mesic; Croatian National Party, Savka DABCEVIC-KUCAR; Croatian - Christian Democratic Party (HKDS), Ivan CESAR; Croatian Party of Rights, - Dobroslav Paraga; Croatian Social Liberal Party (HSLS), Drazen BUDISA -Suffrage: - at age 16 if employed, universal at age 18 -Elections: - Parliament: - last held May 1990 (next to be held NA); results - HDZ won 205 seats; seats - - 349 (total) - President: - NA -Other political or pressure groups: - NA -Member of: - CSCE -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Dr. Franc Vinko GOLEM, Office of Republic of Croatia, 256 - Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20036; telephone (202) 543-5586 - US: - Ambassador NA; Embassy at NA (mailing address is APO New York is 09862); - telephone NA -Flag: - red, white, and blue with Croatian coat of arms (red and white checkered) - -:Croatia Economy - -Overview: - Before the political disintegration of Yugoslavia, the republic of Croatia - stood next to Slovenia as the most prosperous and industrialized area, with - a per capita output roughly comparable to that of Portugal and perhaps - one-third above the Yugoslav average. Serbia and the Serb-dominated army of - the old Yugoslavia, however, have seized Croatian territory, and the - overriding determinant of Croatia's long-term economic prospects will be the - final border settlement. Under the most favorable circumstances, Croatia - will retain the Dalmatian coast with its major tourist attractions and - Slavonia with its oilfields and rich agricultural land. Even so, Croatia - would face monumental problems stemming from: the legacy of longtime - Communist mismanagement of the economy; large foreign debt; damage during - the fighting to bridges, factories, powerlines, buildings, and houses; and - the disruption of economic ties to Serbia and the other former Yugoslav - republics. At the minimum, extensive Western aid and investment, especially - in the tourist and oil industries, would seem necessary to salvage a - desperate economic situation. However, peace and political stability must - come first. -GDP: - NA - $26.3 billion, per capita $5,600; real growth rate -25% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 14.3% (March 1992) -Unemployment rate: - 20% (December 1991) -Budget: - revenues $NA million; expenditures $NA million, including capital - expenditures of $NA million -Exports: - $2.9 billion (1990) - commodities: - machinery and transport equipment (30%), other manufacturers (37%), - chemicals (11%), food and live animals (9%), raw materials (6.5%), fuels and - lubricants (5%) - partners: - principally the other former Yugoslav republics -Imports: - $4.4 billion (1990) - commodities: - machinery and transport equipment (21%), fuels and lubricants (19%), food - and live animals (16%), chemicals (14%), manufactured goods (13%), - miscellaneous manufactured articles (9%), raw materials (6.5%), beverages - and tobacco (1%) - partners: - principally other former Yugoslav republics -External debt: - $2.6 billion (may assume some part of foreign debt of former Yugoslavia) -Industrial production: - declined as much as 11% in 1990 and probably another 29% in 1991 -Electricity: - 3,570,000 kW capacity; 8,830 million kWh produced, 1,855 kWh per capita - 1991) -Industries: - chemicals and plastics, machine tools, fabricated metal, electronics, pig - iron and rolled steel products, aluminum reduction, paper, wood products - (including furniture), building materials (including cement), textiles, - shipbuilding, petroleum and petroleum refining, food processing and - beverages - -:Croatia Economy - -Agriculture: - Croatia normally produces a food surplus; most agricultural land in private - hands and concentrated in Croat-majority districts in Slavonia and Istria; - much of Slavonia's land has been put out of production by fighting; wheat, - corn, sugar beets, sunflowers, alfalfa, and clover are main crops in - Slavonia; central Croatian highlands are less fertile but support cereal - production, orchards, vineyards, livestock breeding, and dairy farming; - coastal areas and offshore islands grow olives, citrus fruits, and - vegetables -Economic aid: - NA -Currency: - Croatian dinar(s) -Exchange rates: - Croatian dinar per US $1 - 60.00 (April 1992) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Croatia Communications - -Railroads: - 2,698 km (34.5% electrified) -Highways: - 32,071 km total (1990); 23,305 km paved, 8,439 km gravel, 327 km earth -Inland waterways: - 785 km perennially navigable -Pipelines: - crude oil 670 km, petroleum products 20 km, natural gas 310 km -Ports: - maritime - Rijeka, Split, Kardeljevo (Ploce); inland - Vukovar, Osijek, - Sisak, Vinkovci -Merchant marine: - 11 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 60,802 GRT/65,560 DWT; includes 1 - cargo, 3 roll-on/roll-off, 5 passenger ferries, 2 bulk carriers; note - also - controlled by Croatian shipowners are 196 ships (1,000 GRT or over) under - flags of convenience - primarily Malta and St. Vincent - totaling 2,593,429 - GRT/4,101,119 DWT; includes 91 general cargo, 7 roll-on/ roll-off, 6 - refrigerated cargo, 13 container ships, 3 multifunction large load carriers, - 52 bulk carriers, 3 passenger ships, 11 petroleum tankers, 4 chemical - tankers, 6 service vessels -Civil air: - NA major transport aircraft -Airports: - 8 total, NA usable; NA with permanent-surface runways; NA with runways over - 3,659 m; 7 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; NA with runways 1,220-2,439 m; 1 with - runways 900 m -Telecommunications: - 350,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 14 AM, 8 FM, 12 (2 repeaters) TV; - 1,100,000 radios; 1,027,000 TVs; NA submarine coaxial cables; satellite - ground stations - none - -:Croatia Defense Forces - -Branches: - Ground Forces, Naval Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Frontier Guard, - Home Guard, Civil Defense -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 1,188,576; NA fit for military service; 42,664 reach military - age (18) annually -Defense expenditures: - $NA, NA% of GDP - -:Cuba Geography - -Total area: - 110,860 km2 -Land area: - 110,860 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly smaller than Pennsylvania -Land boundaries: - 29.1 km; US Naval Base at Guantanamo 29.1 km - note: - Guantanamo is leased and as such remains part of Cuba -Coastline: - 3,735 km -Maritime claims: - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - US Naval Base at Guantanamo is leased to US and only mutual agreement or US - abandonment of the area can terminate the lease -Climate: - tropical; moderated by trade winds; dry season (November to April); rainy - season (May to October) -Terrain: - mostly flat to rolling plains with rugged hills and mountains in the - southeast -Natural resources: - cobalt, nickel, iron ore, copper, manganese, salt, timber, silica -Land use: - arable land 23%; permanent crops 6%; meadows and pastures 23%; forest and - woodland 17%; other 31%; includes irrigated 10% -Environment: - averages one hurricane every other year -Note: - largest country in Caribbean; 145 km south of Florida - -:Cuba People - -Population: - 10,846,821 (July 1992), growth rate 1.0% (1992) -Birth rate: - 17 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - -1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 11 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 74 years male, 79 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 1.8 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Cuban(s); adjective - Cuban -Ethnic divisions: - mulatto 51%, white 37%, black 11%, Chinese 1% -Religions: - 85% nominally Roman Catholic before Castro assumed power -Languages: - Spanish -Literacy: - 94% (male 95%, female 93%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 3,578,800 in state sector; services and government 30%, industry 22%, - agriculture 20%, commerce 11%, construction 10%, transportation and - communications 7% (June 1990); economically active population 4,620,800 - (1988) -Organized labor: - Workers Central Union of Cuba (CTC), only labor federation approved by - government; 2,910,000 members; the CTC is an umbrella organization composed - of 17 member unions - -:Cuba Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Cuba -Type: - Communist state -Capital: - Havana -Administrative divisions: - 14 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia) and 1 special municipality* - (municipio especial); Camaguey, Ciego de Avila, Cienfuegos, Ciudad de La - Habana, Granma, Guantanamo, Holguin, Isla de la Juventud*, La Habana, Las - Tunas, Matanzas, Pinar del Rio, Sancti Spiritus, Santiago de Cuba, Villa - Clara -Independence: - 20 May 1902 (from Spain 10 December 1898); administered by the US from 1898 - to 1902 -Constitution: - 24 February 1976 -Legal system: - based on Spanish and American law, with large elements of Communist legal - theory; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Rebellion Day, 26 July (1953) -Executive branch: - president of the Council of State, first vice president of the Council of - State, Council of State, president of the Council of Ministers, first vice - president of the Council of Ministers, Council of Ministers -Legislative branch: - unicameral National Assembly of the People's Power (Asamblea Nacional del - Poder Popular) -Judicial branch: - People's Supreme Court (Tribunal Supremo Popular) -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President of the Council of State and President of the Council of Ministers - Fidel CASTRO Ruz (became Prime Minister in February 1959 and President since - 2 December 1976); First Vice President of the Council of State and First - Vice President of the Council of Ministers Gen. Raul CASTRO Ruz (since 2 - December 1976) -Political parties and leaders: - only party - Cuban Communist Party (PCC), Fidel CASTRO Ruz, first secretary -Suffrage: - universal at age 16 -Elections: - National Assembly of the People's Power: - last held December 1986 (next to be held before December 1992); results - - PCC is the only party; seats - (510 total) indirectly elected -Communists: - about 600,000 full and candidate members -Member of: - CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBEC, ICAO, IFAD, ILO, IMO, INTERPOL, - IOC, ISO, ITU, LAES, LORCS, NAM, OAS (excluded from formal participation - since 1962), PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, - WTO -Diplomatic representation: - none; protecting power in the US is Switzerland - Cuban Interests Section; - position vacant since March 1992; 2630 and 2639 16th Street NW, Washington, - DC 20009; telephone (202) 797-8518 or 8519, 8520, 8609, 8610 - -:Cuba Government - - US: - protecting power in Cuba is Switzerland - US Interests Section, Swiss - Embassy; Principal Officer Alan H. FLANIGAN; Calzada entre L Y M, Vedado - Seccion, Havana (mailing address is USINT, Swiss Embassy, Havana, Calzada - Entre L Y M, Vedado); telephone 32-0051, 32-0543 -Flag: - five equal horizontal bands of blue (top and bottom) alternating with white; - a red equilateral triangle based on the hoist side bears a white - five-pointed star in the center - -:Cuba Economy - -Overview: - The economy, centrally planned and largely state owned, is highly dependent - on the agricultural sector and foreign trade. Sugar provided about - two-thirds of export revenues in 1991, and over half was exported to the - former Soviet republics. The economy has stagnated since 1985 under policies - that have deemphasized material incentives in the workplace, abolished - farmers' informal produce markets, and raised prices of government-supplied - goods and services. In 1990 the economy probably fell 5% largely as a result - of declining trade with the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. Recently - the government has been trying to increase trade with Latin America and - China. Cuba has had difficulty servicing its foreign debt since 1982. The - government currently is encouraging foreign investment in tourist facilities - and in industrial plants idled by falling imports from the former Soviet - Union. Other investment priorities include sugar, basic foods, and nickel. - The annual Soviet subsidy dropped from $4 billion in 1990 to about $1 - billion in 1991 because of a lower price paid for Cuban sugar and a sharp - decline in Soviet exports to Cuba. The former Soviet republics have - indicated they will no longer extend aid to Cuba beginning in 1992. Instead - of highly subsidized trade, Cuba has been shifting to trade at market prices - in convertible currencies. Because of increasingly severe shortages of - fuels, industrial raw materials, and spare parts, aggregate output dropped - by one-fifth in 1991. -GNP: - $17 billion, per capita $1,580; real growth rate -20% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - NA% -Budget: - revenues $12.46 billion; expenditures $14.45 billion, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1990 est.) -Exports: - $3.6 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) - commodities: - sugar, nickel, medical products, shellfish, citrus, tobacco, coffee - partners: - former USSR 63%, China 6%, Canada 4%, Japan 4% (1991 est.) -Imports: - $3.7 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.) - commodities: - petroleum, capital goods, industrial raw materials, food - partners: - former USSR 47%, Spain 8%, China 6%, Argentina 5%, Italy 4%, Mexico 3% (1991 - est.) -External debt: - $6.8 billion (convertible currency, July 1989) -Industrial production: - growth rate 0%; accounts for 45% of GDP (1989) -Electricity: - 3,889,000 kW capacity; 16,272 million kWh produced, 1,516 kWh per capita - (1991) -Industries: - sugar milling, petroleum refining, food and tobacco processing, textiles, - chemicals, paper and wood products, metals (particularly nickel), cement, - fertilizers, consumer goods, agricultural machinery -Agriculture: - accounts for 11% of GNP (including fishing and forestry); key commercial - crops - sugarcane, tobacco, and citrus fruits; other products - coffee, - rice, potatoes, meat, beans; world's largest sugar exporter; not - self-sufficient in food (excluding sugar) - -:Cuba Economy - -Economic aid: - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), - $710 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $18.5 billion -Currency: - Cuban peso (plural - pesos); 1 Cuban peso (Cu$) = 100 centavos -Exchange rates: - Cuban pesos (Cu$) per US$1 - 1.0000 (linked to the US dollar) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Cuba Communications - -Railroads: - 12,947 km total; Cuban National Railways operates 5,053 km of 1.435-meter - gauge track; 151.7 km electrified; 7,742 km of sugar plantation lines of - 0.914-m and 1.435-m gauge -Highways: - 26,477 km total; 14,477 km paved, 12,000 km gravel and earth surfaced (1989 - est.) -Inland waterways: - 240 km -Ports: - Cienfuegos, Havana, Mariel, Matanzas, Santiago de Cuba; 7 secondary, 35 - minor -Merchant marine: - 77 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 537,464 GRT/755,824 DWT; includes 46 - cargo, 10 refrigerated cargo, 1 cargo/training, 11 petroleum tanker, 1 - chemical tanker, 4 liquefied gas, 4 bulk; note - Cuba beneficially owns an - additional 45 ships (1,000 GRT and over) totaling 574,047 DWT under the - registry of Panama, Cyprus, and Malta -Civil air: - 88 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 189 total, 167 usable; 73 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways - over 3,659 m; 12 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 18 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - broadcast stations - 150 AM, 5 FM, 58 TV; 1,530,000 TVs; 2,140,000 radios; - 229,000 telephones; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -:Cuba Defense Forces - -Branches: - Revolutionary Armed Forces (including Ground Forces, Revolutionary Navy - (MGR), Air and Air Defense Force[DAAFR]), Ministry of Interior and Ministry - of Defense Special Troops, Border Guard Troops, Territorial Militia Troops, - Youth Labor Army, Civil Defense, National Revolutionary Police -Manpower availability: - eligible 15-49, 6,130,641; of the 3,076,276 males 15-49, 1,925,648 are fit - for military service; of the 3,054,365 females 15-49, 1,907,281 are fit for - military service; 97,973 males and 94,514 females reach military age (17) - annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $1.2-1.4 billion, 6% of GNP (1989 est.) - -:Cyprus Geography - -Total area: - 9,250 km2 -Land area: - 9,240 km2 -Comparative area: - about 0.7 times the size of Connecticut -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 648 km -Maritime claims: - Continental shelf: - 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - 1974 hostilities divided the island into two de facto autonomous areas - a - Greek area controlled by the Cypriot Government (60% of the island's land - area) and a Turkish-Cypriot area (35% of the island) that are separated by a - narrow UN buffer zone; in addition, there are two UK sovereign base areas - (about 5% of the island's land area) -Climate: - temperate, Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters -Terrain: - central plain with mountains to north and south -Natural resources: - copper, pyrites, asbestos, gypsum, timber, salt, marble, clay earth pigment -Land use: - arable land 40%; permanent crops 7%; meadows and pastures 10%; forest and - woodland 18%; other 25%; includes irrigated 10% (most irrigated lands are in - the Turkish-Cypriot area of the island) -Environment: - moderate earthquake activity; water resource problems (no natural reservoir - catchments, seasonal disparity in rainfall, and most potable resources - concentrated in the Turkish-Cypriot area) - -:Cyprus People - -Population: - 716,492 (July 1992), growth rate 1.0% (1992) -Birth rate: - 18 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 10 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 74 years male, 78 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 2.4 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Cypriot(s); adjective - Cypriot -Ethnic divisions: - Greek 78%; Turkish 18%; other 4% -Religions: - Greek Orthodox 78%, Muslim 18%, Maronite, Armenian, Apostolic, and other 4% -Languages: - Greek, Turkish, English -Literacy: - 90% (male 96%, female 85%) age 10 and over can read and write (1976) -Labor force: - Greek area - 278,000; services 45%, industry 35%, agriculture 14%; Turkish - area - 71,500 (1990); services 21%, industry 30%, agriculture 27% -Organized labor: - 156,000 (1985 est.) - -:Cyprus Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Cyprus -Type: - republic; a disaggregation of the two ethnic communities inhabiting the - island began after the outbreak of communal strife in 1963; this separation - was further solidified following the Turkish invasion of the island in July - 1974, which gave the Turkish Cypriots de facto control in the north; Greek - Cypriots control the only internationally recognized government; on 15 - November 1983 Turkish Cypriot President Rauf DENKTASH declared independence - and the formation of a Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), which has - been recognized only by Turkey; both sides publicly call for the resolution - of intercommunal differences and creation of a new federal system of - government -Capital: - Nicosia -Administrative divisions: - 6 districts; Famagusta, Kyrenia, Larnaca, Limassol, Nicosia, Paphos -Independence: - 16 August 1960 (from UK) -Constitution: - 16 August 1960; negotiations to create the basis for a new or revised - constitution to govern the island and to better relations between Greek and - Turkish Cypriots have been held intermittently; in 1975 Turkish Cypriots - created their own Constitution and governing bodies within the Turkish - Federated State of Cyprus, which was renamed the Turkish Republic of - Northern Cyprus in 1983; a new Constitution for the Turkish area passed by - referendum in May 1985 -Legal system: - based on common law, with civil law modifications -National holiday: - Independence Day, 1 October (15 November is celebrated as Independence Day - in the Turkish area) -Executive branch: - president, Council of Ministers (cabinet); note - there is a president, - prime minister, and Council of Ministers (cabinet) in the Turkish area -Legislative branch: - unicameral House of Representatives (Vouli Antiprosopon); note - there is a - unicameral Assembly of the Republic (Cumhuriyet Meclisi) in the Turkish area -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court; note - there is also a Supreme Court in the Turkish area -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President George VASSILIOU (since February 1988); note - Rauf R. DENKTASH - has been president of the Turkish area since 13 February 1975 -Political parties and leaders: - Greek Cypriot: - Progressive Party of the Working People (AKEL; Communist Party), Dimitrios - CHRISTOFIAS; Democratic Rally (DESY), Glafkos KLERIDES; Democratic Party - (DEKO), Spyros KYPRIANOU; United Democratic Union of the Center (EDEK), - Vassos LYSSARIDES; Socialist Democratic Renewal Movement (ADESOK), Mikhalis - PAPAPETROU; Liberal Party, Nikos ROLANDIS - -:Cyprus Government - - Turkish area: - National Unity Party (UBP), Dervis EROGLU; Communal Liberation Party (TKP), - Mustafa AKINCI; Republican Turkish Party (CTP), Ozker OZGUR; New Cyprus - Party (YKP), Alpay DURDURAN; Social Democratic Party (SDP), Ergun VEHBI; New - Birth Party (YDP), Ali Ozkan ALTINISHIK; Free Democratic Party (HDP), Ismet - KOTAK; note - CTP, TKP, and YDP joined in the coalition Democratic Struggle - Party (DMP) for the 22 April 1990 legislative election; the CTP and TKP - boycotted the byelection of 13 October 1991, which was for 12 seats; the DMP - was dissolved after the 1990 election; National Justice Party (MAP), Zorlu - TORE; United Sovereignty Party, Arif Salih KIRDAG -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - President: - last held 14 February and 21 February 1988 (next to be held February 1993); - results - George VASSILIOU 52%, Glafkos KLERIDES 48% - House of Representatives: - last held 19 May 1991; results - DESY 35.8%, AKEL (Communist) 30.6, DEKO - 19.5%, EDEK 10. 9%; others 3.2% seats - (56 total) DESY 20, AKEL (Communist) - 18, DEKO 11, EDEK 7 - Turkish Area: President: - last held 22 April 1990 (next to be held April 1995); results - Rauf R. - DENKTASH 66%, Ismail BOZKURT 32.05% - Turkish Area: Assembly of the Republic: - last held 6 May 1990 (next to be held May 1995); results - UBP - (conservative) 54.4%, DMP 44.4% YKP .9%; seats - (50 total) UBP - (conservative) 45, SDP 1, HDP 2, YDP 2; note - by-election of 13 October - 1991 was for 12 seats -Communists: - about 12,000 -Other political or pressure groups: - United Democratic Youth Organization (EDON; Communist controlled); Union of - Cyprus Farmers (EKA; Communist controlled); Cyprus Farmers Union (PEK; - pro-West); Pan-Cyprian Labor Federation (PEO; Communist controlled) ; - Confederation of Cypriot Workers (SEK; pro-West); Federation of Turkish - Cypriot Labor Unions (Turk-Sen); Confederation of Revolutionary Labor Unions - (Dev-Is) -Member of: - C, CCC, CE, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, - IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, NAM, - OAS (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, - WTO; note - the Turkish-Cypriot administered area of Cyprus has observer - status in the OIC -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Michael E. SHERIFIS; Chancery at 2211 R Street NW, Washington, DC - 20008; telephone (202) 462-5772 - US: - Ambassador Robert E. LAMB; Embassy at the corner of Therissos Street and - Dositheos Street, Nicosia (mailing address is APO AE 09836); telephone [357] - (2) 465151; FAX [357] (2) 459-571 -Flag: - white with a copper-colored silhouette of the island (the name Cyprus is - derived from the Greek word for copper) above two green crossed olive - branches in the center of the flag; the branches symbolize the hope for - peace and reconciliation between the Greek and Turkish communities; note - - the Turkish cypriot flag has a horizontal red stripe at the top and bottom - with a red crescent and red star on a white field - -:Cyprus Economy - -Overview: - The Greek Cypriot economy is small, diversified, and prosperous. Industry - contributes 24% to GDP and employs 35% of the labor force, while the service - sector contributes 44% to GDP and employs 45% of the labor force. Rapid - growth in exports of agricultural and manufactured products and in tourism - have played important roles in the average 6.4% rise in GDP between 1985 and - 1990. In mid-1991, the World Bank "graduated" Cyprus off its list of - developing countries. In contrast to the bright picture in the south, the - Turkish Cypriot economy has less than half the per capita GDP and suffered a - series of reverses in 1991. Crippled by the effects of the Gulf war, the - collapse of the fruit-to-electronics conglomerate, Polly Peck, Ltd., and a - drought, the Turkish area in late 1991 asked for a multibillion-dollar grant - from Turkey to help ease the burden of the economic crisis. Turkey normally - underwrites a substantial portion of the TRNC economy. -GDP: - purchasing power equivalent - Greek area: $5.5 billion, per capita $9,600; - real growth rate 6.0%; Turkish area: $600 million, per capita $4,000; real - growth rate 5.9% (1990) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - Greek area: 4.5%; Turkish area: 69.4% (1990) -Unemployment rate: - Greek area: 1.8%; Turkish area: 1.2% (1990) -Budget: - revenues $1.2 billion; expenditures $2.0 billion, including capital - expenditures of $250 million (1991) -Exports: - $847 million (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - citrus, potatoes, grapes, wine, cement, clothing and shoes - partners: - UK 23%, Greece 10%, Lebanon 10%, Germany 5% -Imports: - $2.3 billion (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - consumer goods, petroleum and lubricants, food and feed grains, machinery - partners: - UK 13%, Japan 12%, Italy 10%, Germany 9.1% -External debt: - $2.8 billion (1990) -Industrial production: - growth rate 5.6% (1990); accounts for 24% of GDP -Electricity: - 620,000 kW capacity; 1,770 million kWh produced, 2,530 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - food, beverages, textiles, chemicals, metal products, tourism, wood products -Agriculture: - accounts for 7% of GDP and employs 14% of labor force in the south; major - crops - potatoes, vegetables, barley, grapes, olives, and citrus fruits; - vegetables and fruit provide 25% of export revenues -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $292 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $250 million; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $62 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $24 - million -Currency: - Cypriot pound (plural - pounds) and in Turkish area, Turkish lira (plural - - liras); 1 Cypriot pound (#C) = 100 cents and 1 Turkish lira (TL) = 100 kurus - -:Cyprus Economy - -Exchange rates: - Cypriot pounds (#C) per US$1 - 0.4683 (March 1992), 0.4615 (1991), 0.4572 - (1990), 0.4933 (1989), 0.4663 (1988), 0.4807 (1987); in Turkish area, - Turkish liras (TL) per US$1 - 6,098.4 (March 1992), 4,173.9 (1991), 2,608.6 - (1990), 2,121.7 (1989), 1,422.3 (1988), 857.2 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Cyprus Communications - -Highways: - 10,780 km total; 5,170 km paved; 5,610 km gravel, crushed stone, and earth -Ports: - Famagusta, Kyrenia, Larnaca, Limassol, Paphos -Merchant marine: - 1,228 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 20,053,213 GRT/35,647,964 DWT; - includes 8 short-sea passenger, 2 passenger-cargo, 440 cargo, 83 - refrigerated cargo, 22 roll-on/roll-off, 52 container, 5 multifunction large - load carrier, 107 petroleum tanker, 3 specialized tanker, 3 liquefied gas, - 20 chemical tanker, 32 combination ore/oil, 394 bulk, 3 vehicle carrier, 49 - combination bulk, 2 railcar carrier, 2 passenger, 1 passenger cargo; note - - a flag of convenience registry; Cuba owns at least 30 of these ships, - republics of the former USSR own 58, Latvia also has 5 ships, Yugoslavia - owns 1, and Romania 3 -Civil air: - 11 major transport aircraft (Greek Cypriots); 2 (Turkish Cypriots) -Airports: - 14 total, 14 usable; 12 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways - over 3,659 m; 7 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - excellent in both the area controlled by the Cypriot Government (Greek - area), and in the Turkish-Cypriot administered area; 210,000 telephones; - largely open-wire and radio relay; broadcast stations - 11 AM, 8 FM, 1 (34 - repeaters) TV in Greek sector and 2 AM, 6 FM and 1 TV in Turkish sector; - international service by tropospheric scatter, 3 submarine cables, and - satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean - INTELSAT and EUTELSAT earth stations - -:Cyprus Defense Forces - -Branches: - Greek area - Greek Cypriot National Guard (GCNG; including air and naval - elements), Greek Cypriot Police; Turkish area - Turkish Cypriot Security - Force -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 183,899; 126,664 fit for military service; 5,030 reach military - age (18) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $209 million, 5% of GDP (1990 est.) - -:Czechoslovakia Geography - -Total area: - 127,870 km2 -Land area: - 125,460 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly larger than New York State -Land boundaries: - 3,438 km; Austria 548 km, Germany 815 km, Hungary 676 km, Poland 1,309 km, - Ukraine 90 km -Coastline: - none - landlocked -Maritime claims: - none - landlocked -Disputes: - Gabcikovo Nagymaros Dam dispute with Hungary -Climate: - temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters -Terrain: - mixture of hills and mountains separated by plains and basins -Natural resources: - hard coal, timber, lignite, uranium, magnesite, iron ore, copper, zinc -Land use: - arable land 37%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 13%; forest and - woodland 36%; other 13%; includes irrigated 1% -Environment: - infrequent earthquakes; acid rain; water pollution; air pollution -Note: - landlocked; strategically located astride some of oldest and most - significant land routes in Europe; Moravian Gate is a traditional military - corridor between the North European Plain and the Danube in central Europe - -:Czechoslovakia People - -Population: - 15,725,680 (July 1992), growth rate 0.2% (1992) -Birth rate: - 13 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 11 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 11 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 68 years male, 76 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 1.9 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Czechoslovak(s); adjective - Czechoslovak -Ethnic divisions: - Czech 62.9%, Slovak 31.8%, Hungarian 3.8%, Polish 0.5%, German 0.3%, - Ukrainian 0.3%, Russian 0.1%, other 0.3% -Religions: - Roman Catholic 50%, Protestant 20%, Orthodox 2%, other 28% -Languages: - Czech and Slovak (official), Hungarian -Literacy: - 99% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1970 est.) -Labor force: - 8,200,000 (1987); industry 36.9%, agriculture 12.3%, construction, - communications, and other 50.8% (1982) -Organized labor: - Czech and Slovak Confederation of Trade Unions (CSKOS); several new - independent trade unions established - -:Czechoslovakia Government - -Long-form name: - Czech and Slovak Federal Republic -Type: - federal republic in transition -Capital: - Prague -Administrative divisions: - 2 republics (republiky, singular - republika); Czech Republic (Ceska - Republika), Slovak Republic (Slovenska Republika); note - 11 regions (kraj, - singular); Severocesky, Zapadocesky, Jihocesky, Vychodocesky, Praha, - Severomoravsky, Jihomoravsky, Bratislava, Zapadoslovensky, Stredoslovensky, - Vychodoslovensky -Independence: - 28 October 1918 (from Austro-Hungarian Empire) -Constitution: - 11 July 1960; amended in 1968 and 1970; new Czech, Slovak, and federal - constitutions to be drafted in 1992 -Legal system: - civil law system based on Austro-Hungarian codes, modified by Communist - legal theory; constitutional court currently being established; has not - accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; legal code in process of modification - to bring it in line with Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe - (CSCE) obligations and to expunge Marxist-Leninist legal theory -National holiday: - National Liberation Day, 9 May (1945) and Founding of the Republic, 28 - October (1918) -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - bicameral Federal Assembly (Federalni Shromazdeni) consists of an upper - house or Chamber of Nations (Snemovna Narodu) and a lower house or Chamber - of the People (Snemovna Lidu) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Vaclav HAVEL; (interim president from 29 December 1989 and - president since 5 July 1990) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Marian CALFA (since 10 December 1989); Deputy Prime Minister - Vaclav KLAUS (since 3 October 1991); Deputy Prime Minister Jiri DIENSTBIER - (since 28 June 1990); Deputy Prime Minister Jozef MIKLOSKO (since 28 June - 1990); Deputy Prime Minister Pavel RYCHETSKY (since 28 June 1990); Deputy - Prime Minister Pavel HOFFMAN (since 3 October 1991); note - generally, - "prime minister" is used at the federal level, "premier" at the republic - level; Czech Premier - Petr PITHART; Slovak Premier - Jan CARNOGVRSKY - -:Czechoslovakia Government - -Political parties and leaders: - note - there are very few federation-wide parties; party affiliation is - indicted as Czech (C) or Slovak (S); Civic Democratic Party, Vaclav KLAUS, - chairman, (C/S); Civic Movement, Jiri DIENSTBIER, chairman, (C); Civic - Democratic Alliance, Jan KALVODA, chairman; Christian Democratic Union - Public Against Violence, Martin PORUBJAK, chairman, (S); Christian - Democratic Party, Vaclav BENDA, (C); Christian Democratic Movement, Jan - CARNOGURSKY,(S); Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia, Juri SVOBODA, - chairman; Movement for a Democratic Slovakia, Vladimir MECIAR, chairman - - removed from power in November 1989 by massive antiregime demonstrations; - Czechoslovak Social Democracy, Jiri HORAK, chairman, (C); Czechoslovak - Socialist Party, Ladislav DVORAK, chairman, (C)(S); Movement for - Self-Governing Democracy Society for Moravia and Silesia, Jan KRYCER, - chairman, (C); Party of the Democratic Left, Peter WEISS, chairman - (Slovakia's renamed Communists) (S); Slovak National Party, Jozef PROKES, - chairman, (S); Democratic Party, Jan HOLCIK, chairman, (S); Coexistence, - (C)(S) -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - Federal Assembly: - last held 8-9 June 1990 (next to be held 5-6 June 1992); results - Civic - Forum/Public Against Violence coalition 46%, KSC 13.6%; seats - (300 total) - Civic Forum/Public Against Violence coalition 170, KSC 47, Christian and - Democratic Union/Christian Democratic Movement 40, Czech, Slovak, Moravian, - and Hungarian groups 43 - President: - last held 5 July 1990 (next to be held 3 July 1992); results - Vaclav HAVEL - elected by the Federal Assembly -Communists: - 760,000 party members (September 1990); about 1,000,000 members lost since - November 1989 -Other political or pressure groups: - Czechoslovak Socialist Party, Czechoslovak People's Party, Czechoslovak - Social Democracy, Slovak Nationalist Party, Slovak Revival Party, Christian - Democratic Party; over 80 registered political groups fielded candidates in - the 8-9 June 1990 legislative election -Member of: - BIS, CCC, CE, CSCE, EC (associate) ECE, FAO, GATT, HG, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, - IFCTU, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NACC, NSG, PCA, UN, - UNAVEM, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, ZC -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Rita KLIMOVA; Chancery at 3900 Linnean Avenue NW, Washington, DC - 20008; telephone (202) 363-6315 or 6316 - US: - Ambassador Shirley Temple BLACK; Embassy at Trziste 15, 125 48, Prague 1 - (mailing address is Unit 25402; APO AE 09213-5630); telephone [42] (2) - 536-641/6; FAX [42] (2) 532-457 -Flag: - two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red with a blue isosceles - triangle based on the hoist side - -:Czechoslovakia Economy - -Overview: - Czechoslovakia is highly industrialized by East European standards and has a - well-educated and skilled labor force. GDP per capita has been the highest - in Eastern Europe. Annual GDP growth slowed to less than 1 percent during - the 1985-90 period. The country is deficient in energy and in many raw - materials. Moreover, its aging capital plant lags well behind West European - standards. In January 1991, Prague launched a sweeping program to convert - its almost entirely state-owned and controlled economy to a market system. - The koruna now enjoys almost full internal convertibility and over 90% of - prices are set by the market. The government is planning to privatize all - small businesses and roughly two-thirds of large enterprises by the end of - 1993. New private-sector activity is also expanding. Agriculture - 95% - socialized - is to be privatized by the end of 1992. Reform has taken its - toll on the economy: inflation was roughly 50% in 1991, unemployment was - nearly 70%, and GDP dropped an estimated 15%. In 1992 the government is - anticipating inflation of 10-15%, unemployment of 11-12%, and a drop in GDP - of up to 8%. As of mid-1992, the nation appears to be splitting in two - - into the industrial Czech area and the more agarian Slovak area. -GDP: - purchasing power equivalent - $108.9 billion, per capita $6,900; real growth - rate -15% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 52% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - officially 6.7% (1991 est.) -Budget: - revenues $4.5 billion; expenditures $4.5 billion, including capital - expenditures of $200 million (1992) -Exports: - $12.0 billion (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - machinery and equipment 39.2%; fuels, minerals, and metals 8.1%; - agricultural and forestry products 6.2%, other 46.5% - partners: - USSR, Germany, Poland, Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Italy, France, US, UK -Imports: - $13.3 billion (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - machinery and equipment 37.3%; fuels, minerals, and metals 22.6%; - agricultural and forestry products 7.0%; other 33.1% - partners: - USSR, Germany, Austria, Poland, Switzerland, Hungary, Yugoslavia, UK, Italy -External debt: - $9.1 billion, hard currency indebtedness (December 1991) -Industrial production: - growth rate -22% (1991 est.); accounts for almost 60% of GNP -Electricity: - 23,000,000 kW capacity; 90,000 million kWh produced, 5,740 kWh per capita - (1990) -Industries: - iron and steel, machinery and equipment, cement, sheet glass, motor - vehicles, armaments, chemicals, ceramics, wood, paper products, footwear -Agriculture: - accounts for 9% of GDP (includes forestry); largely self-sufficient in food - production; diversified crop and livestock production, including grains, - potatoes, sugar beets, hops, fruit, hogs, cattle, and poultry; exporter of - forest products - -:Czechoslovakia Economy - -Illicit drugs: - transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and emerging as a - transshipment point for Latin American cocaine E -Economic aid: - donor - $4.2 billion in bilateral aid to non-Communist less developed - countries (1954-89) -Currency: - koruna (plural - koruny); 1 koruna (Kc) = 100 haleru -Exchange rates: - koruny (Kcs) per US$1 - 28.36 (January 1992), 29.53 (1991), 17.95 (1990), - 15.05 (1989), 14.36 (1988), 13.69 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Czechoslovakia Communications - -Railroads: - 13,103 km total; 12,855 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 102 km 1.520-meter - broad gauge, 146 km 0.750- and 0.760-meter narrow gauge; 2,861 km double - track; 3,798 km electrified; government owned (1988) -Highways: - 73,540 km total; including 517 km superhighway (1988) -Inland waterways: - 475 km (1988); the Elbe (Labe) is the principal river -Pipelines: - crude oil 1,448 km; petroleum products 1,500 km; natural gas 8,100 km -Ports: - maritime outlets are in Poland (Gdynia, Gdansk, Szczecin), Croatia (Rijeka), - Slovenia (Koper), Germany (Hamburg, Rostock); principal river ports are - Prague on the Vltava, Decin on the Elbe (Labe), Komarno on the Danube, - Bratislava on the Danube -Merchant marine: - 22 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 290,185 GRT/437,291 DWT; includes 13 - cargo, 9 bulk -Civil air: - 47 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 158 total, 158 usable; 40 with permanent-surface runways; 19 with runways - 2,440-3,659 m; 37 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - inadequate circuit capacity; 4 million telephones; Radrel backbone of - network; 25% of households have a telephone; broadcast stations - 32 AM, 15 - FM, 41 TV (11 Soviet TV repeaters); 4.4 million TVs (1990); 1 satellite - earth station using INTELSAT and Intersputnik - -:Czechoslovakia Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Air and Air Defense Forces, Civil Defense, Border Guard -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 4,110,628; 3,142,457 fit for military service; 142,239 reach - military age (18) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - 28 billion koruny, NA% of GNP (1991); note - - conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the current - exchange rate would produce misleading results - -:Denmark Geography - -Total area: - 43,070 km2 -Land area: - 42,370 km2; includes the island of Bornholm in the Baltic Sea and the rest - of metropolitan Denmark, but excludes the Faroe Islands and Greenland -Comparative area: - slightly more than twice the size of Massachusetts -Land boundaries: - 68 km; Germany 68 km -Coastline: - 3,379 km -Maritime claims: - Contiguous zone: - 4 nm - Continental shelf: - 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation - Exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 3 nm -Disputes: - Rockall continental shelf dispute involving Iceland, Ireland, and the UK - (Ireland and the UK have signed a boundary agreement in the Rockall area); - Denmark has challenged Norway's maritime claims between Greenland and Jan - Mayen -Climate: - temperate; humid and overcast; mild, windy winters and cool summers -Terrain: - low and flat to gently rolling plains -Natural resources: - crude oil, natural gas, fish, salt, limestone -Land use: - arable land 61%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 6%; forest and - woodland 12%; other 21%; includes irrigated 9% -Environment: - air and water pollution -Note: - controls Danish Straits linking Baltic and North Seas - -:Denmark People - -Population: - 5,163,955 (July 1992), growth rate 0.2% (1992) -Birth rate: - 13 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 12 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 72 years male, 78 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 1.7 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Dane(s); adjective - Danish -Ethnic divisions: - Scandinavian, Eskimo, Faroese, German -Religions: - Evangelical Lutheran 91%, other Protestant and Roman Catholic 2%, other 7% - (1988) -Languages: - Danish, Faroese, Greenlandic (an Eskimo dialect); small German-speaking - minority -Literacy: - 99% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980 est.) -Labor force: - 2,581,400; private services 36.4%; government services 30.2%; manufacturing - and mining 20%; construction 6.8%; agriculture, forestry, and fishing 5.9%; - electricity/gas/water 0.7% (1990) -Organized labor: - 65% of labor force - -:Denmark Government - -Long-form name: - Kingdom of Denmark -Type: - constitutional monarchy -Capital: - Copenhagen -Administrative divisions: - metropolitan Denmark - 14 counties (amter, singular - amt) and 1 city* - (stad); Arhus, Bornholm, Frederiksborg, Fyn, Kbenhavn, Nordjylland, Ribe, - Ringkbing, Roskilde, Snderjylland, Staden Kbenhavn*, Storstrm, Vejle, - Vestsjaelland, Viborg; note - see separate entries for the Faroe Islands and - Greenland, which are part of the Danish realm and self-governing - administrative divisions -Independence: - became a constitutional monarchy in 1849 -Constitution: - 5 June 1953 -Legal system: - civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory - ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations -National holiday: - Birthday of the Queen, 16 April (1940) -Executive branch: - monarch, heir apparent, prime minister, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral parliament (Folketing) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen MARGRETHE II (since January 1972); Heir Apparent Crown Prince - FREDERIK, elder son of the Queen (born 26 May 1968) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Poul SCHLUTER (since 10 September 1982) -Political parties and leaders: - Social Democratic Party, Paul Nyrup RASMUSSEN; Conservative Party, Poul - SCHLUTER; Liberal Party, Uffe ELLEMANN-JENSEN; Socialist People's Party, - Holger K. NIELSEN; Progress Party, Pia KJAERSGAARD; Center Democratic Party, - Mimi Stilling JAKOBSEN; Radical Liberal Party, Marianne JELVED; Christian - People's Party, Jam SJURSEN; Left Socialist Party, Elizabeth BRUN-OLESEN; - Justice Party, Poul Gerhard KRISTIANSEN; Socialist Workers Party, leader NA; - Communist Workers' Party (KAP), leader NA; Common Course, Preben Meller - HANSEN; Green Party, Inger BORLEHMANN -Suffrage: - universal at age 21 -Elections: - Parliament: - last held 12 December 1990 (next to be held by December 1994); results - - Social Democratic Party 37.4%, Conservative Party 16.0%, Liberal 15.8%, - Socialist People's Party 8.3%, Progress Party 6.4%, Center Democratic Party - 5.1%, Radical Liberal Party 3.5%, Christian People's Party 2.3%, other 5.2%; - seats - (179 total; includes 2 from Greenland and 2 from the Faroe Islands) - Social Democratic 69, Conservative 30, Liberal 29, Socialist People's 15, - Progress Party 12, Center Democratic 9, Radical Liberal 7, Christian - People's 4 - -:Denmark Government - -Member of: - AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, - EBRD, EC, ECE, EIB, ESA, FAO, G-9, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, - IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, - ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NACC, NATO, NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, - UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UNMOGIP, UNTSO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WM, - ZC -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Peter Pedersen DYVIG; Chancery at 3200 Whitehaven Street NW, - Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 234-4300; there are Danish Consulates - General in Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York - US: - Ambassador Richard B. STONE; Embassy at Dag Hammarskjolds Alle 24, 2100 - Copenhagen O (mailing address is APO AE 09716); telephone [45] (31) - 42-31-44; FAX [45] (35) 43-0223 -Flag: - red with a white cross that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical - part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side, and that design element of - the (Danish flag) was subsequently adopted by the other Nordic countries of - Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden - -:Denmark Economy - -Overview: - This modern economy features high-tech agriculture, up-to-date small-scale - and corporate industry, extensive government welfare measures, comfortable - living standards, and high dependence on foreign trade. Denmark probably - will continue its successful economic recovery in 1992 with tight fiscal and - monetary policies and export- oriented growth. Prime Minister Schluter's - main priorities are to maintain a current account surplus in order to pay - off extensive external debt and to continue to freeze public-sector - expenditures in order to reduce the budget deficit. The rate of growth by - 1993 - boosted by increased investment and domestic demand - may be - sufficient to start to cut Denmark's high unemployment rate, which is - expected to remain at about 11% in 1992. Low inflation, low wage increases, - and the current account surplus put Denmark in a good competitive position - for the EC's anticipated single market, although Denmark must cut its VAT - and income taxes. -GDP: - purchasing power equivalent - $91.1 billion, per capita $17,700; real growth - rate 2.0% (1991) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 2.4% (1991) -Unemployment rate: - 10.6% (1991) -Budget: - revenues $44.1 billion; expenditures $50 billion, including capital - expenditures of $NA billion (1991 est.) -Exports: - $37.8 billion (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - meat and meat products, dairy products, transport equipment (shipbuilding), - fish, chemicals, industrial machinery - partners: - EC 54.2% (Germany 22.5%, UK 10.3%, France 5.9%), Sweden 11.5%, Norway 5.8%, - US 5.0%, Japan 3.6% (1991) -Imports: - $31.6 billion (c.i.f., 1991) - commodities: - petroleum, machinery and equipment, chemicals, grain and foodstuffs, - textiles, paper - partners: - EC 52.8% (Germany 22.5%, UK 8.1%), Sweden 10.8%, US 6.3% (1991) -External debt: - $45 billion (1991) -Industrial production: - growth rate 0% (1991 est.) -Electricity: - 11,215,000 kW capacity; 31,000 million kWh produced, 6,030 kWh per capita - (1991) -Industries: - food processing, machinery and equipment, textiles and clothing, chemical - products, electronics, construction, furniture, and other wood products -Agriculture: - accounts for 4.5% of GDP and employs 6% of labor force (includes fishing and - forestry); farm products account for nearly 15% of export revenues; - principal products - meat, dairy, grain, potatoes, rape, sugar beets, fish; - self-sufficient in food production -Economic aid: - donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89) $5.9 billion -Currency: - Danish krone (plural - kroner); 1 Danish krone (DKr) = 100 re - -:Denmark Economy - -Exchange rates: - Danish kroner (DKr) per US$1 - 6.116 (January 1992), 6.396 (1991), 6.189 - (1990), 7.310 (1989), 6.732 (1988), 6.840 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Denmark Communications - -Railroads: - 2,675 km 1.435-meter standard gauge; Danish State Railways (DSB) operate - 2,120 km (1,999 km rail line and 121 km rail ferry services); 188 km - electrified, 730 km double tracked; 650 km of standard- gauge lines are - privately owned and operated -Highways: - 66,482 km total; 64,551 km concrete, bitumen, or stone block; 1,931 km - gravel, crushed stone, improved earth -Inland waterways: - 417 km -Pipelines: - crude oil 110 km; petroleum products 578 km; natural gas 700 km -Ports: - Alborg, Arhus, Copenhagen, Esbjerg, Fredericia; numerous secondary and minor - ports -Merchant marine: - 317 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,367,063 GRT/7,921,891 DWT; includes - 13 short-sea passenger, 94 cargo, 21 refrigerated cargo, 38 container, 39 - roll-on/roll-off, 1 railcar carrier, 42 petroleum tanker, 14 chemical - tanker, 33 liquefied gas, 4 livestock carrier, 17 bulk, 1 combination bulk; - note - Denmark has created its own internal register, called the Danish - International Ship register (DIS); DIS ships do not have to meet Danish - manning regulations, and they amount to a flag of convenience within the - Danish register; by the end of 1990, 258 of the Danish-flag ships belonged - to the DIS -Civil air: - 69 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 121 total, 108 usable; 27 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways - over 3,659 m; 9 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 6 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - excellent telephone, telegraph, and broadcast services; 4,509,000 - telephones; buried and submarine cables and radio relay support trunk - network; broadcast stations - 3 AM, 2 FM, 50 TV; 19 submarine coaxial - cables; 7 earth stations operating in INTELSAT, EUTELSAT, and INMARSAT - -:Denmark Defense Forces - -Branches: - Royal Danish Army, Royal Danish Navy, Royal Danish Air Force, Home Guard -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 1,372,878; 1,181,857 fit for military service; 38,221 reach - military age (20) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $2.5 billion, 2% of GDP (1991) - -:Djibouti Geography - -Total area: - 22,000 km2 -Land area: - 21,980 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly larger than Massachusetts -Land boundaries: - 517 km; Ethiopia 459 km, Somalia 58 km -Coastline: - 314 km -Maritime claims: - Contiguous zone: - 24 nm - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - possible claim by Somalia based on unification of ethnic Somalis -Climate: - desert; torrid, dry -Terrain: - coastal plain and plateau separated by central mountains -Natural resources: - geothermal areas -Land use: - arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 9%; forest and - woodland NEGL%; other 91% -Environment: - vast wasteland -Note: - strategic location near world's busiest shipping lanes and close to Arabian - oilfields; terminus of rail traffic into Ethiopia - -:Djibouti People - -Population: - 390,906 (July 1992), growth rate 2.7% (1992) -Birth rate: - 43 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 16 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 115 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 47 years male, 50 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 6.3 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Djiboutian(s); adjective - Djiboutian -Ethnic divisions: - Somali 60%, Afar 35%, French, Arab, Ethiopian, and Italian 5% -Religions: - Muslim 94%, Christian 6% -Languages: - French and Arabic (both official); Somali and Afar widely used -Literacy: - 48% (male 63%, female 34%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990) -Labor force: - NA, but a small number of semiskilled laborers at the port and 3,000 railway - workers; 52% of population of working age (1983) -Organized labor: - 3,000 railway workers, General Union of Djiboutian Workers (UGTD), - government affiliated; some smaller unions - -:Djibouti Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Djibouti -Type: - republic -Capital: - Djibouti -Administrative divisions: - 5 districts (cercles, singular - cercle); `Ali Sabih, Dikhil, Djibouti, - Obock, Tadjoura -Independence: - 27 June 1977 (from France; formerly French Territory of the Afars and Issas) -Constitution: - partial constitution ratified January 1981 by the National Assembly -Legal system: - based on French civil law system, traditional practices, and Islamic law -National holiday: - Independence Day, 27 June (1977) -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, Council of Ministers -Legislative branch: - National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Hassan GOULED Aptidon (since 24 June 1977) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister BARKAT Gourad Hamadou (since 30 September 1978) -Political parties and leaders: - only party - People's Progress Assembly (RPP), Hassan GOULED Aptidon -Suffrage: - universal adult at age NA -Elections: - National Assembly: - last held 24 April 1987 (next scheduled for May 1992 but post- poned); - results - RPP is the only party; seats - (65 total) RPP 65 - President: - last held 24 April 1987 (next to be held April 1993); results - President - Hassan GOULED Aptidon was reelected without opposition -Other political or pressure groups: - Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy and affiliates -Member of: - ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AL, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, - IGADD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNESCO, - UNCTAD, UPU, WHO, WMO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Roble OLHAYE; Chancery at Suite 515, 1156 15th Street NW, - Washington, DC 20005; telephone (202) 331-0270 - US: - Ambassador Charles R. BAQUET III; Embassy at Villa Plateau du Serpent, - Boulevard Marechal Joffre, Djibouti (mailing address is B. P. 185, - Djibouti); telephone [253] 35-39-95; FAX [253] 35-39-40 -Flag: - two equal horizontal bands of light blue (top) and light green with a white - isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bearing a red five-pointed star - in the center - -:Djibouti Economy - -Overview: - The economy is based on service activities connected with the country's - strategic location and status as a free trade zone in northeast Africa. - Djibouti provides services as both a transit port for the region and an - international transshipment and refueling center. It has few natural - resources and little industry. The nation is, therefore, heavily dependent - on foreign assistance to help support its balance of payments and to finance - development projects. An unemployment rate of over 30% continues to be a - major problem. Per capita consumption dropped an estimated 35% over the last - five years because of recession and a high population growth rate (including - immigrants and refugees). -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $340 million, $1,000 per capita; real growth rate - -1.0% (1989 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 3.7% (1989) -Unemployment rate: - over 30% (1989) -Budget: - revenues $131 million; expenditures $154 million, including capital - expenditures of $25 million (1990 est.) -Exports: - $190 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) - commodities: - hides and skins, coffee (in transit) - partners: - Middle East 50%, Africa 43%, Western Europe 7% -Imports: - $311 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) - commodities: - foods, beverages, transport equipment, chemicals, petroleum products - partners: - EC 36%, Africa 21%, Asia 12%, US 2% -External debt: - $355 million (December 1990) -Industrial production: - growth rate 0.1% (1989); manufacturing accounts for 4% of GDP -Electricity: - 115,000 kW capacity; 200 million kWh produced, 580 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - limited to a few small-scale enterprises, such as dairy products and - mineral-water bottling -Agriculture: - accounts for only 5% of GDP; scanty rainfall limits crop production to - mostly fruit and vegetables; half of population pastoral nomads herding - goats, sheep, and camels; imports bulk of food needs -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY78-89), $39 million; Western (non-US) - countries, including ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.1 - billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $149 million; Communist countries - (1970-89), $35 million -Currency: - Djiboutian franc (plural - francs); 1 Djiboutian franc (DF) = 100 centimes -Exchange rates: - Djiboutian francs (DF) per US$1 - 177.721 (fixed rate since 1973) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Djibouti Communications - -Railroads: - the Ethiopian-Djibouti railroad extends for 97 km through Djibouti -Highways: - 2,900 km total; 280 km paved; 2,620 km improved or unimproved earth (1982) -Ports: - Djibouti -Civil air: - 1 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 13 total, 11 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways - over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - fair system of urban facilities in Djibouti and radio relay stations at - outlying places; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV; 1 Indian Ocean - INTELSAT earth station and 1 ARABSAT; 1 submarine cable to Saudi Arabia - -:Djibouti Defense Forces - -Branches: - Djibouti National Army (including Navy and Air Force), National Security - Force (Force Nationale de Securite), National Police Force -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 96,150; 56,077 fit for military service -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $29.9 million, NA% of GDP (1986) - -:Dominica Geography - -Total area: - 750 km2 -Land area: - 750 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly more than four times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 148 km -Maritime claims: - Contiguous zone: - 24 nm - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds; heavy rainfall -Terrain: - rugged mountains of volcanic origin -Natural resources: - timber -Land use: - arable land 9%; permanent crops 13%; meadows and pastures 3%; forest and - woodland 41%; other 34% -Environment: - flash floods a constant hazard; occasional hurricanes -Note: - located 550 km southeast of Puerto Rico in the Caribbean Sea - -:Dominica People - -Population: - 87,035 (July 1992), growth rate 1.6% (1992) -Birth rate: - 24 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - -3 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 11 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 74 years male, 79 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 2.4 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Dominican(s); adjective - Dominican -Ethnic divisions: - mostly black; some Carib Indians -Religions: - Roman Catholic 77%, Protestant 15% (Methodist 5%, Pentecostal 3%, - Seventh-Day Adventist 3%, Baptist 2%, other 2%), none 2%, unknown 1%, other - 5% -Languages: - English (official); French patois widely spoken -Literacy: - 94% (male 94%, female 94%) age 15 and over having ever attended school - (1970) -Labor force: - 25,000; agriculture 40%, industry and commerce 32%, services 28% (1984) -Organized labor: - 25% of labor force - -:Dominica Government - -Long-form name: - Commonwealth of Dominica -Type: - parliamentary democracy -Capital: - Roseau -Administrative divisions: - 10 parishes; Saint Andrew, Saint David, Saint George, Saint John, Saint - Joseph, Saint Luke, Saint Mark, Saint Patrick, Saint Paul, Saint Peter -Independence: - 3 November 1978 (from UK) -Constitution: - 3 November 1978 -Legal system: - based on English common law -National holiday: - Independence Day, 3 November (1978) -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral House of Assembly -Judicial branch: - Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Sir Clarence Augustus SEIGNORET (since 19 December 1983) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister (Mary) Eugenia CHARLES (since 21 July 1980, elected for a - third term 28 May 1990) -Political parties and leaders: - Dominica Freedom Party (DFP), (Mary) Eugenia CHARLES; Dominica Labor Party - (DLP), Pierre CHARLES; United Workers Party (UWP), Edison JAMES -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - House of Assembly: - last held 28 May 1990 (next to be held May 1995); results - percent of vote - by party NA; seats - (30 total; 9 appointed senators and 21 elected - representatives) DFP 11, UWP 6, DLP 4 - President: - last held 20 December 1988 (next to be held December 1993); results - - President Sir Clarence Augustus SEIGNORET was reelected by the House of - Assembly -Other political or pressure groups: - Dominica Liberation Movement (DLM), a small leftist group -Member of: - ACCT, ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, - ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, LORCS, NAM (observer), OAS, OECS, UN, UNCTAD, - UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO -Diplomatic representation: - there is no Chancery in the US - US: - no official presence since the Ambassador resides in Bridgetown (Barbados), - but travels frequently to Dominica - -:Dominica Government - -Flag: - green with a centered cross of three equal bands - the vertical part is - yellow (hoist side), black, and white - the horizontal part is yellow (top), - black, and white; superimposed in the center of the cross is a red disk - bearing a sisserou parrot encircled by 10 green five-pointed stars edged in - yellow; the 10 stars represent the 10 administrative divisions (parishes) - -:Dominica Economy - -Overview: - The economy is dependent on agriculture and thus is highly vulnerable to - climatic conditions. Agriculture accounts for about 30% of GDP and employs - 40% of the labor force. Principal products include bananas, citrus, mangoes, - root crops, and coconuts. In 1990, GDP grew by 7%, bouncing back from the - 1.6% decline of 1989. The tourist industry remains undeveloped because of a - rugged coastline and the lack of an international airport. -GDP: - purchasing power equivalent - $170 million, per capita $2,000; real growth - rate 7.0% (1990 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 4.7% (1990) -Unemployment rate: - 10% (1989 est.) -Budget: - revenues $48 million; expenditures $85 million, including capital - expenditures of $41 million (FY90) -Exports: - $59.9 million (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - bananas, coconuts, grapefruit, soap, galvanized sheets - partners: - UK 72%, Jamaica 10%, OECS 6%, US 3%, other 9% -Imports: - $103.9 million (c.i.f., 1990) - commodities: - food, oils and fats, chemicals, fuels and lubricants, manufactured goods, - machinery and equipment - partners: - US 23%, UK 18%, CARICOM 15%, OECS 15%, Japan 5%, Canada 3%, other 21% -External debt: - $73 million (1990 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 4.5% in manufacturing (1988 est.); accounts for 11% of GDP -Electricity: - 7,000 kW capacity; 16 million kWh produced, 185 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - soap, beverages, tourism, food processing, furniture, cement blocks, shoes -Agriculture: - accounts for 30% of GDP; principal crops - bananas, citrus, mangoes, root - crops, and coconuts; bananas provide the bulk of export earnings; forestry - and fisheries potential not exploited -Economic aid: - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), - $120 million -Currency: - East Caribbean dollar (plural - dollars); 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976) -Fiscal year: - 1 July - 30 June - -:Dominica Communications - -Highways: - 750 km total; 370 km paved, 380 km gravel and earth -Ports: - Roseau, Portsmouth -Civil air: - NA -Airports: - 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over - 2,439 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - 4,600 telephones in fully automatic network; VHF and UHF link to Saint - Lucia; new SHF links to Martinique and Guadeloupe; broadcast stations - 3 - AM, 2 FM, 1 cable TV - -:Dominica Defense Forces - -Branches: - Commonwealth of Dominica Police Force (including Coast Guard) -Manpower availability: - NA -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP - -:Dominican Republic Geography - -Total area: - 48,730 km2 -Land area: - 48,380 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly more than twice the size of New Hampshire -Land boundaries: - 275 km; Haiti 275 km -Coastline: - 1,288 km -Maritime claims: - Contiguous zone: - 24 nm - Continental shelf: - outer edge of continental margin or 200 nm - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 6 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature variation -Terrain: - rugged highlands and mountains with fertile valleys interspersed -Natural resources: - nickel, bauxite, gold, silver -Land use: - arable land 23%; permanent crops 7%; meadows and pastures 43%; forest and - woodland 13%; other 14%; includes irrigated 4% -Environment: - subject to occasional hurricanes (July to October); deforestation -Note: - shares island of Hispaniola with Haiti (western one-third is Haiti, eastern - two-thirds is the Dominican Republic) - -:Dominican Republic People - -Population: - 7,515,892 (July 1992), growth rate 1.9% (1992) -Birth rate: - 26 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - -1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 56 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 66 years male, 70 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 3.0 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Dominican(s); adjective - Dominican -Ethnic divisions: - mixed 73%, white 16%, black 11% -Religions: - Roman Catholic 95% -Languages: - Spanish -Literacy: - 83% (male 85%, female 82%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 2,300,000 to 2,600,000; agriculture 49%, services 33%, industry 18% (1986) -Organized labor: - 12% of labor force (1989 est.) - -:Dominican Republic Government - -Long-form name: - Dominican Republic (no short-form name) -Type: - republic -Capital: - Santo Domingo -Administrative divisions: - 29 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia) and 1 district* (distrito); - Azua, Baoruco, Barahona, Dajabon, Distrito Nacional*, Duarte, Elias Pina, El - Seibo, Espaillat, Hato Mayor, Independencia, La Altagracia, La Romana, La - Vega, Maria Trinidad Sanchez, Monsenor Nouel, Monte Cristi, Monte Plata, - Pedernales, Peravia, Puerto Plata, Salcedo, Samana, Sanchez Ramirez, San - Cristobal, San Juan, San Pedro De Macoris, Santiago, Santiago Rodriguez, - Valverde -Independence: - 27 February 1844 (from Haiti) -Constitution: - 28 November 1966 -Legal system: - based on French civil codes -National holiday: - Independence Day, 27 February (1844) -Executive branch: - president, vice president, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - bicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional) consists of an upper chamber - or Senate (Senado) and lower chamber or Chamber of Deputies (Camara de - Diputados) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court (Corte Suprema) -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Joaquin BALAGUER Ricardo (since 16 August 1986, fifth elected term - began 16 August 1990); Vice President Carlos A. MORALES Troncoso (since 16 - August 1986) -Political parties and leaders: - Major parties: - Social Christian Reformist Party (PRSC), Joaquin BALAGUER Ricardo; Dominican - Revolutionary Party (PRD), Jose Franciso PENA Gomez; Dominican Liberation - Party (PLD), Juan BOSCH Gavino; Independent Revolutionary Party (PRI), - Jacobo MAJLUTA - Minor parties: - National Veterans and Civilian Party (PNVC), Juan Rene BEAUCHAMPS Javier; - Liberal Party of the Dominican Republic (PLRD), Andres Van Der HORST; - Democratic Quisqueyan Party (PQD), Elias WESSIN Chavez; National Progressive - Force (FNP), Marino VINICIO Castillo; Popular Christian Party (PPC), Rogelio - DELGADO Bogaert; Dominican Communist Party (PCD) Narciso ISA Conde; - Dominican Workers' Party (PTD), Ivan RODRIGUEZ; Anti-Imperialist Patriotic - Union (UPA), Ignacio RODRIGUEZ Chiappini - Note: - in 1983 several leftist parties, including the PCD, joined to form the - Dominican Leftist Front (FID); however, they still retain individual party - structures -Suffrage: - universal and compulsory at age 18 or if married; members of the armed - forces and police cannot vote - -:Dominican Republic Government - -Elections: - Chamber of Deputies: - last held 16 May 1990 (next to be held May 1994); results - percent of vote - by party NA; seats - (120 total) PLD 44, PRSC 41, PRD 33, PRI 2 - President: - last held 16 May 1990 (next to be held May 1994); results - Joaquin BALAGUER - (PRSC) 35.7%, Juan BOSCH Gavino (PLD) 34.4% - Senate: - last held 16 May 1990 (next to be held May 1994); results - percent of vote - by party NA; seats - (30 total) PRSC 16, PLD 12, PRD 2 -Communists: - an estimated 8,000 to 10,000 members in several legal and illegal factions; - effectiveness limited by ideological differences, organizational - inadequacies, and severe funding shortages -Member of: - ACP, CARICOM (observer), ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, - ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, - ITU, LAES, LORCS, NAM (guest), OAS, OPANAL, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, - UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Jose del Carmen ARIZA Gomez; Chancery at 1715 22nd Street NW, - Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 332-6280; there are Dominican - Consulates General in Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, Mayaguez (Puerto Rico), - Miami, New Orleans, New York, Philadelphia, San Juan (Puerto Rico), and - Consulates in Charlotte Amalie (Virgin Islands), Detroit, Houston, - Jacksonville, Minneapolis, Mobile, Ponce (Puerto Rico), and San Francisco - US: - Ambassador Robert S. PASTORINO; Embassy at the corner of Calle Cesar Nicolas - Penson and Calle Leopoldo Navarro, Santo Domingo (mailing address is APO AA - 34041-0008); telephone (809) 5412171 -Flag: - a centered white cross that extends to the edges, divides the flag into four - rectangles - the top ones are blue (hoist side) and red, the bottom ones are - red (hoist side) and blue; a small coat of arms is at the center of the - cross - -:Dominican Republic Economy - -Overview: - The economy is largely dependent on trade; imported components average 60% - of the value of goods consumed in the domestic market. Rapid growth of free - trade zones has established a significant expansion of manufacturing for - export, especially wearing apparel. Over the past decade, tourism has also - increased in importance and is a major earner of foreign exchange and a - source of new jobs. Agriculture remains a key sector of the economy. The - principal commercial crop is sugarcane, followed by coffee, cotton, cocoa, - and tobacco. Domestic industry is based on the processing of agricultural - products, durable consumer goods, minerals, and chemicals. Unemployment is - officially reported at about 30%, but there is considerable underemployment. - A fiscal austerity program has brought inflation under control, but in 1991 - the economy contracted for a second straight year. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $7 billion, per capita $950; real growth rate -2% - (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 9% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 30% (1991 est.) -Budget: - revenues NA; expenditures $1.1 billion, including capital expenditures of NA - (1992 est.) -Exports: - $775 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) - commodities: - sugar, coffee, cocoa, gold, ferronickel - partners: - US 60%, EC 19%, Puerto Rico 8% (1990) -Imports: - $1.8 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.) - commodities: - foodstuffs, petroleum, cotton and fabrics, chemicals and pharmaceuticals - partners: - US 50% -External debt: - $4.7 billion (1991 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate NA; accounts for 20% of GDP -Electricity: - 2,133,000 kW capacity; 4,410 million kWh produced, 597 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - tourism, sugar processing, ferronickel and gold mining, textiles, cement, - tobacco -Agriculture: - accounts for 15% of GDP and employs 49% of labor force; sugarcane is the - most important commercial crop, followed by coffee, cotton, cocoa, and - tobacco; food crops - rice, beans, potatoes, corn, bananas; animal output - - cattle, hogs, dairy products, meat, eggs; not self-sufficient in food -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY85-89), $575 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $655 million -Currency: - Dominican peso (plural - pesos); 1 Dominican peso (RD$) = 100 centavos -Exchange rates: - Dominican pesos (RD$) per US$1 - 12.609 (January 1992), 12.692 (1991), 8.525 - (1990), 6.340 (1989), 6.113 (1988), 3.845 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Dominican Republic Communications - -Railroads: - 1,655 km total in numerous segments; 4 different gauges from 0.558 m to - 1.435 m -Highways: - 12,000 km total; 5,800 km paved, 5,600 km gravel and improved earth, 600 km - unimproved -Pipelines: - crude oil 96 km; petroleum products 8 km -Ports: - Santo Domingo, Haina, San Pedro de Macoris, Puerto Plata -Merchant marine: - 1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,587 GRT/1,165 DWT -Civil air: - 23 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 36 total, 30 usable; 12 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways - over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 9 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - relatively efficient domestic system based on islandwide microwave relay - network; 190,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 120 AM, no FM, 18 TV, 6 - shortwave; 1 coaxial submarine cable; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth - station - -:Dominican Republic Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force, National Police -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 2,013,294; 1,271,772 fit for military service; 80,117 reach - military age (18) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $70 million, 1% of GDP (1990) - -:Ecuador Geography - -Total area: - 283,560 km2 -Land area: - 276,840 km2; includes Galapagos Islands -Comparative area: - slightly smaller than Nevada -Land boundaries: - 2,010 km; Colombia 590 km, Peru 1,420 km -Coastline: - 2,237 km -Maritime claims: - Continental shelf: - claims continental shelf between mainland and Galapagos Islands - Territorial sea: - 200 nm -Disputes: - three sections of the boundary with Peru are in dispute -Climate: - tropical along coast becoming cooler inland -Terrain: - coastal plain (Costa), inter-Andean central highlands (Sierra), and flat to - rolling eastern jungle (Oriente) -Natural resources: - petroleum, fish, timber -Land use: - arable land 6%; permanent crops 3%; meadows and pastures 17%; forest and - woodland 51%; other 23%; includes irrigated 2% -Environment: - subject to frequent earthquakes, landslides, volcanic activity; - deforestation; desertification; soil erosion; periodic droughts -Note: - Cotopaxi in Andes is highest active volcano in world - -:Ecuador People - -Population: - 10,933,143 (July 1992), growth rate 2.2% (1992) -Birth rate: - 28 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 42 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 67 years male, 72 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 3.5 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Ecuadorian(s); adjective - Ecuadorian -Ethnic divisions: - mestizo (mixed Indian and Spanish) 55%, Indian 25%, Spanish 10%, black 10% -Religions: - Roman Catholic 95% -Languages: - Spanish (official); Indian languages, especially Quechua -Literacy: - 86% (male 88%, female 84%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 2,800,000; agriculture 35%, manufacturing 21%, commerce 16%, services and - other activities 28% (1982) -Organized labor: - less than 15% of labor force - -:Ecuador Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Ecuador -Type: - republic -Capital: - Quito -Administrative divisions: - 21 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Azuay, Bolivar, Canar, - Carchi, Chimborazo, Cotopaxi, El Oro, Esmeraldas, Galapagos, Guayas, - Imbabura, Loja, Los Rios, Manabi, Morona-Santiago, Napo, Pastaza, Pichincha, - Sucumbios, Tungurahua, Zamora-Chinchipe -Independence: - 24 May 1822 (from Spain; Battle of Pichincha) -Constitution: - 10 August 1979 -Legal system: - based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Independence Day, 10 August (1809, independence of Quito) -Executive branch: - president, vice president, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court (Corte Suprema) -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Rodrigo BORJA Cevallos (since 10 August 1988); Vice President Luis - PARODI Valverde (since 10 August 1988) -Suffrage: - universal at age 18; compulsory for literate persons ages 18-65, optional - for other eligible voters -Elections: - National Congress: - last held 17 June 1990 (next to be held 17 May 1992); results - percent of - vote by party NA; seats - (72 total) PSC 16, ID 14, PRE 13, PSE 8, DP 7, CFP - 3, PC 3, PLR 3, FADI 2, FRA 2, MPD 1 - President: - runoff election held 5 July 1992; results - Sixto DURAN elected as president - and Alberto DAHIK elected as vice president -Communists: - Communist Party of Ecuador (PCE, pro-Moscow), Rene Mauge MOSQUERA, secretary - general, 5,000 members; Communist Party of Ecuador/Marxist-Leninist (PCMLE, - Maoist), 3,000 members; Socialist Party of Ecuador (PSE, pro-Cuba), 5,000 - members (est.); National Liberation Party (PLN, Communist), less than 5,000 - members (est.) -Member of: - AG, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, - IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, - NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPEC, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, - WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Jaime MONCAYO; Chancery at 2535 15th Street NW, Washington, DC - 20009; telephone (202) 234-7200; there are Ecuadorian Consulates General in - Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, and San - Francisco, and a Consulate in San Diego - -:Ecuador Government - - US: - Ambassador vacant; Embassy at Avenida 12 de Octubre y Avenida Patria; Quito - (mailing address is P. O. Box 538, Quito, or APO AA 34039); telephone [593] - (2) 562-890; FAX [593] (2) 502-052; there is a US Consulate General in - Guayaquil -Flag: - three horizontal bands of yellow (top, double width), blue, and red with the - coat of arms superimposed at the center of the flag; similar to the flag of - Colombia that is shorter and does not bear a coat of arms - -:Ecuador Economy - -Overview: - Ecuador has substantial oil resources and rich agricultural areas. Growth - has been uneven because of natural disasters (for example, a major - earthquake in 1987), fluctuations in global oil prices, and government - policies designed to curb inflation. The government has not taken a - supportive attitude toward either domestic or foreign investment, although - its agreement to enter the Andean free trade zone is an encouraging move. As - 1991 ended, Ecuador received a standby IMF loan of $105 million, which will - permit the country to proceed with the rescheduling of Paris Club debt. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $11.5 billion, per capita $1,070; real growth - rate 2.5% (1991) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 49% (1991) -Unemployment rate: - 8.0% (1990) -Budget: - revenues $2.2 billion; expenditures $2.2 billion, including capital - expenditures of $375 million (1991) -Exports: - $2.9 billion (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - petroleum 47%, coffee, bananas, cocoa products, shrimp, fish products - partners: - US 60%, Latin America, Caribbean, EC countries -Imports: - $1.95 billion (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - transport equipment, vehicles, machinery, chemicals - partners: - US 34%, Latin America, Caribbean, EC, Japan -External debt: - $12.4 billion (December 1991) -Industrial production: - growth rate -3.8% (1989); accounts for almost 40% of GDP, including - petroleum -Electricity: - 2,344,000 kW capacity; 6,430 million kWh produced, 598 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - petroleum, food processing, textiles, metal works, paper products, wood - products, chemicals, plastics, fishing, timber -Agriculture: - accounts for 18% of GDP and 35% of labor force (including fishing and - forestry); leading producer and exporter of bananas and balsawood; other - exports - coffee, cocoa, fish, shrimp; crop production - rice, potatoes, - manioc, plantains, sugarcane; livestock sector - cattle, sheep, hogs, beef, - pork, dairy products; net importer of foodgrains, dairy products, and sugar -Illicit drugs: - minor illicit producer of coca following the successful eradication campaign - of 1985-87; significant transit country, however, for derivatives of coca - originating in Colombia, Bolivia, and Peru -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $498 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.15 billion; - Communist countries (1970-89), $64 million -Currency: - sucre (plural - sucres); 1 sucre (S/) = 100 centavos - -:Ecuador Economy - -Exchange rates: - sucres (S/) per US$1 - 1,046.25 (1991), 869.54 (December 1990), 767.75 - (1990), 526.35 (1989), 301.61 (1988), 170.46 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Ecuador Communications - -Railroads: - 965 km total; all 1.067-meter-gauge single track -Highways: - 28,000 km total; 3,600 km paved, 17,400 km gravel and improved earth, 7,000 - km unimproved earth -Inland waterways: - 1,500 km -Pipelines: - crude oil 800 km; petroleum products 1,358 km -Ports: - Guayaquil, Manta, Puerto Bolivar, Esmeraldas -Merchant marine: - 46 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 337,999 GRT/491,996 DWT; includes 2 - passenger, 4 cargo, 17 refrigerated cargo, 4 container, 1 roll-on/roll-off, - 15 petroleum tanker, 1 liquefied gas, 2 bulk -Civil air: - 23 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 143 total, 142 usable; 43 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway over - 3,659 m; 6 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 23 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - domestic facilities generally adequate; 318,000 telephones; broadcast - stations - 272 AM, no FM, 33 TV, 39 shortwave; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT - earth station - -:Ecuador Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army (Ejercito Ecuatoriano), Navy (Armada Ecuatoriana), Air Force (Fuerza - Aerea Ecuatoriana), National Police -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 2,804,260; 1,898,401 fit for military service; 115,139 reach - military age (20) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP - -:Egypt Geography - -Total area: - 1,001,450 km2 -Land area: - 995,450 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly more than three times the size of New Mexico -Land boundaries: - 2,689 km; Gaza Strip 11 km, Israel 255 km, Libya 1,150 km, Sudan 1,273 km -Coastline: - 2,450 km -Maritime claims: - Contiguous zone: - 24 nm - Continental shelf: - 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation - Exclusive economic zone: - undefined - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - Administrative boundary with Sudan does not coincide with international - boundary -Climate: - desert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters -Terrain: - vast desert plateau interrupted by Nile valley and delta -Natural resources: - crude oil, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, manganese, limestone, gypsum, - talc, asbestos, lead, zinc -Land use: - arable land 3%; permanent crops 2%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and - woodland NEGL%; other 95%; includes irrigated 5% -Environment: - Nile is only perennial water source; increasing soil salinization below - Aswan High Dam; hot, driving windstorm called khamsin occurs in spring; - water pollution; desertification -Note: - controls Sinai Peninsula, only land bridge between Africa and remainder of - Eastern Hemisphere; controls Suez Canal, shortest sea link between Indian - Ocean and Mediterranean; size and juxtaposition to Israel establish its - major role in Middle Eastern geopolitics - -:Egypt People - -Population: - 56,368,950 (July 1992), growth rate 2.3% (1992) -Birth rate: - 33 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 9 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 80 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 58 years male, 62 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 4.4 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Egyptian(s); adjective - Egyptian -Ethnic divisions: - Eastern Hamitic stock 90%; Greek, Italian, Syro-Lebanese 10% -Religions: - (official estimate) Muslim (mostly Sunni) 94%; Coptic Christian and other 6% -Languages: - Arabic (official); English and French widely understood by educated classes -Literacy: - 48% (male 63%, female 34%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 15,000,000 (1989 est.); government, public sector enterprises, and armed - forces 36%; agriculture 34%; privately owned service and manufacturing - enterprises 20% (1984); shortage of skilled labor; 2,500,000 Egyptians work - abroad, mostly in Iraq and the Gulf Arab states (1988 est.) -Organized labor: - 2,500,000 (est.) - -:Egypt Government - -Long-form name: - Arab Republic of Egypt -Type: - republic -Capital: - Cairo -Administrative divisions: - 26 governorates (muhafazah, singular - muhafazah); Ad Daqahliyah, Al Bahr al - Ahmar, Al Buchayrah, Al Fayyum, Al Gharbiyah, Al Iskandariyah, Al - Isma`iliyah, Al Jizah, Al Minufiyah, Al Minya, Al Qahirah, Al Qalyubiyah, Al - Wadi al Jadid, Ash Sharqiyah, As Suways, Aswan, Asyu`t, Bani Suwayf, Bur - Sa`id, Dumyat, Janub Sina, Kafr ash Shaykh, Matruh, Qina, Shamal Sina, Suhaj -Independence: - 28 February 1922 (from UK); formerly United Arab Republic -Constitution: - 11 September 1971 -Legal system: - based on English common law, Islamic law, and Napoleonic codes; judicial - review by Supreme Court and Council of State (oversees validity of - administrative decisions); accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with - reservations -National holiday: - Anniversary of the Revolution, 23 July (1952) -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral People's Assembly (Majlis al-Cha'b); note - there is an Advisory - Council (Majlis al-Shura) that functions in a consultative role -Judicial branch: - Supreme Constitutional Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Mohammed Hosni MUBARAK (was made acting President on 6 October - 1981 upon the assassination of President SADAT and sworn in as President on - 14 October 1981) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Atef Mohammed Najib SEDKY (since 12 November 1986) -Political parties and leaders: - formation of political parties must be approved by government; National - Democratic Party (NDP), President Mohammed Hosni MUBARAK, leader, is the - dominant party; legal opposition parties are Socialist Liberal Party (SLP), - Kamal MURAD; Socialist Labor Party, Ibrahim SHUKRI; National Progressive - Unionist Grouping (NPUG), Khalid MUHYI-AL-DIN; Umma Party, Ahmad al-SABAHI; - New Wafd Party (NWP), Fu'd SIRAJ AL-DIN; Misr al-Fatah Party (Young Egypt - Party), Ali al-Din SALIH; The Greens Party, Hasan RAJAB; Nasserist Arab - Democratic Party, Dia' AL-DIN DAWOUD -Suffrage: - universal and compulsory at age 18 -Elections: - Advisory Council: - last held 8 June 1989 (next to be held June 1995); results - NDP 100%; seats - - (258 total, 172 elected) NDP 172 - People's Assembly: - last held 29 November 1990 (next to be held November 1995); results - NDP - 78.4%, NPUG 1.4%, independents 18.7%; seats - (437 total, 444 elected) - - including NDP 348, NPUG 6, independents 83; note - most opposition parties - boycotted - -:Egypt Government - - President: - last held 5 October 1987 (next to be held October 1993); results - President - Hosni MUBARAK was reelected -Communists: - about 500 party members -Other political or pressure groups: - Islamic groups are illegal, but the largest one, the Muslim Brotherhood, is - tolerated by the government; trade unions and professional associations are - officially sanctioned -Member of: - ACC, ACCT (associate), AfDB, AFESD, AG (observer), AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, EBRD, - ECA, ESCWA, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, - IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM - (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OAU, OIC, PCA, UN, - UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNRWA, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador El Sayed Abdel Raouf EL REEDY; Chancery at 2310 Decatur Place NW, - Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 232-5400; there are Egyptian - Consulates General in Chicago, Houston, New York, and San Francisco - US: - Ambassador Robert PELLETREAU; Embassy at Lazougi Street, Garden City, Cairo - (mailing address is APO AE 09839); telephone [20] (2) 355-7371; FAX [20] (2) - 355-7375; there is a US Consulate General in Alexandria -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with the - national emblem (a shield superimposed on a golden eagle facing the hoist - side above a scroll bearing the name of the country in Arabic) centered in - the white band; similar to the flag of Yemen, which has a plain white band; - also similar to the flag of Syria that has two green stars and to the flag - of Iraq, which has three green stars (plus an Arabic inscription) in a - horizontal line centered in the white band - -:Egypt Economy - -Overview: - Egypt has one of the largest public sectors of all the Third World - economies, most industrial plants being owned by the government. - Overregulation holds back technical modernization and foreign investment. - Even so, the economy grew rapidly during the late 1970s and early 1980s, but - in 1986 the collapse of world oil prices and an increasingly heavy burden of - debt servicing led Egypt to begin negotiations with the IMF for - balance-of-payments support. As part of the 1987 agreement with the IMF, the - government agreed to institute a reform program to reduce inflation, promote - economic growth, and improve its external position. The reforms have been - slow in coming, however, and the economy has been largely stagnant for the - past four years. The addition of 1 million people every seven months to - Egypt's population exerts enormous pressure on the 5% of the total land area - available for agriculture. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $39.2 billion, per capita $720; real growth rate - 2% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 17% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 15% (1991 est.) -Budget: - revenues $9.4 billion; expenditures $15.9 billion, including capital - expenditures of $6 billion (FY90 est.) -Exports: - $4.5 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) - commodities: - crude oil and petroleum products, cotton yarn, raw cotton, textiles, metal - products, chemicals - partners: - EC, Eastern Europe, US, Japan -Imports: - $11.7 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) - commodities: - machinery and equipment, foods, fertilizers, wood products, durable consumer - goods, capital goods - partners: - EC, US, Japan, Eastern Europe -External debt: - $38 billion (December 1991 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 7.3% (FY89 est.); accounts for 18% of GDP -Electricity: - 13,500,000 kW capacity; 45,000 million kWh produced, 820 kWh per capita - (1991) -Industries: - textiles, food processing, tourism, chemicals, petroleum, construction, - cement, metals -Agriculture: - accounts for 20% of GDP and employs more than one-third of labor force; - dependent on irrigation water from the Nile; world's sixth-largest cotton - exporter; other crops produced include rice, corn, wheat, beans, fruit, - vegetables; not self-sufficient in food; livestock - cattle, water buffalo, - sheep, and goats; annual fish catch about 140,000 metric tons -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $15.7 billion; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $10.1 billion; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $2.9 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $2.4 - billion - -:Egypt Economy - -Currency: - Egyptian pound (plural - pounds); 1 Egyptian pound (#E) = 100 piasters -Exchange rates: - Egyptian pounds (#E) per US$1 - 3.3310 (January 1992), 2.7072 (1990), 2.5171 - (1989), 2.2233 (1988), 1.5183 (1987) -Fiscal year: - 1 July - 30 June - -:Egypt Communications - -Railroads: - 5,110 km total; 4,763 km 1,435-meter standard gauge, 347 km 0.750-meter - gauge; 951 km double track; 25 km electrified -Highways: - 51,925 km total; 17,900 km paved, 2,500 km gravel, 13,500 km improved earth, - 18,025 km unimproved earth -Inland waterways: - 3,500 km (including the Nile, Lake Nasser, Alexandria-Cairo Waterway, and - numerous smaller canals in the delta); Suez Canal, 193.5 km long (including - approaches), used by oceangoing vessels drawing up to 16.1 meters of water -Pipelines: - crude oil 1,171 km; petroleum products 596 km; natural gas 460 km -Ports: - Alexandria, Port Said, Suez, Bur Safajah, Damietta -Merchant marine: - 150 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,019,182 GRT/1,499,880 DWT; includes - 11 passenger, 5 short-sea passenger, 2 passenger-cargo, 86 cargo, 3 - refrigerated cargo, 15 roll-on/roll-off, 12 petroleum tanker, 15 bulk, 1 - container -Civil air: - 50 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 92 total, 82 usable; 66 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over - 3,659 m; 44 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 24 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - system is large but still inadequate for needs; principal centers are - Alexandria, Cairo, Al Mansurah, Ismailia, Suez and Tanta; intercity - connections by coaxial cable and microwave; extensive upgrading in progress; - 600,000 telephones (est.); broadcast stations - 39 AM, 6 FM, 41 TV; - satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean - INTELSAT, 1 INMARSAT, 1 ARABSAT; 5 submarine coaxial cables; tropospheric - scatter to Sudan; radio relay to Libya, Israel, and Jordan - -:Egypt Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Command -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 13,911,006; 9,044,425 fit for military service; 563,321 reach - military age (20) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $2.5 billion, 6.4% of GDP (1991) - -:El Salvador Geography - -Total area: - 21,040 km2 -Land area: - 20,720 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly smaller than Massachusetts -Land boundaries: - 545 km; Guatemala 203 km, Honduras 342 km -Coastline: - 307 km -Maritime claims: - Territorial sea: - 200 nm (overflight and navigation permitted beyond 12 nm) -Disputes: - dispute with Honduras over several sections of the land boundary; dispute - over Golfo de Fonseca maritime boundary because of disputed sovereignty of - islands -Climate: - tropical; rainy season (May to October); dry season (November to April) -Terrain: - mostly mountains with narrow coastal belt and central plateau -Natural resources: - hydropower, geothermal power, crude oil -Land use: - arable land 27%; permanent crops 8%; meadows and pastures 29%; forest and - woodland 6%; other 30%; includes irrigated 5% -Environment: - The Land of Volcanoes; subject to frequent and sometimes very destructive - earthquakes; deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution -Note: - smallest Central American country and only one without a coastline on - Caribbean Sea - -:El Salvador People - -Population: - 5,574,279 (July 1992), growth rate 2.2% (1992) -Birth rate: - 33 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - - 6 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 26 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 68 years male, 75 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 4.0 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Salvadoran(s); adjective - Salvadoran -Ethnic divisions: - mestizo 89%, Indian 10%, white 1% -Religions: - Roman Catholic about 75%, with extensive activity by Protestant groups - throughout the country (more than 1 million Protestant evangelicals in El - Salvador at the end of 1990) -Languages: - Spanish, Nahua (among some Indians) -Literacy: - 73% (male 76%, female 70%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 1,700,000 (1982 est.); agriculture 40%, commerce 16%, manufacturing 15%, - government 13%, financial services 9%, transportation 6%, other 1%; shortage - of skilled labor and a large pool of unskilled labor, but manpower training - programs improving situation (1984 est.) -Organized labor: - total labor force 15%; agricultural labor force 10%; urban labor force 7% - (1987 est.) - -:El Salvador Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of El Salvador -Type: - republic -Capital: - San Salvador -Administrative divisions: - 14 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Ahuachapan, - Cabanas, Chalatenango, Cuscatlan, La Libertad, La Paz, La Union, Morazan, - San Miguel, San Salvador, Santa Ana, San Vicente, Sonsonate, Usulutan -Independence: - 15 September 1821 (from Spain) -Constitution: - 20 December 1983 -Legal system: - based on civil and Roman law, with traces of common law; judicial review of - legislative acts in the Supreme Court; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, - with reservations -National holiday: - Independence Day, 15 September (1821) -Executive branch: - president, vice president, Council of Ministers (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral Legislative Assembly (Asamblea Legislativa) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court (Corte Suprema) -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Alfredo CRISTIANI Buchard (since 1 June 1989); Vice President Jose - Francisco MERINO (since 1 June 1989) -Political parties and leaders: - National Republican Alliance (ARENA), Armando CALDERON Sol; Christian - Democratic Party (PDC), Fidel CHAVEZ Mena; National Conciliation Party - (PCN), Ciro CRUZ Zepeda; National Democratic Union (UDN), Mario AGUINADA - Carranza; the Democratic Convergence (CD) is a coalition of three parties - - the Social Democratic Party (PSD), Wilfredo BARILLAS; the National - Revolutionary Movement (MNR), Victor VALLE; and the Popular Social Christian - Movement (MPSC), Ruben ZAMORA; Authentic Christian Movement (MAC), Julio REY - PRENDES; Democratic Action (AD), Ricardo GONZALEZ Camacho -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - Legislative Assembly: - last held 10 March 1991 (next to be held March 1994); results - ARENA 44.3%, - PDC 27.96%, CD 12.16%, PCN 8.99%, MAC 3.23%, UDN 2.68%; seats - (84 total) - ARENA 39, PDC 26, PCN 9, CD 8, UDN 1, MAC 1 - President: - last held 19 March 1989 (next to be held March 1994); results - Alfredo - CRISTIANI (ARENA) 53.8%, Fidel CHAVEZ Mena (PDC) 36.6%, other 9.6% -Other political or pressure groups: - Business organizations: - National Association of Private Enterprise (ANEP), conservative; Productive - Alliance (AP), conservative; National Federation of Salvadoran Small - Businessmen (FENAPES), conservative - -:El Salvador Government - - FMLN front organizations: - Labor fronts include - National Union of Salvadoran Workers (UNTS), leftist - umbrella front group, leads FMLN front network; National Federation of - Salvadoran Workers (FENASTRAS), best organized of front groups and - controlled by FMLN's National Resistance (RN); Social Security Institute - Workers Union (STISSS), one of the most militant fronts, is controlled by - FMLN's Armed Forces of National Resistance (FARN) and RN; Association of - Telecommunications Workers (ASTTEL); Centralized Union Federation of El - Salvador (FUSS); Treasury Ministry Employees (AGEMHA); Nonlabor fronts - include - Committee of Mothers and Families of Political Prisoners, - Disappeared Persons, and Assassinated of El Salvador (COMADRES); - Nongovernmental Human Rights Commission (CDHES); Committee of Dismissed and - Unemployed of El Salvador (CODYDES); General Association of Salvadoran - University Students (AGEUS); National Association of Salvadoran Educators - (ANDES-21 DE JUNIO); Salvadoran Revolutionary Student Front (FERS), - associated with the Popular Forces of Liberation (FPL); Association of - National University Educators (ADUES); Salvadoran University Students Front - (FEUS); Christian Committee for the Displaced of El Salvador (CRIPDES), an - FPL front; The Association for Communal Development in El Salvador - (PADECOES), controlled by the People's Revolutionary Army (ERP); - Confederation of Cooperative Associations of El Salvador (COACES) -Other political or pressure groups: - Labor organizations: - Federation of Construction and Transport Workers Unions (FESINCONSTRANS), - independent; Salvadoran Communal Union (UCS), peasant association; Unitary - Federation of Salvadoran Unions (FUSS), leftist; National Federation of - Salvadoran Workers (FENASTRAS), leftist; Democratic Workers Central (CTD), - moderate; General Confederation of Workers (CGT), moderate; National Unity - of Salvadoran Workers (UNTS), leftist; National Union of Workers and - Peasants (UNOC), moderate labor coalition of democratic labor organizations; - United Workers Front (FUT) - Leftist political parties: - National Democratic Union (UDN), National Revolutionary Movement (MNR), and - Popular Social Movement (MPSC) - Leftist revolutionary movement: - Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front (FMLN), leadership body of the - insurgency, five factions - Popular Liberation Forces (FPL), Armed Forces of - National Resistance (FARN), People's Revolutionary Army (ERP), Salvadoran - Communist Party/Armed Forces of Liberation (PCES/FAL), and Central American - Workers' Revolutionary Party (PRTC)/Popular Liberation Revolutionary Armed - Forces (FARLP) -Member of: - BCIE, CACM, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, - ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LORCS, NAM (observer), OAS, - OPANAL, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Miguel Angel SALAVERRIA; Chancery at 2308 California Street NW, - Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 265-9671 through 3482; there are - Salvadoran Consulates General in Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, - New York, and San Francisco - US: - Ambassador William G. WALKER; Embassy at 25 Avenida Norte No. 1230, San - Salvador (mailing address is APO AA 34023); telephone [503] 26-7100; FAX - [503] (26) 5839 - -:El Salvador Government - -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and blue with the - national coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features - a round emblem encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA - CENTRAL; similar to the flag of Nicaragua, which has a different coat of - arms centered in the white band - it features a triangle encircled by the - words REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA on top and AMERICA CENTRAL on the bottom; also - similar to the flag of Honduras, which has five blue stars arranged in an X - pattern centered in the white band - -:El Salvador Economy - -Overview: - The agricultural sector accounts for 25% of GDP, employs about 40% of the - labor force, and contributes about 66% to total exports. Coffee is the major - commercial crop, accounting for 45% of export earnings. The manufacturing - sector, based largely on food and beverage processing, accounts for 18% of - GDP and 15% of employment. Economic losses because of guerrilla sabotage - total more than $2 billion since 1979. The costs of maintaining a large - military seriously constrain the government's efforts to provide essential - social services. Nevertheless, growth in national output during the period - 1990-91 exceeded growth in population for the first time since 1987. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $5.5 billion, per capita $1,010; real growth rate - 3% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 19% (1990) -Unemployment rate: - 10% (1989) -Budget: - revenues $751 million; expenditures $790 million, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1990 est.) -Exports: - $580 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) - commodities: - coffee 45%, sugar, cotton, shrimp - partners: - US 49%, Germany 24%, Guatemala 7%, Costa Rica 4%, Japan 4% -Imports: - $1.2 billion (c.i.f., 1990 est.) - commodities: - petroleum products, consumer goods, foodstuffs, machinery, construction - materials, fertilizer - partners: - US 40%, Guatemala 12%, Venezuela 7%, Mexico 7%, Germany 5%, Japan 4% -External debt: - $2.0 billion (December 1990 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 2.4% (1990); accounts for 22% of GDP -Electricity: - 682,000 kW capacity; 1,927 million kWh produced, 356 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - food processing, textiles, clothing, beverages, petroleum, tobacco products, - chemicals, furniture -Agriculture: - accounts for 25% of GDP and 40% of labor force (including fishing and - forestry); coffee most important commercial crop; other products - - sugarcane, corn, rice, beans, oilseeds, beef, dairy products, shrimp; not - self-sufficient in food -Illicit drugs: - transshipment point for cocaine -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-90), $2.95 billion; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $525 million -Currency: - Salvadoran colon (plural - colones); 1 Salvadoran colon (C) = 100 centavos -Exchange rates: - Salvadoran colones (C) per US$1 - 8.1 (January 1992), floating rate since - mid-1990); 5.0000 (fixed rate 1986 to mid-1990) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:El Salvador Communications - -Railroads: - 602 km 0.914-meter gauge, single track -Highways: - 10,000 km total; 1,500 km paved, 4,100 km gravel, 4,400 km improved and - unimproved earth -Inland waterways: - Rio Lempa partially navigable -Ports: - Acajutla, Cutuco -Civil air: - 7 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 107 total, 77 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways - over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - nationwide trunk radio relay system; connection into Central American - Microwave System; 116,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 77 AM, no FM, 5 - TV, 2 shortwave; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -:El Salvador Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force, National Guard, National Police, Treasury Police -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 1,265,149; 809,419 fit for military service; 68,445 reach - military age (18) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $220 million, 3.6% of GDP (1991) - -:Equatorial Guinea Geography - -Total area: - 28,050 km2 -Land area: - 28,050 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly larger than Maryland -Land boundaries: - 539 km; Cameroon 189 km, Gabon 350 km -Coastline: - 296 km -Maritime claims: - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - maritime boundary dispute with Gabon because of disputed sovereignty over - islands in Corisco Bay -Climate: - tropical; always hot, humid -Terrain: - coastal plains rise to interior hills; islands are volcanic -Natural resources: - timber, crude oil, small unexploited deposits of gold, manganese, uranium -Land use: - arable land 8%; permanent crops 4%; meadows and pastures 4%; forest and - woodland 51%; other 33% -Environment: - subject to violent windstorms -Note: - insular and continental regions rather widely separated - -:Equatorial Guinea People - -Population: - 388,799 (July 1992), growth rate 2.6% (1992) -Birth rate: - 42 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 15 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 107 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 49 years male, 53 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 5.4 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Equatorial Guinean(s) or Equatoguinean(s); adjective - Equatorial - Guinean or Equatoguinean -Ethnic divisions: - indigenous population of Bioko, primarily Bubi, some Fernandinos; Rio Muni, - primarily Fang; less than 1,000 Europeans, mostly Spanish -Religions: - natives all nominally Christian and predominantly Roman Catholic; some pagan - practices retained -Languages: - Spanish (official), pidgin English, Fang, Bubi, Ibo -Literacy: - 50% (male 64%, female 37%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 172,000 (1986 est.); agriculture 66%, services 23%, industry 11% (1980); - labor shortages on plantations; 58% of population of working age (1985) -Organized labor: - no formal trade unions - -:Equatorial Guinea Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Equatorial Guinea -Type: - republic in transition to multiparty democracy -Capital: - Malabo -Administrative divisions: - 7 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Annobon, Bioko Norte, Bioko - Sur, Centro Sur, Kie-Ntem, Litoral, Wele-Nzas -Independence: - 12 October 1968 (from Spain; formerly Spanish Guinea) -Constitution: - new constitution 17 November 1991 -Legal system: - partly based on Spanish civil law and tribal custom -National holiday: - Independence Day, 12 October (1968) -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers - (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral House of Representatives of the People (Camara de Representantes - del Pueblo) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Tribunal -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Brig. Gen. (Ret.) Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO (since 3 August - 1979) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Cristino SERICHE BIOKO MALABO (since 15 August 1982); Deputy - Prime Minister Isidoro Eyi MONSUY ANDEME (since 15 August 1989) -Political parties and leaders: - only party - Democratic Party for Equatorial Guinea (PDGE), Brig. Gen. - (Ret.) Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO, party leader; multipartyism legalized - in new constitution of November 1991, promulgated January 1992 -Suffrage: - universal adult at age NA -Elections: - Chamber of People's Representatives: - last held 10 July 1988 (next to be held 10 July 1993); results - PDGE is the - only party; seats - (41 total) PDGE 41 - President: - last held 25 June 1989 (next to be held 25 June 1996); results - President - Brig. Gen. (Ret.) Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO was reelected without - opposition -Member of: - ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, ILO, - IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS (associate), NAM, OAS (observer), OAU, - UDEAC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Damaso OBIANG NDONG; Chancery (temporary) 57 Magnolia Avenue, - Mount Vernon, NY 10553; telephone (914) 667-9664 - US: - Ambassador John E. BENNETT; Embassy at Calle de Los Ministros, Malabo - (mailing address is P.O. Box 597, Malabo); telephone [240] (9) 2185, 2406, - 2507; FAX [240] (9) 2164 - -:Equatorial Guinea Government - -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red with a blue - isosceles triangle based on the hoist side and the coat of arms centered in - the white band; the coat of arms has six yellow six-pointed stars - (representing the mainland and five offshore islands) above a gray shield - bearing a silk-cotton tree and below which is a scroll with the motto - UNIDAD, PAZ, JUSTICIA (Unity, Peace, Justice) - -:Equatorial Guinea Economy - -Overview: - The economy, destroyed during the regime of former President Macias NGUEMA, - is now based on agriculture, forestry, and fishing, which account for about - half of GDP and nearly all exports. Subsistence agriculture predominates, - with cocoa, coffee, and wood products providing income, foreign exchange, - and government revenues. There is little industry. Commerce accounts for - about 8% of GDP and the construction, public works, and service sectors for - about 38%. Undeveloped natural resources include titanium, iron ore, - manganese, uranium, and alluvial gold. Oil exploration, taking place under - concessions offered to US, French, and Spanish firms, has been moderately - successful. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $156 million, per capita $400; real growth rate - 1.6% (1988 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 3.6% (1990 est.) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $27 million; expenditures $29 million, including capital - expenditures of NA (1990 est.) -Exports: - $37 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) - commodities: - coffee, timber, cocoa beans - partners: - Spain 38.2%, Italy 12.2%, Netherlands 11.4%, FRG 6.9%, Nigeria 12.4 (1988) -Imports: - $68.3 million (c.i.f., 1990) - commodities: - petroleum, food, beverages, clothing, machinery - partners: - France 25.9%, Spain 21.0%, Italy 16%, US 12.8%, Netherlands 8%, Germany - 3.1%, Gabon 2.9%, Nigeria 1.8 (1988) -External debt: - $213 million (1990) -Industrial production: - growth rate - 6.8% (1990 est.) -Electricity: - 23,000 kW capacity; 60 million kWh produced, 160 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - fishing, sawmilling -Agriculture: - cash crops - timber and coffee from Rio Muni, cocoa from Bioko; food crops - - rice, yams, cassava, bananas, oil palm nuts, manioc, livestock -Illicit drugs: - transshipment point for illicit drugs from Central and Southwest Asia to - Western Europe -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY81-89), $14 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89) $130 million; - Communist countries (1970-89), $55 million -Currency: - Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural - francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF) - = 100 centimes -Exchange rates: - Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 269.01 (January - 1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 - (1987) - -:Equatorial Guinea Economy - -Fiscal year: - 1 April - 31 March - -:Equatorial Guinea Communications - -Highways: - Rio Muni - 2,460 km; Bioko - 300 km -Ports: - Malabo, Bata -Merchant marine: - 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,413 GRT/6,699 DWT; includes 1 cargo - and 1 passenger-cargo -Civil air: - 1 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 3 total, 3 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over - 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - poor system with adequate government services; international communications - from Bata and Malabo to African and European countries; 2,000 telephones; - broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth - station - -:Equatorial Guinea Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force, National Guard, National Police -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 81,850; 41,528 fit for military service -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GNP - -:Estonia Geography - -Total area: - 45,100 km2 -Land area: - 43,200 km2; (includes 1,520 islands in the Baltic Sea) -Comparative area: - slightly larger than New Hampshire and Vermont combined -Land boundaries: - 557 km; Latvia 267 km, Russia 290 km -Coastline: - 1,393 km -Maritime claims: - Contiguous zone: - NA nm - Continental shelf: - NA meter depth - Exclusive economic zone: - NA nm - Exclusive fishing zone: - NA nm - Territorial sea: - NA nm -Disputes: - international small border strips along the northern (Narva) and southern - (Petseri) sections of eastern border with Russia ceded to Russia in 1945 by - the Estonian SSR -Climate: - maritime, wet, moderate winters -Terrain: - marshy, lowlands -Natural resources: - shale oil, peat, phosphorite, amber -Land use: - 22% arable land; NA% permanent crops; 11% meadows and pastures; 31% forest - and woodland; 21% other; includes NA% irrigated; 15% swamps and lakes -Environment: - coastal waters largely polluted - -:Estonia People - -Population: - 1,607,349 (July 1992), growth rate 0.7% (1992) -Birth rate: - 16 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 12 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 3 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 25 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 65 years male, 74 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 2.3 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Estonian(s); adjective - Estonian -Ethnic divisions: - Estonian 61.5%, Russian 30.3%, Ukrainian 3.17%, Byelorussian 1.8%, Finn - 1.1%, other 2.13% (1989) -Religions: - Lutheran is primary denomination -Languages: - Estonian NA% (official), Latvian NA%, Lithuanian NA%, Russian NA%, other NA% -Literacy: - NA% (male NA%, female NA%) -Labor force: - 796,000; industry and construction 42%, agriculture and forestry 13%, other - 45% (1990) -Organized labor: - NA - -:Estonia Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Estonia -Type: - republic -Capital: - Tallinn -Administrative divisions: - none - all districts are under direct republic jurisdiction -Independence: - 8 November 1917; occupied by Germany in March 1918 and restored to power in - November 1918; annexed by USSR 6 August 1940; declared independence 20 - August 1991 and regained independence from USSR 6 September 1991 -Constitution: - currently rewriting constitution, but readopted the constitution of 1938 -Legal system: - based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts -National holiday: - Independence Day, 24 February (1918) -Executive branch: - prime minister -Legislative branch: - unicameral Supreme Council -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Chairman, Supreme Council Arnold R'UTEL (since April 1983) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Tiit VAHI (since January 1992) -Political parties and leaders: - Popular Front of Estonia (Rahvarinne), NA chairman; Estonian Christian - Democratic Party, Aivar KALA, chairman; Estonian Christian Democratic Union, - Illar HALLASTE, chairman; Estonian Heritage Society (EMS), Trivimi VELLISTE, - chairman; Estonian National Independence Party (ERSP), Lagle PAREK, - chairman; Estonian Social Democratic Party, Marju LAURISTIN, chairman; - Estonian Green Party, Tonu OJA; Independent Estonian Communist Party, Vaino - VALJAS; People's Centrist Party, Edgar SAVISAAR, chairman -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - Congress of Estonia: - last held March 1990 (next to be held NA); note - Congress of Estonia is a - quasi-governmental structure; results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - - (495 total) number of seats by party NA - President: - last held NA 1990; (next to be held NA); results - NA - Supreme Council: - last held 18 March 1990; (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by - party NA; seats - (105 total) number of seats by party NA -Other political or pressure groups: - NA -Member of: - CSCE, IAEA, ICFTU, NACC, UN, UNCTAD -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Ernst JAAKSON, Legation of Estonia, Office of Consulate General, - 9 Rockefeller Plaza, Suite 1421, New York, NY 10020; telephone (212) - 247-1450 - -:Estonia Government - - US: - Ambassador Robert C. FRASURE; Embassy at Kentmanni 20, Tallin EE 0001; - telephone 011-[358] (49) 303-182 (cellular); FAX [358] (49) 306-817 - (cellular); note - dialing to Baltics still requires use of an international - operator unless you use the cellular phone lines -Flag: - pre-1940 flag restored by Supreme Soviet in May 1990; flag is three equal - horizontal bands of blue, black, and white - -:Estonia Economy - -Overview: - Starting in July 1991, under a new law on private ownership, small - enterprises, such as retail shops and restaurants, were sold to private - owners. The auctioning of large-scale enterprises is now in progress with - the proceeds being held in escrow until the prior ownership (that is, - Estonian or the Commonwealth of Independent States) can be established. - Estonia ranks first in per capita consumption among the former Soviet - republics. Agriculture is well developed, especially meat production, and - provides a surplus for export. Only about one-fifth of the work force is in - agriculture. The major share of the work force engages in manufacturing both - capital and consumer goods based on raw materials and intermediate products - from the other former Soviet republics. These manufactures are of high - quality by ex-Soviet standards and are exported to the other republics. - Estonia's mineral resources are limited to major deposits of shale oil (60% - of old Soviet total) and phosphorites (400 million tons). Estonia has a - large, relatively modern port and produces more than half of its own energy - needs at highly polluting shale oil power plants. Like the other 14 - successor republics, Estonia is suffering through a difficult transitional - period - between a collapsed command economic structure and a - still-to-be-built market structure. It has advantages in the transition, not - having suffered so long under the Soviet yoke and having better chances of - developing profitable ties to the Nordic and West European countries. -GDP: - $NA billion, per capita $NA; real growth rate -11% (1992) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - approximately 200% (1991) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $NA million; expenditures $NA million, including capital - expenditures of $NA million -Exports: - $186 million (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - machinery 30%, food 17%, chemicals 11%, electric power 9% - partners: - Russia 50%, other former Soviet republics 30%, Ukraine 15%, West 5% -Imports: - $1.2 billion (c.i.f., 1990) - commodities: - machinery 45%, oil 13%, chemicals 12% - partners: - NA -External debt: - $650 million (end of 1991) -Industrial production: - growth rate -9% (1991) -Electricity: - 3,305,000 kW capacity; 17,200 million kWh produced, 10,865 kWh per capita - (1990) -Industries: - accounts for 30% of labor force; oil shale, shipbuilding, phosphates, - electric motors, excavators, cement, furniture, clothing, textiles, paper, - shoes, apparel -Agriculture: - employs 20% of work force; very efficient; net exports of meat, fish, dairy - products, and potatoes; imports feedgrains for livestock; fruits and - vegetables - -:Estonia Economy - -Illicit drugs: - transshipment point for illicit drugs from Central and Southwest Asia to - Western Europe -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (1992), $10 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-86), $NA million; - Communist countries (1971-86), $NA million -Currency: - kroon; to be introduced in 1992 -Exchange rates: - NA -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Estonia Communications - -Railroads: - 1,030 km (includes NA km electrified); does not include industrial lines - (1990) -Highways: - 30,300 km total (1990); 29,200 km hard surfaced; 1,100 km earth -Inland waterways: - 500 km perennially navigable -Pipelines: - crude oil NA km, refined products NA km, natural gas NA km -Ports: - maritime - Tallinn, Parnu; inland - Narva -Merchant marine: - 65 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 386,634 GRT/516,866 DWT; includes 51 - cargo, 6 roll-on/roll-off, 2 short-sea passenger, 6 bulk -Civil air: - NA major transport aircraft -Airports: - NA total, NA usable; NA with permanent-surface runways; NA with runways over - 3,659 m; NA with runways 2,440-3,659 m; NA with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - telephone diversity - NA; broadcast stations - 3 TV (provide Estonian - programs as well as Moscow Ostenkino's first and second programs); - international traffic is carried to the other former USSR republics by - landline or microwave and to other countries by leased connection to the - Moscow international gateway switch, by the Finnish cellular net, and by an - old copper submarine cable to Finland - -:Estonia Defense Forces - -Branches: - Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops), National Guard; - Russian Forces (Ground, Navy, Air, Air Defense, and Border Guard) -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, total mobilized force projected 120,000-130,000; NA fit for - military service; between 10,000-12,000 reach military age (18) annually -Defense expenditures: - $NA, NA% of GDP - -:Ethiopia Geography - -Total area: - 1,221,900 km2 -Land area: - 1,101,000 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly less than twice the size of Texas -Land boundaries: - 5,141 km; Djibouti 459 km, Kenya 861 km, Somalia 1,600 km, Sudan 2,221 km -Coastline: - 1,094 km -Maritime claims: - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - southern half of the boundary with Somalia is a Provisional Administrative - Line; possible claim by Somalia based on unification of ethnic Somalis; - territorial dispute with Somalia over the Ogaden; independence referendum in - Eritrea scheduled for April 1992 -Climate: - tropical monsoon with wide topographic-induced variation; some areas prone - to extended droughts -Terrain: - high plateau with central mountain range divided by Great Rift Valley -Natural resources: - small reserves of gold, platinum, copper, potash -Land use: - arable land 12%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 41%; forest and - woodland 24%; other 22%; includes irrigated NEGL% -Environment: - geologically active Great Rift Valley susceptible to earthquakes, volcanic - eruptions; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; - frequent droughts; famine -Note: - strategic geopolitical position along world's busiest shipping lanes and - close to Arabian oilfields - -:Ethiopia People - -Population: - 54,270,464 (July 1992), growth rate 3.2% (1992) -Birth rate: - 45 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 14 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 2 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 112 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 50 years male, 53 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 6.9 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Ethiopian(s); adjective - Ethiopian -Ethnic divisions: - Oromo 40%, Amhara and Tigrean 32%, Sidamo 9%, Shankella 6%, Somali 6%, Afar - 4%, Gurage 2%, other 1% -Religions: - Muslim 40-45%, Ethiopian Orthodox 35-40%, animist 15-20%, other 5% -Languages: - Amharic (official), Tigrinya, Orominga, Guaraginga, Somali, Arabic, English - (major foreign language taught in schools) -Literacy: - 62% (male NA%, female NA%) age 10 and over can read and write (1983 est.) -Labor force: - 18,000,000; agriculture and animal husbandry 80%, government and services - 12%, industry and construction 8% (1985) -Organized labor: - All Ethiopian Trade Union formed by the government in January 1977 to - represent 273,000 registered trade union members; was dissolved when the TGE - came to power; labor code of 1975 is being redrafted - -:Ethiopia Government - -Long-form name: - none -Type: - on 28 May 1991 the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) - toppled the authoritarian government of MENGISTU Haile-Mariam and took - control in Addis Ababa; the Transitional Government of Ethiopia (TGE), - announced as a two-year transitional period; on 29 May 1991, Issayas - AFEWORKE, secretary general of the Eritrean People's Liberation Front - (EPLF), announced the formation of the Provisional Government in Eritrea - (PGE), in preparation for an eventual referendum on independence for the - province -Capital: - Addis Ababa -Administrative divisions: - 14 administrative regions (astedader akababiwach, singular - astedader - akababi) and 1 autonomous region* (rasgez akababi); Addis Ababa (Addis - Ababa), Afar, Agew, Amhara, Benishangul, Ertra (Eritrea)*, Gambela, - Gurage-Hadiya-Wolayta, Harer, Kefa, Omo, Oromo, Sidamo, Somali, Tigray -Independence: - oldest independent country in Africa and one of the oldest in the world - at - least 2,000 years -Constitution: - to be redrafted by 1993 -Legal system: - NA -National holiday: - National Revolution Day 12 September (1974) -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, Council of Ministers -Legislative branch: - Council of Representatives -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Interim President Meles ZENAWI (since 1 June 1991); transitional government - Head of Government: - Acting Prime Minister Tamirat LAYNE (since 6 June 1991) -Political parties and leaders: - NA -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - Council of Representatives: - last held 14 June 1987 (next to be held after new constitution drafted) - President: - last held 10 September 1987; next election planned after new constitution - drafted; results - MENGISTU Haile-Mariam elected by the now defunct National - Assembly, but resigned and left Ethiopia on 21 May 1991 -Other political or pressure groups: - Oromo Liberation Front (OLF); Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party (EPRP); - numerous small, ethnic-based groups have formed since Mengistu's resignation -Member of: - ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, - IGADD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, - UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - Counselor, Charge d'Affaires ad interim Girma AMARE; Chancery at 2134 - Kalorama Road NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 234-2281 or 2282 - -:Ethiopia Government - - US: - Charge d'Affaires Marc A. BAAS; Embassy at Entoto Street, Addis Ababa - (mailing address is P. O. Box 1014, Addis Ababa); telephone [251] (01) - 550666; FAX [251] (1) 551-166 -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of green (top), yellow, and red; Ethiopia is - the oldest independent country in Africa, and the colors of her flag were so - often adopted by other African countries upon independence that they became - known as the pan-African colors - -:Ethiopia Economy - -Overview: - Ethiopia is one of the poorest and least developed countries in Africa. Its - economy is based on subsistence agriculture, which accounts for about 45% of - GDP, 90% of exports, and 80% of total employment; coffee generates 60% of - export earnings. The manufacturing sector is heavily dependent on inputs - from the agricultural sector. Over 90% of large-scale industry, but less - than 10% of agriculture, is state run; the government is considering selling - off a portion of state-owned plants. Favorable agricultural weather largely - explains the 4.5% growth in output in FY89, whereas drought and - deteriorating internal security conditions prevented growth in FY90. In 1991 - the lack of law and order, particularly in the south, interfered with - economic development and growth. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $6.6 billion, per capita $130, real growth rate- - 0.4% (FY90 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 5.2% (1989) -Unemployment rate: - NA -Budget: - revenues $1.8 billion; expenditures $1.7 billion, including capital - expenditures of $842 million (FY88) -Exports: - $429 million (f.o.b., FY88) - commodities: - coffee 60%, hides - partners: - US, FRG, Djibouti, Japan, PDRY, France, Italy, Saudi Arabia -Imports: - $1.1 billion (c.i.f., FY88) - commodities: - food, fuels, capital goods - partners: - USSR, Italy, FRG, Japan, UK, US, France -External debt: - $2.6 billion (1988) -Industrial production: - growth rate 2.3% (FY89 est.); accounts for 13% of GDP -Electricity: - 330,000 kW capacity; 650 million kWh produced, 10 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - food processing, beverages, textiles, chemicals, metals processing, cement -Agriculture: - accounts for 45% of GDP and is the most important sector of the economy even - though frequent droughts and poor cultivation practices keep farm output - low; famines not uncommon; export crops of coffee and oilseeds grown partly - on state farms; estimated 50% of agricultural production at subsistence - level; principal crops and livestock - cereals, pulses, coffee, oilseeds, - sugarcane, potatoes and other vegetables, hides and skins, cattle, sheep, - goats -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $504 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $3.4 billion; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $8 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $2.0 - billion -Currency: - birr (plural - birr); 1 birr (Br) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - birr (Br) per US$1 - 2.0700 (fixed rate) - -:Ethiopia Economy - -Fiscal year: - 8 July - 7 July - -:Ethiopia Communications - -Railroads: - 988 km total; 681 km 1.000-meter gauge; 307 km 0.950-meter gauge - (nonoperational) -Highways: - 44,300 km total; 3,650 km paved, 9,650 km gravel, 3,000 km improved earth, - 28,000 km unimproved earth -Ports: - Aseb, Mitsiwa -Merchant marine: - 12 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 62,627 GRT/88,909 DWT; includes 8 - cargo, 1 roll-on/roll off, 1 livestock carrier, 2 petroleum tanker -Civil air: - 25 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 123 total, 86 usable; 9 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over - 3,659 m; 13 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 38 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - open-wire and radio relay system adequate for government use; open-wire to - Sudan and Djibouti; radio relay to Kenya and Djibouti; broadcast stations - - 4 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 100,000 TV sets; 9,000,000 radios; 1 Atlantic Ocean - INTELSAT earth station - -:Ethiopia Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force, Police Force -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 12,015,589; 6,230,680 fit for military service; 572,982 reach - military age (18) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $760 million, 12.8% of GDP (1989) - -:Europa Island Geography - -Total area: - 28 km2 -Land area: - 28 km2 -Comparative area: - about 0.2 times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 22.2 km -Maritime claims: - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - claimed by Madagascar -Climate: - tropical -Terrain: - NA -Natural resources: - negligible -Land use: - arable land NA%; permanent crops NA%; meadows and pastures NA%; forest and - woodland NA%; other NA%; heavily wooded -Environment: - wildlife sanctuary -Note: - located in the Mozambique Channel 340 km west of Madagascar - -:Europa Island People - -Population: - uninhabited - -:Europa Island Government - -Long-form name: - none -Type: - French possession administered by Commissioner of the Republic Jacques - DEWATRE (as of July 1991); resident in Reunion -Capital: - none; administered by France from Reunion - -:Europa Island Economy - -Overview: - no economic activity - -:Europa Island Communications - -Ports: - none; offshore anchorage only -Airports: - 1 with runways 1,220 to 2,439 m -Telecommunications: - 1 meteorological station - -:Europa Island Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of France - -:Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) Geography - -Total area: - 12,170 km2 -Land area: - 12,170 km2; includes the two main islands of East and West Falkland and - about 200 small islands -Comparative area: - slightly smaller than Connecticut -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 1,288 km -Maritime claims: - Continental shelf: - 100 meter depth - Exclusive fishing zone: - 150 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - administered by the UK, claimed by Argentina -Climate: - cold marine; strong westerly winds, cloudy, humid; rain occurs on more than - half of days in year; occasional snow all year, except in January and - February, but does not accumulate -Terrain: - rocky, hilly, mountainous with some boggy, undulating plains -Natural resources: - fish and wildlife -Land use: - arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 99%; forest and - woodland 0%; other 1% -Environment: - poor soil fertility and a short growing season -Note: - deeply indented coast provides good natural harbors - -:Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) People - -Population: - 1,900 (July 1992), growth rate 0.2% (1992) -Birth rate: - NA births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - NA deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - NA migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - NA deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - NA years male, NA years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - NA children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Falkland Islander(s); adjective - Falkland Island -Ethnic divisions: - almost totally British -Religions: - primarily Anglican, Roman Catholic, and United Free Church; Evangelist - Church, Jehovah's Witnesses, Lutheran, Seventh-Day Adventist -Languages: - English -Literacy: - NA% (male NA%, female NA%) but compulsory education age 5 to 15 (1988) -Labor force: - 1,100 (est.); agriculture, mostly sheepherding about 95% -Organized labor: - Falkland Islands General Employees Union, 400 members - -:Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) Government - -Long-form name: - Colony of the Falkland Islands -Type: - dependent territory of the UK -Capital: - Stanley -Administrative divisions: - none (dependent territory of the UK) -Independence: - none (dependent territory of the UK) -Constitution: - 3 October 1985 -Legal system: - English common law -National holiday: - Liberation Day, 14 June (1982) -Executive branch: - British monarch, governor, Executive Council -Legislative branch: - unicameral Legislative Council -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) - Head of Government: - Governor William Hugh FULLERTON (since NA 1988) -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - Legislative Council: - last held 11 October 1989 (next to be held October 1994); results - percent - of vote by party NA; seats - (10 total, 8 elected) number of seats by party - NA -Member of: - ICFTU -Diplomatic representation: - none (dependent territory of the UK) -Flag: - blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the - Falkland Island coat of arms in a white disk centered on the outer half of - the flag; the coat of arms contains a white ram (sheep raising is the major - economic activity) above the sailing ship Desire (whose crew discovered the - islands) with a scroll at the bottom bearing the motto DESIRE THE RIGHT - -:Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) Economy - -Overview: - The economy is based on sheep farming, which directly or indirectly employs - most of the work force. A few dairy herds are kept to meet domestic - consumption of milk and milk products, and crops grown are primarily those - for providing winter fodder. Exports feature shipments of high-grade wool to - the UK and the sale of postage stamps and coins. Rich stocks of fish in the - surrounding waters are not presently exploited by the islanders. So far, - efforts to establish a domestic fishing industry have been unsuccessful. In - 1987 the government began selling fishing licenses to foreign trawlers - operating within the Falklands exclusive fishing zone. These license fees - amount to more than $40 million per year and are a primary source of income - for the government. To encourage tourism, the Falkland Islands Development - Corporation has built three lodges for visitors attracted by the abundant - wildlife and trout fishing. -GDP: - $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate NA% -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 7.4% (1980-87 average) -Unemployment rate: - NA%; labor shortage -Budget: - revenues $62.7 million; expenditures $41.8 million, excluding capital - expenditures of $NA (FY90) -Exports: - at least $14.7 million - commodities: - wool, hides and skins, and other - partners: - UK, Netherlands, Japan (1987 est.) -Imports: - at least $13.9 million - commodities: - food, clothing, fuels, and machinery - partners: - UK, Netherlands Antilles (Curacao), Japan (1987 est.) -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 9,200 kW capacity; 17 million kWh produced, 8,638 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - wool and fish processing -Agriculture: - predominantly sheep farming; small dairy herds; some fodder and vegetable - crops -Economic aid: - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), - $277 million -Currency: - Falkland pound (plural - pounds); 1 Falkland pound (#F) = 100 pence -Exchange rates: - Falkland pound (#F) per US$1 - 0.5519 (January 1992), 0.5652 (1991), 0.5604 - (1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988), 0.6102 (1987); note - the Falkland - pound is at par with the British pound -Fiscal year: - 1 April - 31 March - -:Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) Communications - -Highways: - 510 km total; 30 km paved, 80 km gravel, and 400 km unimproved earth -Ports: - Port Stanley -Civil air: - no major transport aircraft -Airports: - 5 total, 5 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over - 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; none with runways 1,220 to 2,439 m -Telecommunications: - government-operated radiotelephone and private VHF/CB radio networks provide - effective service to almost all points on both islands; 590 telephones; - broadcast stations - 2 AM, 3 FM, no TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth - station with links through London to other countries - -:Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) Defense Forces - -Branches: - British Forces Falkland Islands (including Army, Royal Air Force, Royal - Navy, and Royal Marines); Police Force -Note: - defense is the responsibility of the UK - -:Faroe Islands Geography - -Total area: - 1,400 km2 -Land area: - 1,400 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly less than eight times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 764 km -Maritime claims: - Exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 3 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - mild winters, cool summers; usually overcast; foggy, windy -Terrain: - rugged, rocky, some low peaks; cliffs along most of coast -Natural resources: - fish -Land use: - arable land 2%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and - woodland 0%; other 98% -Environment: - precipitous terrain limits habitation to small coastal lowlands; archipelago - of 18 inhabited islands and a few uninhabited islets -Note: - strategically located along important sea lanes in northeastern Atlantic - about midway between Iceland and Shetland Islands - -:Faroe Islands People - -Population: - 48,588 (July 1992), growth rate 0.9% (1992) -Birth rate: - 17 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 75 years male, 81 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 2.2 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Faroese (singular and plural); adjective - Faroese -Ethnic divisions: - homogeneous Scandinavian population -Religions: - Evangelical Lutheran -Languages: - Faroese (derived from Old Norse), Danish -Literacy: - NA% (male NA%, female NA%) -Labor force: - 17,585; largely engaged in fishing, manufacturing, transportation, and - commerce -Organized labor: - NA - -:Faroe Islands Government - -Long-form name: - none -Type: - part of the Danish realm; self-governing overseas administrative division of - Denmark -Capital: - Torshavn -Administrative divisions: - none (self-governing overseas administrative division of Denmark) -Independence: - part of the Danish realm; self-governing overseas administrative division of - Denmark -Constitution: - Danish -Legal system: - Danish -National holiday: - Birthday of the Queen, 16 April (1940) -Executive branch: - Danish monarch, high commissioner, prime minister, deputy prime minister, - Cabinet (Landsstyri) -Legislative branch: - unicameral Parliament (Lgting) -Judicial branch: - none -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen MARGRETHE II (since 14 January 1972), represented by High Commissioner - Bent KLINTE (since NA) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Atli P. DAM (since 15 January 1991) -Political parties and leaders: - opposition: - Cooperation Coalition Party, Pauli ELLEFSEN; Republican Party, Signer - HANSEN; Progressive and Fishing Industry Party-Christian People's Party - (PFIP-CPP), leader NA; Progress Party, leader NA; Home Rule Party, Hilmar - KASS - two-party ruling coalition: - Social Democratic Party, Atli P. DAM; People's Party, Jogvan SUND- STEIN -Suffrage: - universal at age 20 -Elections: - Danish Parliament: - last held on 12 December 1990 (next to be held by December 1994); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (2 total) Social Democratic 1, People's - Party 1; note - the Faroe Islands elects two representatives to the Danish - Parliament - Faroese Parliament: - last held 17 November 1990 (next to be held November 1994); results - Social - Democratic 27.4%, People's Party 21.9%, Cooperation Coalition Party 18.9%, - Republican Party 14.7%, Home Rule 8.8%, PFIP-CPP 5.9%, other 2.4%; seats - - (32 total) two-party coalition 17 (Social Democratic 10, People's Party 7), - Cooperation Coalition Party 6, Republican Party 4, Home Rule 3, PFIP-CPP 2 -Diplomatic representation: - none (self-governing overseas administrative division of Denmark) -Flag: - white with a red cross outlined in blue that extends to the edges of the - flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the - style of the DANNEBROG (Danish flag) - -:Faroe Islands Economy - -Overview: - The Faroese, who have long been enjoying the affluent living standards of - the Danes and other Scandinavians, now must cope with the decline of the - all-important fishing industry and with an external debt twice the size of - annual income. When the nations of the world extended their fishing zones to - 200 nautical miles in the early 1970s, the Faroese no longer could continue - their traditional long-distance fishing and subsequently depleted their own - nearby fishing areas. The government's tight controls on fish stocks and its - austerity measures have caused a recession, and subsidy cuts will force - further reductions in the fishing industry, which has already been plagued - with bankrupcies. An annual Danish subsidy of $140 million continues to - provide roughly one-third of the islands' budget revenues. -GDP: - purchasing power equivalent - $662 million, per capita $14,000; real growth - rate 3% (1989 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 2.0% (1988) -Unemployment rate: - 5-6% (1991 est.) -Budget: - revenues $425 million; expenditures $480 million, including capital - expenditures of NA (1991 est.) -Exports: - $386 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) - commodities: - fish and fish products 88%, animal feedstuffs, transport equipment (1989) - partners: - Denmark 20%, Germany 18.3%, UK 14.2%, France 11.2%, Spain 7.9%, US 4.5% -Imports: - $322 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.) - commodities: - machinery and transport equipment 24.4%, manufactures 24%, food and - livestock 19%, fuels 12%, chemicals 6.5% - partners: - Denmark 43.8%, Norway 19.8%, Sweden 4.9%, Germany 4.2%, US 1.3% -External debt: - $1.3 billion (1989) -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 80,000 kW capacity; 280 million kWh produced, 5,910 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - fishing, shipbuilding, handicrafts -Agriculture: - accounts for 27% of GDP and employs 27% of labor force; principal crops - - potatoes and vegetables; livestock - sheep; annual fish catch about 360,000 - metric tons -Economic aid: - none -Currency: - Danish krone (plural - kroner); 1 Danish krone (DKr) = 100 ore -Exchange rates: - Danish kroner (DKr) per US$1 - 6.116 (January 1992), 6.396 (1991), 6.189 - (1990), 7.310 (1989), 6.732 (1988), 6.840 (1987) -Fiscal year: - 1 April - 31 March - -:Faroe Islands Communications - -Highways: - 200 km -Ports: - Torshavn, Tvoroyri -Merchant marine: - 10 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 22,015 GRT/24,007 DWT; includes 1 - short-sea passenger, 5 cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off, 2 refrigerated cargo; note - - a subset of the Danish register -Airports: - 1 with permanent surface runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - good international communications; fair domestic facilities; 27,900 - telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 3 (10 repeaters) FM, 3 (29 repeaters) - TV; 3 coaxial submarine cables - -:Faroe Islands Defense Forces - -Branches: - no organized native military forces; only a small Police Force is maintained -Note: - defense is the responsibility of Denmark - -:Fiji Geography - -Total area: - 18,270 km2 -Land area: - 18,270 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly smaller than New Jersey -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 1,129 km -Maritime claims: - (measured from claimed archipelagic baselines) - Continental shelf: - 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation; rectilinear shelf claim added - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical marine; only slight seasonal temperature variation -Terrain: - mostly mountains of volcanic origin -Natural resources: - timber, fish, gold, copper; offshore oil potential -Land use: - arable land 8%; permanent crops 5%; meadows and pastures 3%; forest and - woodland 65%; other 19%; includes irrigated NEGL% -Environment: - subject to hurricanes from November to January; includes 332 islands of - which approximately 110 are inhabited -Note: - located 2,500 km north of New Zealand in the South Pacific Ocean - -:Fiji People - -Population: - 749,946 (July 1992), growth rate 0.9% (1992) -Birth rate: - 25 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - -10 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 19 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 62 years male, 67 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 3.0 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Fijian(s); adjective - Fijian -Ethnic divisions: - Indian 49%, Fijian 46%, European, other Pacific Islanders, overseas Chinese, - and other 5% -Religions: - Christian 52% (Methodist 37%, Roman Catholic 9%), Hindu 38%, Muslim 8%, - other 2%; note - Fijians are mainly Christian, Indians are Hindu, and there - is a Muslim minority (1986) -Languages: - English (official); Fijian; Hindustani -Literacy: - 86% (male 90%, female 81%) age 15 and over can read and write (1985 est.) -Labor force: - 235,000; subsistence agriculture 67%, wage earners 18%, salary earners 15% - (1987) -Organized labor: - about 45,000 employees belong to some 46 trade unions, which are organized - along lines of work and ethnic origin (1983) - -:Fiji Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Fiji -Type: - military coup leader Maj. Gen. Sitiveni RABUKA formally declared Fiji a - republic on 6 October 1987 -Capital: - Suva -Administrative divisions: - 4 divisions and 1 dependency*; Central, Eastern, Northern, Rotuma*, Western -Independence: - 10 October 1970 (from UK) -Constitution: - 10 October 1970 (suspended 1 October 1987); a new Constitution was proposed - on 23 September 1988 and promulgated on 25 July 1990 -Legal system: - based on British system -National holiday: - Independence Day, 10 October (1970) -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, Cabinet Great Councils of Chiefs (highest ranking - members of the traditional chiefly system) -Legislative branch: - the bicameral Parliament, consisting of an upper house or Senate and a lower - house or House of Representatives, was dissolved following the coup of 14 - May 1987; the Constitution of 23 September 1988 provides for a bicameral - Parliament -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Ratu Sir Penaia Kanatabatu GANILAU (since 5 December 1987) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Ratu Sir Kamisese MARA (since 5 December 1987); Deputy Prime - Minister Josefata KAMIKAMICA (since October 1991); note - Ratu Sir Kamisese - MARA served as prime minister from 10 October 1970 until the 5-11 April 1987 - election; after a second coup led by Maj. Gen. Sitiveni RABUKA on 25 - September 1987, Ratu Sir Kamisese MARA was reappointed as prime minister -Political parties and leaders: - Fijian Political Party (primarily Fijian), leader Maj. Gen. Sitivini RABUKA; - National Federation Party (NFP; primarily Indian), Siddiq KOYA; Christian - Fijian Nationalist Party (CFNP), Sakeasi BUTADROKA; Fiji Labor Party (FLP), - Jokapeci KOROI; All National Congress (ANC), Apisai TORA; General Voters - Party (GVP), Max OLSSON; Fiji Conservative Party (FCP), Isireli VUIBAU; - Conservative Party of Fiji (CPF), Jolale ULUDOLE and Viliame SAVU; Fiji - Indian Liberal Party, Swami MAHARAJ; Fiji Indian Congress Party, Ishwari - BAJPAI; Fiji Independent Labor (Muslim), leader NA; Four Corners Party, - David TULVANUAVOU -Suffrage: - none -Elections: - House of Representatives: - last held 14 May 1987 (next to be held 23-29 May 1992); results - percent of - vote by party NA; seats - (70 total, with ethnic Fijians allocated 37 seats, - ethnic Indians 27 seats, and independents and other 6 seats) number of seats - by party NA -Member of: - ACP, AsDB, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, - IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, PCA, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, - UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO - -:Fiji Government - -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Pita Kewa NACUVA; Chancery at Suite 240, 2233 Wisconsin Avenue - NW, Washington, DC 20007; telephone (202) 337-8320; there is a Fijian - Consulate in New York - US: - Ambassador Evelyn I. H. TEEGEN; Embassy at 31 Loftus Street, Suva (mailing - address is P. O. Box 218, Suva); telephone [679] 314-466; FAX [679] 300-081 -Flag: - light blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the - Fijian shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the shield depicts a - yellow lion above a white field quartered by the cross of Saint George - featuring stalks of sugarcane, a palm tree, bananas, and a white dove - -:Fiji Economy - -Overview: - Fiji's economy is primarily agricultural, with a large subsistence sector. - Sugar exports are a major source of foreign exchange, and sugar processing - accounts for one-third of industrial output. Industry, including sugar - milling, contributes 13% to GDP. Fiji traditionally had earned considerable - sums of hard currency from the 250,000 tourists who visited each year. In - 1987, however, after two military coups, the economy went into decline. GDP - dropped by 7.8% in 1987 and by another 2.5% in 1988; political uncertainty - created a drop in tourism, and the worst drought of the century caused sugar - production to fall sharply. In contrast, sugar and tourism turned in strong - performances in 1989, and the economy rebounded vigorously. In 1990 the - economy received a setback from cyclone Sina, which cut sugar output by an - estimated 21%. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $1.3 billion, per capita $1,700; real growth rate - 3.5% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 7.0% (1991) -Unemployment rate: - 5.9% (1991 est.) -Budget: - revenues $413 million; expenditures $464 million, including capital - expenditures of NA (1992 est.) -Exports: - $646 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) - commodities: - sugar 40%, gold, clothing, copra, processed fish, lumber - partners: - EC 31%, Australia 21%, Japan 8%, US 6% -Imports: - $840 million (c.i.f., 1991 est.) - commodities: - machinery and transport equipment 32%, food 15%, petroleum products, - consumer goods, chemicals - partners: - Australia 30%, NZ 17%, Japan 13%, EC 6%, US 6% -External debt: - $428 million (December 1990 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 8.4% (1991 est.); accounts for 13% of GDP -Electricity: - 215,000 kW capacity; 330 million kWh produced, 430 kWh per capita (1990) -Industries: - sugar, tourism, copra, gold, silver, fishing, clothing, lumber, small - cottage industries -Agriculture: - accounts for 23% of GDP; principal cash crop is sugarcane; coconuts, - cassava, rice, sweet potatoes, and bananas; small livestock sector includes - cattle, pigs, horses, and goats -Economic aid: - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-89), - $815 million -Currency: - Fijian dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Fijian dollar (F$) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - Fijian dollars (F$) per US$1 - 1.4855 (January 1992), 1.4756 (1991), 1.4809 - (1990), 1.4833 (1989), 1.4303 (1988), 1.2439 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Fiji Communications - -Railroads: - 644 km 0.610-meter narrow gauge, belonging to the government-owned Fiji - Sugar Corporation -Highways: - 3,300 km total (1984) - 1,590 km paved; 1,290 km gravel, crushed stone, or - stabilized soil surface; 420 unimproved earth -Inland waterways: - 203 km; 122 km navigable by motorized craft and 200-metric-ton barges -Ports: - Lambasa, Lautoka, Savusavu, Suva -Merchant marine: - 7 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 40,072 GRT/47,187 DWT; includes 2 - roll-on/roll-off, 2 container, 1 petroleum tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 1 - cargo -Civil air: - 1 DC-3 and 1 light aircraft -Airports: - 25 total, 22 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways - over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - modern local, interisland, and international (wire/radio integrated) public - and special-purpose telephone, telegraph, and teleprinter facilities; - regional radio center; important COMPAC cable link between US-Canada and New - Zealand-Australia; 53,228 telephones; broadcast stations - 7 AM, 1 FM, no - TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -:Fiji Defense Forces - -Branches: - Fiji Military Force (FMF; including a naval division, Police) -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 192,056; 105,898 fit for military service; 7,564 reach military - age (18) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $22.4 million, 1.7% of GDP (FY 91) - -:Finland Geography - -Total area: - 337,030 km2 -Land area: - 305,470 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly smaller than Montana -Land boundaries: - 2,628 km; Norway 729 km, Sweden 586 km, Russia 1,313 km -Coastline: - 1,126 km; excludes islands and coastal indentations -Maritime claims: - Contiguous zone: - 6 nm - Continental shelf: - 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation - Exclusive fishing zone: - 12 nm - Territorial sea: - 4 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - cold temperate; potentially subarctic, but comparatively mild because of - moderating influence of the North Atlantic Current, Baltic Sea, and more - than 60,000 lakes -Terrain: - mostly low, flat to rolling plains interspersed with lakes and low hills -Natural resources: - timber, copper, zinc, iron ore, silver -Land use: - arable land 8%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures NEGL%; forest and - woodland 76%; other 16%; includes irrigated NEGL% -Environment: - permanently wet ground covers about 30% of land; population concentrated on - small southwestern coastal plain -Note: - long boundary with Russia; Helsinki is northernmost national capital on - European continent - -:Finland People - -Population: - 5,004,273 (July 1992), growth rate 0.3% (1992) -Birth rate: - 12 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 10 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 6 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 72 years male, 80 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 1.7 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Finn(s); adjective - Finnish -Ethnic divisions: - Finn, Swede, Lapp, Gypsy, Tatar -Religions: - Evangelical Lutheran 89%, Greek Orthodox 1%, none 9%, other 1% -Languages: - Finnish 93.5%, Swedish (both official) 6.3%; small Lapp- and - Russian-speaking minorities -Literacy: - 100% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980 est.) -Labor force: - 2,533,000; public services 30.4%; industry 20.9%; commerce 15.0%; finance, - insurance, and business services 10.2%; agriculture and forestry 8.6%; - transport and communications 7.7%; construction 7.2% -Organized labor: - 80% of labor force - -:Finland Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Finland -Type: - republic -Capital: - Helsinki -Administrative divisions: - 12 provinces (laanit, singular - laani); Ahvenanmaa, Hame, Keski-Suomi, - Kuopio, Kymi, Lappi, Mikkeli, Oulu, Pohjois-Karjala, Turku ja Pori, Uusimaa, - Vaasa -Independence: - 6 December 1917 (from Soviet Union) -Constitution: - 17 July 1919 -Legal system: - civil law system based on Swedish law; Supreme Court may request legislation - interpreting or modifying laws; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with - reservations -National holiday: - Independence Day, 6 December (1917) -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council of State - (Valtioneuvosto) -Legislative branch: - unicameral Parliament (Eduskunta) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court (Korkein Oikeus) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Mauno KOIVISTO (since 27 January 1982) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Esko AHO (since 26 April 1991); Deputy Prime Minister Ilkka - KANERVA (since 26 April 1991) -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - Parliament: - last held 17 March 1991 (next to be held March 1995); results - Center Party - 24.8%, Social Democratic Party 22.1%, National Coalition (Conservative) - Party 19.3%, Leftist Alliance (Communist) 10.1%, Green League 6.8%, Swedish - People's Party 5.5%, Rural 4.8%, Finnish Christian League 3.1%, Liberal - People's Party 0.8%; seats - (200 total) Center Party 55, Social Democratic - Party 48, National Coalition (Conservative) Party 40, Leftist Alliance - (Communist) 19, Swedish People's Party 12, Green League 10, Finnish - Christian League 8, Rural 7, Liberal People's Party 1 - President: - last held 31 January - 1 February and 15 February 1988 (next to be held - January 1994); results - Mauno KOIVISTO 48%, Paavo VAYRYNEN 20%, Harri - HOLKERI 18% -Communists: - 28,000 registered members; an additional 45,000 persons belong to People's - Democratic League -Other political or pressure groups: - Finnish Communist Party-Unity, Yrjo HAKANEN; Constitutional Rightist Party; - Finnish Pensioners Party; Communist Workers Party, Timo LAHDENMAKI - -:Finland Government - -Member of: - AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, CSCE, EBRD, - ECE, EFTA, ESA (associate), FAO, G-9, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, - ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM - (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NAM (guest), NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OAS - (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, - UNIFIL, UNIIMOG, UNMOGIP, UNTSO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Jukka VALTASAARI; Chancery at 3216 New Mexico Avenue NW, - Washington, DC 20016; telephone (202) 363-2430; there are Finnish Consulates - General in Los Angeles and New York, and Consulates in Chicago and Houston - US: - Ambassador John H. KELLY (as of December 1991); Embassy at Itainen Puistotie - 14A, SF-00140, Helsinki (mailing address is APO AE 09723); telephone [358] - (0) 171931; FAX [358] (0) 174681 -Flag: - white with a blue cross that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical - part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the DANNEBROG - (Danish flag) - -:Finland Economy - -Overview: - Finland has a highly industrialized, largely free market economy, with per - capita output nearly three-fourths the US figure. Its main economic force is - the manufacturing sector - principally the wood, metals, and engineering - industries. Trade is important, with the export of goods representing about - 30% of GDP. Except for timber and several minerals, Finland depends on - imported raw materials, energy, and some components of manufactured goods. - Because of the climate, agricultural development is limited to maintaining - self-sufficiency in basic commodities. The economy, which experienced an - average of 4.9% annual growth between 1987 and 1989, sank into a deep - recession in 1991 as growth contracted by 6.2%. The recession - which is - expected to bottom out in late 1992 - has been caused by economic - overheating, depressed foreign markets, and the dismantling of the barter - system between Finland and the former Soviet Union in which Soviet oil and - gas had been exchanged for Finnish manufactured goods. The Finnish - Government has proposed efforts to increase industrial competitiveness and - efficiency by an increase in exports to Western markets, cuts in public - expenditures, partial privatization of state enterprises, and foreign - investment and exchange liberalization. Helsinki tied the markkaa to the - EC's European Currency Unit to promote stability but was forced to devalue - the markkaa by about 12% in November 1991. The devaluation should improve - industrial competitiveness and business confidence in 1992. Finland, as a - member of EFTA, negotiated a European Economic Area arrangement with the EC - that allows for free movement of capital, goods, services, and labor within - the organization as of January 1993. Finland applied for full EC membership - in March 1992. -GDP: - purchasing power equivalent - $80.6 billion, per capita $16,200; real growth - rate - 6.2% (1991) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 2.9% (1991) -Unemployment rate: - 7.6% (1991) -Budget: - revenues $35.8 billion; expenditures $41.5 billion, including capital - expenditures of NA billion (1991) -Exports: - $22.9 billion (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - timber, paper and pulp, ships, machinery, clothing and footwear - partners: - EC 50.25%, Germany 15.5%, UK 10.4%, EFTA 20.7%, Sweden 14%, US 6.1%, Japan - 1.5%, USSR/EE 6.71% (1991) -Imports: - $21.6 billion (c.i.f., 1991) - commodities: - foodstuffs, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, transport - equipment, iron and steel, machinery, textile yarn and fabrics, fodder - grains - partners: - EC 45.9% (Germany 16.9%), UK 7.7%, EFTA 19.9%, Sweden 12.3%, US 6.9%, Japan - 6%, USSR/EE 10.7% -External debt: - $5.3 billion (1989) -Industrial production: - growth rate - 8.6% (1991 est.) -Electricity: - 13,324,000 kW capacity; 49,330 million kWh produced, 9,857 kWh per capita - (1991) - -:Finland Economy - -Industries: - metal products, shipbuilding, forestry and wood processing (pulp, paper), - copper refining, foodstuffs, chemicals, textiles, clothing -Agriculture: - accounts for 8% of GDP (including forestry); livestock production, - especially dairy cattle, predominates; forestry is an important export - earner and a secondary occupation for the rural population; main crops - - cereals, sugar beets, potatoes; 85% self-sufficient, but short of foodgrains - and fodder grains; annual fish catch about 160,000 metric tons -Economic aid: - donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $2.7 billion -Currency: - markka (plural - markkaa); 1 markka (FMk) or Finmark = 100 pennia -Exchange rates: - markkaa (FMk) per US$1 - 4.2967 (January 1992), 4.0440 (1991), 3.8235 - (1990), 4.2912 (1989), 4.1828 (1988), 4.3956 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Finland Communications - -Railroads: - 5,924 km total; Finnish State Railways (VR) operate a total of 5,863 km - 1.524-meter gauge, of which 480 km are multiple track and 1,445 km are - electrified -Highways: - about 103,000 km total, including 35,000 km paved (bituminous, concrete, - bituminous-treated surface) and 38,000 km unpaved (stabilized gravel, - gravel, earth); additional 30,000 km of private (state-subsidized) roads -Inland waterways: - 6,675 km total (including Saimaa Canal); 3,700 km suitable for steamers -Pipelines: - natural gas 580 km -Ports: - Helsinki, Oulu, Pori, Rauma, Turku; 6 secondary, numerous minor ports -Merchant marine: - 80 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 794,094 GRT/732,585 DWT; includes 1 - passenger, 9 short-sea passenger, 16 cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 26 - roll-on/roll-off, 12 petroleum tanker, 6 chemical tanker, 2 liquefied gas, 7 - bulk -Civil air: - 42 major transport -Airports: - 159 total, 156 usable; 58 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways - over 3,659 m; 23 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 22 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - good service from cable and radio relay network; 3,140,000 telephones; - broadcast stations - 6 AM, 105 FM, 235 TV; 1 submarine cable; INTELSAT - satellite transmission service via Swedish earth station and a receive-only - INTELSAT earth station near Helsinki - -:Finland Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force, Frontier Guard (including Coast Guard) -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 1,314,305; 1,087,286 fit for military service; 33,053 reach - military age (17) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $1.8 billion, 1.6% of GDP (1989 est.) - -:France Geography - -Total area: - 547,030 km2 -Land area: - 545,630 km2; includes Corsica and the rest of metropolitan France, but - excludes the overseas administrative divisions -Comparative area: - slightly more than twice the size of Colorado -Land boundaries: - 2,892.4 km; Andorra 60 km, Belgium 620 km, Germany 451 km, Italy 488 km, - Luxembourg 73 km, Monaco 4.4 km, Spain 623 km, Switzerland 573 km -Coastline: - 3,427 km; mainland 2,783 km, Corsica 644 km -Maritime claims: - Contiguous zone: - 12-24 nm - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - Madagascar claims Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, Juan de - Nova Island, and Tromelin Island; Comoros claims Mayotte; Mauritius claims - Tromelin Island; Seychelles claims Tromelin Island; Suriname claims part of - French Guiana; Mexico claims Clipperton Island; territorial claim in - Antarctica (Adelie Land) -Climate: - generally cool winters and mild summers, but mild winters and hot summers - along the Mediterranean -Terrain: - mostly flat plains or gently rolling hills in north and west; remainder is - mountainous, especially Pyrenees in south, Alps in east -Natural resources: - coal, iron ore, bauxite, fish, timber, zinc, potash -Land use: - arable land 32%; permanent crops 2%; meadows and pastures 23%; forest and - woodland 27%; other 16%; includes irrigated 2% -Environment: - most of large urban areas and industrial centers in Rhone, Garonne, Seine, - or Loire River basins; occasional warm tropical wind known as mistral -Note: - largest West European nation - -:France People - -Population: - 57,287,258 (July 1992), growth rate 0.5% (1992) -Birth rate: - 13 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 9 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 74 years male, 82 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 1.8 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Frenchman(men), Frenchwoman(women); adjective - French -Ethnic divisions: - Celtic and Latin with Teutonic, Slavic, North African, Indochinese, and - Basque minorities -Religions: - Roman Catholic 90%, Protestant 2%, Jewish 1%, Muslim (North African workers) - 1%, unaffiliated 6% -Languages: - French (100% of population); rapidly declining regional dialects (Provencal, - Breton, Alsatian, Corsican, Catalan, Basque, Flemish) -Literacy: - 99% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980 est.) -Labor force: - 24,170,000; services 61.5%, industry 31.3%, agriculture 7.3% (1987) -Organized labor: - 20% of labor force (est.) - -:France Government - -Long-form name: - French Republic -Type: - republic -Capital: - Paris -Administrative divisions: - metropolitan France - 22 regions (regions, singular - region); Alsace, - Aquitaine, Auvergne, Basse-Normandie, Bourgogne, Bretagne, Centre, - Champagne-Ardenne, Corse, Franche-Comte, Haute-Normandie, Ile-de-France, - Languedoc-Roussillon, Limousin, Lorraine, Midi-Pyrenees, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, - Pays de la Loire, Picardie, Poitou-Charentes, Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur, - Rhone-Alpes; note - the 22 regions are subdivided into 96 departments; see - separate entries for the overseas departments (French Guiana, Guadeloupe, - Martinique, Reunion) and the territorial collectivities (Mayotte, Saint - Pierre and Miquelon) -Independence: - unified by Clovis in 486, First Republic proclaimed in 1792 -Constitution: - 28 September 1958, amended concerning election of president in 1962 -Dependent areas: - Bassas da India, Clipperton Island, Europa Island, French Polynesia, French - Southern and Antarctic Lands, Glorioso Islands, Juan de Nova Island, New - Caledonia, Tromelin Island, Wallis and Futuna - note: - the US does not recognize claims to Antarctica -Legal system: - civil law system with indigenous concepts; review of administrative but not - legislative acts -National holiday: - Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789) -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - bicameral Parliament (Parlement) consists of an upper house or Senate - (Senat) and a lower house or National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) -Judicial branch: - Constitutional Court (Cour Constitutionnelle) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Pierre BEREGOVOY (since 2 April 1992) -Political parties and leaders: - Rally for the Republic (RPR, formerly UDR), Jacques CHIRAC; Union for French - Democracy (UDF, federation of PR, CDS, and RAD), Valery Giscard d'ESTAING; - Republican Party (PR), Gerard LONGUET; Center for Social Democrats (CDS), - Pierre MEHAIGNERIE; Radical (RAD), Yves GALLAND; Socialist Party (PS), - Laurent FABIUS; Left Radical Movement (MRG), Emile ZUCCARELLI; Communist - Party (PCF), Georges MARCHAIS; National Front (FN), Jean-Marie LE PEN -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - National Assembly: - last held 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held June 1993); results - Second - Ballot PS-MRG 48. 7%, RPR 23.1%, UDF 21%, PCF 3.4%, other 3.8%; seats - (577 - total) PS 272, RPR 127, UDF 91, UDC 40, PCF 26, independents 21 - -:France Government - - President: - last held 8 May 1988 (next to be held May 1995); results - Second Ballot - Francois MITTERRAND 54%, Jacques CHIRAC 46% -Elections: - Senate: - last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held September 1992); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (321 total; 296 metropolitan France, 13 - for overseas departments and territories, and 12 for French nationals - abroad) RPR 91, UDF 143 (PR 52, CDS 68, RAD 23), PS 66, PCF 16, independents - 2, unknown 3 -Communists: - 700,000 claimed but probably closer to 150,000; Communist voters, 2.8 - million in 1988 election -Other political or pressure groups: - Communist-controlled labor union (Confederation Generale du Travail) nearly - 2.4 million members (claimed); Socialist-leaning labor union (Confederation - Francaise Democratique du Travail or CFDT) about 800,000 members est.; - independent labor union (Force Ouvriere) 1 million members (est.); - independent white-collar union (Confederation Generale des Cadres) 340,000 - members (claimed); National Council of French Employers (Conseil National du - Patronat Francais - CNPF or Patronat) -Member of: - ACCT, AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australia Group, BDEAC, BIS, CCC, CDB, CE, - CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, ECLAC, EIB, ESA, ESCAP, FAO, FZ, GATT, - G-5, G-7, G-10, IABD, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, - IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, - LORCS, MTCR, NACC, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, SPC, UN, - UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNRWA, UN Security Council, UN - Trusteeship Council, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WEU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Jacques ANDREANI; Chancery at 4101 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, - DC 20007; telephone (202) 944-6000; there are French Consulates General in - Boston, Chicago, Detroit, Houston, Los Angeles, New Orleans, Miami, New - York, San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico) - US: - Ambassador Walter J. P. CURLEY; Embassy at 2 Avenue Gabriel, 75382 Paris - Cedex 08, Unit 21551 (mailing address is APO AE 09777); telephone [33] (1) - 42-96-12-02 or 42-61-80-75; FAX [33] (1) 42-66-97-83; there are US - Consulates General in Bordeaux, Marseille, and Strasbourg -Flag: - three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), white, and red; known as - the French Tricouleur (Tricolor); the design and colors have been the basis - for a number of other flags, including those of Belgium, Chad, Ireland, - Ivory Coast, and Luxembourg; the official flag for all French dependent - areas - -:France Economy - -Overview: - One of the world's most developed economies, France has substantial - agricultural resources and a highly diversified modern industrial sector. - Large tracts of fertile land, the application of modern technology, and - subsidies have combined to make it the leading agricultural producer in - Western Europe. France is largely self-sufficient in agricultural products - and is a major exporter of wheat and dairy products. The industrial sector - generates about one-quarter of GDP, and the growing services sector has - become crucial to the economy. After expanding at a rapid 3.8% pace during - the period 1988-89, the economy slowed down in 1990, with growth of 1.5% in - 1990 and 1.4% in 1991; growth in 1992 is expected to be about 2%. The - economy has had difficulty generating enough jobs for new entrants into the - labor force, resulting in a high unemployment rate, which rose to almost 10% - in 1991. The steadily advancing economic integration within the European - Community is a major force affecting the fortunes of the various economic - sectors. -GDP: - purchasing power equivalent - $1,033.7 billion, per capita $18,300; real - growth rate 1.4% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 3.3% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 9.8% (end 1991) -Budget: - revenues $229.8 billion; expenditures $246.4 billion, including capital - expenditures of $36 billion (1992 budget) -Exports: - $209.5 billion (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - machinery and transportation equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs, agricultural - products, iron and steel products, textiles and clothing - partners: - FRG 17.3%, Italy 11.4%, UK 9.2%, Spain 10.3%, Netherlands 9.0%, - Belgium-Luxembourg 9.4%, US 6.1%, Japan 1.9%, former USSR 0.7% (1989 est.) -Imports: - $232.5 billion (c.i.f., 1990) - commodities: - crude oil, machinery and equipment, agricultural products, chemicals, iron - and steel products - partners: - FRG 18.9%, Italy 11.6%, Belgium-Luxembourg 8.8%, Netherlands 8.6%, US 8.0%, - Spain 7.9%, UK 7.2%, Japan 4.0%, former USSR 1.4% (1989 est.) -External debt: - $59.3 billion (December 1987) -Industrial production: - growth rate 1.2% (1990); accounts for 26% of GDP -Electricity: - 109,972,000 kW capacity; 399,318 million kWh produced, 7,200 kWh per capita - (1991) -Industries: - steel, machinery, chemicals, automobiles, metallurgy, aircraft, electronics, - mining, textiles, food processing, and tourism -Agriculture: - accounts for 4% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); one of the world's - top five wheat producers; other principal products - beef, dairy products, - cereals, sugar beets, potatoes, wine grapes; self-sufficient for most - temperate-zone foods; shortages include fats and oils and tropical produce, - but overall net exporter of farm products; fish catch of 850,000 metric tons - ranks among world's top 20 countries and is all used domestically - -:France Economy - -Economic aid: - donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $75.1 billion -Currency: - French franc (plural - francs); 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes -Exchange rates: - French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.3801 (January 1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453 - (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988), 6.0107 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:France Communications - -Railroads: - French National Railways (SNCF) operates 34,568 km 1.435-meter standard - gauge; 11,674 km electrified, 15,132 km double or multiple track; 2,138 km - of various gauges (1.000-meter to 1.440-meter), privately owned and operated -Highways: - 1,551,400 km total; 33,400 km national highway; 347,000 km departmental - highway; 421,000 km community roads; 750,000 km rural roads; 5,401 km of - controlled-access divided autoroutes; about 803,000 km paved -Inland waterways: - 14,932 km; 6,969 km heavily traveled -Pipelines: - crude oil 3,059 km; petroleum products 4,487 km; natural gas 24,746 km -Ports: - maritime - Bordeaux, Boulogne, Brest, Cherbourg, Dunkerque, Fos-Sur-Mer, Le - Havre, Marseille, Nantes, Rouen, Sete, Toulon; inland - 42 -Merchant marine: - 128 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,222,539 GRT/5,117,091 DWT; includes - 6 short-sea passenger, 11 cargo, 18 container, 1 multifunction large-load - carrier, 30 roll-on/roll-off, 34 petroleum tanker, 8 chemical tanker, 6 - liquefied gas, 2 specialized tanker, 11 bulk, 1 refrigerated cargo; note - - France also maintains a captive register for French-owned ships in the - Kerguelen Islands (French Southern and Antarctic Lands) and French Polynesia -Civil air: - 195 major transport aircraft (1989 est.) -Airports: - 472 total, 460 usable; 251 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways - over 3,659 m; 36 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 136 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - highly developed; extensive cable and radio relay networks; large-scale - introduction of optical-fiber systems; satellite systems for domestic - traffic; 39,200,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 41 AM, 800 (mostly - repeaters) FM, 846 (mostly repeaters) TV; 24 submarine coaxial cables; 2 - INTELSAT earth stations (with total of 5 antennas - 2 for the Indian Ocean - INTELSAT and 3 for the Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT); HF radio communications - with more than 20 countries; INMARSAT service; EUTELSAT TV service - -:France Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy (including Naval Air), Air Force, National Gendarmerie -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 14,599,636; 12,225,969 fit for military service; 411,211 reach - military age (18) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $33.1 billion, 3.4% of GDP (1991) - -:French Guiana Geography - -Total area: - 91,000 km2 -Land area: - 89,150 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly smaller than Indiana -Land boundaries: - 1,183 km; Brazil 673 km, Suriname 510 km -Coastline: - 378 km -Maritime claims: - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - Suriname claims area between Riviere Litani and Riviere Marouini (both - headwaters of the Lawa) -Climate: - tropical; hot, humid; little seasonal temperature variation -Terrain: - low-lying coastal plains rising to hills and small mountains -Natural resources: - bauxite, timber, gold (widely scattered), cinnabar, kaolin, fish -Land use: - arable land NEGL%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures NEGL%; forest - and woodland 82%; other 18% -Environment: - mostly an unsettled wilderness - -:French Guiana People - -Population: - 127,505 (July 1992), growth rate 4.6% (1992) -Birth rate: - 27 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 24 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 17 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 71 years male, 78 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 3.6 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - French Guianese (singular and plural); adjective - French Guianese; - note - they are a colony/department; they hold French passports -Ethnic divisions: - black or mulatto 66%; Caucasian 12%; East Indian, Chinese, Amerindian 12%; - other 10% -Religions: - predominantly Roman Catholic -Languages: - French -Literacy: - 82% (male 81%, female 83%) age 15 and over can read and write (1982) -Labor force: - 23,265; services, government, and commerce 60.6%, industry 21.2%, - agriculture 18.2% (1980) -Organized labor: - 7% of labor force - -:French Guiana Government - -Long-form name: - Department of Guiana -Type: - overseas department of France -Capital: - Cayenne -Administrative divisions: - none (overseas department of France) -Independence: - none (overseas department of France) -Constitution: - 28 September 1958 (French Constitution) -Legal system: - French legal system -National holiday: - Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789) -Executive branch: - French president, commissioner of the republic -Legislative branch: - unicameral General Council and a unicameral Regional Council -Judicial branch: - highest local court is the Court of Appeals based in Martinique with - jurisdiction over Martinique, Guadeloupe, and French Guiana -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981) - Head of Government: - Commissioner of the Republic Jean-Francois DICHIARA (since NA 1990) -Political parties and leaders: - Guianese Socialist Party (PSG), Gerard HOLDER; Rally for the Republic (RPR), - Paulin BRUNE; Guianese Democratic Action (ADG), Andre LECANTE; Union for - French Democracy (UDF), Claude Ho A CHUCK; National Front (FN), Guy MALON; - Popular and National Party of Guiana (PNPG), Claude ROBO; National - Anti-Colonist Guianese Party (PANGA), Michel KAPEL -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - French National Assembly: - last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held September 1992); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (2 total) PSG 1, RPR 1 - French Senate: - last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held September 1992); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) PSG 1 - Regional Council: - last held 16 March 1986 (next to be held NA 1991); results - PSG 43%, RPR - 27.7%, ADG 12.2%, UDF 8. 9%, FN 3.7%, PNPG 1.4%, other 3.1%; seats - (31 - total) PSG 15, RPR 9, ADG 4, UDF 3 -Member of: - FZ, WCL, WFTU -Diplomatic representation: - as an overseas department of France, the interests of French Guiana are - represented in the US by France -Flag: - the flag of France is used - -:French Guiana Economy - -Overview: - The economy is tied closely to that of France through subsidies and imports. - Besides the French space center at Kourou, fishing and forestry are the most - important economic activities, with exports of fish and fish products - (mostly shrimp) accounting for more than 60% of total revenue in 1987. The - large reserves of tropical hardwoods, not fully exploited, support an - expanding sawmill industry that provides sawn logs for export. Cultivation - of crops - rice, cassava, bananas, and sugarcane - are limited to the - coastal area, where the population is largely concentrated. French Guiana is - heavily dependent on imports of food and energy. Unemployment is a serious - problem, particularly among younger workers. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $186 million, per capita $2,240; real growth rate - NA% (1985) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 4.1% (1987) -Unemployment rate: - 15% (1987) -Budget: - revenues $735 million; expenditures $735 million, including capital - expenditures of NA (1987) -Exports: - $54.0 million (f.o.b., 1987) - commodities: - shrimp, timber, rum, rosewood essence - partners: - France 31%, US 22%, Japan 10% (1987) -Imports: - $394.0 million (c.i.f., 1987) - commodities: - food (grains, processed meat), other consumer goods, producer goods, - petroleum - partners: - France 62%, Trinidad and Tobago 9%, US 4%, FRG 3% (1987) -External debt: - $1.2 billion (1988) -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 92,000 kW capacity; 185 million kWh produced, 1,821 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - construction, shrimp processing, forestry products, rum, gold mining -Agriculture: - some vegetables for local consumption; rice, corn, manioc, cocoa, bananas, - sugar; livestock - cattle, pigs, poultry -Economic aid: - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), - $1.51 billion -Currency: - French franc (plural - francs); 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes -Exchange rates: - French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.3801 (January 1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453 - (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988), 6.0107 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:French Guiana Communications - -Highways: - 680 km total; 510 km paved, 170 km improved and unimproved earth -Inland waterways: - 460 km, navigable by small oceangoing vessels and river and coastal - steamers; 3,300 km navigable by native craft -Ports: - Cayenne -Civil air: - no major transport aircraft -Airports: - 10 total, 10 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways - over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - fair open-wire and radio relay system; 18,100 telephones; broadcast stations - - 5 AM, 7 FM, 9 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -:French Guiana Defense Forces - -Branches: - French Forces, Gendarmerie -Manpower availability: - males 15-49 37,467; 24,534 fit for military service -Note: - defense is the responsibility of France - -:French Polynesia Geography - -Total area: - 3,941 km2 -Land area: - 3,660 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly less than one-third the size of Connecticut -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 2,525 km -Maritime claims: - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical, but moderate -Terrain: - mixture of rugged high islands and low islands with reefs -Natural resources: - timber, fish, cobalt -Land use: - arable land 1%; permanent crops 19%; meadows and pastures 5%; forest and - woodland 31%; other 44% -Environment: - occasional cyclonic storm in January; includes five archipelagoes -Note: - Makatea in French Polynesia is one of the three great phosphate rock islands - in the Pacific Ocean - the others are Banaba (Ocean Island) in Kiribati and - Nauru - -:French Polynesia People - -Population: - 205,620 (July 1992), growth rate 2.3% (1992) -Birth rate: - 28 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 15 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 68 years male, 73 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 3.3 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - French Polynesian(s); adjective - French Polynesian -Ethnic divisions: - Polynesian 78%, Chinese 12%, local French 6%, metropolitan French 4% -Religions: - mainly Christian; Protestant 54%, Roman Catholic 30%, other 16% -Languages: - French and Tahitian (both official) -Literacy: - 98% (male 98%, female 98%) age 14 and over but definition of literacy not - available (1977) -Labor force: - 76,630 employed (1988) -Organized labor: - NA - -:French Polynesia Government - -Long-form name: - Territory of French Polynesia -Type: - overseas territory of France since 1946 -Capital: - Papeete -Administrative divisions: - none (overseas territory of France); there are no first-order administrative - divisions as defined by the US Government, but there are 5 archipelagic - divisions named Archipel des Marquises, Archipel des Tuamotu, Archipel des - Tubuai, Iles du Vent, and Iles Sous-le-Vent; note - Clipperton Island is - administered by France from French Polynesia -Independence: - none (overseas territory of France) -Constitution: - 28 September 1958 (French Constitution) -Legal system: - based on French system -National holiday: - Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789) -Executive branch: - French president, high commissioner of the republic, president of the - Council of Ministers, vice president of the Council of Ministers, Council of - Ministers -Legislative branch: - unicameral Territorial Assembly -Judicial branch: - Court of Appeal -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981); High Commissioner of the - Republic Jean MONTPEZAT (since November 1987) - Head of Government: - President of the Council of Ministers Gaston FLOSSE (since 10 May 1991); - Vice President of the Council of Ministers Joel BUILLARD (since 12 September - 1991) -Political parties and leaders: - People's Rally (Tahoeraa Huiraatira; Gaullist), Gaston FLOSSE; Polynesian - Union Party (Te Tiarama; centrist), Alexandre LEONTIEFF; New Fatherland - Party (Ai'a Api), Emile VERNAUDON; Polynesian Liberation Front (Tavini - Huiraatira), Oscar TEMARU; other small parties -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - National Assembly last held 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held June 1993); - results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (2 total) People's Rally - (Gaullist) 1, New Fatherland Party 1 - French Senate: - last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held September 1992); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) party NA - Territorial Assembly: - last held 17 March 1991 (next to be held March 1996); results - percent of - vote by party NA; seats - (41 total) People's Rally (Gaullist) 18, - Polynesian Union Party 14, New Fatherland Party 5, other 4 -Member of: - FZ, ICFTU, SPC, WMO -Diplomatic representation: - as an overseas territory of France, French Polynesian interests are - represented in the US by France - -:French Polynesia Government - -Flag: - the flag of France is used - -:French Polynesia Economy - -Overview: - Since 1962, when France stationed military personnel in the region, French - Polynesia has changed from a subsistence economy to one in which a high - proportion of the work force is either employed by the military or supports - the tourist industry. Tourism accounts for about 20% of GDP and is a primary - source of hard currency earnings. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $1.2 billion, per capita $6,000; real growth rate - NA% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 2.9% (1989) -Unemployment rate: - 14.9% (1988 est.) -Budget: - revenues $614 million; expenditures $957 million, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1988) -Exports: - $88.9 million (f.o.b., 1989) - commodities: - coconut products 79%, mother-of-pearl 14%, vanilla, shark meat - partners: - France 54%, US 17%, Japan 17% -Imports: - $765 million (c.i.f., 1989) - commodities: - fuels, foodstuffs, equipment - partners: - France 53%, US 11%, Australia 6%, NZ 5% -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 72,000 kW capacity; 265 million kWh produced, 1,390 kWh per capita (1990) -Industries: - tourism, pearls, agricultural processing, handicrafts -Agriculture: - coconut and vanilla plantations; vegetables and fruit; poultry, beef, dairy - products -Economic aid: - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), - $3.95 billion -Currency: - Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique franc (plural - francs); 1 CFP franc (CFPF) - = 100 centimes -Exchange rates: - Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (CFPF) per US$1 - 97.81 (January - 1992), 102.57 (1991), 99.00 (1990), 115.99 (1989), 108.30 (1988), 109.27 - (1987); note - linked at the rate of 18.18 to the French franc -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:French Polynesia Communications - -Highways: - 600 km (1982) -Ports: - Papeete, Bora-bora -Merchant marine: - 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,128 GRT/6,710 DWT; includes 2 - passenger-cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo; note - a captive subset of the French - register -Civil air: - about 6 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 43 total, 41 usable; 23 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways - over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 12 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - 33,200 telephones; 84,000 radio receivers; 26,400 TV sets; broadcast - stations - 5 AM, 2 FM, 6 TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -:French Polynesia Defense Forces - -Branches: - French forces (including Army, Navy, Air Force), Gendarmerie -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 50,844; NA fit for military service -Note: - defense is responsibility of France - -:French Southern and Antarctic Lands Geography - -Total area: - 7,781 km2 -Land area: - 7,781 km2; includes Ile Amsterdam, Ile Saint-Paul, Iles Kerguelen, and Iles - Crozet; excludes Terre Adelie claim of about 500,000 km2 in Antarctica that - is not recognized by the US -Comparative area: - slightly less than 1.5 times the size of Delaware -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 1,232 km -Maritime claims: - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm (Iles Kerguelen only) - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - Terre Adelie claim in Antarctica is not recognized by the US -Climate: - antarctic -Terrain: - volcanic -Natural resources: - fish, crayfish -Land use: - arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and - woodland 0%; other 100% -Environment: - Ile Amsterdam and Ile Saint-Paul are extinct volcanoes -Note: - located in the southern Indian Ocean about equidistant between Africa, - Antarctica, and Australia - -:French Southern and Antarctic Lands People - -Population: - summer (January 1991) - 200, winter (July 1992) - 150, growth rate 0.0% - (1992); note - mostly researchers - -:French Southern and Antarctic Lands Government - -Long-form name: - Territory of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands -Type: - overseas territory of France since 1955; governed by High Administrator - Bernard de GOUTTES (since May 1990), who is assisted by a 7-member - Consultative Council and a 12-member Scientific Council -Capital: - none; administered from Paris, France -Administrative divisions: - none (overseas territory of France); there are no first-order administrative - divisions as defined by the US Government, but there are 3 districts named - Ile Crozet, Iles Kerguelen, and Iles Saint-Paul et Amsterdam; excludes Terre - Adelie claim in Antarctica that is not recognized by the US -Flag: - the flag of France is used - -:French Southern and Antarctic Lands Economy - -Overview: - Economic activity is limited to servicing meteorological and geophysical - research stations and French and other fishing fleets. The fishing catches - landed on Iles Kerguelen by foreign ships are exported to France and - Reunion. -Budget: - $33.6 million (1990) - -:French Southern and Antarctic Lands Communications - -Ports: - none; offshore anchorage only -Merchant marine: - 12 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 192,752 GRT/334,400 DWT; includes 1 - cargo, 3 refrigerated cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 petroleum tanker, 1 - liquefied gas, 2 bulk, 1 multifunction large load carrier; note - a captive - subset of the French register -Telecommunications: - NA - -:French Southern and Antarctic Lands Defense Forces - -Branches: - French Forces (including Army, Navy, Air Force) -Note: - defense is the responsibility of France - -:Gabon Geography - -Total area: - 267,670 km2 -Land area: - 257,670 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly smaller than Colorado -Land boundaries: - 2,551 km; Cameroon 298 km, Congo 1,903 km, Equatorial Guinea 350 km -Coastline: - 885 km -Maritime claims: - Contiguous zone: - 24 nm - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - maritime boundary dispute with Equatorial Guinea because of disputed - sovereignty over islands in Corisco Bay -Climate: - tropical; always hot, humid -Terrain: - narrow coastal plain; hilly interior; savanna in east and south -Natural resources: - crude oil, manganese, uranium, gold, timber, iron ore -Land use: - arable land 1%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 18%; forest and - woodland 78%; other 2% -Environment: - deforestation - -:Gabon People - -Population: - 1,106,355 (July 1992), growth rate 1.5% (1992) -Birth rate: - 29 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 14 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 100 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 51 years male, 56 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 4.1 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Gabonese (singular and plural); adjective - Gabonese -Ethnic divisions: - about 40 Bantu tribes, including four major tribal groupings (Fang, Eshira, - Bapounou, Bateke); about 100,000 expatriate Africans and Europeans, - including 27,000 French -Religions: - Christian 55-75%, Muslim less than 1%, remainder animist -Languages: - French (official), Fang, Myene, Bateke, Bapounou/Eschira, Bandjabi -Literacy: - 61% (male 74%, female 48%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 120,000 salaried; agriculture 65.0%, industry and commerce 30.0%, services - 2.5%, government 2.5%; 58% of population of working age (1983) -Organized labor: - there are 38,000 members of the national trade union, the Gabonese Trade - Union Confederation (COSYGA) - -:Gabon Government - -Long-form name: - Gabonese Republic -Type: - republic; multiparty presidential regime (opposition parties legalized 1990) -Capital: - Libreville -Administrative divisions: - 9 provinces; Estuaire, Haut-Ogooue, Moyen-Ogooue, Ngounie, Nyanga, - Ogooue-Ivindo, Ogooue-Lolo, Ogooue-Maritime, Woleu-Ntem -Independence: - 17 August 1960 (from France) -Constitution: - 21 February 1961, revised 15 April 1975 -Legal system: - based on French civil law system and customary law; judicial review of - legislative acts in Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court; compulsory - ICJ jurisdiction not accepted -National holiday: - Renovation Day (Gabonese Democratic Party established), 12 March (1968) -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President El Hadj Omar BONGO (since 2 December 1967) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Casimir OYE-MBA (since 3 May 1990) -Political parties and leaders: - Gabonese Democratic Party (PDG, former sole party), El Hadj Omar BONGO, - president; National Recovery Movement - Lumberjacks (Morena-Bucherons); - Gabonese Party for Progress (PGP); National Recovery Movement - (Morena-Original); Association for Socialism in Gabon (APSG); Gabonese - Socialist Union (USG); Circle for Renewal and Progress (CRP); Union for - Democracy and Development (UDD) -Suffrage: - universal at age 21 -Elections: - National Assembly: - last held on 28 October 1990 (next to be held by NA); results - percent of - vote NA; seats - (120 total, 111 elected) PDG 62, National Recovery Movement - - Lumberjacks (Morena-Bucherons) 19, PGP 18, National Recovery Movement - (Morena-Original) 7, APSG 6, USG 4, CRP 1, independents 3 - President: - last held on 9 November 1986 (next to be held December 1993); results - - President Omar BONGO was reelected without opposition -Member of: - ACCT, ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CCC, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, - IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, - INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS (associate), NAM, OAU, OIC, OPEC, UDEAC, UN, - UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador-designate Alexandre SAMBAT; Chancery at 2034 20th Street NW, - Washington, DC 20009; telephone (202) 797-1000 - -:Gabon Government - - US: - Ambassador Keith L. WAUCHOPE; Embassy at Boulevard de la Mer, Libreville - (mailing address is B. P. 4000, Libreville); telephone (241) 762003/4, or - 743492 -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of green (top), yellow, and blue - -:Gabon Economy - -Overview: - The economy, dependent on timber and manganese until the early 1970s, is now - dominated by the oil sector. During the period 1981-85, oil accounted for - about 46% of GDP, 83% of export earnings, and 65% of government revenues on - average. The high oil prices of the early 1980s contributed to a substantial - increase in per capita income, stimulated domestic demand, reinforced - migration from rural to urban areas, and raised the level of real wages to - among the highest in Sub-Saharan Africa. The three-year slide of Gabon's - economy, which began with falling oil prices in 1985, was reversed in 1989 - because of a near doubling of oil prices over their 1988 lows. In 1990 the - economy posted strong growth despite serious strikes, but debt servicing - problems are hindering economic advancement. The agricultural and industrial - sectors are relatively underdeveloped, except for oil. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $3.3 billion, per capita $3,090; real growth rate - 13% (1990 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 3% (1989 est.) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $1.1 billion; expenditures $1.5 billion, including capital - expenditures of $277 million (1990 est.) -Exports: - $1.16 billion (f.o.b., 1989) - commodities: - crude oil 70%, manganese 11%, wood 12%, uranium 6% - partners: - France 53%, US 22%, FRG, Japan -Imports: - $0.78 billion (c.i.f., 1989) - commodities: - foodstuffs, chemical products, petroleum products, construction materials, - manufactures, machinery - partners: - France 48%, US 2.6%, FRG, Japan, UK -External debt: - $3.4 billion (December 1990 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate -10% (1988 est.) -Electricity: - 315,000 kW capacity; 995 million kWh produced, 920 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - petroleum, food and beverages, timber, cement, plywood, textiles, mining - - manganese, uranium, gold -Agriculture: - accounts for 10% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); cash crops - - cocoa, coffee, palm oil; livestock not developed; importer of food; small - fishing operations provide a catch of about 20,000 metric tons; okoume (a - tropical softwood) is the most important timber product -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $66 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2,225 million; - Communist countries (1970-89), $27 million -Currency: - Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural - francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF) - = 100 centimes - -:Gabon Economy - -Exchange rates: - Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 269.01 (January - 1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 - (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Gabon Communications - -Railroads: - 649 km 1.437-meter standard-gauge single track (Transgabonese Railroad) -Highways: - 7,500 km total; 560 km paved, 960 km laterite, 5,980 km earth -Inland waterways: - 1,600 km perennially navigable -Pipelines: - crude oil 270 km; petroleum products 14 km -Ports: - Owendo, Port-Gentil, Libreville -Merchant marine: - 2 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 18,563 GRT/25,330 DWT -Civil air: - 15 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 70 total, 59 usable; 10 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways - over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 22 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - adequate system of cable, radio relay, tropospheric scatter links and - radiocommunication stations; 15,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 6 AM, 6 - FM, 3 (5 repeaters) TV; satellite earth stations - 3 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT - and 12 domestic satellite - -:Gabon Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force, Presidential Guard, National Gendarmerie, National - Police -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 267,580; 134,665 fit for military service; 9,262 reach military - age (20) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $102 million, 3.2% of GDP (1990 est.) - -:The Gambia Geography - -Total area: - 11,300 km2 -Land area: - 10,000 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly more than twice the size of Delaware -Land boundaries: - 740 km; Senegal 740 km -Coastline: - 80 km -Maritime claims: - Contiguous zone: - 18 nm - Continental shelf: - not specific - Exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - short section of boundary with Senegal is indefinite -Climate: - tropical; hot, rainy season (June to November); cooler, dry season (November - to May) -Terrain: - flood plain of the Gambia River flanked by some low hills -Natural resources: - fish -Land use: - arable land 16%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 9%; forest and - woodland 20%; other 55%; includes irrigated 3% -Environment: - deforestation -Note: - almost an enclave of Senegal; smallest country on the continent of Africa - -:The Gambia People - -Population: - 902,089 (July 1992), growth rate 3.1% (1992) -Birth rate: - 47 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 17 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 129 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 47 years male, 51 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 6.4 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Gambian(s); adjective - Gambian -Ethnic divisions: - African 99% (Mandinka 42%, Fula 18%, Wolof 16%, Jola 10%, Serahuli 9%, other - 4%); non-Gambian 1% -Religions: - Muslim 90%, Christian 9%, indigenous beliefs 1% -Languages: - English (official); Mandinka, Wolof, Fula, other indigenous vernaculars -Literacy: - 27% (male 39%, female 16%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 400,000 (1986 est.); agriculture 75.0%, industry, commerce, and services - 18.9%, government 6.1%; 55% population of working age (1983) -Organized labor: - 25-30% of wage labor force - -:The Gambia Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of The Gambia -Type: - republic under multiparty democratic rule -Capital: - Banjul -Administrative divisions: - 5 divisions and 1 city*; Banjul*, Lower River, MacCarthy Island, North Bank, - Upper River, Western -Independence: - 18 February 1965 (from UK); The Gambia and Senegal signed an agreement on 12 - December 1981 (effective 1 February 1982) that called for the creation of a - loose confederation to be known as Senegambia, but the agreement was - dissolved on 30 September 1989 -Constitution: - 24 April 1970 -Legal system: - based on a composite of English common law, Koranic law, and customary law; - accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations -National holiday: - Independence Day, 18 February (1965) -Executive branch: - president, vice president, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral House of Representatives -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Alhaji Sir Dawda Kairaba JAWARA (since 24 April 1970); Vice - President Bakary Bunja DARBO (since 12 May 1982) -Political parties and leaders: - People's Progressive Party (PPP), Dawda K. JAWARA, secretary general; - National Convention Party (NCP), Sheriff DIBBA; Gambian People's Party - (GPP), Hassan Musa CAMARA; United Party (UP), leader NA; People's Democratic - Organization of Independence and Socialism (PDOIS), leader NA; People's - Democratic Party (PDP), Jabel SALLAH -Suffrage: - universal at age 21 -Elections: - House of Representatives: - last held on 11 March 1987 (next to be held by March 1992); results - PPP - 56.6%, NCP 27.6%, GPP 14.7%, PDOIS 1%; seats - (43 total, 36 elected) PPP - 31, NCP 5 - President: - last held on 11 March 1987 (next to be held March 1992); results - Sir Dawda - JAWARA (PPP) 61.1%, Sherif Mustapha DIBBA (NCP) 25.2%, Assan Musa CAMARA - (GPP) 13.7% -Member of: - ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, - IDB, IFAD, IFC, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, - UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Ousman A. SALLAH; Chancery at Suite 720, 1030 15th Street NW, - Washington, DC 20005; telephone (202) 842-1356 or 842-1359 - US: - Ambassador Arlene RENDER; Embassy at Pipeline Road (Kairaba Avenue), Fajara, - Banjul (mailing address is P. M. B. No. 19, Banjul); telephone Serrekunda - [220] 92856 or 92858, 91970, 91971 - -:The Gambia Government - -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue with white edges, and green - -:The Gambia Economy - -Overview: - The Gambia has no important mineral or other natural resources and has a - limited agricultural base. It is one of the world's poorest countries with a - per capita income of about $230. About 75% of the population is engaged in - crop production and livestock raising, which contribute 30% to GDP. - Small-scale manufacturing activity - processing peanuts, fish, and hides - - accounts for less than 10% of GDP. Tourism is a growing industry. The Gambia - imports one-third of its food, all fuel, and most manufactured goods. - Exports are concentrated on peanut products (about 75% of total value). -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $207 million, per capita $235; real growth rate - 3% (FY91 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 6.0% (FY91) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $79 million; expenditures $84 million, including capital - expenditures of $21 million (FY90) -Exports: - $116 million (f.o.b., FY90) - commodities: - peanuts and peanut products, fish, cotton lint, palm kernels - partners: - Japan 60%, Europe 29%, Africa 5%, US 1, other 5% (1989) -Imports: - $147 million (f.o.b., FY90) - commodities: - foodstuffs, manufactures, raw materials, fuel, machinery and transport - equipment - partners: - Europe 57%, Asia 25%, USSR/EE 9%, US 6%, other 3% (1989) -External debt: - $336 million (December 1990 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 6.7%; accounts for 5.8% of GDP (FY90) -Electricity: - 30,000 kW capacity; 65 million kWh produced, 75 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - peanut processing, tourism, beverages, agricultural machinery assembly, - woodworking, metalworking, clothing -Agriculture: - accounts for 30% of GDP and employs about 75% of the population; imports - one-third of food requirements; major export crop is peanuts; the other - principal crops - millet, sorghum, rice, corn, cassava, palm kernels; - livestock - cattle, sheep, and goats; forestry and fishing resources not - fully exploited -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $93 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $535 million; - Communist countries (1970-89), $39 million -Currency: - dalasi (plural - dalasi); 1 dalasi (D) = 100 bututs -Exchange rates: - dalasi (D) per US$1 - 8.790 (March 1992), 8.803 (1991), 7.883 (1990), 7.5846 - (1989), 6.7086 (1988), 7.0744 (1987) -Fiscal year: - 1 July - 30 June - -:The Gambia Communications - -Highways: - 3,083 km total; 431 km paved, 501 km gravel/laterite, and 2,151 km - unimproved earth -Inland waterways: - 400 km -Ports: - Banjul -Civil air: - 4 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 1 with permanent-surface runway 2,440-3,659 m -Telecommunications: - adequate network of radio relay and wire; 3,500 telephones; broadcast - stations - 3 AM, 2 FM; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -:The Gambia Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, National Gendarmerie, National Police -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 194,480; 98,271 fit for military service -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - more than $1 million, 0.7% of GDP (1989) -\ - -:Gaza Strip Geography - -Total area: - 380 km2 -Land area: - 380 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly more than twice the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - 62 km; Egypt 11 km, Israel 51 km -Coastline: - 40 km -Maritime claims: - Israeli occupied with status to be determined -Disputes: - Israeli occupied with status to be determined -Climate: - temperate, mild winters, dry and warm to hot summers -Terrain: - flat to rolling, sand- and dune- covered coastal plain -Natural resources: - negligible -Land use: - arable land 13%, permanent crops 32%, meadows and pastures 0%, forest and - woodland 0%, other 55% -Environment: - desertification -Note: - The war between Israel and the Arab states in June 1967 ended with Israel in - control of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, the Sinai, and the Golan - Heights. As stated in the 1978 Camp David accords and reaffirmed by - President Bush's post - Gulf crisis peace initiative, the final status of - the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, their relationship with their neighbors, - and a peace treaty be-tween Israel and Jordan are to be negotiated among the - concerned parties. Camp David further specifies that these negotiations will - resolve the respective boundaries. Pending the completion of this process, - it is US policy that the final status of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip - has yet to be determined. In the US view, the term West Bank describes all - of the area west of the Jordan River under Jordanian administration before - the 1967 Arab-Israeli war. With respect to negotiations envisaged in the - framework agreement, however, it is US policy that a distinction must be - made between Jerusalem and the rest of the West Bank because of the city's - special status and circumstances. Therefore, a negotiated solution for the - final status of Jerusalem could be different in character from that of the - rest of the West Bank. - The Gaza Strip is currently governed by Israeli military authorities and - Israeli civil administration; it is US policy that the final status of the - Gaza Strip will be determined by negotiations among the concerned parties; - these negotiations will determine how this area is to be governed. - There are 18 Jewish settlements in the Gaza Strip. - -:Gaza Strip People - -Population: - 681,026 (July 1992), growth rate 3.6% (1992); in addition, there are 4,000 - Jewish settlers in the Gaza Strip (1992 est.) -Birth rate: - 46 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - - 4 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 41 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 66 years male, 68 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 6.9 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - NA -Ethnic divisions: - Palestinian Arab and other 99.8%, Jewish 0.2% -Religions: - Muslim (predominantly Sunni) 99%, Christian 0.7%, Jewish 0.3% -Languages: - Arabic, Israeli settlers speak Hebrew; English widely understood -Literacy: - NA% (male NA%, female NA%) -Labor force: - (excluding Israeli Jewish settlers) small industry, commerce and business - 32.0%, construction 24.4%, service and other 25.5%, and agriculture 18.1% - (1984) -Organized labor: - NA - -:Gaza Strip Government - -Long-form name: - none - -:Gaza Strip Economy - -Overview: - In 1990 roughly 40% of Gaza Strip workers were employed across the border by - Israeli industrial, construction, and agricultural enterprises, with worker - remittances accounting for about one-third of GNP. The construction, - agricultural, and industrial sectors account for about 15%, 12%, and 8% of - GNP, respectively. Gaza depends upon Israel for some 90% of its external - trade. Unrest in the territory in 1988-92 (intifadah) has raised - unemployment and substantially lowered the standard of living of Gazans. The - Persian Gulf crisis and its aftershocks also have dealt severe blows to Gaza - since August 1990. Worker remittances from the Gulf states have plunged, - unemployment has increased, and exports have fallen dramatically. The area's - economic outlook remains bleak. -GNP: - exchange rate conversion - $380 million, per capita $590; real growth rate - - 30% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 9% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 20% (1990 est.) -Budget: - revenues $33.8 million; expenditures $33.3 million, including capital - expenditures of $NA (FY88) -Exports: - $30 million (f.o.b., 1989) - commodities: - citrus - partners: - Israel, Egypt -Imports: - $255 million (c.i.f., 1989) - commodities: - food, consumer goods, construction materials - partners: - Israel, Egypt -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate 10% (1989); accounts for about 8% of GNP -Electricity: - power supplied by Israel -Industries: - generally small family businesses that produce textiles, soap, olive-wood - carvings, and mother-of-pearl souvenirs; the Israelis have established some - small-scale modern industries in an industrial center -Agriculture: - accounts for about 12% of GNP; olives, citrus and other fruits, vegetables, - beef, dairy products -Economic aid: - NA -Currency: - new Israeli shekel (plural - shekels); 1 new Israeli shekel (NIS) = 100 new - agorot -Exchange rates: - new Israeli shekels (NIS) per US$1 - 2.2984 (January 1992), 2.2792 (1991), - 2.0162 (1990), 1.9164 (1989), 1.5989 (1988), 1.5946 (1987) -Fiscal year: - previously 1 April - 31 March; FY91 was 1 April - 3l December, and since 1 - January 1992 the fiscal year has conformed to the calendar year - -:Gaza Strip Communications - -Railroads: - one line, abandoned and in disrepair, some trackage remains -Highways: - small, poorly developed indigenous road network -Ports: - facilities for small boats to service the city of Gaza -Airports: - 1 with permanent-surface runway less than 1,220 m -Telecommunications: - broadcast stations - no AM, no FM, no TV - -:Gaza Strip Defense Forces - -Branches: - NA -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 136,311; NA fit for military service -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP - -:Georgia Geography - -Total area: - 69,700 km2 -Land area: - 69,700 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly larger than South Carolina -Land boundaries: - 1,461 km; Armenia 164 km, Azerbaijan 322 km, Russia 723 km, Turkey 252 km -Coastline: - 310 km -Maritime claims: - Contiguous zone: - NA nm - Continental Shelf: - NA meter depth - Exclusive economic zone: - NA nm - Exclusive fishing zone: - NA nm - Territorial sea: - NA nm, Georgian claims unknown; 12 nm in 1973 USSR-Turkish Protocol - concerning the sea boundary between the two states in the Black Sea -Disputes: - none -Climate: - warm and pleasant; Mediterranean-like on Black Sea coast -Terrain: - largely mountainous with Great Caucasus Mountains in the north and Lesser - Caucasus Mountains in the south; Colchis lowland opens to the Black Sea in - the west; Kura River Basin in the east; good soils in river valley flood - plains, foothills of Colchis lowland -Natural resources: - forest lands, hydropower, manganese deposits, iron ores, copper, minor coal - and oil deposits; coastal climate and soils allow for important tea and - citrus growth -Land use: - NA% arable land; NA% permanent crops; NA% meadows and pastures; NA% forest - and woodland; NA% other; includes 200,000 hectares irrigated -Environment: - air pollution, particularly in Rustavi; heavy pollution of Kura River, Black - Sea - -:Georgia People - -Population: - 5,570,978 (July 1992), growth rate 0.8% (1992) -Birth rate: - 17 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 9 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 34 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 67 years male, 75 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 2.2 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Georgian(s); adjective - Georgian -Ethnic divisions: - Georgian 68.8%, Armenian 9.0%, Russian Azari 5.1%, Ossetian 3.2%, Abkhaz - 1.7%, other 4.8% -Religions: - Russian Orthodox 10%, Georgian Orthodox 65%, Armenian Orthodox 8%, Muslim - 11%, unknown 6% -Languages: - Georgian (official language) 71%, Russian 9%, other 20% - Armenian 7%, - Azerbaijani 6% -Literacy: - NA% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write -Labor force: - 2,834,000; agriculture 29.1% (1988), government NA%, industry 17.8%, other - 53.1% -Organized labor: - NA - -:Georgia Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Georgia -Type: - republic -Capital: - T'bilisi (Tbilisi) -Administrative divisions: - 2 autonomous republics (avtomnoy respubliki, singular - avtom respublika); - Abkhazia (Sukhumi), Ajaria (Batumi); note - the administrative centers of - the autonomous republics are included in parentheses; there are no oblasts - - the rayons around T'bilisi are under direct republic jurisdiction; also - included is the South Ossetia Autonomous Oblast -Independence: - 9 April 1991 (from Soviet Union); formerly Georgian Soviet Socialist - Republic -Constitution: - adopted NA, effective NA -Legal system: - NA -National holiday: - Independence Day, 9 April 1991 -Executive branch: - State Council, chairman of State Council, Council of Ministers, prime - minister -Legislative branch: - unicameral Supreme Soviet -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Chairman of State Council Eduard SHEVARDNADZE (since March 1992) - Head of Government: - Acting Prime Minister Tengiz SIGUA (since January 1992); First Deputy Prime - Minister Otar KVILITAYA (since January 1992); First Deputy Prime Minister - Tengiz KITOVANI (since March 1992) -Political parties and leaders: - All-Georgian Merab Kostava Society, Vazha ADAMIA, chairman; All-Georgian - Tradionalists' Union, Akakiy ASATIANI, chairman; Georgian National Front - - Radical Union, Ruslan GONGADZE, chairman; Social-Democratic Party, Guram - MUCHAIDZE, chairman; All-Georgian Rustaveli Society, Akakiy BAKRADZE, - chairman; Georgian Monarchists' Party, Teymur JORJOLIANI, chairman; Georgian - Popular Front, Nodar NATADZE, chairman; National Democratic Party, Georgiy - CHANTURIA, chairman; National Independence Party, Irakliy TSERETELI, - chairman; Charter 1991 Party, Tedo PAATASHVILI, chairman; Democratic Georgia - Party, Georgiy SHENGELAYA, Chairman -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - Georgian Parliament: - last held November 1990; results - 7-party coalition Round Table - Free - Georgia 62%, other 38%; seats - (250) Round Table - Free Georgia 155, other - 95 - President: - Zviad GAMSAKHURDIYA, 87% of vote -Other political or pressure groups: - NA -Member of: - CSCE, IMF, World Bank - -:Georgia Government - -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador NA, Chancery at NA NW, Washington, DC 200__; telephone (202) NA - US: - Ambassador NA; Embassy at NA (mailing address is APO New York 09862) -Flag: - maroon field with small rectangle in upper left corner; rectangle divided - horizontally with black on top, white below - -:Georgia Economy - -Overview: - Among the former Soviet republics, Georgia is noted for its Black Sea - tourist industry, its large output of citrus fruits and tea, and the amazing - diversity of an industrial sector that accounted, however, for less than 2% - of the USSR's output. Another salient characteristic of the economy has been - a flourishing private sector (compared with the other republics). Almost 30% - of the labor force is employed in agriculture and 18% in industry. Mineral - resources consist of manganese and copper, and, to a lesser extent, - molybdenum, arsenic, tungsten, and mercury. Except for very small quantities - of domestic oil, gas, and coal, fuel must be imported from neighboring - republics. Oil and its products are delivered by pipeline from Azerbaijan to - the port of Batumi for export and local refining. Gas is supplied in - pipelines from Krasnodar and Stavropol'. Georgia is nearly self-sufficient - in electric power, thanks to abundant hydropower stations as well as some - thermal power stations. The dismantling of central economic controls is - being delayed by political factionalism, marked by armed struggles between - the elected government and the opposition, and industrial output seems to - have fallen more steeply in Georgia in 1991 than in any other of the former - Soviet republics. To prevent further economic decline, Georgia must - establish domestic peace and must maintain economic ties to the other former - Soviet republics while developing new links to the West. -GDP: - purchasing power equivalent - $NA; per capita $NA; real growth rate - 23% - (1991) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - approximately 90% (1991) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA - million (1991) -Exports: - $176 million (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - citrus fruits, tea, other agricultural products; diverse types of machinery; - ferrous and nonferrous metals; textiles - partners: - NA -Imports: - $1.5 billion (c.i.f., 1990) - commodities: - machinery and parts, fuel, transport equipment, textiles - partners: - NA -External debt: - $650 million (1991 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate - 19% (1991) -Electricity: - 4,575,000 kW capacity; 15,300 million kWh produced, about 2,600 kWh per - capita (1991) -Industries: - Heavy industrial products include raw steel, rolled steel, cement, lumber; - machine tools, foundry equipment, electric mining locomotives, tower cranes, - electric welding equipment, machinery for food preparation, meat packing, - dairy, and fishing industries; air-conditioning electric motors up to 100 kW - in size, electric motors for cranes, magnetic starters for motors; devices - for control of industrial processes; trucks, tractors, and other farm - machinery; light industrial products, including cloth, hosiery, and shoes - -:Georgia Economy - -Agriculture: - accounted for 97% of former USSR citrus fruits and 93% of former USSR tea; - berries and grapes; sugar; vegetables, grains, and potatoes; cattle, pigs, - sheep, goats, and poultry -Illicit drugs: - illicit producers of cannabis and opium; mostly for domestic consumption; - status of government eradication programs unknown; used as transshipment - points for illicit drugs to Western Europe -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $NA billion; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-86), $NA million; - Communist countries (1971-86), $NA million -Currency: - as of May 1992, retaining ruble as currency -Exchange rates: - NA -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Georgia Communications - -Railroads: - 1,570 km, does not include industrial lines (1990) -Highways: - 33,900 km total; 29,500 km hard surfaced, 4,400 km earth (1990) -Inland waterways: - NA km perennially navigable -Pipelines: - crude oil NA km, refined products NA km, natural gas NA km -Ports: - maritime - Batumi, Poti; inland - NA -Merchant marine: - 54 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 715,802 GRT/1,108,068 DWT; includes 16 - bulk cargo, 34 oil tanker, 2 chemical tanker, and 2 specialized liquid - carrier -Civil air: - NA major transport aircraft -Airports: - NA total, NA usable; NA with permanent-surface runways; NA with runways over - 3,659 m; NA with runways 2,440-3,659 m; NA with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - poor telephone service; 339,000 unsatisfied applications for telephones (31 - January 1992); international links via landline to CIS members and Turkey; - low capacity satellite earth station and leased international connections - via the Moscow international gateway switch - -:Georgia Defense Forces - -Branches: - Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops), National Guard; CIS - Forces (Ground, Navy, Air, and Air Defense) -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, NA fit for military service; NA reach military age (18) - annually -Defense expenditures: - $NA, NA% of GNP - -:Germany Geography - -Total area: - 356,910 km2 -Land area: - 349,520 km2; comprises the formerly separate Federal Republic of Germany, - the German Democratic Republic, and Berlin following formal unification on 3 - October 1990 -Comparative area: - slightly smaller than Montana -Land boundaries: - 3,790 km; Austria 784 km, Belgium 167 km, Czechoslovakia 815 km, Denmark 68 - km, France 451 km, Luxembourg 138 km, Netherlands 577 km, Poland 456 km, - Switzerland 334 km -Coastline: - 2,389 km -Maritime claims: - Continental shelf: - 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation - Exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - North Sea and Schleswig-Holstein coast of Baltic Sea - 3 nm (extends, at one - point, to 16 nm in the Helgolander Bucht); remainder of Baltic Sea - 12 nm -Disputes: - the boundaries of Germany were set by the Treaty on the Final Settlement - With Respect to Germany signed 12 September 1990 in Moscow by the Federal - Republic of Germany, the German Democratic Republic, France, the United - Kingdom, the United States, and the Soviet Union; this Treaty entered into - force on 15 March 1991; a subsequent Treaty between Germany and Poland, - reaffirming the German-Polish boundary, was signed on 14 November 1990 and - took effect on 16 January 1992 -Climate: - temperate and marine; cool, cloudy, wet winters and summers; occasional - warm, tropical foehn wind; high relative humidity -Terrain: - lowlands in north, uplands in center, Bavarian Alps in south -Natural resources: - iron ore, coal, potash, timber, lignite, uranium, copper, natural gas, salt, - nickel -Land use: - arable land 34%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 16%; forest and - woodland 30%; other 19%; includes irrigated 1% -Environment: - air and water pollution; groundwater, lakes, and air quality in eastern - Germany are especially bad; significant deforestation in the eastern - mountains caused by air pollution and acid rain -Note: - strategic location on North European Plain and along the entrance to the - Baltic Sea - -:Germany People - -Population: - 80,387,283 (July 1992), growth rate 0.5% (1992) -Birth rate: - 11 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 11 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 5 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 73 years male, 79 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 1.4 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - German(s); adjective - German -Ethnic divisions: - primarily German; small Danish and Slavic minorities -Religions: - Protestant 45%, Roman Catholic 37%, unaffiliated or other 18% -Languages: - German -Literacy: - 99% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1970 est.) -Labor force: - 36,750,000; industry 41%, agriculture 6%, other 53% (1987) -Organized labor: - 47% of labor force (1986 est.) - -:Germany Government - -Long-form name: - Federal Republic of Germany -Type: - federal republic -Capital: - Berlin; note - the shift from Bonn to Berlin will take place over a period - of years with Bonn retaining many administrative functions and several - ministries -Administrative divisions: - 16 states (lander, singular - land); Baden-Wurttemberg, Bayern, Berlin, - Brandenburg, Bremen, Hamburg, Hessen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, - Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, - Schleswig-Holstein, Thuringen -Independence: - 18 January 1871 (German Empire unification); divided into four zones of - occupation (UK, US, USSR, and later, France) in 1945 following World War II; - Federal Republic of Germany (FRG or West Germany) proclaimed 23 May 1949 and - included the former UK, US, and French zones; German Democratic Republic - (GDR or East Germany) proclaimed 7 October 1949 and included the former USSR - zone; unification of West Germany and East Germany took place 3 October - 1990; all four power rights formally relinquished 15 March 1991 -Constitution: - 23 May 1949, provisional constitution known as Basic Law -Legal system: - civil law system with indigenous concepts; judicial review of legislative - acts in the Federal Constitutional Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ - jurisdiction -National holiday: - German Unity Day, 3 October (1990) -Executive branch: - president, chancellor, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - bicameral parliament (no official name for the two chambers as a whole) - consists of an upper chamber or Federal Council (Bundesrat) and a lower - chamber or Federal Diet (Bundestag) -Judicial branch: - Federal Constitutional Court (Bundesverfassungsgericht) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Dr. Richard von WEIZSACKER (since 1 July 1984) - Head of Government: - Chancellor Dr. Helmut KOHL (since 4 October 1982) - *** No entry for this item *** -Political parties and leaders: - Christian Democratic Union (CDU), Helmut KOHL, chairman; Christian Social - Union (CSU), Theo WAIGEL; Free Democratic Party (FDP), Otto Count - LAMBSDORFF, chairman; Social Democratic Party (SPD), Bjoern ENGHOLM, - - chairman; - Green - Party - Ludger VOLMER, Christine WEISKE, co-chairmen - (after the 2 December 1990 election the East and West German Green Parties - united); Alliance 90 united to form one party in September 1991, Petra - MORAWE, chairwoman; Republikaner, Franz SCHOENHUBER; National Democratic - Party (NPD), Walter BACHMANN; Communist Party (DKP), Rolf PRIEMER -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 - -:Germany Government - -Elections: - Federal Diet: - last held 2 December 1990 (next to be held October 1994); results - CDU - 36.7%, SPD 33.5%, FDP 11.0%, CSU 7.1%, Green Party (West Germany) 3.9%, PDS - 2.4%, Republikaner 2.1%, Alliance 90/Green Party (East Germany) 1.2%, other - 2.1%; seats - (662 total, 656 statutory with special rules to allow for - slight expansion) CDU 268, SPD 239, FDP 79, CSU 51, PDS 17, Alliance - 90/Green Party (East Germany) 8; note - special rules for this election - allowed former East German parties to win seats if they received at least 5% - of vote in eastern Germany - *** No entry for this item *** -Communists: - West - about 40,000 members and supporters; East - about 200,000 party - members (December 1991) -Other political or pressure groups: - expellee, refugee, and veterans groups -Member of: - AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, BDEAC, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, - ECE, EIB, ESA, FAO, G-5, G-7, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, - ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, - IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NATO, NEA, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, - UNESCO, UNIDO, UNHCR, UPU, WEU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Dr. Immo STABREIT will become Ambassador in late summer/early - fall 1992; Chancery at 4645 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20007; - telephone (202) 298-4000; there are German Consulates General in Atlanta, - Boston, Chicago, Detroit, Houston, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Seattle, and - New York, and Consulates in Miami and New Orleans - US: - Ambassador Robert M. KIMMITT; Embassy at Deichmanns Avenue, 5300 Bonn 2 - (mailing address is APO AE 09080); telephone [49] (228) 3391; there is a US - Branch Office in Berlin and US Consulates General in Frankfurt, Hamburg, - Leipzig, Munich, and Stuttgart -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and yellow - -:Germany Economy - -Overview: - The Federal Republic of Germany is making substantial progress in - integrating and modernizing eastern Germany, but at a heavy economic cost. - Western Germany's growth in 1991 slowed to 3.1% - the lowest rate since 1987 - - because of slack world growth and higher interest rates and taxes required - by the unification process. While western Germany's economy was in recession - in the last half of 1991, eastern Germany's economy bottomed out after a - nearly two-year freefall and shows signs of recovery, particularly in the - construction, transportation, and service sectors. Eastern Germany could - begin a fragile recovery later, concentrated in 1992 in construction, - transportation, and services. The two regions remain vastly different, - however, despite eastern Germany's progress. Western Germany has an advanced - market economy and is a world leader in exports. It has a highly urbanized - and skilled population that enjoys excellent living standards, abundant - leisure time, and comprehensive social welfare benefits. Western Germany is - relatively poor in natural resources, coal being the most important mineral. - Western Germany's world-class companies manufacture technologically advanced - goods. The region's economy is mature: services and manufacturing account - for the dominant share of economic activity, and raw materials and - semimanufactured goods constitute a large portion of imports. In recent - years, manufacturing has accounted for about 31% of GDP, with other sectors - contributing lesser amounts. Gross fixed investment in 1990 accounted for - about 21% of GDP. In 1991, GDP in the western region was an estimated - $19,200 per capita. In contrast, eastern Germany's economy is shedding the - obsolete heavy industries that dominated the economy during the Communist - era. Eastern Germany's share of all-German GDP is only about 7%, and eastern - productivity is just 30% that of the west. The privatization agency for - eastern Germany, the Treuhand, is rapidly selling many of the 11,500 firms - under its control. The pace of private investment is starting to pick up, - but questions about property rights and environmental liabilities remain. - Eastern Germany has one of the world's largest reserves of low-grade lignite - coal but little else in the way of mineral resources. The quality of - statistics from eastern Germany is improving, yet many gaps remain; the - federal government began producing all-German data for select economic - statistics at the start of 1992. The most challenging economic problem is - promoting eastern Germany's economic reconstruction - specifically, finding - the right mix of fiscal, monetary, regulatory, and tax policies that will - spur investment in eastern Germany - without destabilizing western Germany's - economy or damaging relations with West European partners. The biggest - danger is that excessive wage settlements and heavy federal borrowing could - fuel inflation and prompt the German Central Bank, the Bundesbank, to keep a - tight monetary policy to choke off a wage-price spiral. Meanwhile, the FRG - has been providing billions of dollars to help the former Soviet republics - and the reformist economies of Eastern Europe. -GDP: - purchasing power equivalent - Federal Republic of Germany: $1,331.4 billion, - per capita $16,700; real growth rate 0.7%; western Germany: $1,235.8 - billion, per capita $19,200; real growth rate 3.1%; eastern Germany $95.6 - billion, per capita $5,870; real growth rate - 30% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - West - 3.5% (1991); East - NA% -Unemployment rate: - West - 6.3% (1991); East - 11% (1991) -Budget: - West (federal, state, local) - revenues $684 billion; expenditures $704 - billion, including capital expenditures $NA (1990), East - NA -Exports: - West - $324.3 billion (f.o.b., 1989) - -:Germany Economy - - commodities: - manufactures 86.6% (including machines and machine tools, chemicals, motor - vehicles, iron and steel products), agricultural products 4.9%, raw - materials 2.3%, fuels 1.3% -Exports: - partners: - EC 53.3% (France 12.7%, Netherlands 8.3%, Italy 9.1%, UK 8.3%, - Belgium-Luxembourg 7.3%), other Western Europe 15.9%, US 7.1%, Eastern - Europe 4.1%, OPEC 2.7% (1990) -Imports: - West - $346.5 billion (f.o.b., 1989) - commodities: - manufactures 68.5%, agricultural products 12.0%, fuels 9.7%, raw materials - 7.1% - partners: - EC 51.7% (France 11.7%, Netherlands 10.1%, Italy 9.3%, UK 6.7%, - Belgium-Luxembourg 7.2%), other Western Europe 13.4%, US 6.6%, Eastern - Europe 3.8%, OPEC 2.5% (1990) -External debt: - West - $500 million (June 1988); East - $20.6 billion (1989) -Industrial production: - growth rates, West - 5.4% (1990); East - 30% (1991 est.) -Electricity: - 133,000,000 kW capacity; 580,000 million kWh produced, 7,390 kWh per capita - (1991) -Industries: - West - among world's largest producers of iron, steel, coal, cement, - chemicals, machinery, vehicles, machine tools, electronics; food and - beverages; East - metal fabrication, chemicals, brown coal, shipbuilding, - machine building, food and beverages, textiles, petroleum refining -Agriculture: - West - accounts for about 2% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); - diversified crop and livestock farming; principal crops and livestock - include potatoes, wheat, barley, sugar beets, fruit, cabbage, cattle, pigs, - poultry; net importer of food; fish catch of 202,000 metric tons in 1987; - East - accounts for about 10% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); - principal crops - wheat, rye, barley, potatoes, sugar beets, fruit; - livestock products include pork, beef, chicken, milk, hides and skins; net - importer of food; fish catch of 193,600 metric tons in 1987 -Economic aid: - West - donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $75.5 billion; East - - donor - $4.0 billion extended bilaterally to non-Communist less developed - countries (1956-89) -Currency: - deutsche mark (plural - deutsche marks); 1 deutsche mark (DM) = 100 pfennige -Exchange rates: - deutsche marks (DM) per US$1 - 1.6611 (March 1992), 1.6595 (1991), 1.6157 - (1990), 1.8800 (1989), 1.7562 (1988), 1.7974 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Germany Communications - -Railroads: - West - 31,443 km total; 27,421 km government owned, 1.435-meter standard - gauge (12,491 km double track, 11,501 km electrified); 4,022 km - nongovernment owned, including 3,598 km 1.435-meter standard gauge (214 km - electrified) and 424 km 1.000-meter gauge (186 km electrified); East - - 14,025 km total; 13,750 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 275 km 1.000-meter or - other narrow gauge; 3,830 (est.) km 1.435-meter standard gauge double-track; - 3,475 km overhead electrified (1988) -Highways: - West - 466,305 km total; 169,568 km primary, includes 6,435 km autobahn, - 32,460 km national highways (Bundesstrassen), 65,425 km state highways - (Landesstrassen), 65,248 km county roads (Kreisstrassen); 296,737 km of - secondary communal roads (Gemeindestrassen); East - 124,604 km total; 47,203 - km concrete, asphalt, stone block, of which 1,855 km are autobahn and - limited access roads, 11,326 are trunk roads, and 34,022 are regional roads; - 77,401 municipal roads (1988) -Inland waterways: - West - 5,222 km, of which almost 70% are usable by craft of 1,000-metric ton - capacity or larger; major rivers include the Rhine and Elbe; Kiel Canal is - an important connection between the Baltic Sea and North Sea; East - 2,319 - km (1988) -Pipelines: - crude oil 3,644 km; petroleum products 3,946 km; natural gas 97,564 km - (1988) -Ports: - maritime - Bremerhaven, Brunsbuttel, Cuxhaven, Emden, Bremen, Hamburg, Kiel, - Lubeck, Wilhelmshaven, Rostock, Wismar, Stralsund, Sassnitz; inland - 31 - major -Merchant marine: - 607 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,210,060 GRT/6,626,333 DWT; includes - 3 passenger, 5 short-sea passenger, 324 cargo, 10 refrigerated cargo, 135 - container, 31 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 5 railcar carrier, 6 barge carrier, 11 - oil tanker, 21 chemical tanker, 22 liquefied gas tanker, 5 combination - ore/oil, 14 combination bulk, 15 bulk; note - the German register includes - ships of the former East and West Germany; during 1991 the fleet underwent - major restructuring as surplus ships were sold off -Civil air: - 239 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 462 total, 455 usable; 242 with permanent-surface runways; 4 with runways - over 3,659 m; 40 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 55 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - West - highly developed, modern telecommunication service to all parts of - the country; fully adequate in all respects; 40,300,000 telephones; - intensively developed, highly redundant cable and radio relay networks, all - completely automatic; broadcast stations - 80 AM, 470 FM, 225 (6,000 - repeaters) TV; 6 submarine coaxial cables; satellite earth stations - 12 - Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT antennas, 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT antennas, - EUTELSAT, and domestic systems; 2 HF radiocommunication centers; - tropospheric links East - badly needs modernization; 3,970,000 telephones; - broadcast stations - 23 AM, 17 FM, 21 TV (15 Soviet TV repeaters); 6,181,860 - TVs; 6,700,000 radios; 1 satellite earth station operating in INTELSAT and - Intersputnik systems - -:Germany Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force, Federal Border Police -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 20,300,359; 17,612,677 fit for military service; 414,330 reach - military age (18) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $39.5 billion, 2.5% of GDP (1991) - -:Ghana Geography - -Total area: - 238,540 km2 -Land area: - 230,020 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly smaller than Oregon -Land boundaries: - 2,093 km; Burkina 548 km, Ivory Coast 668 km, Togo 877 km -Coastline: - 539 km -Maritime claims: - Contiguous zone: - 24 nm - Continental shelf: - 200 nm - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; warm and comparatively dry along southeast coast; hot and humid in - southwest; hot and dry in north -Terrain: - mostly low plains with dissected plateau in south-central area -Natural resources: - gold, timber, industrial diamonds, bauxite, manganese, fish, rubber -Land use: - arable land 5%; permanent crops 7%; meadows and pastures 15%; forest and - woodland 37%; other 36%; includes irrigated NEGL% -Environment: - recent drought in north severely affecting marginal agricultural activities; - deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; dry, northeasterly harmattan wind - (January to March) -Note: - Lake Volta is the world's largest artificial lake - -:Ghana People - -Population: - 16,185,351 (July 1992), growth rate 3.1% (1992) -Birth rate: - 45 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 13 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - - 1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 86 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 53 years male, 57 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 6.3 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Ghanaian(s); adjective - Ghanaian -Ethnic divisions: - black African 99.8% (major tribes - Akan 44%, Moshi-Dagomba 16%, Ewe 13%, Ga - 8%), European and other 0.2% -Religions: - indigenous beliefs 38%, Muslim 30%, Christian 24%, other 8% -Languages: - English (official); African languages include Akan, Moshi-Dagomba, Ewe, and - Ga -Literacy: - 60% (male 70%, female 51%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 3,700,000; agriculture and fishing 54.7%, industry 18.7%, sales and clerical - 15.2%, services, transportation, and communications 7.7%, professional 3.7%; - 48% of population of working age (1983) -Organized labor: - 467,000 (about 13% of labor force) - -:Ghana Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Ghana -Type: - military -Capital: - Accra -Administrative divisions: - 10 regions; Ashanti, Brong-Ahafo, Central, Eastern, Greater Accra, Northern, - Upper East, Upper West, Volta, Western -Independence: - 6 March 1957 (from UK, formerly Gold Coast) -Constitution: - 24 September 1979; suspended 31 December 1981 -Legal system: - based on English common law and customary law; has not accepted compulsory - ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Independence Day, 6 March (1957) -Executive branch: - chairman of the Provisional National Defense Council (PNDC), PNDC, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral National Assembly dissolved after 31 December 1981 coup, and - legislative powers were assumed by the Provisional National Defense Council -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - Chairman of the Provisional National Defense Council Flt. Lt. (Ret.) Jerry - John RAWLINGS (since 31 December 1981) -Political parties and leaders: - none; political parties outlawed after 31 December 1981 coup -Suffrage: - none -Elections: - no national elections; district assembly elections held in 1988-89 -Member of: - ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, - IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, - ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIIMOG, UPU, WCL, - WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Dr. Joseph ABBEY; Chancery at 3512 International Drive NW, - Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 686-4520; there is a Ghanaian - Consulate General in New York - US: - Ambassador Raymond C. EWING; Embassy at Ring Road East, East of Danquah - Circle, Accra (mailing address is P. O. Box 194, Accra); telephone [233] - (21) 775348, 775349 -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green with a large - black five-pointed star centered in the gold band; uses the popular - pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of Bolivia, which has a - coat of arms centered in the yellow band - -:Ghana Economy - -Overview: - Supported by substantial international assistance, Ghana has been - implementing a steady economic rebuilding program since 1983, including - moves toward privatization and relaxation of government controls. Heavily - dependent on cocoa, gold, and timber exports, economic growth so far has not - spread substantially to other areas of the economy. The costs of sending - peacekeeping forces to Liberia and preparing for the transition to a - democratic government have been boosting government expenditures and - undercutting structural adjustment reforms. Ghana opened a stock exchange in - 1990. Much of the economic improvement in 1991 was caused by favorable - weather (following a severe drought the previous year) that led to plentiful - harvests in Ghana's agriculturally based economy. -GDP: - $6.2 billion; per capita $400; real growth rate 5% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 10% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 10% (1991) -Budget: - revenues $821 million; expenditures $782 million, including capital - expenditures of $151 million (1990 est.) -Exports: - $843 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) - commodities: - cocoa 45%, gold, timber, tuna, bauxite, and aluminum - partners: - US 23%, UK, other EC -Imports: - $1.2 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.) - commodities: - petroleum 16%, consumer goods, foods, intermediate goods, capital equipment - partners: - US 10%, UK, FRG, France, Japan, South Korea, GDR -External debt: - $3.1 billion (1990 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 7.4% in manufacturing (1989); accounts for almost 1.5% of GDP -Electricity: - 1,180,000 kW capacity; 4,140 million kWh produced, 265 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - mining, lumbering, light manufacturing, fishing, aluminum, food processing -Agriculture: - accounts for more than 50% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); the - major cash crop is cocoa; other principal crops - rice, coffee, cassava, - peanuts, corn, shea nuts, timber; normally self-sufficient in food -Illicit drugs: - illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $455 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.6 billion; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $78 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $106 - million -Currency: - cedi (plural - cedis); 1 cedi (C) = 100 pesewas -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Ghana Communications - -Railroads: - 953 km, all 1.067-meter gauge; 32 km double track; railroads undergoing - major renovation -Highways: - 32,250 km total; 6,084 km concrete or bituminous surface, 26,166 km gravel, - laterite, and improved earth surfaces -Inland waterways: - Volta, Ankobra, and Tano Rivers provide 168 km of perennial navigation for - launches and lighters; Lake Volta provides 1,125 km of arterial and feeder - waterways -Pipelines: - none -Ports: - Tema, Takoradi -Merchant marine: - 5 cargo and 1 refrigerated cargo (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 53,435 - GRT/69,167 DWT -Civil air: - 8 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 10 total, 9 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over - 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 7 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - poor to fair system handled primarily by microwave links; 42,300 telephones; - broadcast stations - 4 AM, 1 FM, 4 (8 translators) TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean - INTELSAT earth station - -:Ghana Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force, National Police Force, National Civil Defense -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 3,661,558; 2,049,842 fit for military service; 170,742 reach - military age (18) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $30 million, less than 1% of GNP (1989 est.) - -:Gibraltar Geography - -Total area: - 6.5 km2 -Land area: - 6.5 km2 -Comparative area: - about 11 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - 1.2 km; Spain 1.2 km -Coastline: - 12 km -Maritime claims: - Exclusive fishing zone: - 3 nm - Territorial sea: - 3 nm -Disputes: - source of occasional friction between Spain and the UK -Climate: - Mediterranean with mild winters and warm summers -Terrain: - a narrow coastal lowland borders The Rock -Natural resources: - negligible -Land use: - arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and - woodland 0%; other 100% -Environment: - natural freshwater sources are meager, so large water catchments (concrete - or natural rock) collect rain water -Note: - strategic location on Strait of Gibraltar that links the North Atlantic - Ocean and Mediterranean Sea - -:Gibraltar People - -Population: - 29,651 (July 1992), growth rate 0.1% (1992) -Birth rate: - 18 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - - 9 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 6 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 72 years male, 79 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 2.5 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Gibraltarian(s); adjective - Gibraltar -Ethnic divisions: - mostly Italian, English, Maltese, Portuguese, and Spanish descent -Religions: - Roman Catholic 74%, Protestant 11% (Church of England 8%, other 3%), Moslem - 8%, Jewish 2%, none or other 5% (1981) -Languages: - English and Spanish are primary languages; Italian, Portuguese, and Russian - also spoken; English used in the schools and for official purposes -Literacy: - NA% (male NA%, female NA%) -Labor force: - about 14,800 (including non-Gibraltar laborers); UK military establishments - and civil government employ nearly 50% of the labor force -Organized labor: - over 6,000 - -:Gibraltar Government - -Long-form name: - none -Digraph: - f Assembly *** last held on 24 March 1988 (next to be held March 1992); - results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (18 total, 15 elected) SL 8, - GCL/AACR 7 -Type: - dependent territory of the UK -Capital: - Gibraltar -Administrative divisions: - none (dependent territory of the UK) -Independence: - none (dependent territory of the UK) -Constitution: - 30 May 1969 -Legal system: - English law -National holiday: - Commonwealth Day (second Monday of March) -Executive branch: - British monarch, governor, chief minister, Gibraltar Council, Council of - Ministers (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral House of Assembly -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court, Court of Appeal -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor and - Commander in Chief Adm. Sir Derek REFFELL (since NA 1989) - Head of Government: - Chief Minister Joe BOSSANO (since 25 March 1988) -Political parties and leaders: - Socialist Labor Party (SL), Joe BOSSANO; Gibraltar Labor Party/Association - for the Advancement of Civil Rights (GCL/AACR), leader NA; Gibraltar Social - Democrats, Peter CARUANA; Gibraltar National Party, Joe GARCIA -Suffrage: - universal at age 18, plus other UK subjects resident six months or more -Elections: - House of Assembly: - last held on 24 March 1988 (next to be held March 1992); results - percent - of vote by party NA; seats - (18 total, 15 elected) SL 8, GCL/AACR 7 -Other political or pressure groups: - Housewives Association, Chamber of Commerce, Gibraltar Representatives - Organization -Diplomatic representation: - none (dependent territory of the UK) -Flag: - two horizontal bands of white (top, double width) and red with a - three-towered red castle in the center of the white band; hanging from the - castle gate is a gold key centered in the red band - -:Gibraltar Economy - -Overview: - The economy depends heavily on British defense expenditures, revenue from - tourists, fees for services to shipping, and revenues from banking and - finance activities. Because more than 70% of the economy is in the public - sector, changes in government spending have a major impact on the level of - employment. Construction workers are particularly affected when government - expenditures are cut. -GNP: - exchange rate conversion - $182 million, per capita $4,600; real growth rate - 5% (FY87) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 3.6% (1988) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $136 million; expenditures $139 million, including capital - expenditures of NA (FY88) -Exports: - $82 million (f.o.b., 1988) - commodities: - (principally reexports) petroleum 51%, manufactured goods 41%, other 8% - partners: - UK, Morocco, Portugal, Netherlands, Spain, US, FRG -Imports: - $258 million (c.i.f., 1988) - commodities: - fuels, manufactured goods, and foodstuffs - partners: - UK, Spain, Japan, Netherlands -External debt: - $318 million (1987) -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 47,000 kW capacity; 200 million kWh produced, 6,670 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - tourism, banking and finance, construction, commerce; support to large UK - naval and air bases; transit trade and supply depot in the port; light - manufacturing of tobacco, roasted coffee, ice, mineral waters, candy, beer, - and canned fish -Agriculture: - none -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $0.8 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $188 million -Currency: - Gibraltar pound (plural - pounds); 1 Gibraltar pound (#G) = 100 pence -Exchange rates: - Gibraltar pounds (#G) per US$1 - 0.5799 (March 1992), 0.5652 (1991), 0.5603 - (1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988), 0.6102 (1987); note - the Gibraltar - pound is at par with the British pound -Fiscal year: - 1 July - 30 June - -:Gibraltar Communications - -Railroads: - 1.000-meter-gauge system in dockyard area only -Highways: - 50 km, mostly good bitumen and concrete -Pipelines: - none -Ports: - Gibraltar -Merchant marine: - 21 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 795,356 GRT/1,490,737 DWT; includes 5 - cargo, 2 refrigerated cargo, 1 container, 6 petroleum tanker, 1 chemical - tanker, 6 bulk; note - a flag of convenience registry -Civil air: - 1 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 1 with permanent-surface runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - adequate, automatic domestic system and adequate international - radiocommunication and microwave facilities; 9,400 telephones; broadcast - stations - 1 AM, 6 FM, 4 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -:Gibraltar Defense Forces - -Branches: - British Army, Royal Navy, Royal Air Force -Note: - defense is the responsibility of the UK - -:Glorioso Islands Geography - -Total area: - 5 km2 -Land area: - 5 km2; includes Ile Glorieuse, Ile du Lys, Verte Rocks, Wreck Rock, and - South Rock -Comparative area: - about 8.5 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 35.2 km -Maritime claims: - Contiguous zone: - 12 nm - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - claimed by Madagascar -Climate: - tropical -Terrain: - undetermined -Natural resources: - guano, coconuts -Land use: - arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and - woodland 0%; other - lush vegetation and coconut palms 100% -Environment: - subject to periodic cyclones -Note: - located in the Indian Ocean just north of the Mozambique Channel between - Africa and Madagascar - -:Glorioso Islands People - -Population: - uninhabited - -:Glorioso Islands Government - -Long-form name: - none -Type: - French possession administered by Commissioner of the Republic Jacques - DEWATRE, resident in Reunion -Capital: - none; administered by France from Reunion - -:Glorioso Islands Economy - -Overview: - no economic activity - -:Glorioso Islands Communications - -Ports: - none; offshore anchorage only -Airports: - 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m - -:Glorioso Islands Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of France - -:Greece Geography - -Total area: - 131,940 km2 -Land area: - 130,800 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly smaller than Alabama -Land boundaries: - 1,210 km; Albania 282 km, Bulgaria 494 km, Turkey 206 km, Macedonia 228 km -Coastline: - 13,676 km -Maritime claims: - Continental shelf: - 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation - Territorial sea: - 6 nm, but Greece has threatened to claim 12 nm -Disputes: - air, continental shelf, and territorial water disputes with Turkey in Aegean - Sea; Cyprus question -Climate: - temperate; mild, wet winters; hot, dry summers -Terrain: - mostly mountains with ranges extending into sea as peninsulas or chains of - islands -Natural resources: - bauxite, lignite, magnesite, crude oil, marble -Land use: - arable land 23%; permanent crops 8%; meadows and pastures 40%; forest and - woodland 20%; other 9%; includes irrigated 7% -Environment: - subject to severe earthquakes; air pollution; archipelago of 2,000 islands -Note: - strategic location dominating the Aegean Sea and southern approach to - Turkish Straits - -:Greece People - -Population: - 10,064,250 (July 1992), growth rate 0.2% (1992) -Birth rate: - 11 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 9 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 10 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 75 years male, 81 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 1.5 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Greek(s); adjective - Greek -Ethnic divisions: - Greek 98%, other 2%; note - the Greek Government states there are no ethnic - divisions in Greece -Religions: - Greek Orthodox 98%, Muslim 1.3%, other 0.7% -Languages: - Greek (official); English and French widely understood -Literacy: - 93% (male 98%, female 89%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 3,657,000; services 44%, agriculture 27%, manufacturing and mining 20%, - construction 6% (1988) -Organized labor: - 10-15% of total labor force, 20-25% of urban labor force - -:Greece Government - -Long-form name: - Hellenic Republic -Type: - presidential parliamentary government; monarchy rejected by referendum 8 - December 1974 -Capital: - Athens -Administrative divisions: - 52 departments (nomoi, singular - nomos); Aitolia kai Akarnania, Akhaia, - Argolis, Arkadhia, Arta, Attiki, Dhodhekanisos, Dhrama, Evritania, Evros, - Evvoia, Florina, Fokis, Fthiotis, Grevena, Ilia, Imathia, Ioannina, - Iraklion, Kardhitsa, Kastoria, Kavala, Kefallinia, Kerkira, Khalkidhiki, - Khania, Khios, Kikladhes, Kilkis, Korinthia, Kozani, Lakonia, Larisa, - Lasithi, Lesvos, Levkas, Magnisia, Messinia, Pella, Pieria, Piraievs, - Preveza, Rethimni, Rodhopi, Samos, Serrai, Thesprotia, Thessaloniki, - Trikala, Voiotia, Xanthi, Zakinthos, autonomous region: Agios Oros (Mt. - Athos) -Independence: - 1829 (from the Ottoman Empire) -Constitution: - 11 June 1975 -Legal system: - based on codified Roman law; judiciary divided into civil, criminal, and - administrative courts -National holiday: - Independence Day (proclamation of the war of independence), 25 March (1821) -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral Greek Chamber of Deputies (Vouli ton Ellinon) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Konstantinos KARAMANLIS (since 5 May 1990); - - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Konstantinos MITSOTAKIS (since 11 April 1990) -Political parties and leaders: - New Democracy (ND; conservative), Konstantinos MITSOTAKIS; Panhellenic - Socialist Movement (PASOK), Andreas PAPANDREOU; Left Alliance, Maria - DAMANAKI; Democratic Renewal (DEANA), Konstantinos STEFANOPOULOS; Communist - Party (KKE), Aleka PAPARIGA; Ecologist-Alternative List, leader rotates -Suffrage: - universal and compulsory at age 18 -Elections: - Chamber of Deputies: - last held 8 April 1990 (next to be held April 1994); results - ND 46.89%, - PASOK 38.62%, Left Alliance 10.27%, PASOK/Left Alliance 1.02%, - Ecologist-Alternative List 0.77%, DEANA 0.67%, Muslim independents 0.5%; - seats - (300 total) ND 150, PASOK 123, Left Alliance 19, PASOK-Left Alliance - 4, Muslim independents 2, DEANA 1, Ecologist-Alternative List 1; note - one - DEANA deputy joined ND in July, giving ND 151 seats; in November, a special - electoral court ruled in favor of ND on a contested seat, at PASOK'S - expense; PASOK and the Left Alliance divided their four joint mandates - evenly, and the seven KKE deputies split off from the Left Alliance; new - configuration: ND 152, PASOK 124, Left Alliance 14, KKE 7, others unchanged - President: - last held 4 May 1990 (next to be held May 1995); results - Konstantinos - KARAMANLIS was elected by Parliament - -:Greece Government - -Communists: - an estimated 60,000 members and sympathizers -Member of: - AG, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, EIB, FAO, G-6, GATT, - IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, - INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NACC, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, - NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, - WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Christos ZACHARAKIS; Chancery at 2221 Massachusetts Avenue NW, - Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 939-5800; there are Greek Consulates - General in Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, New York, and San - Francisco, and a Consulate in New Orleans - US: - Ambassador Michael G. SOTIRHOS; Embassy at 91 Vasilissis Sophias Boulevard, - 10160 Athens (mailing address is APO AE 09842; telephone [30] (1) 721-2951 - or 721-8401; there is a US Consulate General in Thessaloniki -Flag: - nine equal horizontal stripes of blue alternating with white; there is a - blue square in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a white cross; the cross - symbolizes Greek Orthodoxy, the established religion of the country - -:Greece Economy - -Overview: - Greece has a mixed capitalistic economy with the basic entrepreneurial - system overlaid in 1981-89 by a socialist government that enlarged the - public sector from 55% of GDP in 1981 to about 70% when Prime Minister - Mitsotakis took office. Tourism continues as a major industry, and - agriculture - although handicapped by geographic limitations and fragmented, - small farms - is self-sufficient except for meat, dairy products, and animal - feedstuffs. The Mitsotakis government inherited several severe economic - problems from the preceding socialist and caretaker administrations, which - had neglected the runaway budget deficit, a ballooning current account - deficit, and accelerating inflation. In early 1991, the government secured a - $2.5 billion assistance package from the EC under the strictest terms yet - imposed on a member country, as the EC finally ran out of patience with - Greece's failure to put its financial affairs in order. Over the next three - years, Athens must bring inflation down to 7%, cut the current account - deficit and central government borrowing as a percentage of GDP, slash - public-sector employment by 10%, curb public-sector pay raises, and broaden - the tax base. -GDP: - purchasing power equivalent - $77.6 billion, per capita $7,730; real growth - rate 1.0% (1991) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 17.8% (1991) -Unemployment rate: - 8.6% (1991) -Budget: - revenues $24.0 billion; expenditures $33.0 billion, including capital - expenditures of $3.3 billion (1991) -Exports: - $6.4 billion (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - manufactured goods 48%, food and beverages 22%, fuels and lubricants 6% - partners: - Germany 22%, Italy 17%, France 10%, UK 7%, US 6% -Imports: - $18.7 billion (c.i.f., 1990) - commodities: - consumer goods 33%, machinery 17%, foodstuffs 12%, fuels and lubricants 8% - partners: - Germany 21%, Italy 15%, Netherlands 11%, France 8%, UK 5% -External debt: - $25.5 billion (1990) -Industrial production: - growth rate - 2.4% (1990); accounts for 22% of GDP -Electricity: - 10,500,000 kW capacity; 36,420 million kWh produced, 3,630 kWh per capita - (1991) -Industries: - food and tobacco processing, textiles, chemicals, metal products, tourism, - mining, petroleum -Agriculture: - including fishing and forestry, accounts for 17% of GDP and 27% of the labor - force; principal products - wheat, corn, barley, sugar beets, olives, - tomatoes, wine, tobacco, potatoes; self-sufficient in food except meat, - dairy products, and animal feedstuffs; fish catch of 115,000 metric tons in - 1988 -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-81), $525 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1,390 million - -:Greece Economy - -Currency: - drachma (plural - drachmas); 1 drachma (Dr) = 100 lepta -Exchange rates: - drachma (Dr) per US$1 - 182.33 (January 1992), 182.27 (1991), 158.51 (1990), - 162.42 (1989), 141.86 (1988), 135.43 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Greece Communications - -Railroads: - 2,479 km total; 1,565 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, of which 36 km - electrified and 100 km double track, 892 km 1.000-meter gauge; 22 km - 0.750-meter narrow gauge; all government owned -Highways: - 38,938 km total; 16,090 km paved, 13,676 km crushed stone and gravel, 5,632 - km improved earth, 3,540 km unimproved earth -Inland waterways: - 80 km; system consists of three coastal canals and three unconnected rivers -Pipelines: - crude oil 26 km; petroleum products 547 km -Ports: - Piraievs, Thessaloniki -Merchant marine: - 977 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 23,450,910 GRT/42,934,863 DWT; - includes 15 passenger, 66 short-sea passenger, 2 passenger-cargo, 136 cargo, - 24 container, 15 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 18 refrigerated cargo, 1 vehicle - carrier, 196 petroleum tanker, 18 chemical tanker, 9 liquefied gas, 37 - combination ore/oil, 3 specialized tanker, 417 bulk, 19 combination bulk, 1 - livestock carrier; note - ethnic Greeks also own large numbers of ships - under the registry of Liberia, Panama, Cyprus, Malta, and The Bahamas -Civil air: - 39 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 77 total, 77 usable; 77 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways - over 3,659 m; 19 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 23 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - adequate, modern networks reach all areas; 4,080,000 telephones; microwave - carries most traffic; extensive open-wire network; submarine cables to - off-shore islands; broadcast stations - 29 AM, 17 (20 repeaters) FM, 361 TV; - tropospheric links, 8 submarine cables; 1 satellite earth station operating - in INTELSAT (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean antenna), and EUTELSAT - systems - -:Greece Defense Forces - -Branches: - Hellenic Army, Hellenic Navy, Hellenic Air Force, Police -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 2,453,756; 1,883,152 fit for military service; 73,913 reach - military age (21) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $3.8 billion, 5.6% of GDP (1991) - -:Greenland Geography - -Total area: - 2,175,600 km2 -Land area: - 341,700 km2 (ice free) -Comparative area: - slightly more than three times the size of Texas -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 44,087 km -Maritime claims: - Exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 3 nm -Disputes: - Denmark has challenged Norway's maritime claims between Greenland and Jan - Mayen -Climate: - arctic to subarctic; cool summers, cold winters -Terrain: - flat to gradually sloping icecap covers all but a narrow, mountainous, - barren, rocky coast -Natural resources: - zinc, lead, iron ore, coal, molybdenum, cryolite, uranium, fish -Land use: - arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 1%; forest and - woodland NEGL%; other 99% -Environment: - sparse population confined to small settlements along coast; continuous - permafrost over northern two-thirds of the island -Note: - dominates North Atlantic Ocean between North America and Europe - -:Greenland People - -Population: - 57,407 (July 1992), growth rate 1.1% (1992) -Birth rate: - 19 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 27 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 63 years male, 69 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 2.2 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Greenlander(s); adjective - Greenlandic -Ethnic divisions: - Greenlander (Eskimos and Greenland-born Caucasians) 86%, Danish 14% -Religions: - Evangelical Lutheran -Languages: - Eskimo dialects, Danish -Literacy: - NA% (male NA%, female NA%) -Labor force: - 22,800; largely engaged in fishing, hunting, sheep breeding -Organized labor: - NA - -:Greenland Government - -Long-form name: - none -Type: - part of the Danish realm; self-governing overseas administrative division -Capital: - Nuuk (Godthab) -Administrative divisions: - 3 municipalities (kommuner, - singular - kommun); - Nordgronland, - Ostgrnland, Vestgronland -Independence: - part of the Danish realm; self-governing overseas administrative division -Constitution: - Danish -Legal system: - Danish -National holiday: - Birthday of the Queen, 16 April (1940) -Executive branch: - Danish monarch, high commissioner, home rule chairman, prime minister, - Cabinet (Landsstyre) -Legislative branch: - unicameral Parliament (Landsting) -Judicial branch: - High Court (Landsret) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen MARGRETHE II (since 14 January 1972), represented by High Commissioner - Bent KLINTE (since NA) - Head of Government: - Home Rule Chairman Lars Emil JOHANSEN (since 15 March 1991) -Political parties and leaders: - two-party ruling coalition - Siumut (a moderate socialist party that - advocates more distinct Greenlandic identity and greater autonomy from - Denmark), Lars Emil JOHANSEN, chairman; - Inuit - Ataqatigiit - (IA; - a - - Marxist-Leninist party that favors complete independence from Denmark rather - than home rule), leader NA; Atassut Party (a more conservative party that - favors continuing close relations with Denmark), leader NA; Polar Party - (conservative-Greenland nationalist), leader NA; Center Party (a new - nonsocialist protest party), leader NA -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - Danish Folketing: - last held on 12 December 1990 (next to be held by December 1994); Greenland - elects two representatives to the Folketing; results - percent of vote by - party NA; seats - (2 total) Siumut 1, Atassut 1 - Landsting: - last held on 5 March 1991 (next to be held 5 March 1995); results - percent - of vote by party NA; seats - (27 total) Siumut 11, Atassut Party 8, Inuit - Ataqatigiit 5, Center Party 2, Polar Party 1 -Member of: - NC -Diplomatic representation: - none (self-governing overseas administrative division of Denmark) -Flag: - two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red with a large disk slightly - to the hoist side of center - the top half of the disk is red, the bottom - half is white - -:Greenland Economy - -Overview: - Over the past 25 years, the economy has changed from one based on - subsistence whaling, hunting, and fishing to one dependent on foreign trade. - Fishing is still the most important industry, accounting for over 75% of - exports and about 25% of the population's income. Maintenance of a social - welfare system similar to Denmark's has given the public sector a dominant - role in the economy. In 1990, the economy became critically dependent on - shrimp exports and on an annual subsidy (now about $500 million) from the - Danish Government because cod exports dropped off and commercial mineral - production stopped. As of 1992, the government also has taken control of the - health sector from Denmark. The new Home Rule government installed in March - 1991 has decided to end much of the central control of the economy and to - open it wider to competitive forces. -GNP: - purchasing power equivalent - $500 million, per capita $9,000; real growth - rate 5% (1988) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - l.6% (1991) -Unemployment rate: - 9% (1990 est.) -Budget: - revenues $381 million; expenditures $381 million, including capital - expenditures of $36 million (1989) -Exports: - $435 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) - commodities: - fish and fish products 83%, metallic ores and concentrates 13% - partners: - Denmark 79%, Benelux 9%, Germany 5% -Imports: - $420 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.) - commodities: - manufactured goods 28%, machinery and transport equipment 24%, food and live - animals 12.4%, petroleum and petroleum products 12% - partners: - Denmark 65%, Norway 8.8%, US 4.6%, Germany 3.8%, Japan 3.8%, Sweden 2.4% -External debt: - $480 million (1990 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 84,000 kW capacity; 176 million kWh produced, 3,180 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - fish processing (mainly shrimp), potential for platinum and gold mining, - handicrafts, shipyards -Agriculture: - sector dominated by fishing and sheep raising; crops limited to forage and - small garden vegetables; 1988 fish catch of 133,500 metric tons -Economic aid: - none -Currency: - Danish krone (plural - kroner); 1 Danish krone (DKr) = 100 re -Exchange rates: - Danish kroner (DKr) per US$1 - 6.447 (March 1992), 6.396 (1991), 6.189 - (1990), 7.310 (1989), 6.732 (1988), 6.840 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Greenland Communications - -Highways: - 80 km -Ports: - Kangerluarsoruseq (Faeringehavn), Paamiut (Frederikshaab), Nuuk (Godthaab), - Sisimiut (Holsteinsborg), Julianehaab, Maarmorilik, North Star Bay -Merchant marine: - 1 refrigerated cargo (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,021 GRT/1,778 DWT; note - - operates under the registry of Denmark -Civil air: - 2 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 11 total, 8 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over - 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - adequate domestic and international service provided by cables and - microwave; 17,900 telephones; broadcast stations - 5 AM, 7 (35 repeaters) - FM, 4 (9 repeaters) TV; 2 coaxial submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean - INTELSAT earth station - -:Greenland Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is responsibility of Denmark - -:Grenada Geography - -Total area: - 340 km2 -Land area: - 340 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly less than twice the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 121 km -Maritime claims: - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; tempered by northeast trade winds -Terrain: - volcanic in origin with central mountains -Natural resources: - timber, tropical fruit, deepwater harbors -Land use: - arable land 15%; permanent crops 26%; meadows and pastures 3%; forest and - woodland 9%; other 47% -Environment: - lies on edge of hurricane belt; hurricane season lasts from June to November -Note: - islands of the Grenadines group are divided politically with Saint Vincent - and the Grenadines - -:Grenada People - -Population: - 83,556 (July 1992), growth rate - 0.3% (1992) -Birth rate: - 34 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - - 30 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 28 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 69 years male, 74 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 4.6 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Grenadian(s); adjective - Grenadian -Ethnic divisions: - mainly of black African descent -Religions: - largely Roman Catholic; Anglican; other Protestant sects -Languages: - English (official); some French patois -Literacy: - 98% (male 98%, female 98%) age 15 and over having ever attended school - (1970) -Labor force: - 36,000; services 31%, agriculture 24%, construction 8%, manufacturing 5%, - other 32% (1985) -Organized labor: - 20% of labor force - -:Grenada Government - -Long-form name: - none -Type: - parliamentary democracy -Capital: - Saint George's -Administrative divisions: - 6 parishes and 1 dependency*; Carriacou and Little Martinique*, Saint - Andrew, Saint David, Saint George, Saint John, Saint Mark, Saint Patrick -Independence: - 7 February 1974 (from UK) -Constitution: - 19 December 1973 -Legal system: - based on English common law -National holiday: - Independence Day, 7 February (1974) -Executive branch: - British monarch, governor general, prime minister, Ministers of Government - (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house - or House of Representatives -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General - Sir Paul SCOON (since 30 September 1978) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Nicholas BRATHWAITE (since 13 March 1990) -Political parties and leaders: - National Democratic Congress (NDC), Nicholas BRATHWAITE; Grenada United - Labor Party (GULP), Sir Eric GAIRY; The National Party (TNP), Ben JONES; New - National Party (NNP), Keith MITCHELL; Maurice Bishop Patriotic Movement - (MBPM), Terrence MARRYSHOW; New Jewel Movement (NJM), Bernard COARD -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - House of Representatives: - last held on 13 March 1990 (next to be held by NA March 1996); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (15 total) NDC 8, GULP 3, TNP 2, NNP 2 -Member of: - ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, - ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LAES, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OECS, OPANAL, UN, - UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Denneth MODESTE; Chancery at 1701 New Hampshire Avenue NW, - Washington, DC 20009; telephone (202) 265-2561; there is a Grenadian - Consulate General in New York - US: - Charge d'Affaires Annette VELER; Embassy at Ross Point Inn, Saint George's - (mailing address is P. O. Box 54, Saint George's); telephone (809) 444-1173 - through 1178 - -:Grenada Government - -Flag: - a rectangle divided diagonally into yellow triangles (top and bottom) and - green triangles (hoist side and outer side) with a red border around the - flag; there are seven yellow five-pointed stars with three centered in the - top red border, three centered in the bottom red border, and one on a red - disk superimposed at the center of the flag; there is also a symbolic nutmeg - pod on the hoist-side triangle (Grenada is the world's second-largest - producer of nutmeg, after Indonesia); the seven stars represent the seven - administrative divisions - -:Grenada Economy - -Overview: - The economy is essentially agricultural and centers on the traditional - production of spices and tropical plants. Agriculture accounts for about 16% - of GDP and 80% of exports and employs 24% of the labor force. Tourism is the - leading foreign exchange earner, followed by agricultural exports. - Manufacturing remains relatively undeveloped, but is expected to grow, given - a more favorable private investment climate since 1983. Despite an - impressive average annual growth rate for the economy of 5.5% during the - period 1986-91, unemployment remains high at about 25%. -GDP: - purchasing power equivalent - $238 million, per capita $2,800 (1989); real - growth rate 5.2% (1990 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 7.0% (1990) -Unemployment rate: - 25% (1990 est.) -Budget: - revenues $54.9 million; expenditures $77.6 million, including capital - expenditures of $16.6 million (1990 est.) -Exports: - $26.0 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) - commodities: - nutmeg 36%, cocoa beans 9%, bananas 14%, mace 8%, textiles 5% - partners: - US 12%, UK, FRG, Netherlands, Trinidad and Tobago (1989) -Imports: - $105.0 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.) - commodities: - food 25%, manufactured goods 22%, machinery 20%, chemicals 10%, fuel 6% - (1989) - partners: - US 29%, UK, Trinidad and Tobago, Japan, Canada (1989) -External debt: - $90 million (1990 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 5.8% (1989 est.); accounts for 6% of GDP -Electricity: - 12,500 kW capacity; 26 million kWh produced, 310 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - food and beverage, textile, light assembly operations, tourism, construction -Agriculture: - accounts for 16% of GDP and 80% of exports; bananas, cocoa, nutmeg, and mace - account for two-thirds of total crop production; world's second-largest - producer and fourth-largest exporter of nutmeg and mace; small-size farms - predominate, growing a variety of citrus fruits, avocados, root crops, - sugarcane, corn, and vegetables -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY84-89), $60 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $70 million; - Communist countries (1970-89), $32 million -Currency: - East Caribbean dollar (plural - dollars); 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Grenada Communications - -Highways: - 1,000 km total; 600 km paved, 300 km otherwise improved; 100 km unimproved -Ports: - Saint George's -Civil air: - no major transport aircraft -Airports: - 3 total, 3 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over - 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - automatic, islandwide telephone system with 5,650 telephones; new SHF radio - links to Trinidad and Tobago and Saint Vincent; VHF and UHF radio links to - Trinidad and Carriacou; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, 1 TV - -:Grenada Defense Forces - -Branches: - Royal Grenada Police Force, Coast Guard -Manpower availability: - NA -Defense expenditures: - $NA, NA% of GDP - -:Guadeloupe Geography - -Total area: - 1,780 km2 -Land area: - 1,760 km2 -Comparative area: - 10 times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 306 km -Maritime claims: - Continental shelf: - 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - subtropical tempered by trade winds; relatively high humidity -Terrain: - Basse-Terre is volcanic in origin with interior mountains; Grand-Terre is - low limestone formation -Natural resources: - cultivable land, beaches, and climate that foster tourism -Land use: - arable land 18%; permanent crops 5%; meadows and pastures 13%; forest and - woodland 40%; other 24%; includes irrigated 1% -Environment: - subject to hurricanes (June to October); La Soufriere is an active volcano -Note: - located 500 km southeast of Puerto Rico in the Caribbean Sea - -:Guadeloupe People - -Population: - 409,132 (July 1992), growth rate 2.1% (1992) -Birth rate: - 19 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 8 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 10 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 74 years male, 80 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 2.0 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Guadeloupian(s); adjective - Guadeloupe -Ethnic divisions: - black or mulatto 90%; white 5%; East Indian, Lebanese, Chinese less than 5% -Religions: - Roman Catholic 95%, Hindu and pagan African 5% -Languages: - French, creole patois -Literacy: - 90% (male 90%, female 91%) age 15 and over can read and write (1982) -Labor force: - 120,000; 53.0% services, government, and commerce, 25.8% industry, 21.2% - agriculture -Organized labor: - 11% of labor force - -:Guadeloupe Government - -Long-form name: - Department of Guadeloupe -Type: - overseas department of France -Capital: - Basse-Terre -Administrative divisions: - none (overseas department of France) -Independence: - none (overseas department of France) -Constitution: - 28 September 1958 (French Constitution) -Legal system: - French legal system -National holiday: - Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789) -Executive branch: - government commissioner -Legislative branch: - unicameral General Council and unicameral Regional Council -Judicial branch: - Court of Appeal (Cour d'Appel) with jurisdiction over Guadeloupe, French - Guiana, and Martinique -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981) - Head of Government: - Commissioner of the Republic Jean-Paul PROUST (since November 1989) -Political parties and leaders: - Rally for the Republic (RPR), Marlene CAPTANT; Communist Party of Guadeloupe - (PCG), Christian Medard CELESTE; Socialist Party (PSG), Dominique LARIFLA; - Popular Union for the Liberation of Guadeloupe (UPLG); Independent - Republicans; Union for French Democracy (UDF); Union for a New Majority - (UNM) -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - French National Assembly: - last held on 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held June 1994); Guadeloupe - elects four representatives; results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - - (4 total) PS 2 seats, RPR 1 seat, PCG 1 seat - French Senate: - last held on 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held June 1994); Guadeloupe - elects two representatives; results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - - (2 total) PCG 1, PS 1 - General Council: - last held NA 1986 (next to be held by NA 1992); results - percent of vote by - party NA; seats - (42 total) number of seats by party NA - Regional Council: - last held on 16 March 1992 (next to be held by 16 March 1998); results - RPR - 33.1%, PSG 28.7%, PCG 23.8%, UDF 10.7%, other 3.7%; seats - (41 total) RPR - 15, PSG 12, PCG 10, UDF 4 -Communists: - 3,000 est. -Other political or pressure groups: - Popular Union for the Liberation of Guadeloupe (UPLG); Popular Movement for - Independent Guadeloupe (MPGI); General Union of Guadeloupe Workers (UGTG); - General Federation of Guadeloupe Workers (CGT-G); Christian Movement for the - Liberation of Guadeloupe (KLPG) - -:Guadeloupe Government - -Member of: - FZ, WCL -Diplomatic representation: - as an overseas department of France, the interests of Guadeloupe are - represented in the US by France -Flag: - the flag of France is used - -:Guadeloupe Economy - -Overview: - The economy depends on agriculture, tourism, light industry, and services. - It is also dependent upon France for large subsidies and imports. Tourism is - a key industry, with most tourists from the US. In addition, an increasingly - large number of cruise ships visit the islands. The traditionally important - sugarcane crop is slowly being replaced by other crops, such as bananas - (which now supply about 50% of export earnings), eggplant, and flowers. - Other vegetables and root crops are cultivated for local consumption, - although Guadeloupe is still dependent on imported food, which comes mainly - from France. Light industry consists mostly of sugar and rum production. - Most manufactured goods and fuel are imported. Unemployment is especially - high among the young. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $1.1 billion, per capita $3,300; real growth rate - NA% (1987) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 2.3% (1988) -Unemployment rate: - 38% (1987) -Budget: - revenues $254 million; expenditures $254 million, including capital - expenditures of NA (1989) -Exports: - $153 million (f.o.b., 1988) - commodities: - bananas, sugar, rum - partners: - France 68%, Martinique 22% (1987) -Imports: - $1.2 billion (c.i.f., 1988) - commodities: - vehicles, foodstuffs, clothing and other consumer goods, construction - materials, petroleum products - partners: - France 64%, Italy, FRG, US (1987) -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 171,500 kW capacity; 441 million kWh produced, 1,279 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - construction, cement, rum, sugar, tourism -Agriculture: - cash crops - bananas and sugarcane; other products include tropical fruits - and vegetables; livestock - cattle, pigs, and goats; not self-sufficient in - food -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $4 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $8.235 billion -Currency: - French franc (plural - francs); 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes -Exchange rates: - French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.6397 (March 1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453 - (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988), 6.0107 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Guadeloupe Communications - -Railroads: - privately owned, narrow-gauge plantation lines -Highways: - 1,940 km total; 1,600 km paved, 340 km gravel and earth -Ports: - Pointe-a-Pitre, Basse-Terre -Civil air: - 2 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 9 total, 9 usable, 8 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over - 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - domestic facilities inadequate; 57,300 telephones; interisland radio relay - to Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, and Martinique; broadcast stations - 2 AM, - 8 FM (30 private stations licensed to broadcast FM), 9 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean - INTELSAT ground station - -:Guadeloupe Defense Forces - -Branches: - French Forces, Gendarmerie -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 98,069; NA fit for military service -Note: - defense is responsibility of France - -:Guam Geography - -Total area: - 541.3 km2 -Land area: - 541.3 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly more than three times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 125.5 km -Maritime claims: - Contiguous zone: - 12 nm - Continental shelf: - 200 m (depth) - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical marine; generally warm and humid, moderated by northeast trade - winds; dry season from January to June, rainy season from July to December; - little seasonal temperature variation -Terrain: - volcanic origin, surrounded by coral reefs; relatively flat coraline - limestone plateau (source of most fresh water) with steep coastal cliffs and - narrow coastal plains in north, low-rising hills in center, mountains in - south -Natural resources: - fishing (largely undeveloped), tourism (especially from Japan) -Land use: - arable land 11%; permanent crops 11%; meadows and pastures 15%; forest and - woodland 18%; other 45% -Environment: - frequent squalls during rainy season; subject to relatively rare, but - potentially very destructive typhoons (especially in August) -Note: - largest and southernmost island in the Mariana Islands archipelago; - strategic location in western North Pacific Ocean 5,955 km west-southwest of - Honolulu about three-quarters of the way between Hawaii and the Philippines - -:Guam People - -Population: - 142,271 (July 1992), growth rate 2.6% (1992) -Birth rate: - 27 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 4 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 3 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 15 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 72 years male, 76 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 2.5 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Guamanian(s); adjective - Guamanian; note - Guamanians are US - citizens -Ethnic divisions: - Chamorro 47%, Filipino 25%, Caucasian 10%, Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and - other 18% -Religions: - Roman Catholic 98%, other 2% -Languages: - English and Chamorro, most residents bilingual; Japanese also widely spoken -Literacy: - 96% (male 96%, female 96%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980) -Labor force: - 46,930; federal and territorial government 40%, private 60% (trade 18%, - services 15.6%, construction 13.8%, other 12.6%) (1990) -Organized labor: - 13% of labor force - -:Guam Government - -Long-form name: - Territory of Guam -Type: - organized, unincorporated territory of the US; policy relations between Guam - and the US are under the jurisdiction of the Office of Territorial and - International Affairs, US Department of the Interior -Capital: - Agana -Administrative divisions: - none (territory of the US) -Independence: - none (territory of the US) -Constitution: - Organic Act of 1 August 1950 -Legal system: - NA -National holiday: - Guam Discovery Day (first Monday in March), Liberation Day (July 21), US - Government holidays -Executive branch: - President of the US, governor, lieutenant governor, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral Legislature -Judicial branch: - Federal District Court of Guam, Territorial Superior Court of Guam -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President George BUSH (since 20 January 1989) - Head of Government: - Governor Joseph A. ADA (since November 1986); Lieutenant Governor Frank F. - BLAS -Political parties and leaders: - Democratic Party (controls the legislature); Republican Party (party of the - Governor) -Suffrage: - universal at age 18; US citizens, but do not vote in US presidential - elections -Elections: - Governor: - last held on 6 November 1990 (next to be held November 1994); results - - Joseph F. ADA reelected - Legislature: - last held on 6 November 1990 (next to be held November 1992); a byelection - was held in April 1991 to replace a deceased legislator, results - percent - of vote by party NA; seats - (21 total) Democratic 11, Republican 10 - US House of Representatives: - last held 6 November 1990 (next to be held 3 November 1992); Guam elects one - nonvoting delegate; results - Ben BLAZ was elected as the nonacting - delegate; seats - (1 total) Republican 1 -Member of: - ESCAP (associate), IOC, SPC -Diplomatic representation: - none (territory of the US) -Flag: - territorial flag is dark blue with a narrow red border on all four sides; - centered is a red-bordered, pointed, vertical ellipse containing a beach - scene, outrigger canoe with sail, and a palm tree with the word GUAM - superimposed in bold red letters; US flag is the national flag - -:Guam Economy - -Overview: - The economy is based on US military spending and on revenues from tourism. - Over the past 20 years the tourist industry has grown rapidly, creating a - construction boom for new hotels and the expansion of older ones. Visitors - numbered about 900,000 in 1990. The small manufacturing sector includes - textiles and clothing, beverage, food, and watch production. About 60% of - the labor force works for the private sector and the rest for government. - Most food and industrial goods are imported, with about 75% from the US. In - 1991 the unemployment rate was about 4.1%. -GNP: - purchasing power equivalent - $2.0 billion, per capita $14,000; real growth - rate NA% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 12.6% (1991) -Unemployment rate: - 4.1% (1991 est.) -Budget: - revenues $525 million; expenditures $395 million, including capital - expenditures of $NA. -Exports: - $34 million (f.o.b., 1984) - commodities: - mostly transshipments of refined petroleum products, construction materials, - fish, food and beverage products - partners: - US 25%, Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands 63%, other 12% -Imports: - $493 million (c.i.f., 1984) - commodities: - petroleum and petroleum products, food, manufactured goods - partners: - US 23%, Japan 19%, other 58% -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 500,000 kW capacity; 2,300 million kWh produced, 16,300 kWh per capita - (1990) -Industries: - US military, tourism, construction, transshipment services, concrete - products, printing and publishing, food processing, textiles -Agriculture: - relatively undeveloped with most food imported; fruits, vegetables, eggs, - pork, poultry, beef, copra -Economic aid: - although Guam receives no foreign aid, it does receive large transfer - payments from the general revenues of the US Federal Treasury into which - Guamanians pay no income or excise taxes; under the provisions of a special - law of Congress, the Guamanian Treasury, rather than the US Treasury, - receives federal income taxes paid by military and civilian Federal - employees stationed in Guam -Currency: - US currency is used -Exchange rates: - US currency is used -Fiscal year: - 1 October - 30 September - -:Guam Communications - -Highways: - 674 km all-weather roads -Ports: - Apra Harbor -Airports: - 5 total, 4 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over - 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; none with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - 26,317 telephones (1989); broadcast stations - 3 AM, 3 FM, 3 TV; 2 Pacific - Ocean INTELSAT ground stations - -:Guam Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of the US - -:Guatemala Geography - -Total area: - 108,890 km2 -Land area: - 108,430 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly smaller than Tennessee -Land boundaries: - 1,687 km; Belize 266 km, El Salvador 203 km, Honduras 256 km, Mexico 962 km -Coastline: - 400 km -Maritime claims: - Continental shelf: - not specific - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - claims Belize, but boundary negotiations to resolve the dispute have begun -Climate: - tropical; hot, humid in lowlands; cooler in highlands -Terrain: - mostly mountains with narrow coastal plains and rolling limestone plateau - (Peten) -Natural resources: - crude oil, nickel, rare woods, fish, chicle -Land use: - arable land 12%; permanent crops 4%; meadows and pastures 12%; forest and - woodland 40%; other 32%; includes irrigated 1% -Environment: - numerous volcanoes in mountains, with frequent violent earthquakes; - Caribbean coast subject to hurricanes and other tropical storms; - deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution -Note: - no natural harbors on west coast - -:Guatemala People - -Population: - 9,784,275 (July 1992), growth rate 2.4% (1992) -Birth rate: - 34 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - -2 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 56 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 61 years male, 66 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 4.6 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Guatemalan(s); adjective - Guatemalan -Ethnic divisions: - Ladino (mestizo - mixed Indian and European ancestry) 56%, Indian 44% -Religions: - predominantly Roman Catholic; also Protestant, traditional Mayan -Languages: - Spanish, but over 40% of the population speaks an Indian language as a - primary tongue (18 Indian dialects, including Quiche, Cakchiquel, Kekchi) -Literacy: - 55% (male 63%, female 47%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 2,500,000; agriculture 60%, services 13%, manufacturing 12%, commerce 7%, - construction 4%, transport 3%, utilities 0.8%, mining 0.4% (1985) -Organized labor: - 8% of labor force (1988 est.) - -:Guatemala Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Guatemala -Type: - republic -Capital: - Guatemala -Administrative divisions: - 22 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Alta Verapaz, Baja - Verapaz, Chimaltenango, Chiquimula, El Progreso, Escuintla, Guatemala, - Huehuetenango, Izabal, Jalapa, Jutiapa, Peten, Quetzaltenango, Quiche, - Retalhuleu, Sacatepequez, San Marcos, Santa Rosa, Solola, Suchitepequez, - Totonicapan, Zacapa -Independence: - 15 September 1821 (from Spain) -Constitution: - 31 May 1985, effective 14 January 1986 -Legal system: - civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted - compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Independence Day, 15 September (1821) -Executive branch: - president, vice president, Council of Ministers (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral Congress of the Republic (Congreso de la Republica) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia) -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Jorge SERRANO Elias (since 14 January 1991); Vice President - Gustavo ESPINA Salguero (since 14 January 1991) -Political parties and leaders: - National Centrist Union (UCN), Jorge CARPIO Nicolle; Solidarity Action - Movement (MAS), Jorge SERRANO Elias; Christian Democratic Party (DCG), - Alfonso CABRERA Hidalgo; National Advancement Party (PAN), Alvaro ARZU - Irigoyen; National Liberation Movement (MLN), Mario SANDOVAL Alarcon; Social - Democratic Party (PSD), Mario SOLARZANO Martinez; Popular Alliance 5 (AP-5), - Max ORLANDO Molina; Revolutionary Party (PR), Carlos CHAVARRIA; National - Authentic Center (CAN), Hector MAYORA Dawe; Democratic Institutional Party - (PID), Oscar RIVAS; Nationalist United Front (FUN), Gabriel GIRON; - Guatemalan Republican Front (FRG), Efrain RIOS Montt -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - Congress: - last held on 11 November 1990 (next to be held 11 November 1995); results - - UCN 25.6%, MAS 24.3%, DCG 17. 5%, PAN 17.3%, MLN 4.8%, PSD/AP-5 3.6%, PR - 2.1%; seats - (116 total) UCN 38, DCG 27, MAS 18, PAN 12, Pro - Rios Montt - 10, MLN 4, PR 1, PSD/AP-5 1, independent 5 - President: - runoff held on 11 January 1991 (next to be held 11 November 1995); results - - Jorge SERRANO Elias (MAS) 68.1%, Jorge CARPIO Nicolle (UCN) 31.9% -Communists: - Guatemalan Labor Party (PGT); main radical left guerrilla groups - Guerrilla - Army of the Poor (EGP), Revolutionary Organization of the People in Arms - (ORPA), Rebel Armed Forces (FAR), and PGT dissidents - -:Guatemala Government - -Other political or pressure groups: - Federated Chambers of Commerce and Industry (CACIF), Mutual Support Group - (GAM), Unity for Popular and Labor Action (UASP), Agrarian Owners Group - (UNAGRO), Committee for Campesino Unity (CUC) -Member of: - BCIE, CACM, CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, - ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, - LAES, LAIA, LORCS, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, - WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Juan Jose CASO-FANJUL; Chancery at 2220 R Street NW, Washington, - DC 20008; telephone (202) 745-4952 through 4954; there are Guatemalan - Consulates General in Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New - York, and San Francisco - US: - Ambassador Thomas F. STROOCK; Embassy at 7-01 Avenida de la Reforma, Zone - 10, Guatemala City (mailing address is APO AA 34024); telephone [502] (2) - 31-15-41 -Flag: - three equal vertical bands of light blue (hoist side), white, and light blue - with the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms includes - a green and red quetzal (the national bird) and a scroll bearing the - inscription LIBERTAD 15 DE SEPTIEMBRE DE 1821 (the original date of - independence from Spain) all superimposed on a pair of crossed rifles and a - pair of crossed swords and framed by a wreath - -:Guatemala Economy - -Overview: - The economy is based on family and corporate agriculture, which accounts for - 26% of GDP, employs about 60% of the labor force, and supplies two-thirds of - exports. Manufacturing, predominantly in private hands, accounts for about - 18% of GDP and 12% of the labor force. In both 1990 and 1991, the economy - grew by 3%, the fourth and fifth consecutive years of mild growth. Inflation - at 40% in 1990-91 was more than double the 1987-89 level. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $11.7 billion, per capita $1,260; real growth - rate 3% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 40% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 6.7%, with 30-40% underemployment (1989 est.) -Budget: - revenues $1.05 billion; expenditures $1.3 billion, including capital - expenditures of $270 million (1989 est.) -Exports: - $1.16 billion (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - coffee 26%, sugar 13%, bananas 7%, beef 2% - partners: - US 39%, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Germany, Honduras -Imports: - $1.66 billion (c.i.f., 1990) - commodities: - fuel and petroleum products, machinery, grain, fertilizers, motor vehicles - partners: - US 40%, Mexico, Venezuela, Japan, Germany -External debt: - $2.6 billion (December 1990 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate NA; accounts for 18% of GDP -Electricity: - 802,600 kW capacity; 2,461 million kWh produced, 266 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - sugar, textiles and clothing, furniture, chemicals, petroleum, metals, - rubber, tourism -Agriculture: - accounts for 26% of GDP; most important sector of economy and contributes - two-thirds of export earnings; principal crops - sugarcane, corn, bananas, - coffee, beans, cardamom; livestock - cattle, sheep, pigs, chickens; food - importer -Illicit drugs: - illicit producer of opium poppy and cannabis for the international drug - trade; the government has an active eradication program for cannabis and - opium poppy; transit country for cocaine shipments -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-90), $1.1 billion; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $7.92 billion -Currency: - quetzal (plural - quetzales); 1 quetzal (Q) = 100 centavos -Exchange rates: - free market quetzales (Q) per US$1 - 5.0854 (January 1992), 5.0289 (1991), - 2.8161 (1989), 2.6196 (1988), 2.500 (1987); note - black-market rate 2.800 - (May 1989) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Guatemala Communications - -Railroads: - 884 km 0.914-meter gauge, single track; 782 km government owned, 102 km - privately owned -Highways: - 26,429 km total; 2,868 km paved, 11,421 km gravel, and 12,140 unimproved -Inland waterways: - 260 km navigable year round; additional 730 km navigable during high-water - season -Pipelines: - crude oil 275 km -Ports: - Puerto Barrios, Puerto Quetzal, Santo Tomas de Castilla -Merchant marine: - 1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,129 GRT/6,450 DWT -Civil air: - 8 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 448 total, 400 usable; 11 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways - over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 19 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - fairly modern network centered in Guatemala [city]; 97,670 telephones; - broadcast stations - 91 AM, no FM, 25 TV, 15 shortwave; connection into - Central American Microwave System; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -:Guatemala Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 2,169,073; 1,420,116 fit for military service; 107,239 reach - military age (18) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $113 million, 1% of GDP (1990) - -:Guernsey Geography - -Total area: - 194 km2 -Land area: - 194 km2; includes Alderney, Guernsey, Herm, Sark, and some other smaller - islands -Comparative area: - slightly larger than Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 50 km -Maritime claims: - Exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 3 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - temperate with mild winters and cool summers; about 50% of days are overcast -Terrain: - mostly level with low hills in southwest -Natural resources: - cropland -Land use: - arable land NA%; permanent crops NA%; meadows and pastures NA%; forest and - woodland NA%; other NA%; cultivated about 50% -Environment: - large, deepwater harbor at Saint Peter Port -Note: - 52 km west of France - -:Guernsey People - -Population: - 57,949 (July 1992), growth rate 0.6% (1992) -Birth rate: - 12 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 11 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 5 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 6 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 72 years male, 78 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 1.6 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Channel Islander(s); adjective - Channel Islander -Ethnic divisions: - UK and Norman-French descent -Religions: - Anglican, Roman Catholic, Presbyterian, Baptist, Congregational, Methodist -Languages: - English, French; Norman-French dialect spoken in country districts -Literacy: - NA% (male NA%, female NA%) but compulsory education age 5 to 16 -Labor force: - NA -Organized labor: - NA - -:Guernsey Government - -Long-form name: - Bailiwick of Guernsey -Type: - British crown dependency -Capital: - Saint Peter Port -Administrative divisions: - none (British crown dependency) -Independence: - none (British crown dependency) -Constitution: - unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice -Legal system: - English law and local statute; justice is administered by the Royal Court -National holiday: - Liberation Day, 9 May (1945) -Executive branch: - British monarch, lieutenant governor, bailiff, deputy bailiff -Legislative branch: - unicameral Assembly of the States -Judicial branch: - Royal Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) - Head of Government: - Lieutenant Governor Lt. Gen. Sir Michael WILKINS (since NA 1990); Bailiff - Mr. Graham Martyn DOREY (since February 1992) -Political parties and leaders: - none; all independents -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - Assembly of the States: - last held NA (next to be held NA); results - no percent of vote by party - since all are independents; seats - (60 total, 33 elected), all independents -Member of: - none -Diplomatic representation: - none (British crown dependency) -Flag: - white with the red cross of Saint George (patron saint of England) extending - to the edges of the flag - -:Guernsey Economy - -Overview: - Tourism is a major source of revenue. Other economic activity includes - financial services, breeding the world-famous Guernsey cattle, and growing - tomatoes and flowers for export. -GDP: - $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate 9% (1987) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 7% (1988) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $208.9 million; expenditures $173.9 million, including capital - expenditures of NA (1988) -Exports: - $NA - commodities: - tomatoes, flowers and ferns, sweet peppers, eggplant, other vegetables - partners: - UK (regarded as internal trade) -Imports: - $NA - commodities: - coal, gasoline, and oil - partners: - UK (regarded as internal trade) -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 173,000 kW capacity; 525 million kWh produced, 9,340 kWh per capita (1989) -Industries: - tourism, banking -Agriculture: - tomatoes, flowers (mostly grown in greenhouses), sweet peppers, eggplant, - other vegetables and fruit; Guernsey cattle -Economic aid: - none -Currency: - Guernsey pound (plural - pounds); 1 Guernsey (#G) pound = 100 pence -Exchange rates: - Guernsey pounds (#G) per US$1 - 0.5799 (March 1992), 0.5652 (1991), 0.5603 - (1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988), 0.6102 (1987); note - the Guernsey - pound is at par with the British pound -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Guernsey Communications - -Ports: - Saint Peter Port, Saint Sampson -Telecommunications: - broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 41,900 telephones; 1 submarine cable - -:Guernsey Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of the UK - -:Guinea Geography - -Total area: - 245,860 km2 -Land area: - 245,860 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly smaller than Oregon -Land boundaries: - 3,399 km; Guinea-Bissau 386 km, Ivory Coast 610 km, Liberia 563 km, Mali 858 - km, Senegal 330 km, Sierra Leone 652 km -Coastline: - 320 km -Maritime claims: - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy season (June to November) with - southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May) with northeasterly - harmattan winds -Terrain: - generally flat coastal plain, hilly to mountainous interior -Natural resources: - bauxite, iron ore, diamonds, gold, uranium, hydropower, fish -Land use: - arable land 6%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 12%; forest and - woodland 42%; other 40%; includes irrigated NEGL% -Environment: - hot, dry, dusty harmattan haze may reduce visibility during dry season; - deforestation - -:Guinea People - -Population: - 7,783,926 (July 1992), growth rate - 1.5% (1992) -Birth rate: - 46 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 21 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - -40 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 143 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 41 years male, 45 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 6.0 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Guinean(s); adjective - Guinean -Ethnic divisions: - Fulani 35%, Malinke 30%, Soussou 20%, small indigenous tribes 15% -Religions: - Muslim 85%, Christian 8%, indigenous beliefs 7% -Languages: - French (official); each tribe has its own language -Literacy: - 24% (male 35%, female 13%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 2,400,000 (1983); agriculture 82.0%, industry and commerce 11.0%, services - 5.4%; 88,112 civil servants (1987); 52% of population of working age (1985) -Organized labor: - virtually 100% of wage earners loosely affiliated with the National - Confederation of Guinean Workers - -:Guinea Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Guinea -Type: - republic -Capital: - Conakry -Administrative divisions: - 33 administrative regions (regions administratives, singular - region - administrative); Beyla, Boffa, Boke, Conakry, Coyah, Dabola, Dalaba, - Dinguiraye, Faranah, Forecariah, Fria, Gaoual, Gueckedou, Kankan, Kerouane, - Kindia, Kissidougou, Koubia, Koundara, Kouroussa, Labe, Lelouma, Lola, - Macenta, Mali, Mamou, Mandiana, Nzerekore, Pita, Siguiri, Telimele, Tougue, - Yomou -Independence: - 2 October 1958 (from France; formerly French Guinea) -Constitution: - 23 December 1990 (Loi Fundamentale) -Legal system: - based on French civil law system, customary law, and decree; legal codes - currently being revised; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Anniversary of the Second Republic, 3 April (1984) -Executive branch: - president, Transitional Committee for National Recovery (Comite - Transitionale de Redressement National or CTRN) replaced the Military - Committee for National Recovery (Comite Militaire de Redressement National - or CMRN); Council of Ministers (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - People's National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale Populaire) was dissolved - after the 3 April 1984 coup; note: framework for a new National Assembly - established in December 1991 (will have 114 seats) -Judicial branch: - Court of Appeal (Cour d'Appel) -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - Gen. Lansana CONTE (since 5 April 1984) -Political parties and leaders: - none; following the 3 April 1984 coup, all political activity was banned -Suffrage: - none -Elections: - none -Member of: - ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, - IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, - LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, - WTO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires ad interim Ansoumane CAMARA; Chancery - at 2112 Leroy Place NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 483-9420 - US: - Ambassador Dane F. SMITH, Jr.; Embassy at 2nd Boulevard and 9th Avenue, - Conakry (mailing address is B. P. 603, Conakry); telephone (224) 44-15-20 - through 24 -Flag: - three equal vertical bands of red (hoist side), yellow, and green; uses the - popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of Rwanda, which - has a large black letter R centered in the yellow band - -:Guinea Economy - -Overview: - Although possessing many natural resources and considerable potential for - agricultural development, Guinea is one of the poorest countries in the - world. The agricultural sector contributes about 40% to GDP and employs more - than 80% of the work force, while industry accounts for 27% of GDP. Guinea - possesses over 25% of the world's bauxite reserves; exports of bauxite and - alumina accounted for about 70% of total exports in 1989. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $3.0 billion, per capita $410; real growth rate - 4.3% (1990 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 19.6% (1990 est.) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $449 million; expenditures $708 million, including capital - expenditures of $361 million (1990 est.) -Exports: - $788 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) - commodities: - alumina, bauxite, diamonds, coffee, pineapples, bananas, palm kernels - partners: - US 33%, EC 33%, USSR and Eastern Europe 20%, Canada -Imports: - $692 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.) - commodities: - petroleum products, metals, machinery, transport equipment, foodstuffs, - textiles, and other grain - partners: - US 16%, France, Brazil -External debt: - $2.6 billion (1990 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate NA%; accounts for 27% of GDP -Electricity: - 113,000 kW capacity; 300 million kWh produced, 40 kWh per capita (1989) -Industries: - bauxite mining, alumina, gold, diamond mining, light manufacturing and - agricultural processing industries -Agriculture: - accounts for 40% of GDP (includes fishing and forestry); mostly subsistence - farming; principal products - rice, coffee, pineapples, palm kernels, - cassava, bananas, sweet potatoes, timber; livestock - cattle, sheep and - goats; not self-sufficient in food grains -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $227 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1,465 million; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $120 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $446 - million -Currency: - Guinean franc (plural - francs); 1 Guinean franc (FG) = 100 centimes -Exchange rates: - Guinean francs (FG) per US$1 - 675 (1990), 618 (1989), 515 (1988), 440 - (1987), 383 (1986) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Guinea Communications - -Railroads: - 1,045 km; 806 km 1.000-meter gauge, 239 km 1.435-meter standard gauge -Highways: - 30,100 km total; 1,145 km paved, 12,955 km gravel or laterite (of which - barely 4,500 km are currently all-weather roads), 16,000 km unimproved earth - (1987) -Inland waterways: - 1,295 km navigable by shallow-draft native craft -Ports: - Conakry, Kamsar -Civil air: - 10 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 15 total, 15 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways - over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 10 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - poor to fair system of open-wire lines, small radiocommunication stations, - and new radio relay system; 15,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 3 AM 1 - FM, 1 TV; 65,000 TV sets; 200,000 radio receivers; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT - earth station - -:Guinea Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy (acts primarily as a coast guard), Air Force, Republican Guard, - paramilitary National Gendarmerie, National Police Force -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 1,759,811; 888,968 fit for military service (1989) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $29 million, 1.2% of GDP (1988) - -:Guinea-Bissau Geography - -Total area: - 36,120 km2 -Land area: - 28,000 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly less than three times the size of Connecticut -Land boundaries: - 724 km; Guinea 386, Senegal 338 km -Coastline: - 350 km -Maritime claims: - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - the International Court of Justice (ICJ) on 12 November 1991 rendered its - decision on the Guinea-Bissau/Senegal maritime boundary in favor of Senegal -Climate: - tropical; generally hot and humid; monsoon-type rainy season (June to - November) with southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May) with - northeasterly harmattan winds -Terrain: - mostly low coastal plain rising to savanna in east -Natural resources: - unexploited deposits of petroleum, bauxite, phosphates; fish, timber -Land use: - arable land 11%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 43%; forest and - woodland 38%; other 7% -Environment: - hot, dry, dusty harmattan haze may reduce visibility during dry season - -:Guinea-Bissau People - -Population: - 1,047,137 (July 1992), growth rate 2.4% (1992) -Birth rate: - 42 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 18 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 124 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 45 years male, 48 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 5.7 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Guinea-Bissauan(s); adjective - Guinea-Bissauan -Ethnic divisions: - African about 99% (Balanta 30%, Fula 20%, Manjaca 14%, Mandinga 13%, Papel - 7%); European and mulatto less than 1% -Religions: - indigenous beliefs 65%, Muslim 30%, Christian 5% -Languages: - Portuguese (official); Criolo and numerous African languages -Literacy: - 36% (male 50%, female 24%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 403,000 (est.); agriculture 90%, industry, services, and commerce 5%, - government 5%; population of working age 53% (1983) -Organized labor: - only one trade union - the National Union of Workers of Guinea-Bissau (UNTG) - -:Guinea-Bissau Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Guinea-Bissau -Type: - republic; highly centralized multiparty since mid-1991; the African Party - for the Independence of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde (PAIGC) held an - extraordinary party congress in December 1990 and established a two-year - transition program during which the constitution will be revised, allowing - for multiple political parties and a presidential election in 1993 -Capital: - Bissau -Administrative divisions: - 9 regions (regioes, singular - regiao); Bafata, Biombo, Bissau, Bolama, - Cacheu, Gabu, Oio, Quinara, Tombali -Independence: - 10 September 1974 (from Portugal; formerly Portuguese Guinea) -Constitution: - 16 May 1984 -Legal system: - NA -National holiday: - Independence Day, 10 September (1974) -Executive branch: - president of the Council of State, vice presidents of the Council of State, - Council of State, Council of Ministers (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral National People's Assembly (Assembleia Nacional Popular) -Judicial branch: - none; there is a Ministry of Justice in the Council of Ministers -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President of the Council of State Brig. Gen. Joao Bernardo VIEIRA (assumed - power 14 November 1980 and elected President of Council of State on 16 May - 1984) -Political parties and leaders: - 3 parties - African Party for the Independence of Guinea-Bissau and Cape - Verde (PAIGC), President Joao Bernardo VIEIRA, leader; PAIGC is still the - major party and controls all aspects of the Government, but 2 opposition - parties registered in late 1991; Democratic Social Front (FDS), Rafael - BARBOSA, leader; Bafata Movement, Domingos Fernandes GARNER, leader; - Democratic Front, Aristides MENEZES, leader; other parties forming -Suffrage: - universal at age 15 -Elections: - National People's Assembly: - last held 15 June 1989 (next to be held 15 June 1994); results - PAIGC is - the only party; seats - (150 total) PAIGC 150, appointed by Regional - Councils - President of Council of State: - last held 19 June 1989 (next to be held NA 1993); results - Brig. Gen. Joao - Bernardo VIEIRA was reelected without opposition by the National People's - Assembly -Member of: - ACCT (associate), ACP, AfDB, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, - IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, IOM (observer), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, - UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Alfredo Lopes CABRAL; Chancery at 918 16th Street NW, Mezzanine - Suite, Washington, DC 20006; telephone (202) 872-4222, - -:Guinea-Bissau Government - - US: - Ambassador William L. JACOBSEN, Jr.; Embassy at 17 Avenida Domingos Ramos, - Bissau (mailing address is 1067 Bissau Codex, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau); - telephone [245] 20-1139, 20-1145, 20-1113 -Flag: - two equal horizontal bands of yellow (top) and green with a vertical red - band on the hoist side; there is a black five-pointed star centered in the - red band; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the - flag of Cape Verde, which has the black star raised above the center of the - red band and is framed by two corn stalks and a yellow clam shell - -:Guinea-Bissau Economy - -Overview: - Guinea-Bissau ranks among the poorest countries in the world, with a per - capita GDP below $200. Agriculture and fishing are the main economic - activities. Cashew nuts, peanuts, and palm kernels are the primary exports. - Exploitation of known mineral deposits is unlikely at present because of a - weak infrastructure and the high cost of development. The government's - four-year plan (1988-91) has targeted agricultural development as the top - priority. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $162 million, per capita $160; real growth rate - 5.0% (1989) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 25% (1990 est.) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $22.7 million; expenditures $30.8 million, including capital - expenditures of $18.0 million (1989 est.) -Exports: - $14.2 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.) - commodities: - cashews, fish, peanuts, palm kernels - partners: - Portugal, Senegal, France, The Gambia, Netherlands, Spain -Imports: - $68.9 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.) - commodities: - capital equipment, consumer goods, semiprocessed goods, foods, petroleum - partners: - Portugal, Netherlands, Senegal, USSR, Germany -External debt: - $462 million (December 1990 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate - 1.0% (1989 est.); accounts for 10% of GDP (1989 est.) -Electricity: - 22,000 kW capacity; 30 million kWh produced, 30 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - agricultural processing, beer, soft drinks -Agriculture: - accounts for over 50% of GDP, nearly 100% of exports, and 90% of employment; - rice is the staple food; other crops include corn, beans, cassava, cashew - nuts, peanuts, palm kernels, and cotton; not self-sufficient in food; - fishing and forestry potential not fully exploited -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $49 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $615 million; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $41 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $68 - million -Currency: - Guinea-Bissauan peso (plural - pesos); 1 Guinea-Bissauan peso (PG) = 100 - centavos -Exchange rates: - Guinea-Bissauan pesos (PG) per US$1 - 1987.2 (1989), 1363.6 (1988), 851.65 - (1987), 238.98 (1986) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Guinea-Bissau Communications - -Highways: - 3,218 km; 2,698 km bituminous, remainder earth -Inland waterways: - scattered stretches are important to coastal commerce -Ports: - Bissau -Civil air: - 2 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 34 total, 15 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways - over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - poor system of radio relay, open-wire lines, and radiocommunications; 3,000 - telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 3 FM, 1 TV - -:Guinea-Bissau Defense Forces - -Branches: - People's Revolutionary Armed Force (FARP; including Army, Navy, Air Force), - paramilitary force -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 228,856; 130,580 fit for military service -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $9.3 million, 5-6% of GDP (1987) - -:Guyana Geography - -Total area: - 214,970 km2 -Land area: - 196,850 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly smaller than Idaho -Land boundaries: - 2,462 km; Brazil 1,119 km, Suriname 600 km, Venezuela 743 km -Coastline: - 459 km -Maritime claims: - Continental shelf: - outer edge of continental margin or 200 nm - Exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - all of the area west of the Essequibo River claimed by Venezuela; Suriname - claims area between New (Upper Courantyne) and Courantyne/Kutari Rivers (all - headwaters of the Courantyne) -Climate: - tropical; hot, humid, moderated by northeast trade winds; two rainy seasons - (May to mid-August, mid-November to mid-January) -Terrain: - mostly rolling highlands; low coastal plain; savanna in south -Natural resources: - bauxite, gold, diamonds, hardwood timber, shrimp, fish -Land use: - arable land 3%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 6%; forest and - woodland 83%; other 8%; includes irrigated 1% -Environment: - flash floods a constant threat during rainy seasons; water pollution - -:Guyana People - -Population: - 739,431 (July 1992), growth rate - 0.6% (1992) -Birth rate: - 21 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - -20 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 50 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 61 years male, 68 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 2.4 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Guyanese (singular and plural); adjective - Guyanese -Ethnic divisions: - East Indian 51%, black and mixed 43%, Amerindian 4%, European and Chinese 2% -Religions: - Christian 57%, Hindu 33%, Muslim 9%, other 1% -Languages: - English, Amerindian dialects -Literacy: - 95% (male 98%, female 96%) age 15 and over having ever attended school (1990 - est.) -Labor force: - 268,000; industry and commerce 44.5%, agriculture 33.8%, services 21.7%; - public-sector employment amounts to 60-80% of the total labor force (1985) -Organized labor: - 34% of labor force - -:Guyana Government - -Long-form name: - Co-operative Republic of Guyana -Type: - republic -Capital: - Georgetown -Administrative divisions: - 10 regions; Barima-Waini, Cuyuni-Mazaruni, Demerara-Mahaica, East - Berbice-Corentyne, Essequibo Islands-West Demerara, Mahaica-Berbice, - Pomeroon-Supenaam, Potaro-Siparuni, Upper Demerara-Berbice, Upper - Takutu-Upper Essequibo -Independence: - 26 May 1966 (from UK; formerly British Guiana) -Constitution: - 6 October 1980 -Legal system: - based on English common law with certain admixtures of Roman-Dutch law; has - not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Republic Day, 23 February (1970) -Executive branch: - executive president, first vice president, prime minister, first deputy - prime minister, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral National Assembly -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court of Judicature -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Executive President Hugh Desmond HOYTE (since 6 August 1985); First Vice - President Hamilton GREEN (since 6 August 1985) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Hamilton GREEN (since NA August 1985) -Political parties and leaders: - People's National Congress (PNC), Hugh Desmond HOYTE; People's Progressive - Party (PPP), Cheddi JAGAN; Working People's Alliance (WPA), Eusi KWAYANA, - Rupert ROOPNARINE; Democratic Labor Movement (DLM), Paul TENNASSEE; People's - Democratic Movement (PDM), Llewellyn JOHN; National Democratic Front (NDF), - Joseph BACCHUS; United Force (UF), Manzoor NADIR; United Republican Party - (URP), Leslie RAMSAMMY; National Republican Party (NRP), Robert GANGADEEN; - Guyanese Labor Party (GLP), Nanda GOPAUL -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - Executive President: - last held on 9 December 1985 (next to be held 1992); results - Hugh Desmond - HOYTE was elected president since he was leader of the party with the most - votes in the National Assembly elections - National Assembly: - last held on 9 December 1985 (next to be held mid-1992); results - PNC 78%, - PPP 16%, UF 4%, WPA 2%; seats - (65 total, 53 elected) PNC 42, PPP 8, UF 2, - WPA 1 -Other political or pressure groups: - Trades Union Congress (TUC); Guyana Council of Indian Organizations (GCIO); - Civil Liberties Action Committee (CLAC); the latter two organizations are - small and active but not well organized; Guyanese Action for Reform and - Democracy (GUARD) includes various labor groups, as well as several of the - smaller political parties - -:Guyana Government - -Member of: - ACP, C, CARICOM, CCC, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, - IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LAES, LORCS, NAM, OAS, - UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WMO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Dr. Cedric Hilburn GRANT; Chancery at 2490 Tracy Place NW, - Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 265-6900; there is a Guyanese - Consulate General in New York - US: - Ambassador George JONES; Embassy at 99-100 Young and Duke Streets, - Georgetown; telephone [592] (2) 54900 through 54909 -Flag: - green with a red isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) superimposed - on a long yellow arrowhead; there is a narrow black border between the red - and yellow, and a narrow white border between the yellow and the green - -:Guyana Economy - -Overview: - Guyana is one of the world's poorest countries with a per capita income less - than one-fifth the South American average. After growing on average at less - than 1% a year in 1986-87, GDP dropped by 5% a year in 1988-90. The decline - resulted from bad weather, labor trouble in the canefields, and flooding and - equipment problems in the bauxite industry. Consumer prices rose about 100% - in 1989 and 75% in 1990, and the current account deficit widened - substantially as sugar and bauxite exports fell. Moreover, electric power is - in short supply and constitutes a major barrier to future gains in national - output. The government, in association with international financial - agencies, seeks to reduce its payment arrears and to raise new funds. The - government's stabilization program - aimed at establishing realistic - exchange rates, reasonable price stability, and a resumption of growth - - requires considerable public administrative abilities and continued patience - by consumers during a long incubation period. In 1991, buoyed by a recovery - in mining and agriculture, the economy posted 6% growth, according to - official figures. A large volume of illegal and quasi- legal economic - activity is not captured in estimates of the country's total output. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $250 million, per capita $300; real growth rate - 6% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 75% (1990) -Unemployment rate: - 12-15% (1990 est.) -Budget: - revenues $126 million; expenditures $250 million (1990 est.) -Exports: - $189 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) - commodities: - bauxite, sugar, gold, rice, shrimp, molasses, timber, rum - partners: - UK 31%, US 23%, CARICOM 7%, Canada 6% (1988) -Imports: - $246 million (c.i.f., 1991) - commodities: - manufactures, machinery, food, petroleum - partners: - US 33%, CARICOM 10%, UK 9%, Canada 2% (1989) -External debt: - $2.0 billion, including arrears (1990) -Industrial production: - growth rate - 12.0% (1990 est.); accounts for about 11% of GDP -Electricity: - 252,500 kW capacity; 647 million kWh produced, 863 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - bauxite mining, sugar, rice milling, timber, fishing (shrimp), textiles, - gold mining -Agriculture: - most important sector, accounting for 24% of GDP and about half of exports; - sugar and rice are key crops; development potential exists for fishing and - forestry; not self-sufficient in food, especially wheat, vegetable oils, and - animal products -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $116 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $325 million; - Communist countries 1970-89, $242 million -Currency: - Guyanese dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Guyanese dollar (G$) = 100 cents - -:Guyana Economy - -Exchange rates: - Guyanese dollars (G$) per US$1 - 124.1 (March 1992) 111.8 (1991), 39.533 - (1990), 27.159 (1989), 10.000 (1988), 9.756 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Guyana Communications - -Railroads: - 187 km total, all single track 0.914-meter gauge -Highways: - 7,665 km total; 550 km paved, 5,000 km gravel, 1,525 km earth, 590 km - unimproved -Inland waterways: - 6,000 km total of navigable waterways; Berbice, Demerara, and Essequibo - Rivers are navigable by oceangoing vessels for 150 km, 100 km, and 80 km, - respectively -Ports: - Georgetown -Civil air: - 3 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 54 total, 49 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways - over 3,659 m; none with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 13 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - fair system with radio relay network; over 27,000 telephones; tropospheric - scatter link to Trinidad; broadcast stations - 4 AM, 3 FM, no TV, 1 - shortwave; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -:Guyana Defense Forces - -Branches: - Guyana Defense Force (GDF; includes Coast Guard and Air Corps), Guyana - Police Force (GPF), Guyana People's Militia (GPM), Guyana National Service - (GNS) -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 196,066; 149,045 fit for military service -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $5.5 million, 6% of GDP (1989 est.) - -:Haiti Geography - -Total area: - 27,750 km2 -Land area: - 27,560 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly larger than Maryland -Land boundaries: - 275 km; Dominican Republic 275 km -Coastline: - 1,771 km -Maritime claims: - Contiguous zone: - 24 nm - Continental shelf: - to depth of exploitation - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - claims US-administered Navassa Island -Climate: - tropical; semiarid where mountains in east cut off trade winds -Terrain: - mostly rough and mountainous -Natural resources: - bauxite -Land use: - arable land 20%; permanent crops 13%; meadows and pastures 18%; forest and - woodland 4%; other 45%; includes irrigated 3% -Environment: - lies in the middle of the hurricane belt and subject to severe storms from - June to October; occasional flooding and earthquakes; deforestation; soil - erosion -Note: - shares island of Hispaniola with Dominican Republic - -:Haiti People - -Population: - 6,431,977 (July 1992), growth rate 2.3% (1992) -Birth rate: - 42 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 15 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - -5 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 104 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 53 years male, 55 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 6.2 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Haitian(s); adjective - Haitian -Ethnic divisions: - black 95%, mulatto and European 5% -Religions: - Roman Catholic is the official religion; Roman Catholic 80% (of which an - overwhelming majority also practice Voodoo), Protestant 16% (Baptist 10%, - Pentecostal 4%, Adventist 1%, other 1%), none 1%, other 3% (1982) -Languages: - French (official) spoken by only 10% of population; all speak Creole -Literacy: - 53% (male 59%, female 47%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 2,300,000; agriculture 66%, services 25%, industry 9%; shortage of skilled - labor, unskilled labor abundant (1982) -Organized labor: - NA - -:Haiti Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Haiti -Type: - republic -Capital: - Port-au-Prince -Administrative divisions: - 9 departments, (departements, singular - departement); Artibonite, Centre, - Grand'Anse, Nord, Nord-Est, Nord-Ouest, Ouest, Sud, Sud-Est -Independence: - 1 January 1804 (from France) -Constitution: - 27 August 1983, suspended February 1986; draft constitution approved March - 1987, suspended June 1988, most articles reinstated March 1989; October - 1991, government claims to be observing the Constitution -Legal system: - based on Roman civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Independence Day, 1 January (1804) -Executive branch: - president, Council of Ministers (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - bicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) consisting of an upper - house or Senate and a lower house or Chamber of Deputies -Judicial branch: - Court of Appeal (Cour de Cassation) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Jean-Bertrand ARISTIDE (since 7 February 1991), ousted in a coup - in September 1991, but still recognized by international community as Chief - of State; President Joseph NERETTE installed by military on 7 October 1991 - Head of Government: - de facto Prime Minister Marc BAZIN (since June 1992) -Political parties and leaders: - National Front for Change and Democracy (FNCD) led by Jean-Bertrand - ARISTIDE, including Congress of Democratic Movements (CONACOM), Victor - BENOIT; National Konbite Movement (MKN), Volvick Remy JOSEPH; National - Alliance for Democracy and Progress (ANDP), a coalition - that broke up - following elections - consisting of Movement for the Installation of - Democracy in Haiti (MIDH), Marc BAZIN; National Progressive Revolutionary - Party (PANPRA), Serge GILLES; and National Patriotic Movement of November 28 - (MNP-28), Dejean BELIZAIRE; National Agricultural and Industrial Party - (PAIN), Louis DEJOIE; Movement for National Reconstruction (MRN), Rene - THEODORE; Haitian Christian Democratic Party (PDCH), Joseph DOUZE; Assembly - of Progressive National Democrats (RDNP), Leslie MANIGAT; National Party of - Labor (PNT), Thomas DESULME; Mobilization for National Development (MDN), - Hubert DE RONCERAY; Democratic Movement for the Liberation of Haiti - (MODELH), Francois LATORTUE; Haitian Social Christian Party (PSCH), Gregoire - EUGENE; Movement for the Organization of the Country (MOP), Gesner COMEAU -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - Chamber of Deputies: - last held 16 December 1990, with runoff held 20 January 1991 (next to be - held by December 1994); results - percent of vote NA; seats - (83 total) - FNCD 27, ANDP 17, PDCH 7, PAIN 6, RDNP 6, MDN 5, PNT 3, MKN 2, MODELH 2, MRN - 1, independents 5, other 2 - -:Haiti Government - - President: - last held 16 December 1990 (next election to be held by December 1995); - results - Rev. Jean-Bertrand ARISTIDE 67.5%, Marc BAZIN 14.2%, Louis DEJOIE - 4.9% -Elections: - Senate: - last held 16 December 1990, with runoff held 20 January 1991 (next to be - held December 1992); results - percent of vote NA; seats - (27 total) FNCD - 13, ANDP 6, PAIN 2, MRN 2, PDCH 1, RDNP 1, PNT 1, independent 1 -Communists: - United Party of Haitian Communists (PUCH), Rene THEODORE (roughly 2,000 - members) -Other political or pressure groups: - Democratic Unity Confederation (KID), Roman Catholic Church, Confederation - of Haitian Workers (CTH), Federation of Workers Trade Unions (FOS), - Autonomous Haitian Workers (CATH), National Popular Assembly (APN) -Member of: - ACCT, CARICOM (observer), CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, - ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LAES, - LORCS, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, - WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Jean CASIMIR; Chancery at 2311 Massachusetts Avenue NW, - Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 332-4090 through 4092; there are - Haitian Consulates General in Boston, Chicago, Miami, New York, and San Juan - (Puerto Rico) - US: - Ambassador Alvin P. ADAMS, Jr.; Embassy at Harry Truman Boulevard, - Port-au-Prince (mailing address is P. O. Box 1761, Port-au-Prince), - telephone [509] 22-0354 or 22-0368, 22-0200, 22-0612 -Flag: - two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a centered white - rectangle bearing the coat of arms, which contains a palm tree flanked by - flags and two cannons above a scroll bearing the motto L'UNION FAIT LA FORCE - (Union Makes Strength) - -:Haiti Economy - -Overview: - About 75% of the population live in abject poverty. Agriculture is mainly - small-scale subsistence farming and employs nearly three-fourths of the work - force. The majority of the population does not have ready access to safe - drinking water, adequate medical care, or sufficient food. Few social - assistance programs exist, and the lack of employment opportunities remains - one of the most critical problems facing the economy, along with soil - erosion and political instability. Trade sanctions applied by the - Organization of American States in response to the September 1991 coup - against President Aristide have further damaged the economy. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $2.7 billion, per capita $440; real growth rate - - 3.0% (1990 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 20% (1990 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 25-50% (1990 est.) -Budget: - revenues $300 million; expenditures $416 million, including capital - expenditures of $145 million (1990 est.) -Exports: - $169 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) - commodities: - light manufactures 65%, coffee 19%, other agriculture 8%, other 8% - partners: - US 84%, Italy 4%, France 3%, other industrial countries 6%, less developed - countries 3% (1987) -Imports: - $348 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.) - commodities: - machines and manufactures 34%, food and beverages 22%, petroleum products - 14%, chemicals 10%, fats and oils 9% - partners: - US 64%, Netherlands Antilles 5%, Japan 5%, France 4%, Canada 3%, Germany 3% - (1987) -External debt: - $838 million (December 1990) -Industrial production: - growth rate 0.3% (FY88); accounts for 15% of GDP -Electricity: - 217,000 kW capacity; 468 million kWh produced, 74 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - sugar refining, textiles, flour milling, cement manufacturing, tourism, - light assembly industries based on imported parts -Agriculture: - accounts for 28% of GDP and employs 74% of work force; mostly small-scale - subsistence farms; commercial crops - coffee, mangoes, sugarcane and wood; - staple crops - rice, corn, sorghum; shortage of wheat flour -Illicit drugs: - transshipment point for cocaine -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (1970-89), $700 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $770 million -Currency: - gourde (plural - gourdes); 1 gourde (G) = 100 centimes -Exchange rates: - gourdes (G) per US$1 - 5.0 (fixed rate) -Fiscal year: - 1 October - 30 September - -:Haiti Communications - -Railroads: - 40 km 0.760-meter narrow gauge, single-track, privately owned industrial - line -Highways: - 4,000 km total; 950 km paved, 900 km otherwise improved, 2,150 km unimproved -Inland waterways: - negligible; less than 100 km navigable -Ports: - Port-au-Prince, Cap-Haitien -Civil air: - 12 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 13 total, 10 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways - over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - domestic facilities barely adequate, international facilities slightly - better; 36,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 33 AM, no FM, 4 TV, 2 - shortwave; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -:Haiti Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army (including Police), Navy, Air Force -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 1,313,044; 706,221 fit for military service; 59,060 reach - military age (18) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $34 million, 1.5% of GDP (1988 est.) - -:Heard Island and McDonald Islands Geography - -Total area: - 412 km2 -Land area: - 412 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly less than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 101.9 km -Maritime claims: - Exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 3 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - antarctic -Terrain: - Heard Island - bleak and mountainous, with an extinct volcano; McDonald - Islands - small and rocky -Land use: - arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and - woodland 0%; other 100% -Environment: - primarily used as research stations -Note: - located 4,100 km southwest of Australia in the southern Indian Ocean - -:Heard Island and McDonald Islands People - -Population: - uninhabited - -:Heard Island and McDonald Islands Government - -Long-form name: - Territory of Heard Island and McDonald Islands -Type: - territory of Australia administered by the Antarctic Division of the - Department of Science in Canberra (Australia) -Capital: - none; administered from Canberra, Australia - -:Heard Island and McDonald Islands Economy - -Overview: - no economic activity - -:Heard Island and McDonald Islands Communications - -Ports: - none; offshore anchorage only - -:Heard Island and McDonald Islands Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of Australia - -:Holy See (Vatican City) Geography - -Total area: - 0.438 km2 -Land area: - 0.438 km2 -Comparative area: - about 0.7 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - 3.2 km; Italy 3.2 km -Coastline: - none - landlocked -Maritime claims: - none - landlocked -Disputes: - none -Climate: - temperate; mild, rainy winters (September to mid-May) with hot, dry summers - (May to September) -Terrain: - low hill -Natural resources: - none -Land use: - arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and - woodland 0%; other 100% -Environment: - urban -Note: - landlocked; enclave of Rome, Italy; world's smallest state; outside the - Vatican City, 13 buildings in Rome and Castel Gandolfo (the pope's summer - residence) enjoy extraterritorial rights - -:Holy See (Vatican City) People - -Population: - 802 (July 1992), growth rate 1.2% (1992) -Nationality: - no noun or adjectival forms -Ethnic divisions: - primarily Italians but also Swiss and other nationalities -Religions: - Roman Catholic -Languages: - Italian, Latin, and various other languages -Literacy: - 100% (male NA%, female NA%) -Labor force: - high dignitaries, priests, nuns, guards, and 3,000 lay workers who live - outside the Vatican -Organized labor: - Association of Vatican Lay Workers, 1,800 members (1987) - -:Holy See (Vatican City) Government - -Long-form name: - State of the Vatican City; note - the Vatican City is the physical seat of - the Holy See, which is the central government of the Roman Catholic Church -Type: - monarchical-sacerdotal state -Capital: - Vatican City -Independence: - 11 February 1929 (from Italy) -Constitution: - Apostolic Constitution of 1967 (effective 1 March 1968) -National holiday: - Installation Day of the Pope (John Paul II), 22 October (1978); note - Pope - John Paul II was elected on 16 October 1978 -Executive branch: - pope -Legislative branch: - unicameral Pontifical Commission -Judicial branch: - none; normally handled by Italy -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Pope JOHN PAUL II (Karol WOJTYA; since 16 October 1978) - Head of Government: - Secretary of State Archbishop Angelo SODANO -Political parties and leaders: - none -Suffrage: - limited to cardinals less than 80 years old -Elections: - Pope: - last held 16 October 1978 (next to be held after the death of the current - pope); results - Karol WOJTYA was elected for life by the College of - Cardinals -Other political or pressure groups: - none (exclusive of influence exercised by church officers) -Member of: - CSCE, IAEA, ICFTU, IMF (observer), INTELSAT, IOM (observer), ITU, OAS - (observer), UN (observer), UNCTAD, UNHCR, UPU, WIPO, WTO (observer) -Diplomatic representation: - Apostolic Pro-Nuncio Archbishop Agostino CACCIAVILLAN; 3339 Massachusetts - Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 333-7121 - US: - Ambassador Thomas P. MELADY; Embassy at Villino Pacelli, Via Aurelia 294, - 00165 Rome (mailing address is APO AE 09624); telephone [396] 639-0558 -Flag: - two vertical bands of yellow (hoist side) and white with the crossed keys of - Saint Peter and the papal tiara centered in the white band - -:Holy See (Vatican City) Economy - -Overview: - This unique, noncommercial economy is supported financially by contributions - (known as Peter's Pence) from Roman Catholics throughout the world, the sale - of postage stamps and tourist mementos, fees for admission to museums, and - the sale of publications. The incomes and living standards of lay workers - are comparable to, or somewhat better than, those of counterparts who work - in the city of Rome. -Budget: - revenues $92 million; expenditures $178 million, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1992) -Electricity: - 5,000 kW standby capacity (1990); power supplied by Italy -Industries: - printing and production of a small amount of mosaics and staff uniforms; - worldwide banking and financial activities -Currency: - Vatican lira (plural - lire); 1 Vatican lira (VLit) = 100 centesimi -Exchange rates: - Vatican lire (VLit) per US$1 - 1,248.4 (March 1992), 1,240.6 (1991), 1,198.1 - (1990), 1,372.1 (1989), 1,301.6 (1988), 1,296.1 (1987); note - the Vatican - lira is at par with the Italian lira which circulates freely -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Holy See (Vatican City) Communications - -Railroads: - 850 m, 750 mm gauge (links with Italian network near the Rome station of - Saint Peter's) -Highways: - none; all city streets -Telecommunications: - broadcast stations - 3 AM, 4 FM, no TV; 2,000-line automatic telephone - exchange; no communications satellite systems - -:Holy See (Vatican City) Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of Italy; Swiss Papal Guards are posted at - entrances to the Vatican City - -:Honduras Geography - -Total area: - 112,090 km2 -Land area: - 111,890 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly larger than Tennessee -Land boundaries: - 1,520 km; Guatemala 256 km, El Salvador 342 km, Nicaragua 922 km -Coastline: - 820 km -Maritime claims: - Contiguous zone: - 24 nm - Continental shelf: - 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - dispute with El Salvador over several sections of the land boundary; dispute - over Golfo de Fonseca maritime boundary because of disputed sovereignty of - islands; unresolved maritime boundary with Nicaragua -Climate: - subtropical in lowlands, temperate in mountains -Terrain: - mostly mountains in interior, narrow coastal plains -Natural resources: - timber, gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc, iron ore, antimony, coal, fish -Land use: - arable land 14%; permanent crops 2%; meadows and pastures 30%; forest and - woodland 34%; other 20%; includes irrigated 1% -Environment: - subject to frequent, but generally mild, earthquakes; damaging hurricanes - and floods along Caribbean coast; deforestation; soil erosion - -:Honduras People - -Population: - 5,092,776 (July 1992), growth rate 2.8% (1992) -Birth rate: - 37 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - -2 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 54 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 65 years male, 68 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 4.8 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Honduran(s); adjective - Honduran -Ethnic divisions: - mestizo (mixed Indian and European) 90%, Indian 7%, black 2%, white 1% -Religions: - Roman Catholic about 97%; small Protestant minority -Languages: - Spanish, Indian dialects -Literacy: - 73% (male 76%, female 71%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 1,300,000; agriculture 62%, services 20%, manufacturing 9%, construction 3%, - other 6% (1985) -Organized labor: - 40% of urban labor force, 20% of rural work force (1985) - -:Honduras Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Honduras -Type: - republic -Capital: - Tegucigalpa -Administrative divisions: - 18 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Atlantida, - Choluteca, Colon, Comayagua, Copan, Cortes, El Paraiso, Francisco Morazan, - Gracias a Dios, Intibuca, Islas de la Bahia, La Paz, Lempira, Ocotepeque, - Olancho, Santa Barbara, Valle, Yoro -Independence: - 15 September 1821 (from Spain) -Constitution: - 11 January 1982, effective 20 January 1982 -Legal system: - rooted in Roman and Spanish civil law; some influence of English common law; - accepts ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations -National holiday: - Independence Day, 15 September (1821) -Executive branch: - president, Council of Ministers (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justica) -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Rafael Leonardo CALLEJAS Romero (since 26 January 1990) -Political parties and leaders: - Liberal Party (PLH) - faction leaders, Carlos FLORES Facusse (leader of - Florista Liberal Movement), Carlos MONTOYA (Azconista subfaction), Ramon - VILLEDA Bermudez and Jorge Arturo REINA (M-Lider faction); National Party - (PNH), Jose Celin DISCUA, party president; PNH faction leaders - Oswaldo - RAMOS Soto and Rafael Leonardo CALLEJAS Romero (Monarca faction); National - Innovation and Unity Party - Social Democrats (PINU-SD), Enrique AGUILAR - Cerrato Paz; Christian Democratic Party (PDCH), Jorge ILLESCAS; Democratic - Action (AD), Walter LOPEZ Reyes -Suffrage: - universal and compulsory at age 18 -Elections: - National Congress: - last held on 26 November 1989 (next to be held November 1993); results - PNH - 51%, PLH 43%, PDCH 1.9%, PINU-SD 1.5%, other 2.6%; seats - (128 total) PNH - 71, PLH 55, PINU-SD 2 - President: - last held on 26 November 1989 (next to be held November 1993); results - - Rafael Leonardo CALLEJAS (PNH) 51%, Carlos FLORES Facusse (PLH) 43.3%, other - 5.7% -Other political or pressure groups: - National Association of Honduran Campesinos (ANACH), Honduran Council of - Private Enterprise (COHEP), Confederation of Honduran Workers (CTH), - National Union of Campesinos (UNC), General Workers Confederation (CGT), - United Federation of Honduran Workers (FUTH), Committee for the Defense of - Human Rights in Honduras (CODEH), Coordinating Committee of Popular - Organizations (CCOP) - -:Honduras Government - -Member of: - BCIE, CACM, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, - IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, OAS, OPANAL, - PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Jorge Ramon HERNANDEZ Alcerro; Chancery at 3007 Tilden Street NW, - Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 966-7702; there are Honduran - Consulates General in Chicago, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, - and San Francisco, and Consulates in Baton Rouge, Boston, Detroit, Houston, - and Jacksonville - US: - Ambassador S. Crescencio ARCOS; Embassy at Avenida La Paz, Tegucigalpa - (mailing address is APO AA 34022); telephone [504] 32-3120 -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and blue with five blue - five-pointed stars arranged in an X pattern centered in the white band; the - stars represent the members of the former Federal Republic of Central - America - Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua; - similar to the flag of El Salvador, which features a round emblem encircled - by the words REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA CENTRAL centered in the - white band; also similar to the flag of Nicaragua, which features a triangle - encircled by the word REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA on top and AMERICA CENTRAL on - the bottom, centered in the white band - -:Honduras Economy - -Overview: - Honduras is one of the poorest countries in the Western Hemisphere. - Agriculture, the most important sector of the economy, accounts for more - than 25% of GDP, employs 62% of the labor force, and produces two-thirds of - exports. Productivity remains low. Industry, still in its early stages, - employs nearly 9% of the labor force, accounts for 15% of GDP, and generates - 20% of exports. The service sectors, including public administration, - account for 50% of GDP and employ nearly 20% of the labor force. Basic - problems facing the economy include rapid population growth, high - unemployment, sharply increased inflation, a lack of basic services, a large - and inefficient public sector, and the dependence of the export sector - mostly on coffee and bananas, which are subject to sharp price fluctuations. - Despite government efforts at reform and large-scale foreign assistance, the - economy still is unable to take advantage of its sizable natural resources. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $5.2 billion, per capita $1,050; real growth rate - - 0.3% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 26% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 15% unemployed, 30-40% underemployed (1989) -Budget: - revenues $1.4 billion; expenditures $1.9 billion, including capital - expenditures of $511 million (1990 est.) -Exports: - $1.0 billion (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - bananas, coffee, shrimp, lobster, minerals, lumber - partners: - US 52%, Germany 11%, Japan, Italy, Belgium -Imports: - $1.3 billion (c.i.f. 1991) - commodities: - machinery and transport equipment, chemical products, manufactured goods, - fuel and oil, foodstuffs - partners: - US 39%, Japan 9%, CACM, Venezuela, Mexico -External debt: - $2.8 billion (1990) -Industrial production: - growth rate 2.9% (1989); accounts for 15% of GDP -Electricity: - 575,000 kW capacity; 1,850 million kWh produced, 374 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - agricultural processing (sugar and coffee), textiles, clothing, wood - products -Agriculture: - most important sector, accounting for more than 25% of GDP, over 60% of the - labor force, and two-thirds of exports; principal products include bananas, - coffee, timber, beef, citrus fruit, shrimp; importer of wheat -Illicit drugs: - illicit producer of cannabis, cultivated on small plots and used principally - for local consumption; transshipment point for cocaine -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.4 billion; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.1 billion -Currency: - lempira (plural - lempiras); 1 lempira (L) = 100 centavos - -:Honduras Economy - -Exchange rates: - lempiras (L) per US$1 - 5.4 (fixed rate); 5.70 parallel black-market rate - (November 1990) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Honduras Communications - -Railroads: - 785 km total; 508 km 1.067-meter gauge, 277 km 0.914-meter gauge -Highways: - 8,950 km total; 1,700 km paved, 5,000 km otherwise improved, 2,250 km - unimproved earth -Inland waterways: - 465 km navigable by small craft -Ports: - Puerto Castilla, Puerto Cortes, San Lorenzo -Merchant marine: - 201 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 629,134 GRT/939,289 DWT; includes 2 - passenger-cargo, 127 cargo, 17 refrigerated - cargo, - 7 - container, - 2 - - roll-on/roll-off cargo, 19 petroleum tanker, 2 chemical tanker, 3 - specialized tanker, 1 vehicle carrier, 18 bulk, 2 passenger, 1 short-sea - passenger; note - a flag of convenience registry; Republics of the former - USSR own 10 ships under the Honduran flag -Civil air: - 6 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 171 total, 133 usable; 8 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways - over 3,659 m; 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 12 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - improved, but still inadequate; connection into Central American Microwave - System; 35,100 telephones; broadcast stations - 176 AM, no FM, 28 TV, 7 - shortwave; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations - -:Honduras Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy (including Marines), Air Force, Public Security Forces (FUSEP) -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 1,148,376; 684,375 fit for military service; 57,028 reach - military age (18) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $43.4 million, about 1% of GDP (1992 est.) - -:Hong Kong Geography - -Total area: - 1,040 km2 -Land area: - 990 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly less than six times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - 30 km; China 30 km -Coastline: - 733 km -Maritime claims: - Exclusive fishing zone: - 3 nm - Territorial sea: - 3 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical monsoon; cool and humid in winter, hot and rainy from spring - through summer, warm and sunny in fall -Terrain: - hilly to mountainous with steep slopes; lowlands in north -Natural resources: - outstanding deepwater harbor, feldspar -Land use: - arable land 7%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 1%; forest and - woodland 12%; other 79%; includes irrigated 3% -Environment: - more than 200 islands; occasional typhoons - -:Hong Kong People - -Population: - 5,889,095 (July 1992), growth rate 0.6% (1992) -Birth rate: - 13 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - - 2 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 76 years male, 83 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 1.4 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - adjective - Hong Kong -Ethnic divisions: - Chinese 98%, other 2% -Religions: - eclectic mixture of local religions 90%, Christian 10% -Languages: - Chinese (Cantonese), English -Literacy: - 77% (male 90%, female 64%) age 15 and over having ever attended school - (1971) -Labor force: - 2,800,000 (1990); manufacturing 28.5%, wholesale and retail trade, - restaurants, and hotels 27.9%, services 17.7%, financing, insurance, and - real estate 9.2%, transport and communications 4.5%, construction 2.5%, - other 9.7% (1989) -Organized labor: - 16% of labor force (1990) - -:Hong Kong Government - -Long-form name: - none; abbreviated HK -Type: - dependent territory of the UK; scheduled to revert to China in 1997 -Capital: - Victoria -Administrative divisions: - none (dependent territory of the UK) -Independence: - none (dependent territory of the UK); the UK signed an agreement with China - on 19 December 1984 to return Hong Kong to China on 1 July 1997; in the - joint declaration, China promises to respect Hong Kong's existing social and - economic systems and lifestyle for 50 years after transition -Constitution: - unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice; new Basic Law - approved in March 1990 in preparation for 1997 -Legal system: - based on English common law -National holiday: - Liberation Day, 29 August (1945) -Executive branch: - British monarch, governor, chief secretary of the Executive Council -Legislative branch: - Legislative Council -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) - Head of Government: - Governor-designate Chris PATTEN (since July 1992); Chief Secretary Sir David - Robert FORD (since February 1987) -Suffrage: - direct election - universal at age 21 as a permanent resident living in the - territory of Hong Kong for the past seven years; indirect election - limited - to about 100,000 professionals of electoral college and functional - constituencies -Elections: - Legislative Council: - indirect elections last held 12 September 1991 and direct elections were - held 15 September 1991 (next to be held for the first time in September - 1995); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (60 total; 21 - indirectly elected by functional constituencies, 18 directly elected, 18 - appointed by governor, 3 ex officio members); indirect elections - number of - seats by functional constituency NA; direct elections - UDHK 12, Meeting - Point 3, ADPL 1, other 2 -Communists: - 5,000 (est.) cadres affiliated with Communist Party of China -Other political or pressure groups: - Federation of Trade Unions (pro-China), Hong Kong and Kowloon Trade Union - Council (pro-Taiwan), Confederation of Trade Unions (prodemocracy), Hong - Kong General Chamber of Commerce, Chinese General Chamber of Commerce - (pro-China), Federation of Hong Kong Industries, Chinese Manufacturers' - Association of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Professional Teachers' Union, Hong Kong - Alliance in Support of the Patriotic Democratic Movement in China -Member of: - APEC, AsDB, CCC, ESCAP (associate), GATT, ICFTU, IMO (associate), IOC, ISO - (correspondent), WCL, WMO - -:Hong Kong Government - -Diplomatic representation: - as a dependent territory of the UK, the interests of Hong Kong in the US are - represented by the UK - US: - Consul General Richard L. WILLIAMS; Consulate General at 26 Garden Road, - Hong Kong (mailing address is Box 30, Hong Kong, or FPO AP 96522-0002); - telephone [852] 239-011 -Flag: - blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant with the Hong - Kong coat of arms on a white disk centered on the outer half of the flag; - the coat of arms contains a shield (bearing two junks below a crown) held by - a lion (representing the UK) and a dragon (representing China) with another - lion above the shield and a banner bearing the words HONG KONG below the - shield - -:Hong Kong Economy - -Overview: - Hong Kong has a bustling free market economy with few tariffs or nontariff - barriers. Natural resources are limited, and food and raw materials must be - imported. Manufacturing accounts for about 18% of GDP, employs 28% of the - labor force, and exports about 90% of its output. Real GDP growth averaged a - remarkable 8% in 1987-88, then slowed to 2.5-3.0% in 1989-90. Unemployment, - which has been declining since the mid-1980s, is now about 2%. A shortage of - labor continues to put upward pressure on prices and the cost of living. - Short-term prospects remain solid so long as major trading partners continue - to be reasonably prosperous. The crackdown in China in 1989-91 casts a - shadow over the longer term economic outlook. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $80.9 billion, per capita $13,800; real growth - rate 3.8% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 12.0% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 2.0% (1991 est.) -Budget: - $8.8 billion (FY90) -Exports: - $82.0 billion (f.o.b., 1990), including reexports of $53.1 billion - commodities: - clothing, textiles, yarn and fabric, footwear, electrical appliances, - watches and clocks, toys - partners: - China 25%, US 24%, Germany 7%, Japan 6%, UK 2%, (1990) -Imports: - $82.4 billion (c.i.f., 1990) - commodities: - foodstuffs, transport equipment, raw materials, semimanufactures, petroleum - partners: - China 37%, Japan 16%, Taiwan 9%, US 8% (1990) -External debt: - $9.5 billion (December 1990 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 4% 1991 (est) -Electricity: - 8,600,000 kW capacity; 25,637 million kWh produced, 4,378 kWh per capita - (1991) -Industries: - textiles, clothing, tourism, electronics, plastics, toys, watches, clocks -Agriculture: - minor role in the economy; rice, vegetables, dairy products; less than 20% - self-sufficient; shortages of rice, wheat, water -Illicit drugs: - a hub for Southeast Asian heroin trade; transshipment and major financial - and money-laundering center -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $152 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $923 million -Currency: - Hong Kong dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Hong Kong dollar (HK$) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - Hong Kong dollars (HK$) per US$ - 7.800 (1991), 7.790 (1990), 7.800 (1989), - 7.810 (1988), 7.760 (1987); note - linked to the US dollar at the rate of - about 7.8 HK$ per 1 US$ since 1985 -Fiscal year: - 1 April - 31 March - -:Hong Kong Communications - -Railroads: - 35 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, government owned -Highways: - 1,484 km total; 794 km paved, 306 km gravel, crushed stone, or earth -Ports: - Hong Kong -Merchant marine: - 142 ships (1,000 GRT or over), totaling 5,035,223 GRT/8,598,134 DWT; - includes 1 passenger, 1 short-sea passenger, 15 cargo, 5 refrigerated cargo, - 26 container, 13 petroleum tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 6 combination ore/oil, - 5 liquefied gas, 68 bulk, 1 combination bulk; note - a flag of convenience - registry; ships registered in Hong Kong fly the UK flag, and an estimated - 500 Hong Kong - owned ships are registered elsewhere -Civil air: - 16 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 2 total; 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over - 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; none with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - modern facilities provide excellent domestic and international services; - 3,000,000 telephones; microwave transmission links and extensive optical - fiber transmission network; broadcast stations - 6 AM, 6 FM, 4 TV; 1 British - Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) repeater station and 1 British Forces - Broadcasting Service repeater station; 2,500,000 radio receivers; 1,312,000 - TV sets (1,224,000 color TV sets); satellite earth stations - 1 Pacific - Ocean INTELSAT and 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT; coaxial cable to Guangzhou, - China; links to 5 international submarine cables providing access to ASEAN - member nations, Japan, Taiwan, Australia, Middle East, and Western Europe - -:Hong Kong Defense Forces - -Branches: - Headquarters of British Forces, Royal Navy, Royal Air Force, Royal Hong Kong - Auxiliary Air Force, Royal Hong Kong Police Force -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 1,732,360; 1,334,923 fit for military service; 46,285 reach - military age (18) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $300 million, 0.5% of GDP (1989 est.); this - represents one-fourth of the total cost of defending itself, the remainder - being paid by the UK -Note: - defense is the responsibility of the UK - -:Howland Island Geography - -Total area: - 1.6 km2 -Land area: - 1.6 km2 -Comparative area: - about 2.7 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 6.4 km -Maritime claims: - Contiguous zone: - 12 nm - Continental shelf: - 200 m (depth) - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun -Terrain: - low-lying, nearly level, sandy, coral island surrounded by a narrow fringing - reef; depressed central area -Natural resources: - guano (deposits worked until late 1800s) -Land use: - arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and - woodland 5%; other 95% -Environment: - almost totally covered with grasses, prostrate vines, and low-growing - shrubs; small area of trees in the center; lacks fresh water; primarily a - nesting, roosting, and foraging habitat for seabirds, shorebirds, and marine - wildlife; feral cats -Note: - remote location 2,575 km southwest of Honolulu in the North Pacific Ocean, - just north of the Equator, about halfway between Hawaii and Australia - -:Howland Island People - -Population: - uninhabited -Population: - note: - American civilians evacuated in 1942 after Japanese air and naval attacks - during World War II; occupied by US military during World War II, but - abandoned after the war; public entry is by special-use permit only and - generally restricted to scientists and educators - -:Howland Island Government - -Long-form name: - none -Type: - unincorporated territory of the US administered by the Fish and Wildlife - Service of the US Department of the Interior as part of the National - Wildlife Refuge System -Capital: - none; administered from Washington, DC - -:Howland Island Economy - -Overview: - no economic activity - -:Howland Island Communications - -Ports: - none; offshore anchorage only, one boat landing area along the middle of the - west coast -Airports: - airstrip constructed in 1937 for scheduled refueling stop on the - round-the-world flight of Amelia Earhart and Fred Noonan - they left Lae, - New Guinea, for Howland Island, but were never seen again; the airstrip is - no longer serviceable -Note: - Earhart Light is a day beacon near the middle of the west coast that was - partially destroyed during World War II, but has since been rebuilt in - memory of famed aviatrix Amelia Earhart - -:Howland Island Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of the US; visited annually by the US Coast - Guard - -:Hungary Geography - -Total area: - 93,030 km2 -Land area: - 92,340 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly smaller than Indiana -Land boundaries: - 2,113 km; Austria 366 km, Slovenia 82 km, Czechoslovakia 676 km, Romania 443 - km, Croatia 292 km, Serbia and Montenegro 151 km, Ukraine 103 km -Coastline: - none - landlocked -Maritime claims: - none - landlocked -Disputes: - Gabcikovo Dam dispute with Czechoslovakia -Climate: - temperate; cold, cloudy, humid winters; warm summers -Terrain: - mostly flat to rolling plains -Natural resources: - bauxite, coal, natural gas, fertile soils -Land use: - arable land 54%; permanent crops 3%; meadows and pastures 14%; forest and - woodland 18%; other 11%; includes irrigated 2% -Environment: - levees are common along many streams, but flooding occurs almost every year -Note: - landlocked; strategic location astride main land routes between Western - Europe and Balkan Peninsula as well as between Ukraine and Mediterranean - basin - -:Hungary People - -Population: - 10,333,327 (July 1992), growth rate - 0.1% (1992) -Birth rate: - 12 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 13 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 14 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 66 years male, 75 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 1.8 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Hungarian(s); adjective - Hungarian -Ethnic divisions: - Hungarian 96.6%, Gypsy 5.8%, German 1.6%, Slovak 1.1%, Southern Slav 0.3%, - Romanian 0.2% -Religions: - Roman Catholic 67.5%, Calvinist 20.0%, Lutheran 5.0%, atheist and other 7.5% -Languages: - Hungarian 98.2%, other 1.8% -Literacy: - 99% (male 99%, female 98%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980) -Labor force: - 5.4 million; services, trade, government, and other 43.2%, industry 30.9%, - agriculture 18.8%, construction 7.1% (1991) -Organized labor: - 45-55% of labor force; Central Council of Hungarian Trade Unions (SZOT) - includes 19 affiliated unions, all controlled by the government; independent - unions legal; may be as many as 12 small independent unions in operation - -:Hungary Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Hungary -Type: - republic -Capital: - Budapest -Administrative divisions: - 19 counties (megyek, singular - megye) and 1 capital city* (fovaros); - Bacs-Kiskun, Baranya, Bekes, Borsod-Abauj-Zemplen, Budapest*, Csongrad, - Fejer, Gyor-Moson-Sopron, Hajdu-Bihar, Heves, Jasz-Nagykun-Szolnok, - Komarom-Esztergom, Nograd, Pest, Somogy, Szabolcs-Szatmar-Bereg, Tolna, Vas, - Veszprem, Zala -Independence: - 1001, unification by King Stephen I -Constitution: - 18 August 1949, effective 20 August 1949, revised 19 April 1972; 18 October - 1989 revision ensured legal rights for individuals and constitutional checks - on the authority of the prime minister and also established the principle of - parliamentary oversight -Legal system: - in process of revision, moving toward rule of law based on Western model -National holiday: - October 23 (1956); commemorates the Hungarian uprising -Executive branch: - president, prime minister -Legislative branch: - unicameral National Assembly (Orszaggyules) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court, may be restructured as part of ongoing government overhaul -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Arpad GONCZ (since 3 August 1990; previously interim President - from 2 May 1990) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Jozsef ANTALL (since 23 May 1990) -Political parties and leaders: - Democratic Forum, Jozsef ANTALL, chairman; Dr. Lajos FUR, acting president; - Free Democrats, Peter TOLGYESSY, chairman; Independent Smallholders, Jozsef - TORGYAN, president; Hungarian Socialist Party (MSP), Gyula HORN, chairman; - Young Democrats, Gabor FODOR, head; Christian Democrats, Dr. Lazlo SURJAN, - president; note - the Hungarian Socialist (Communist) Workers' Party (MSZMP) - renounced Communism and became the Hungarian Socialist Party (MSP) in - October 1989; there is still a small (fringe) MSZMP -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - President: - last held 3 August 1990 (next to be held August 1994); results - President - GONCZ elected by popular vote; note - President GONCZ was elected by the - National Assembly with a total of 294 votes out of 304 as interim President - from 2 May 1990 until elected President - National Assembly: - last held on 25 March 1990 (first round, with the second round held 8 April - 1990); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (386 total) Democratic - Forum 162, Free Democrats 90, Independent Smallholders 45, Hungarian - Socialist Party (MSP) 33, Young Democrats 22, Christian Democrats 21, - independents or jointly sponsored candidates 13 -Communists: - fewer than 100,000 (December 1989) - -:Hungary Government - -Member of: - BIS, CCC, CE, CSCE, ECE, FAO, G-9, GATT, HG, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, - ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NACC, NSG, - PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Pal TAR; Chancery at 3910 Shoemaker Street NW, Washington, DC - 20008; telephone (202) 362-6730; there is a Hungarian Consulate General in - New York - US: - Ambassador Charles THOMAS; Embassy at V. Szabadsag Ter 12, Budapest (mailing - address is APO AE 09213-5270); telephone [36] (1) 112-6450; FAX 132-8934 -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and green - -:Hungary Economy - -Overview: - Hungary is in the midst of a difficult transition between a command and a - market economy. Agriculture is an important sector, providing sizable export - earnings and meeting domestic food needs. Industry accounts for about 40% of - GDP and 30% of employment. Hungary claims that less than 20% of foreign - trade is now with former CEMA countries, while about 70% is with OECD - members. Hungary's economic reform programs during the Communist era gave it - a head start in creating a market economy and attracting foreign investment. - In 1990, Hungary received half of all foreign investment in Eastern Europe - and in 1991 received the largest single share. The growing private sector - accounts for one-quarter to one-third of national output according to - unofficial estimates. Privatization of state enterprises is progressing, - although excessive redtape, bureaucratic oversight, and uncertainties about - pricing have slowed the process. Escalating unemployment and high rates of - inflation may impede efforts to speed up privatization and budget reform, - while Hungary's heavy foreign debt will make the government reluctant to - introduce full convertability of the forint before 1993. -GDP: - purchasing power equivalent - $60.1 billion, per capita $5,700; real growth - rate - 7% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 34% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 8.0% (1991) -Budget: - revenues $12.7 billion; expenditures $13.6 billion (1992 planned) -Exports: - $10.2 billion (f.o.b. 1991) - commodities: - capital goods 25.9%, foods 23%, consumer goods 16.5%, fuels 2.4%, other - 32.2% - partners: - USSR and Eastern Europe 31.9%, EC 32.2%, EFTA 12% (1990) -Imports: - $11.7 billion (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - capital goods 31.6%, fuels 13.8%, manufactured consumer goods 14.6%, - agriculture 6%, other 34.0% - partners: - USSR and Eastern Europe 34%, EC 31%, EFTA 15.4% -External debt: - $22.7 billion (January 1991) -Industrial production: - growth rate - 20% (1991 est.) -Electricity: - 6,967,000 kW capacity; 28,376 million kWh produced, 2,750 kWh per capita - (1990) -Industries: - mining, metallurgy, engineering industries, processed foods, textiles, - chemicals (especially pharmaceuticals), trucks, buses -Agriculture: - including forestry, accounts for about 15% of GDP and 19% of employment; - highly diversified crop-livestock farming; principal crops - wheat, corn, - sunflowers, potatoes, sugar beets; livestock - hogs, cattle, poultry, dairy - products; self-sufficient in food output -Illicit drugs: - transshipment point for Southeast Asia heroin transiting the Balkan route - -:Hungary Economy - -Economic aid: - recipient - $9.1 billion in assistance from OECD countries (from 1st quarter - 1990 to end of 2nd quarter 1991) -Currency: - forint (plural - forints); 1 forint (Ft) = 100 filler -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Hungary Communications - -Railroads: - 7,765 km total; 7,508 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 222 km narrow gauge - (mostly 0.760-meter), 35 km 1.520-meter broad gauge; 1,147 km double track, - 2,161 km electrified; all government owned (1991) -Highways: - 130,014 km total; 29,715 km national highway system - 26,834 km asphalt, 142 - km concrete, 51 km stone and road brick, 2,276 km macadam, 412 km unpaved; - 58,495 km country roads (66% unpaved), and 41,804 km (est.) other roads (70% - unpaved) (1988) -Inland waterways: - 1,622 km (1988) -Pipelines: - crude oil 1,204 km; petroleum products 630 km; natural gas 3,895 km (1986) -Ports: - Budapest and Dunaujvaros are river ports on the Danube; maritime outlets are - Rostock (Germany), Gdansk (Poland), Gdynia (Poland), Szczecin (Poland), - Galati (Romania), and Braila (Romania) -Merchant marine: - 14 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) and 1 bulk totaling 85,489 GRT/119,520 - DWT -Civil air: - 28 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 90 total, 90 usable; 20 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over - 3,659 m; 10 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 15 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - automatic telephone network based on radio relay system; 1.9 million phones; - telephone density is at 17 per 100 inhabitants; 49% of all phones are in - Budapest; 12-15 year wait for a phone; 16,000 telex lines (June 1990); - broadcast stations - 32 AM, 15 FM, 41 TV (8 Soviet TV repeaters); 4.2 - million TVs (1990); 1 satellite ground station using INTELSAT and - Intersputnik - -:Hungary Defense Forces - -Branches: - Ground Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Border Guard, Territorial Defense -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 2,619,277; 2,092,867 fit for military service; 87,469 reach - military age (18) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - 60.8 billion forints, 1.7% of GNP (1992 est.); - note - conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the current - exchange rate would produce misleading results - -:Iceland Geography - -Total area: - 103,000 km2 -Land area: - 100,250 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly smaller than Kentucky -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 4,988 km -Maritime claims: - Continental shelf: - edge of continental margin or 200 nm - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - Rockall continental shelf dispute involving Denmark, Ireland, and the UK - (Ireland and the UK have signed a boundary agreement in the Rockall area) -Climate: - temperate; moderated by North Atlantic Current; mild, windy winters; damp, - cool summers -Terrain: - mostly plateau interspersed with mountain peaks, icefields; coast deeply - indented by bays and fiords -Natural resources: - fish, hydroelectric and geothermal power, diatomite -Land use: - arable land NEGL%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 23%; forest and - woodland 1%; other 76% -Environment: - subject to earthquakes and volcanic activity -Note: - strategic location between Greenland and Europe; westernmost European - country - -:Iceland People - -Population: - 259,012 (July 1992), growth rate 0.9% (1992) -Birth rate: - 18 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - -2 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 4 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 76 years male, 81 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 2.2 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Icelander(s); adjective - Icelandic -Ethnic divisions: - homogeneous mixture of descendants of Norwegians and Celts -Religions: - Evangelical Lutheran 96%, other Protestant and Roman Catholic 3%, none 1% - (1988) -Languages: - Icelandic -Literacy: - 100% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1976 est.) -Labor force: - 134,429; commerce, finance, and services 55.4%, other manufacturing 14.3%., - agriculture 5.8%, fish processing 7.9%, fishing 5.0% (1986) -Organized labor: - 60% of labor force - -:Iceland Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Iceland -Type: - republic -Capital: - Reykjavik -Administrative divisions: - 23 counties (syslar, singular - sysla) and 14 independent towns* - (kaupstadhir, singular - kaupstadhur); Akranes*, Akureyri*, Arnessysla, - Austur-Bardhastrandarsysla, Austur-Hunavatnssysla, Austur-Skaftafellssysla, - Borgarfjardharsysla, Dalasysla, Eyjafjardharsysla, Gullbringusysla, - Hafnarfjordhur*, Husavik*, Isafjordhur*, Keflavik*, Kjosarsysla, Kopavogur*, - Myrasysla, Neskaupstadhur*, Nordhur-Isafjardharsysla, Nordhur-Mulasys-la, - Nordhur-Thingeyjarsysla, Olafsfjordhur*, Rangarvallasysla, Reykjavik*, - Saudharkrokur*, Seydhisfjordhur*, Siglufjordhur*, Skagafjardharsysla, - Snaefellsnes-og Hnappadalssysla, Strandasysla, Sudhur-Mulasysla, - Sudhur-Thingeyjarsysla, Vesttmannaeyjar*, Vestur-Bardhastrandarsysla, - Vestur-Hunavatnssysla, Vestur-Isafjardharsysla, Vestur-Skaftafellssysla -Independence: - 17 June 1944 (from Denmark) -Constitution: - 16 June 1944, effective 17 June 1944 -Legal system: - civil law system based on Danish law; does not accept compulsory ICJ - jurisdiction -National holiday: - Anniversary of the Establishment of the Republic, 17 June (1944) -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral Parliament (Althing) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court (Haestirettur) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Vigdis FINNBOGADOTTIR (since 1 August 1980) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister David ODDSSON (since 30 April 1991) -Political parties and leaders: - Independence Party (conservative), David ODDSSON; Progressive Party, - Steingrimur HERMANNSSON; Social Democratic Party, Jon Baldvin HANNIBALSSON; - People's Alliance (left socialist), Olafur Ragnar GRIMSSON; Citizens Party - (conservative nationalist), Julius SOLNES; Women's List -Suffrage: - universal at age 20 -Elections: - President: - last held on 29 June 1980 (next scheduled for June 1992); results - there - were no elections in 1984 and 1988 as President Vigdis FINNBOGADOTTIR was - unopposed - Althing: - last held on 20 April 1991 (next to be held by April 1995); results - - Independence Party 38.6%, Progressive Party 18.9%, Social Democratic Party - 15.5%, People's Alliance 14.4%, Womens List 8.13%, Liberals 1.2%, other - 3.27% seats - (63 total) Independence 26, Progressive 13, Social Democratic - 10, People's Alliance 9, Womens List 5 - -:Iceland Government - -Member of: - BIS, CCC, CE, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, EFTA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, - ICFTU, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO - (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, NACC, NATO, NC, NEA, NIB, OECD, PCA, UN, - UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Tomas A. TOMASSON; Chancery at 2022 Connecticut Avenue NW, - Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 265-6653 through 6655; there is an - Icelandic Consulate General in New York - US: - Ambassador Charles E. COBB, Jr.; Embassy at Laufasvegur 21, Box 40, - Reykjavik (mailing address is FPO AE 09728-0340); telephone [354] (1) 29100 -Flag: - blue with a red cross outlined in white that extends to the edges of the - flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the - style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag) - -:Iceland Economy - -Overview: - Iceland's prosperous Scandinavian-type economy is basically capitalistic, - but with extensive welfare measures, low unemployment, and comparatively - even distribution of income. The economy is heavily dependent on the fishing - industry, which provides nearly 75% of export earnings. In the absence of - other natural resources, Iceland's economy is vulnerable to changing world - fish prices. The economic improvements resulting from climbing fish prices - in 1990 and a noninflationary labor agreement probably will be reversed by - tighter fish quotas and a delay in the construction of an aluminum smelting - plant. The conservative government's economic priorities include reducing - the budget and current account deficits, containing inflation, revising - agricultural and fishing policies, diversifying the economy, and tying the - krona to the EC's European currency unit in 1993. The fishing industries - - notably the shrimp industry - are experiencing a series of bankruptcies and - mergers. Inflation has continued to drop sharply from 20% in 1989 to about - 7.5% in 1991 and possibly 3% in 1992, while unemployment is expected to - increase to 2.5%. GDP is expected to contract by nearly 4% in 1992. -GDP: - purchasing power equivalent - $4.2 billion, per capita $16,200; real growth - rate 0.3% (1991) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 7.5% (1991) -Unemployment rate: - 1.8% (1991) -Budget: - revenues $1.7 billion; expenditures $1.9 billion, including capital - expenditures of $NA million (1991 est.) -Exports: - $1.6 billion (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - fish and fish products, animal products, aluminum, diatomite - partners: - EC 67.7% (UK 25.3%, FRG 12.7%), US 9.9%, Japan 6% (1990) -Imports: - $1.7 billion (c.i.f., 1991) - commodities: - machinery and transportation equipment, petroleum, foodstuffs, textiles - partners: - EC 49.8% (FRG 12.4%, Denmark 8.6%, UK 8.1%), US 14.4%, Japan 5.6% (1990) -External debt: - $3 billion (1990) -Industrial production: - growth rate 1.75% (1991 est.) -Electricity: - 1,063,000 kW capacity; 5,165 million kWh produced, 20,780 kWh per capita - (1991) -Industries: - fish processing, aluminum smelting, ferro-silicon production, hydropower -Agriculture: - accounts for about 25% of GDP (including fishing); fishing is most important - economic activity, contributing nearly 75% to export earnings; principal - crops - potatoes and turnips; livestock - cattle, sheep; self-sufficient in - crops; fish catch of about 1.4 million metric tons in 1989 -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-81), $19.1 million -Currency: - krona (plural - kronur); 1 Icelandic krona (IKr) = 100 aurar - -:Iceland Economy - -Exchange rates: - Icelandic kronur (IKr) per US$1 - 57.277 (January 1992), 58.996 (1991), - 58.284 (1990), 57.042 (1989), 43.014 (1988), 38.677 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Iceland Communications - -Highways: - 12,343 km total; 166 km bitumen and concrete; 1,284 km bituminous treated - and gravel; 10,893 km earth -Ports: - Reykjavik, Akureyri, Hafnarfjordhur, Keflavik, Seydhisfjordhur, - Siglufjordhur, Vestmannaeyjar -Merchant marine: - 12 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 37,969 GRT/57,060 DWT; includes 5 - cargo, 3 refrigerated cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 petroleum tanker, 1 - chemical tanker -Civil air: - 20 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 94 total, 89 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways - over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 12 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - adequate domestic service; coaxial and fiber-optical cables and radio relay - for trunk network; 135,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 19 AM, 30 (43 - repeaters) FM, 13 (132 repeaters) TV; 2 submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean - INTELSAT earth station carries majority of international traffic - -:Iceland Defense Forces - -Branches: - no armed forces; Police, Coast Guard; Iceland's defense is provided by the - US-manned Icelandic Defense Force (IDF) headquartered at Keflavik -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 69,072; 61,556 fit for military service; no conscription or - compulsory military service -Defense expenditures: - none - -:India Geography - -Total area: - 3,287,590 km2 -Land area: - 2,973,190 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly more than one-third the size of the US -Land boundaries: - 14,103 km; Bangladesh 4,053 km, Bhutan 605 km, Burma 1,463 km, China 3,380, - Nepal 1,690 km, Pakistan 2,912 km -Coastline: - 7,000 km -Maritime claims: - Contiguous zone: - 24 nm - Continental shelf: - edge of continental margin or 200 nm - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - boundaries with Bangladesh, China, and Pakistan; water sharing problems with - downstream riparians, Bangladesh over the Ganges and Pakistan over the Indus -Climate: - varies from tropical monsoon in south to temperate in north -Terrain: - upland plain (Deccan Plateau) in south, flat to rolling plain along the - Ganges, deserts in west, Himalayas in north -Natural resources: - coal (fourth-largest reserves in the world), iron ore, manganese, mica, - bauxite, titanium ore, chromite, natural gas, diamonds, crude oil, limestone -Land use: - arable land 55%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 4%; forest and - woodland 23%; other 17%; includes irrigated 13% -Environment: - droughts, flash floods, severe thunderstorms common; deforestation; soil - erosion; overgrazing; air and water pollution; desertification -Note: - dominates South Asian subcontinent; near important Indian Ocean trade routes - -:India People - -Population: - 886,362,180 (July 1992), growth rate 1.9% (1992) -Birth rate: - 30 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 11 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 81 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 57 years male, 58 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 3.7 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Indian(s); adjective - Indian -Ethnic divisions: - Indo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%, Mongoloid and other 3% -Religions: - Hindu 82.6%, Muslim 11.4%, Christian 2.4%, Sikh 2.0%, Buddhist 0.7%, Jains - 0.5%, other 0.4% -Languages: - Hindi, English, and 14 other official languages - Bengali, Telugu, Marathi, - Tamil, Urdu, Gujarati, Malayalam, Kannada, Oriya, Punjabi, Assamese, - Kashmiri, Sindhi, and Sanskrit; 24 languages spoken by a million or more - persons each; numerous other languages and dialects, for the most part - mutually unintelligible; Hindi is the national language and primary tongue - of 30% of the people; English enjoys associate status but is the most - important language for national, political, and commercial communication; - Hindustani, a popular variant of Hindi/Urdu, is spoken widely throughout - northern India -Literacy: - 48% (male 62%, female 34%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 284,400,000; 67% agriculture (FY85) -Organized labor: - less than 5% of the labor force - -:India Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of India -Type: - federal republic -Capital: - New Delhi -Administrative divisions: - 25 states and 7 union territories*; Andaman and Nicobar Islands*, Andhra - Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chandigarh*, Dadra and Nagar - Haveli*, Daman and Diu*, Delhi*, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, - Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Lakshadweep*, Madhya Pradesh, - Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Orissa, Pondicherry*, - Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal -Independence: - 15 August 1947 (from UK) -Constitution: - 26 January 1950 -Legal system: - based on English common law; limited judicial review of legislative acts; - accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations -National holiday: - Anniversary of the Proclamation of the Republic, 26 January (1950) -Executive branch: - president, vice president, prime minister, Council of Ministers -Legislative branch: - bicameral Parliament (Sansad) consists of an upper house or Council of - States (Rajya Sabha) and a lower house or People's Assembly (Lok Sabha) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Ramaswamy Iyer VENKATARAMAN (since 25 July 1987); Vice President - Dr. Shankar Dayal SHARMA (since 3 September 1987) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha RAO (since 21 June 1991) -Political parties and leaders: - Congress (I) Party, P. V. Narasimha RAO, president; Bharatiya Janata Party, - L. K. ADVANI; Janata Dal Party, V. P. SINGH; Communist Party of - India/Marxist (CPI/M), Harkishan Singh SURJEET; Communist Party of India - (CPI), C. Rajeswara RAO; Telugu Desam (a regional party in Andhra Pradesh), - N. T. Rama RAO; All-India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazagham (AIADMK; a regional - party in Tamil Nadu), JAYALALITHA; Samajwadi Janata Party, CHANDRA SHEKHAR; - Shiv Sena, Bal THACKERAY; Revolutionary Socialist Party (RSP), Tridip - CHOWDHURY; Bahujana Samaj Party (BSP), Kanshi RAM; Congress (S) Party, - leader NA; Communist Party of India/Marxist-Leninist (CPI/ML), Satyanarayan - SINGH; Dravida Munnetra Kazagham (a regional party in Tamil Nadu), M. - KARUNANIDHI; Akali Dal factions representing Sikh religious community in the - Punjab; National Conference (NC; a regional party in Jammu and Kashmir), - Farooq ABDULLAH; Asom Gana Parishad (a regional party in Assam), Prafulla - MAHANTA -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 - -:India Government - -Elections: - People's Assembly: - last held 21 May, 12 and 15 June 1991 (next to be held by November 1996); - results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (545 total), 520 elected - - Congress (I) Party 231, Bharatiya Janata Party 119, Janata Dal Party 59, - CPI/M 35, CPI 14, Telugu Desam 13, AIADMK 11, Samajwadi Janata Party 5, Shiv - Sena 4, RSP 4, BSP 1, Congress (S) Party 1, other 23; note - second and - third rounds of voting were delayed because of the assassination of Congress - President Rajiv GANDHI on 21 May 1991 -Communists: - 466,000 members claimed by CPI, 361,000 members claimed by CPI/M; Communist - extremist groups, about 15,000 members -Other political or pressure groups: - various separatist groups seeking greater communal and/or regional autonomy; - numerous religious or militant/chauvinistic organizations, including Adam - Sena, Ananda Marg, Vishwa Hindu Parishad, and Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh -Member of: - AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, C, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-6, G-15, G-19, G-24, - G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, - INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, PCA, SAARC, UN, - UNAVEM, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Abid HUSSEIN; Chancery at 2107 Massachusetts Avenue NW, - Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 939-7000; there are Indian Consulates - General in Chicago, New York, and San Francisco - US: - Ambassador William CLARK, Jr.; Embassy at Shanti Path, Chanakyapuri 110021, - New Delhi; telephone [91] (11) 600651; FAX [91] (11) 687-2028, 687-2391; - there are US Consulates General in Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of orange (top), white, and green with a blue - chakra (24-spoked wheel) centered in the white band; similar to the flag of - Niger, which has a small orange disk centered in the white band - -:India Economy - -Overview: - India's economy is a mixture of traditional village farming and handicrafts, - modern agriculture, old and new branches of industry, and a multitude of - support services. It presents both the entrepreneurial skills and drives of - the capitalist system and widespread government intervention of the - socialist mold. Growth of 4-5% annually in the 1980s has softened the impact - of population growth on unemployment, social tranquility, and the - environment. Agricultural output has continued to expand, reflecting the - greater use of modern farming techniques and improved seed that have helped - to make India self-sufficient in food grains and a net agricultural - exporter. However, tens of millions of villagers, particularly in the south, - have not benefited from the green revolution and live in abject poverty, and - great numbers of urban residents lack the basic essentials of life. Industry - has benefited from a partial liberalization of controls. The growth rate of - the service sector has also been strong. India, however, has been challenged - more recently by much lower foreign exchange reserves, higher inflation, and - a large debt service burden. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $328 billion, per capita $380; real growth rate - 2.5% (FY92 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 12.0% (1991) -Unemployment rate: - 20% (1991 est.) -Budget: - revenues $38.5 billion; expenditures $53.4 billion, including capital - expenditures of $11.1 billion (FY92) -Exports: - $20.2 billion (f.o.b., FY91) - commodities: - gems and jewelry, engineering goods, clothing, textiles, chemicals, tea, - coffee, fish products - partners: - EC 25%, US 16%, USSR and Eastern Europe 19%, Japan 10% (1989) -Imports: - $25.2 billion (c.i.f., FY91) - commodities: - petroleum products, capital goods, uncut gems, gems, jewelry, chemicals, - iron and steel, edible oils - partners: - EC 33%, Middle East 19%, US 12%, Japan 8%, USSR and Eastern Europe 8% (1989) -External debt: - $72.0 billion (1991 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 8.4% (1990); accounts for about 25% of GDP -Electricity: - 80,000,000 kW capacity; 290,000 million kWh produced, 330 kWh per capita - (1991) -Industries: - textiles, food processing, steel, machinery, transportation equipment, - cement, jute manufactures, mining, petroleum, power, chemicals, - pharmaceuticals, electronics -Agriculture: - accounts for about 30% of GDP and employs 67% of labor force; - self-sufficient in food grains; principal crops - rice, wheat, oilseeds, - cotton, jute, tea, sugarcane, potatoes; livestock - cattle, buffaloes, - sheep, goats and poultry; fish catch of about 3 million metric tons ranks - India among the world's top 10 fishing nations - -:India Economy - -Illicit drugs: - licit producer of opium poppy for the pharmaceutical trade, but some opium - is diverted to illicit international drug markets; major transit country for - illicit narcotics produced in neighboring countries; illicit producer of - hashish -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $4.4 billion; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-89), $31.7 billion; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $315 million; USSR (1970-89), $11.6 billion; - Eastern Europe (1970-89), $105 million -Currency: - Indian rupee (plural - rupees); 1 Indian rupee (Re) = 100 paise -Exchange rates: - Indian rupees (Rs) per US$1 - 25.917 (January 1992), 22.742 (1991), 17.504 - (1990), 16.226 (1989), 13.917 (1988), 12.962 (1987) -Fiscal year: - 1 April - 31 March - -:India Communications - -Railroads: - 61,850 km total (1986); 33,553 km 1.676-meter broad gauge, 24,051 km - 1.000-meter gauge, 4,246 km narrow gauge (0.762 meter and 0.610 meter); - 12,617 km is double track; 6,500 km is electrified -Highways: - 1,970,000 km total (1989); 960,000 km surfaced and 1,010,000 km gravel, - crushed stone, or earth -Inland waterways: - 16,180 km; 3,631 km navigable by large vessels -Pipelines: - crude oil 3,497 km; petroleum products 1,703 km; natural gas 902 km (1989) -Ports: - Bombay, Calcutta, Cochin, Kandla, Madras, New Mangalore, Port Blair (Andaman - Islands) -Merchant marine: - 299 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,991,278 GRT/9,935,463 DWT; includes - 1 short-sea passenger, 7 passenger-cargo, 91 cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off, 8 - container, 54 oil tanker, 10 chemical tanker, 8 combination ore/oil, 111 - bulk, 2 combination bulk, 6 liquefied gas -Civil air: - 93 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 341 total, 288 usable; 203 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways - over 3,659 m; 59 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 87 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - poor domestic telephone service, international radio communications - adequate; 4,700,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 96 AM, 4 FM, 274 TV - (government controlled); domestic satellite system for communications and - TV; 3 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth stations; submarine cables to Malaysia and - United Arab Emirates - -:India Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force, Security or Paramilitary Forces, Border Security - Force, Coast Guard, Assam Rifles -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 237,803,153; 140,140,736 fit for military service; about - 9,474,290 reach military age (17) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GNP (FY91) - -:Indian Ocean Geography - -Total area: - 73,600,000 km2 -Land area: - 73,600,000 km2; Arabian Sea, Bass Strait, Bay of Bengal, Java Sea, Persian - Gulf, Red Sea, Strait of Malacca, Timor Sea, and other tributary water - bodies -Comparative area: - slightly less than eight times the size of the US; third-largest ocean - (after the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean, but larger than the Arctic - Ocean) -Coastline: - 66,526 km -Disputes: - some maritime disputes (see littoral states) -Climate: - northeast monsoon (December to April), southwest monsoon (June to October); - tropical cyclones occur during May/June and October/November in the north - Indian Ocean and January/February in the south Indian Ocean -Terrain: - surface dominated by counterclockwise gyre (broad, circular system of - currents) in the south Indian Ocean; unique reversal of surface currents in - the north Indian Ocean - low pressure over southwest Asia from hot, rising, - summer air results in the southwest monsoon and southwest-to-northeast winds - and currents, while high pressure over northern Asia from cold, falling, - winter air results in the northeast monsoon and northeast-to-southwest winds - and currents; ocean floor is dominated by the Mid-Indian Ocean Ridge and - subdivided by the Southeast Indian Ocean Ridge, Southwest Indian Ocean - Ridge, and Ninety East Ridge; maximum depth is 7,258 meters in the Java - Trench -Natural resources: - oil and gas fields, fish, shrimp, sand and gravel aggregates, placer - deposits, polymetallic nodules -Environment: - endangered marine species include the dugong, seals, turtles, and whales; - oil pollution in the Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf, and Red Sea -Note: - major chokepoints include Bab el Mandeb, Strait of Hormuz, Strait of - Malacca, southern access to the Suez Canal, and the Lombok Strait; ships - subject to superstructure icing in extreme south near Antarctica from May to - October - -:Indian Ocean Economy - -Overview: - The Indian Ocean provides a major highway for the movement of petroleum - products from the Middle East to Europe and North and South American - countries. Fish from the ocean are of growing economic importance to many of - the bordering countries as a source of both food and exports. Fishing fleets - from Russia, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan also exploit the Indian Ocean, mainly - for shrimp and tuna. Large reserves of hydrocarbons are being tapped in the - offshore areas of Saudi Arabia, Iran, India, and Western Australia. An - estimated 40% of the world's offshore oil production comes from the Indian - Ocean. Beach sands rich in heavy minerals and offshore placer deposits are - actively exploited by bordering countries, particularly India, South Africa, - Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. -Industries: - based on exploitation of natural resources, particularly marine life, - minerals, oil and gas production, fishing, sand and gravel aggregates, - placer deposits - -:Indian Ocean Communications - -Ports: - Bombay (India), Calcutta (India), Madras (India), Colombo (Sri Lanka), - Durban (South Africa), Fremantle (Australia), Jakarta (Indonesia), Melbourne - (Australia), Richard's Bay (South Africa) -Telecommunications: - submarine cables from India to United Arab Emirates and Malaysia - -:Indonesia Geography - -Total area: - 1,919,440 km2 -Land area: - 1,826,440 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly less than three times the size of Texas -Land boundaries: - 2,602 km; Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua New Guinea 820 km -Coastline: - 54,716 km -Maritime claims: - (measured from claimed archipelagic baselines) - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - sovereignty over Timor Timur (East Timor Province) disputed with Portugal -Climate: - tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands -Terrain: - mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains -Natural resources: - crude oil, tin, natural gas liquids, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, - fertile soils, coal, gold, silver -Land use: - arable land 8%; permanent crops 3%; meadows and pastures 7%; forest and - woodland 67%; other 15%; includes irrigated 3% -Environment: - archipelago of 13,500 islands (6,000 inhabited); occasional floods, severe - droughts, and tsunamis; deforestation -Note: - straddles Equator; strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from - Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean - -:Indonesia People - -Population: - 195,683,531 (July 1992), growth rate 1.7% (1992) -Birth rate: - 25 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 70 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 59 years male, 64 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 2.8 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Indonesian(s); adjective - Indonesian -Ethnic divisions: - majority of Malay stock comprising Javanese 45.0%, Sundanese 14.0%, Madurese - 7.5%, coastal Malays 7.5%, other 26.0% -Religions: - Muslim 87%, Protestant 6%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 2%, Buddhist 1%, other - 1% (1985) -Languages: - Bahasa Indonesia (modified form of Malay; official); English and Dutch - leading foreign languages; local dialects, the most widely spoken of which - is Javanese -Literacy: - 77% (male 84%, female 68%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 67,000,000; agriculture 55%, manufacturing 10%, construction 4%, transport - and communications 3% (1985 est.) -Organized labor: - 3,000,000 members (claimed); about 5% of labor force - -:Indonesia Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Indonesia -Type: - republic -Capital: - Jakarta -Administrative divisions: - 24 provinces (propinsi-propinsi, singular - propinsi), 2 special regions* - (daerah-daerah istimewa, singular - daerah istimewa), and 1 special capital - city district** (daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh*, Bali, Bengkulu, Irian Jaya, - Jakarta Raya**, Jambi, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Kalimantan - Barat, Kalimantan Selatan, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Timur, Lampung, - Maluku, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Riau, Sulawesi Selatan, - Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Tenggara, Sulawesi Utara, Sumatera Barat, Sumatera - Selatan, Sumatera Utara, Timor Timur, Yogyakarta* -Independence: - 17 August 1945 (proclaimed independence; on 27 December 1949, Indonesia - became legally independent from the Netherlands) -Constitution: - August 1945, abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and Provisional - Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959 -Legal system: - based on Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts and - by new criminal procedures code; has not accepted compulsory ICJ - jurisdiction -National holiday: - Independence Day, 17 August (1945) -Executive branch: - president, vice president, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral House of Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat or DPR); note - - the People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat or MPR) - includes the DPR plus 500 indirectly elected members who meet every five - years to elect the president and vice president and, theoretically, to - determine national policy -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court (Mahkamah Agung) -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Gen. (Ret.) SOEHARTO (since 27 March 1968); Vice President Lt. - Gen. (Ret.) SUDHARMONO (since 11 March 1988) -Political parties and leaders: - GOLKAR (quasi-official party based on functional groups), Lt. Gen. (Ret.) - WAHONO, general chairman; Indonesia Democracy Party (PDI - federation of - former Nationalist and Christian Parties), SOERYADI, chairman; Development - Unity Party (PPP, federation of former Islamic parties), Ismail Hasan - METAREUM, chairman -Suffrage: - universal at age 17 and married persons regardless of age -Elections: - House of Representatives: - last held on 23 April 1987 (next to be held 8 June 1992); results - Golkar - 73%, UDP 16%, PDI 11%; seats - (500 total - 400 elected, 100 appointed) - Golkar 299, UDP 61, PDI 40 -Communists: - Communist Party (PKI) was officially banned in March 1966; current strength - about 1,000-3,000, with less than 10% engaged in organized activity; - pre-October 1965 hardcore membership about 1.5 million - -:Indonesia Government - -Member of: - APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, - ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, - INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, - UNIIMOG, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Abdul Rachman RAMLY; Chancery at 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, - Washington, DC 20036; telephone (202) 775-5200; there are Indonesian - Consulates General in Houston, New York, and Los Angeles, and Consulates in - Chicago and San Francisco - US: - Ambassador John C. MONJO; Embassy at Medan Merdeka Selatan 5, Jakarta - (mailing address is APO AP 96520); telephone [62] (21) 360-360; FAX [62] - (21) 360-644; there are US Consulates in Medan and Surabaya -Flag: - two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to the flag of - Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white - (top) and red - -:Indonesia Economy - -Overview: - Indonesia is a mixed economy with many socialist institutions and central - planning but with a recent emphasis on deregulation and private enterprise. - Indonesia has extensive natural wealth, yet, with a large and rapidly - increasing population, it remains a poor country. GDP growth in 1985-91 - averaged about 6%, quite impressive, but not sufficient to both slash - underemployment and absorb the 2.3 million workers annually entering the - labor force. Agriculture, including forestry and fishing, is an important - sector, accounting for 23% of GDP and over 50% of the labor force. The - staple crop is rice. Once the world's largest rice importer, Indonesia is - now nearly self-sufficient. Plantation crops - rubber and palm oil - and - textiles and plywood are being encouraged for both export and job - generation. Industrial output now accounts for 30% of GDP and is based on a - supply of diverse natural resources, including crude oil, natural gas, - timber, metals, and coal. Of these, the oil sector dominates the external - economy, generating more than 20% of the government's revenues and 40% of - export earnings in 1989. However, the economy's growth is highly dependent - on the continuing expansion of nonoil exports. Japan is Indonesia's most - important customer and supplier of aid. In 1991, rapid growth in the money - supply prompted Jakarta to implement a tight monetary policy, forcing the - private sector to go to foreign banks for investment financing. Real - interest rates remained above 10%, off-shore commercial debt grew, and real - GDP growth dropped slightly from the 7% of 1990. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $122 billion, per capita $630; real growth rate - 6.0% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 10% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 3%; underemployment 45% (1991 est.) -Budget: - revenues $17.2 billion; expenditures $23.4 billion, including capital - expenditures of $8.9 billion (FY91) -Exports: - $25.7 billion (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - petroleum and liquefied natural gas 40%, timber 15%, textiles 7%, rubber 5%, - coffee 3% - partners: - Japan 40%, US 14%, Singapore 7%, Europe 16% (1990) -Imports: - $21.8 billion (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - machinery 39%, chemical products 19%, manufactured goods 16% - partners: - Japan 23%, US 13%, EC, Singapore -External debt: - $58.5 billion (1990 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 11.6% (1989 est.); accounts for 30% of GDP -Electricity: - 11,600,000 kW capacity; 38,000 million kWh produced, 200 kWh per capita - (1990) -Industries: - petroleum, textiles, mining, cement, chemical fertilizers, plywood, food, - rubber - -:Indonesia Economy - -Agriculture: - accounts for 23% of GDP; subsistence food production; small-holder and - plantation production for export; main products are rice, cassava, peanuts, - rubber, cocoa, coffee, palm oil, copra, other tropical products, poultry, - beef, pork, eggs -Illicit drugs: - illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade, but not a - major player; government actively eradicating plantings and prosecuting - traffickers -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $4.4 billion; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $25.9 billion; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $213 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $175 - million -Currency: - Indonesian rupiah (plural - rupiahs); 1 Indonesian rupiah (Rp) = 100 sen - (sen no longer used) -Exchange rates: - Indonesian rupiahs (Rp) per US$1 - 1,998.2 (January 1992), 1,950.3 (1991), - 1,842.8 (1990), 1,770.1 (1989), 1,685.7 (1988), 1,643.8 (1987) -Fiscal year: - 1 April - 31 March - -:Indonesia Communications - -Railroads: - 6,964 km total; 6,389 km 1.067-meter gauge, 497 km 0.750-meter gauge, 78 km - 0.600-meter gauge; 211 km double track; 101 km electrified; all government - owned -Highways: - 119,500 km total; 11,812 km state, 34,180 km provincial, and 73,508 km - district roads -Inland waterways: - 21,579 km total; Sumatra 5,471 km, Java and Madura 820 km, Kalimantan 10,460 - km, Celebes 241 km, Irian Jaya 4,587 km -Pipelines: - crude oil 2,505 km; petroleum products 456 km; natural gas 1,703 km (1989) -Ports: - Cilacap, Cirebon, Jakarta, Kupang, Palembang, Ujungpandang, Semarang, - Surabaya -Merchant marine: - 387 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,698,946 GRT/2,560,414 DWT; includes - 5 short-sea passenger, 13 passenger-cargo, 231 cargo, 8 container, 3 - roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 vehicle carrier, 79 petroleum tanker, 5 chemical - tanker, 6 liquefied gas, 7 specialized tanker, 1 livestock carrier, 25 bulk, - 1 passenger -Civil air: - about 216 commercial transport aircraft -Airports: - 437 total, 410 usable; 114 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways - over 3,659 m; 12 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 64 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - interisland microwave system and HF police net; domestic service fair, - international service good; radiobroadcast coverage good; 763,000 telephones - (1986); broadcast stations - 618 AM, 38 FM, 9 TV; satellite earth stations - - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station and 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth - station; and 1 domestic satellite communications system - -:Indonesia Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force, National Police -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 51,906,415; 30,668,815 fit for military service; 2,095,698 - reach military age (18) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $1.7 billion, 2% of GNP (FY91) - -:Iran Geography - -Total area: - 1,648,000 km2 -Land area: - 1,636,000 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly larger than Alaska -Land boundaries: - 5,440 km; Afghanistan 936 km, Armenia 35 km, Azerbaijan (north) 432 km, - Azerbaijan (northwest) 179 km, Iraq 1,458 km, Pakistan 909 km, Turkey 499 - km, Turkmenistan 992 km -Coastline: - 2,440 km - note: - Iran also borders the Caspian Sea (740 km) -Maritime claims: - Continental shelf: - not specific - Exclusive fishing zone: - 50 nm in the Sea of Oman; continental shelf limit, continental shelf - boundaries, or median lines in the Persian Gulf - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - Iran and Iraq restored diplomatic relations in 1990 but are still trying to - work out written agreements settling outstanding disputes from their - eight-year war concerning border demarcation, prisoners-of-war, and freedom - of navigation and sovereignty over the Shatt-al-Arab waterway; Iran occupies - two islands in the Persian Gulf claimed by the UAE: Tunb as Sughra (Arabic), - Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Kuchek (Persian) or Lesser Tunb, and Tunb al Kubra - (Arabic), Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Bozorg (Persian) or Greater Tunb; it jointly - administers with the UAE an island in the Persian Gulf claimed by the UAE, - Abu Musa (Arabic) or Jazireh-ye Abu Musa (Persian) -Climate: - mostly arid or semiarid, subtropical along Caspian coast -Terrain: - rugged, mountainous rim; high, central basin with deserts, mountains; small, - discontinuous plains along both coasts -Natural resources: - petroleum, natural gas, coal, chromium, copper, iron ore, lead, manganese, - zinc, sulfur -Land use: - arable land 8%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 27%; forest and - woodland 11%; other 54%; includes irrigated 2% -Environment: - deforestation; overgrazing; desertification - -:Iran People - -Population: - 61,183,138 (July 1992), growth rate 3.5% (1992) -Birth rate: - 44 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 64 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 64 years male, 66 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 6.5 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Iranian(s); adjective - Iranian -Ethnic divisions: - Persian 51%, Azerbaijani 25%, Kurd 9%, Gilaki and Mazandarani 8%, Lur 2%, - Baloch 1%, Arab 1%, other 3% -Religions: - Shi`a Muslim 95%, Sunni Muslim 4%, Zoroastrian, Jewish, Christian, and - Baha'i 1% -Languages: - 58% Persian and Persian dialects, 26% Turkic and Turkic dialects, 9% - Kurdish, 2% Luri, 1% Baloch, 1% Arabic, 1% Turkish, 2% other -Literacy: - 54% (male 64%, female 43%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 15,400,000; agriculture 33%, manufacturing 21%; shortage of skilled labor - (1988 est.) -Organized labor: - none - -:Iran Government - -Long-form name: - Islamic Republic of Iran -Type: - theocratic republic -Capital: - Tehran -Administrative divisions: - 24 provinces (ostanha, singular - ostan); Azarbayjan-e Bakhtari, - Azarbayjan-e Khavari, Bakhtaran, Bushehr, Chahar Machall va Bakhtiari, - Ecsfahan, Fars, Gilan, Hamadan, Hormozgan, Ilam, Kerman, Khorasan, - Khuzestan, Kohkiluyeh va Buyer Achmadi, Kordestan, Lorestan, Markazi, - Mazandaran, Semnan, Sistan va Baluchestan, Tehran, Yazd, Zanjan -Independence: - 1 April 1979, Islamic Republic of Iran proclaimed -Constitution: - 2-3 December 1979; revised 1989 to expand powers of the presidency and - eliminate the prime ministership -Legal system: - the Constitution codifies Islamic principles of government -National holiday: - Islamic Republic Day, 1 April (1979) -Executive branch: - cleric (faqih), president, Council of Ministers -Legislative branch: - unicameral Islamic Consultative Assembly (Majles-e-Shura-ye-Eslami) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Cleric and functional Chief of State: - Leader of the Islamic Revolution Ayatollah Ali HOSEINI-KHAMENEI (since 4 - June 1989) - Head of Government: - President Ali Akbar HASHEMI-RAFSANJANI (since 3 August 1989) -Political parties and leaders: - there are at least 18 licensed parties; the three most important are - - Tehran Militant Clergy Association, Mohammad Reza MAHDAVI-KANI; Militant - Clerics Association, Mehdi MAHDAVI-KARUBI and Mohammad Asqar - MUSAVI-KHOINIHA; Fedaiyin Islam Organization, Sadeq KHALKHALI -Suffrage: - universal at age 15 -Elections: - President: - last held July 1989 (next to be held April 1993); results - Ali Akbar - HASHEMI-RAFSANJANI was elected with only token opposition - Islamic Consultative Assembly: - last held 8 April 1992 (next to be held April 1996); results - percent of - vote by party NA; seats - (270 seats total) number of seats by party NA -Communists: - 1,000 to 2,000 est. hardcore; 15,000 to 20,000 est. sympathizers; crackdown - in 1983 crippled the party; trials of captured leaders began in late 1983 -Other political or pressure groups: - groups that generally support the Islamic Republic include Hizballah, - Hojjatiyeh Society, Mojahedin of the Islamic Revolution, Muslim Students - Following the Line of the Imam; armed political groups that have been almost - completely repressed by the government include Mojahedin-e Khalq - Organization (MEK), People's Fedayeen, Kurdish Democratic Party; the Society - for the Defense of Freedom - -:Iran Government - -Member of: - CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-19, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IDB, - IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, - LORCS, NAM, OIC, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, - WHO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - none; protecting power in the US is Pakistan - Iranian Interests Section, - 2315 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 939-6200 - US: - protecting power in Iran is Switzerland -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red; the national - emblem (a stylized representation of the word Allah) in red is centered in - the white band; Allah Alkbar (God is Great) in white Arabic script is - repeated 11 times along the bottom edge of the green band and 11 times along - the top edge of the red band - -:Iran Economy - -Overview: - Iran's economy is a mixture of central planning, state ownership of oil and - other large enterprises, village agriculture, and small-scale private - trading and service ventures. After a decade of economic decline, Iran's GNP - grew roughly 4% in FY90 and 10% in FY91. An oil windfall in 1990 combined - with a substantial increase in imports contributed to Iran's recent economic - growth. Iran has also begun implementing a number of economic reforms to - reduce government intervention (including subsidies) and has allocated - substantial resources to development projects in the hope of stimulating the - economy. Nevertheless, lower oil revenues in 1991 - oil accounts for more - than 90% of export revenues and provides roughly 65% of the financing for - the five-year economic development plan - and dramatic increases in external - debt are threatening development plans and could prompt Iran to cut imports, - thus limiting economic growth in the medium term. -GNP: - exchange rate conversion - $90 billion, per capita $1,500; real growth rate - 10% (FY91 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 18% (FY91 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 30% (1989) -Budget: - revenues $63 billion; expenditures $80 billion, including capital - expenditures of $23 billion (FY90 est.) -Exports: - $17.8 billion (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - petroleum 90%, carpets, fruits, nuts, hides - partners: - Japan, Italy, France, Netherlands, Belgium/Luxembourg, Spain, and Germany -Imports: - $15.9 billion (c.i.f., 1990) - commodities: - machinery, military supplies, metal works, foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals, - technical services, refined oil products - partners: - Germany, Japan, Italy, UK, France -External debt: - $10 billion (1990 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 14,579,000 kW capacity; 40,000 million kWh produced, 740 kWh per capita - (1989) -Industries: - petroleum, petrochemicals, textiles, cement and other building materials, - food processing (particularly sugar refining and vegetable oil production), - metal fabricating (steel and copper) -Agriculture: - principal products - wheat, rice, other grains, sugar beets, fruits, nuts, - cotton, dairy products, wool, caviar; not self-sufficient in food -Illicit drugs: - illicit producer of opium poppy for the domestic and international drug - trade -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-80), $1.0 billion; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.675 billion; - Communist countries (1970-89), $976 million; note - aid fell sharply - following the 1979 revolution - -:Iran Economy - -Currency: - Iranian rial (plural - rials); 1 Iranian rial (IR) = 100 dinars; note - - domestic figures are generally referred to in terms of the toman (plural - - tomans), which equals 10 rials -Exchange rates: - Iranian rials (IR) per US$1 - 65.515 (January 1992), 67.505 (1991), 68.096 - (1990), 72.015 (1989), 68.683 (1988), 71.460 (1987); note - black-market - rate 1,400 (January 1991) -Fiscal year: - 21 March - 20 March - -:Iran Communications - -Railroads: - 4,850 km total; 4,760 km 1.432-meter gauge, 92 km 1.676-meter gauge; 480 km - under construction from Bafq to Bandar Abbas, rail construction from Bafq to - Sirjan has been completed and is operational -Highways: - 140,072 km total; 42,694 km paved surfaces; 46,866 km gravel and crushed - stone; 49,440 km improved earth; 1,200 km (est.) rural road network -Inland waterways: - 904 km; the Shatt-al-Arab is usually navigable by maritime traffic for about - 130 km, but closed since September 1980 because of Iran-Iraq war -Pipelines: - crude oil 5,900 km; petroleum products 3,900 km; natural gas 4,550 km -Ports: - Abadan (largely destroyed in fighting during 1980-88 war), Bandar Beheshti, - Bandar-e Abbas, Bandar-e Bushehr, Bandar-e Khomeyni, Bandar-e Shahid Raja, - Khorramshahr (largely destroyed in fighting during 1980-88 war) -Merchant marine: - 134 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,466,395 GRT/8,329,760 DWT; includes - 38 cargo, 6 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 32 oil tanker, 4 chemical tanker, 3 - refrigerated cargo, 47 bulk, 2 combination bulk, 1 liquefied gas -Civil air: - 48 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 214 total, 188 usable; 81 with permanent-surface runways; 16 with runways - over 3,659 m; 16 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 71 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - radio relay extends throughout country; system centered in Tehran; 2,143,000 - telephones; broadcast stations - 77 AM, 3 FM, 28 TV; satellite earth - stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT; HF radio - and radio relay to Turkey, Pakistan, Syria, Kuwait, Tajikistan, and - Uzbekistan - -:Iran Defense Forces - -Branches: - Islamic Republic of Iran Ground Forces, Navy, Air Force, and Revolutionary - Guard Corps (includes Basij militia and own ground, air, and naval forces); - Law Enforcement Forces -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 13,267,810; 7,895,591 fit for military service; 552,408 reach - military age (21) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $13 billion, 14-15% of GNP (1991 est.) - -:Iraq Geography - -Total area: - 436,245 km2 -Land area: - 435,292 km2 (est.) -Comparative area: - slightly more than twice the size of Idaho -Land boundaries: - 3,576 km; Iran 1,458 km, Jordan 134 km, Kuwait 240 km, Saudi Arabia 808 km, - Syria 605 km, Turkey 331 km -Coastline: - 58 km -Maritime claims: - Continental shelf: - not specific - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - Iran and Iraq restored diplomatic relations in 1990 but are still trying to - work out written agreements settling outstanding disputes from their - eight-year war concerning border demarcation, prisoners-of-war, and freedom - of navigation and sovereignty over the Shatt-al-Arab waterway; in April 1991 - official Iraqi acceptance of UN Security Council Resolution 687, which - demands that Iraq accept the inviolability of the boundary set forth in its - 1963 agreement with Kuwait, ending earlier claims to Bubiyan and Warbah - Islands or to all of Kuwait; a United Nations Boundary Demarcation - Commission is demarcating the Iraq-Kuwait boundary persuant to Resolution - 687, and, on 17 June 1992, the UN Security Council reaffirmed the finality - of the Boundary Demarcation Commission's decisions; periodic disputes with - upstream riparian Syria over Euphrates water rights; potential dispute over - water development plans by Turkey for the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers -Climate: - mostly desert; mild to cool winters with dry, hot, cloudless summers; - northernmost regions along Iranian and Turkish borders experience cold - winters with occasionally heavy snows -Terrain: - mostly broad plains; reedy marshes in southeast; mountains along borders - with Iran and Turkey -Natural resources: - crude oil, natural gas, phosphates, sulfur -Land use: - arable land 12%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 9%; forest and - woodland 3%; other 75%; includes irrigated 4% -Environment: - development of Tigris-Euphrates Rivers system contingent upon agreements - with upstream riparians (Syria, Turkey); air and water pollution; soil - degradation (salinization) and erosion; desertification - -:Iraq People - -Population: - 18,445,847 (July 1992), growth rate 3.7% (1992) -Birth rate: - 45 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 9 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 84 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 62 years male, 64 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 7.0 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Iraqi(s); adjective - Iraqi -Ethnic divisions: - Arab 75-80%, Kurdish 15-20%, Turkoman, Assyrian or other 5% -Religions: - Muslim 97%, (Shi`a 60-65%, Sunni 32-37%), Christian or other 3% -Languages: - Arabic (official), Kurdish (official in Kurdish regions), Assyrian, Armenian -Literacy: - 60% (male 70%, female 49%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 4,400,000 (1989); services 48%, agriculture 30%, industry 22%, severe labor - shortage; expatriate labor force about 1,600,000 (July 1990) -Organized labor: - less than 10% of the labor force - -:Iraq Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Iraq -Type: - republic -Capital: - Baghdad -Administrative divisions: - 18 provinces (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Al Anbar, Al Basrah, Al - Muthanna, Al Qadisiyah, An Najaf, Arbil, As Sulaymaniyah, At Ta'im, Babil, - Baghdad, Dahuk, Dhi Qar, Diyala, Karbala, Maysan, Ninawa, Salah ad Din, - Wasit -Independence: - 3 October 1932 (from League of Nations mandate under British administration) -Constitution: - 22 September 1968, effective 16 July 1970 (interim Constitution); new - constitution drafted in 1990 but not adopted -Legal system: - based on Islamic law in special religious courts, civil law system - elsewhere; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Anniversary of the Revolution, 17 July (1968) -Executive branch: - president, vice president, chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council, - vice chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council, prime minister, first - deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers -Legislative branch: - unicameral National Assembly (Majlis al-Watani) -Judicial branch: - Court of Cassation -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President SADDAM Husayn (since 16 July 1979); Vice President Taha Muhyi - al-Din MA'RUF (since 21 April 1974); Vice President Taha Yasin RAMADAN - (since 23 March 1991) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Muhammad Hamza al-ZUBAYDI (since 13 September 1991); Deputy - Prime Minister Tariq `AZIZ (since NA 1979) -Suffrage: - universal adult at age 18 -Elections: - National Assembly: - last held on 1 April 1989 (next to be held NA); results - Sunni Arabs 53%, - Shi`a Arabs 30%, Kurds 15%, Christians 2% est.; seats - (250 total) number - of seats by party NA -Other political or pressure groups: - political parties and activity severely restricted; possibly some opposition - to regime from disaffected members of the regime, Army officers, and Shi`a - religious and Kurdish ethnic dissidents -Member of: - ABEDA, ACC, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-19, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, - ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, - ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, - WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - Iraq has an Interest Section in the Algerian Embassy in Washington, DC; - Chancery at 1801 P Street NW, Washington, DC 20036; telephone (202) 483-7500 - -:Iraq Government - - US: - no US representative in Baghdad since mid-January 1991; Embassy in Masbah - Quarter (opposite the Foreign Ministry Club), Baghdad (mailing address is P. - O. Box 2447 Alwiyah, Baghdad); telephone [964] (1) 719-6138 or 719-6139, - 718-1840, 719-3791 -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with three green - five-pointed stars in a horizontal line centered in the white band; the - phrase Allahu Akbar (God is Great) in green Arabic script - Allahu to the - right of the middle star and Akbar to the left of the middle star - was - added in January 1991 during the Persian Gulf crisis; similar to the flag of - Syria that has two stars but no script and the flag of Yemen that has a - plain white band; also similar to the flag of Egypt that has a symbolic - eagle centered in the white band - -:Iraq Economy - -Overview: - The Ba`thist regime engages in extensive central planning and management of - industrial production and foreign trade while leaving some small-scale - industry and services and most agriculture to private enterprise. The - economy has been dominated by the oil sector, which has provided about 95% - of foreign exchange earnings. In the 1980s financial problems, caused by - massive expenditures in the eight-year war with Iran and damage to oil - export facilities by Iran, led the government to implement austerity - measures and to borrow heavily and later reschedule foreign debt payments. - After the end of hostilities in 1988, oil exports gradually increased with - the construction of new pipelines and restoration of damaged facilities. - Agricultural development remained hampered by labor shortages, salinization, - and dislocations caused by previous land reform and collectivization - programs. The industrial sector, although accorded high priority by the - government, also was under financial constraints. Iraq's seizure of Kuwait - in August 1990, subsequent international economic embargoes, and military - actions by an international coalition beginning in January 1991 drastically - changed the economic picture. Oil exports were cut to near zero, and - industrial and transportation facilities were severely damaged. Throughout - 1991, the UN's economic embargo worked to reduce exports and imports and to - increase prices for most goods. The government's policy to allocate goods to - key supporters of the regime exacerbated shortages. -GNP: - $35 billion, per capita $1,940; real growth rate 10% (1989 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 45% (1989) -Unemployment rate: - less than 5% (1989 est.) -Budget: - revenues $NA billion; expenditures $NA billion, including capital - expenditures of NA (1989) -Exports: - $10.4 billion (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - crude oil and refined products, fertilizer, sulfur - partners: - US, Brazil, Turkey, Japan, Netherlands, Spain (1990) -Imports: - $6.6 billion (c.i.f., 1990) - commodities: - manufactures, food - partners: - FRG, US, Turkey, France, UK (1990) -External debt: - $45 billion (1989 est.), excluding debt of about $35 billion owed to Arab - Gulf states -Industrial production: - NA%; manufacturing accounts for 10% of GNP (1989) -Electricity: - 3,800,000 kW available out of 9,902,000 kw capacity due to Gulf war; 7,700 - million kWh produced, 430 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - petroleum production and refining, chemicals, textiles, construction - materials, food processing -Agriculture: - accounts for 11% of GNP but 30% of labor force; principal products - wheat, - barley, rice, vegetables, dates, other fruit, cotton, wool; livestock - - cattle, sheep; not self-sufficient in food output - -:Iraq Economy - -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-80), $3 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $647 million; - Communist countries (1970-89), $3.9 billion -Currency: - Iraqi dinar (plural - dinars); 1 Iraqi dinar (ID) = 1,000 fils -Exchange rates: - Iraqi dinars (ID) per US$1 - 3.1 (fixed official rate since 1982); - black-market rate (December 1991) US$1 = 12 Iraqi dinars -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Iraq Communications - -Railroads: - 2,457 km 1.435-meter standard gauge -Highways: - 34,700 km total; 17,500 km paved, 5,500 km improved earth, 11,700 km - unimproved earth -Inland waterways: - 1,015 km; Shatt-al-Arab usually navigable by maritime traffic for about 130 - km, but closed since September 1980 because of Iran-Iraq war; Tigris and - Euphrates Rivers have navigable sections for shallow-draft watercraft; - Shatt-al-Basrah canal was navigable by shallow-draft craft before closing in - 1991 because of the Persian Gulf war -Pipelines: - crude oil 4,350 km; petroleum products 725 km; natural gas 1,360 km -Ports: - Umm Qasr, Khawr az Zubayr, Al Basrah (closed since 1980) -Merchant marine: - 42 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 936,665 GRT/1,683,212 DWT; includes 1 - passenger, 1 passenger-cargo, 16 cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 3 - roll-on/roll-off cargo, 19 petroleum tanker, 1 chemical tanker; note - since - the 2 August 1990 invasion of Kuwait by Iraqi forces, Iraq has sought to - register at least part of its merchant fleet under convenience flags; none - of the Iraqi flag merchant fleet was trading internationally as of 1 January - 1992 -Civil air: - 34 major transport aircraft (including 7 grounded in Iran; excluding 12 - IL-76s and 7 Kuwait Airlines) -Airports: - 113 total, 98 usable; 73 with permanent-surface runways; 8 with runways over - 3,659 m; 52 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 12 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - reconstitution of damaged telecommunication infrastructure began after - Desert Storm; the network consists of coaxial cables and microwave links; - 632,000 telephones; the network is operational; broadcast stations - 16 AM, - 1 FM, 13 TV; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian - Ocean INTELSAT, 1 GORIZONT Atlantic Ocean in the Intersputnik system and 1 - ARABSAT; coaxial cable and microwave to Jordan, Kuwait, Syria, and Turkey - -:Iraq Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army and Republican Guard, Navy, Air Force, Border Guard Force, Internal - Security Forces -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 4,042,374; 2,272,578 fit for military service; 213,788 reach - military age (18) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GNP - -:Ireland Geography - -Total area: - 70,280 km2 -Land area: - 68,890 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly larger than West Virginia -Land boundaries: - 360 km; UK 360 km -Coastline: - 1,448 km -Maritime claims: - Continental shelf: - no precise definition - Exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - Northern Ireland question with the UK; Rockall continental shelf dispute - involving Denmark, Iceland, and the UK (Ireland and the UK have signed a - boundary agreement in the Rockall area) -Climate: - temperate maritime; modified by North Atlantic Current; mild winters, cool - summers; consistently humid; overcast about half the time -Terrain: - mostly level to rolling interior plain surrounded by rugged hills and low - mountains; sea cliffs on west coast -Natural resources: - zinc, lead, natural gas, crude oil, barite, copper, gypsum, limestone, - dolomite, peat, silver -Land use: - arable land 14%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 71%; forest and - woodland 5%; other 10% -Environment: - deforestation - -:Ireland People - -Population: - 3,521,207 (July 1992), growth rate 0.2% (1992) -Birth rate: - 15 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 9 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - -4 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 8 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 72 years male, 78 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 2.0 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Irishman(men), Irish (collective pl.); adjective - Irish -Ethnic divisions: - Celtic, with English minority -Religions: - Roman Catholic 93%, Anglican 3%, none 1%, unknown 2%, other 1% (1981) -Languages: - Irish (Gaelic) and English; English is the language generally used, with - Gaelic spoken in a few areas, mostly along the western seaboard -Literacy: - 98% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1981) -Labor force: - 1,333,000; services 57.0%, manufacturing and construction 26.1%, - agriculture, forestry, and fishing 15.0%, energy and mining 1.9% (1991) -Organized labor: - 58% of labor force (1991) - -:Ireland Government - -Long-form name: - none -Type: - republic -Capital: - Dublin -Administrative divisions: - 26 counties; Carlow, Cavan, Clare, Cork, Donegal, Dublin, Galway, Kerry, - Kildare, Kilkenny, Laois, Leitrim, Limerick, Longford, Louth, Mayo, Meath, - Monaghan, Offaly, Roscommon, Sligo, Tipperary, Waterford, Westmeath, - Wexford, Wicklow -Independence: - 6 December 1921 (from UK) -Constitution: - 29 December 1937; adopted 1937 -Legal system: - based on English common law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts; - judicial review of legislative acts in Supreme Court; has not accepted - compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Saint Patrick's Day, 17 March -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - bicameral Parliament (Oireachtas) consists of an upper house or Senate - (Seanad Eireann) and a lower house or House of Representatives (Dail - Eireann) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Mary Bourke ROBINSON (since 9 November 1990) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Albert REYNOLDS (since 11 February 1992) -Political parties and leaders: - Fianna Fail, Albert REYNOLDS; Labor Party, Richard SPRING; Fine Gael, John - BRUTON; Communist Party of Ireland, Michael O'RIORDAN; Workers' Party - (vacant); Sinn Fein, Gerry ADAMS; Progressive Democrats, Desmond O'MALLEY; - note - Prime Minister REYNOLDS heads a coalition consisting of the Fianna - Fail and the Progressive Democrats -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - President: - last held 9 November 1990 (next to be held November 1997); results - Mary - Bourke ROBINSON 52.8%, Brian LENIHAN 47.2% - Senate: - last held on 17 February 1987 (next to be held February 1992); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (60 total, 49 elected) Fianna Fail 30, - Fine Gael 16, Labor 3, independents 11 - House of Representatives: - last held on 12 July 1989 (next to be held June 1994); results - Fianna Fail - 44.0%, Fine Gael 29.4%, Labor Party 9.3%, Progressive Democrats 5.4%, - Workers' Party 4.9%, Sinn Fein 1.1%, independents 5.9%; seats - (166 total) - Fianna Fail 77, Fine Gael 55, Labor Party 15, Workers' Party 7, Progressive - Democrats 6, independents 6 -Communists: - under 500 - -:Ireland Government - -Member of: - AG, BIS, CCC, CE, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, EIB, ESA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, - ICAO, ICC, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, - ITU, LORCS, NEA, NSG, OECD, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNIDO, UNIFIL, - UNIIMOG, UNTSO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, ZC -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Dermot GALLAGHER; Chancery at 2234 Massachusetts Avenue NW, - Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 462-3939; there are Irish Consulates - General in Boston, Chicago, New York, and San Francisco - US: - Ambassador Richard A. MOORE; Embassy at 42 Elgin Road, Ballsbridge, Dublin; - telephone [353] (1) 688777; FAX [353] (1) 689-946 -Flag: - three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and orange; similar - to the flag of the Ivory Coast, which is shorter and has the colors reversed - - orange (hoist side), white, and green; also similar to the flag of Italy, - which is shorter and has colors of green (hoist side), white, and red - -:Ireland Economy - -Overview: - The economy is small, open, and trade dependent. Agriculture, once the most - important sector, is now dwarfed by industry, which accounts for 37% of GDP - and about 80% of exports and employs 26% of the labor force. The government - has successfully reduced the rate of inflation from double-digit figures in - the late 1970s to 3.8% in 1991. In 1987, after years of deficits, the - balance of payments was brought into the black. Unemployment, however, - remains a serious problem. A 1991 unemployment rate of 20.4% placed Ireland - along with Spain as the countries with the worst jobless records in Western - Europe. -GDP: - purchasing power equivalent - $39.2 billion, per capita $11,200; real growth - rate 1.3% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 3.8% (1991) -Unemployment rate: - 20.4% (1991) -Budget: - revenues $11.4 billion; expenditures $12.6 billion, including capital - expenditures of $1.6 billion (1992 est.) -Exports: - $27.8 billion (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - chemicals, data processing equipment, industrial machinery, live animals, - animal products - partners: - EC 74% (UK 34%, Germany 11%, France 10%), US 8% -Imports: - $24.5 billion (c.i.f., 1991) - commodities: - food, animal feed, chemicals, petroleum and petroleum products, machinery, - textiles, clothing - partners: - EC 66% (UK 41%, Germany 9%, France 4%), US 14% -External debt: - $14.8 billion (1990) -Industrial production: - growth rate 3.0% (1991); accounts for 37% of GDP -Electricity: - 4,957,000 kW capacity; 14,480 million kWh produced, 4,080 kWh per capita - (1991) -Industries: - food products, brewing, textiles, clothing, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, - machinery, transportation equipment, glass and crystal -Agriculture: - accounts for 11% of GDP and 15% of the labor force; principal crops - - turnips, barley, potatoes, sugar beets, wheat; livestock - meat and dairy - products; 85% self-sufficient in food; food shortages include bread grain, - fruits, vegetables -Economic aid: - donor - ODA commitments (1980-89), $90 million -Currency: - Irish pound (plural - pounds); 1 Irish pound (#Ir) = 100 pence -Exchange rates: - Irish pounds (#Ir) per US$1 - 0.6227 (March 1992), 0.6190 (1991), 0.6030 - (1990), 0.7472 (1989), 0.6553 (1988), 0.6720 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Ireland Communications - -Railroads: - Irish National Railways (CIE) operates 1,947 km 1.602-meter gauge, - government owned; 485 km double track; 38 km electrified -Highways: - 92,294 km total; 87,422 km paved, 4,872 km gravel or crushed stone -Inland waterways: - limited for commercial traffic -Pipelines: - natural gas 225 km -Ports: - Cork, Dublin, Shannon Estuary, Waterford -Merchant marine: - 55 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 146,081 GRT/177,058 DWT; includes 4 - short-sea passenger, 32 cargo, 2 refrigerated cargo, 3 container, 3 - petroleum tanker, 3 specialized tanker, 2 chemical tanker, 6 bulk -Civil air: - 23 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 36 total, 35 usable; 17 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways - over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 6 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - small, modern system using cable and digital microwave circuits; 900,000 - telephones; broadcast stations - 9 AM, 45 FM, 86 TV; 2 coaxial submarine - cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -:Ireland Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army (including Naval Service and Air Corps), National Police (GARDA) -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 894,421; 724,262 fit for military service; 34,182 reach - military age (17) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $566 million, 1-2% of GDP (1992 est.) - -:Israel Header - -Note: - The Arab territories occupied by Israel since the 1967 war are not included - in the data below. As stated in the 1978 Camp David Accords and reaffirmed - by President Bush's post-Gulf crisis peace initiative, the final status of - the West Bank and Gaza Strip, their relationship with their neighbors, and a - peace treaty between Israel and Jordan are to be negotiated among the - concerned parties. The Camp David Accords further specify that these - negotiations will resolve the location of the respective boundaries. Pending - the completion of this process, it is US policy that the final status of the - West Bank and Gaza Strip has yet to be determined (see West Bank and Gaza - Strip entries). On 25 April 1982 Israel relinquished control of the Sinai to - Egypt. Statistics for the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights are included in the - Syria entry. - -:Israel Geography - -Total area: - 20,770 km2 -Land area: - 20,330 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly larger than New Jersey -Land boundaries: - 1,006 km; Egypt 255 km, Jordan 238 km, Lebanon 79 km, Syria 76 km, West Bank - 307, Gaza Strip 51 km -Coastline: - 273 km -Maritime claims: - Continental shelf: - to depth of exploitation - Territorial sea: - 6 nm -Disputes: - separated from Lebanon, Syria, and the West Bank by the 1949 Armistice Line; - differences with Jordan over the location of the 1949 Armistice Line that - separates the two countries; West Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli occupied - with status to be determined; Golan Heights is Israeli occupied; Israeli - troops in southern Lebanon since June 1982; water-sharing issues with Jordan -Climate: - temperate; hot and dry in desert areas -Terrain: - Negev desert in the south; low coastal plain; central mountains; Jordan Rift - Valley -Natural resources: - copper, phosphates, bromide, potash, clay, sand, sulfur, asphalt, manganese, - small amounts of natural gas and crude oil -Land use: - arable land 17%; permanent crops 5%; meadows and pastures 40%; forest and - woodland 6%; other 32%; includes irrigated 11% -Environment: - sandstorms may occur during spring and summer; limited arable land and - natural water resources pose serious constraints; deforestation -Note: - there are 175 Jewish settlements in the West Bank, 38 in the - Israeli-occupied Golan Heights, 18 in the Gaza Strip, and 14 Israeli-built - Jewish neighborhoods in East Jerusalem - -:Israel People - -Population: - 4,748,059 (July 1992), growth rate 4.0% (1992); includes 95,000 Jewish - settlers in the West Bank, 14,000 in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights, - 4,000 in the Gaza Strip, and 132,000 in East Jerusalem (1992 est.) -Birth rate: - 21 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 26 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 9 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 76 years male, 80 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 2.9 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Israeli(s); adjective - Israeli -Ethnic divisions: - Jewish 83%, non-Jewish (mostly Arab) 17% -Religions: - Judaism 82%, Islam (mostly Sunni Muslim) 14%, Christian 2%, Druze and other - 2% -Languages: - Hebrew (official); Arabic used officially for Arab minority; English most - commonly used foreign language -Literacy: - 92% (male 95%, female 89%) age 15 and over can read and write (1983) -Labor force: - 1,400,000 (1984 est.); public services 29.3%; industry, mining, and - manufacturing 22.8%; commerce 12.8%; finance and business 9.5%; transport, - storage, and communications 6.8%; construction and public works 6.5%; - personal and other services 5.8%; agriculture, forestry, and fishing 5.5%; - electricity and water 1.0% (1983) -Organized labor: - 90% of labor force - -:Israel Government - -Long-form name: - State of Israel -Type: - republic -Capital: - Israel proclaimed Jerusalem its capital in 1950, but the US, like nearly all - other countries, maintains its Embassy in Tel Aviv -Administrative divisions: - 6 districts (mehozot, singular - mehoz); Central, Haifa, Jerusalem, - Northern, Southern, Tel Aviv -Independence: - 14 May 1948 (from League of Nations mandate under British administration) -Constitution: - no formal constitution; some of the functions of a constitution are filled - by the Declaration of Establishment (1948), the basic laws of the parliament - (Knesset), and the Israeli citizenship law -Legal system: - mixture of English common law, British Mandate regulations, and, in personal - matters, Jewish, Christian, and Muslim legal systems; in December 1985, - Israel informed the UN Secretariat that it would no longer accept compulsory - ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Independence Day; Israel declared independence on 14 May 1948, but the - Jewish calendar is lunar and the holiday may occur in April or May -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, vice prime minister, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral parliament (Knesset) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Chaim HERZOG (since 5 May 1983) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Yitzhak SHAMIR (since 20 October 1986) -Political parties and leaders: - Israel currently has a coalition government comprising 12 parties that hold - 66 of the Knesset's 120 seats; currently in state of flux; election held 23 - June 1992 - Members of the government: - Likud bloc, Prime Minister Yitzhak SHAMIR; Sephardic Torah Guardians (SHAS), - Minister of Interior Arieh DER'I; National Religious Party, Minister of - Education Shulamit ALONI; Agudat Israel, Avraham SHAPIRA; Degel HaTorah, - Avraham RAVITZ; Moriya, Minister of Immigrant Absorption, Yair TZABAN; - Ge'ulat Israel, Eliezer MIZRAHI; New Liberal Party, Minister of Finance, - Avraham SHOCHAT; Tehiya Party, Minister of Science Technology, Yuval NEEMAN; - Tzomet Party Unity for Peace and Aliyah, Rafael EITAN; Moledet Party, - Rehavam ZEEVI - Opposition parties: - Labor Party, Shimon PERES; Citizens' Rights Movement, Shulamit ALONI; United - Workers' Party (MAPAM), Yair TZABAN; Center Movement-Shinui, Amnon - RUBENSTEIN; New Israeli Communist Party (MAKI), Meir WILNER; Progressive - List for Peace, Muhammad MI'ARI; Arab Democratic Party, `Abd Al Wahab - DARAWSHAH; Black Panthers, Charlie BITON -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 - -:Israel Government - -Elections: - President: - last held 23 February 1988 (next to be held February 1994); results - Chaim - HERZOG reelected by Knesset - Knesset: - last held June 1992 (next to be held by NA; results - percent of vote by - party NA; seats - (120 total) Labor Party 44, Likud bloc 12, SHAS 6, - National Religious Party 6, Meretz 12, Agudat Yisrael 4, PAZI 3, MAKI 3, - Tehiya Party 3, Tzomet Party 8, Moledet Party 3, Degel HaTorah 4, Center - Movement Progressive List for Peace 1, Arab Democratic Party 2; Black - Panthers 1, Moriya 1, Ge'ulat Yisrael 1, Unity for Peace and Aliyah 1 -Communists: - Hadash (predominantly Arab but with Jews in its leadership) has some 1,500 - members -Other political or pressure groups: - Gush Emunim, Jewish nationalists advocating Jewish settlement on the West - Bank and Gaza Strip; Peace Now, critical of government's West Bank/Gaza - Strip and Lebanon policies -Member of: - AG (observer), CCC, EBRD, FAO, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, - IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, - ITU, OAS (observer), PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, - WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Zalman SHOVAL; Chancery at 3514 International Drive NW, - Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 364-5500; there are Israeli Consulates - General in Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, - Philadelphia, and San Francisco - US: - Ambassador William HARROP; Embassy at 71 Hayarkon Street, Tel Aviv (mailing - address is APO AE 09830; telephone [972] (3) 654338; FAX [972] (3) 663449; - there is a US Consulate General in Jerusalem -Flag: - white with a blue hexagram (six-pointed linear star) known as the Magen - David (Shield of David) centered between two equal horizontal blue bands - near the top and bottom edges of the flag - -:Israel Economy - -Overview: - Israel has a market economy with substantial government participation. It - depends on imports of crude oil, grains, raw materials, and military - equipment. Despite limited natural resources, Israel has intensively - developed its agricultural and industrial sectors over the past 20 years. - Industry employs about 20% of Israeli workers, agriculture 5%, and services - most of the rest. Diamonds, high-technology equipment, and agricultural - products (fruits and vegetables) are leading exports. Israel usually posts - balance-of-payments deficits, which are covered by large transfer payments - from abroad and by foreign loans. Roughly half of the government's $17 - billion external debt is owed to the United States, which is its major - source of economic and military aid. To earn needed foreign exchange, Israel - has been targeting high-technology niches in international markets, such as - medical scanning equipment. Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in August 1990 dealt a - blow to Israel's economy. Higher world oil prices added an estimated $300 - million to the oil import bill that year and helped keep annual inflation at - 18%. Regional tension and the continuing Palestinian uprising (intifadah) - have contributed to a sharp drop in tourism - a key foreign exchange earner - - to the lowest level since the 1973 Arab-Israeli war. The influx of Jewish - immigrants from the former USSR, which topped 330,000 during the period - 1990-91, will increase unemployment, intensify housing problems, widen the - government budget deficit, and fuel inflation. -GDP: - purchasing power equivalent - $54.6 billion, per capita $12,000; real growth - rate 5% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 18% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 11% (1991 est.) -Budget: - revenues $41.7 billion; expenditures $47.6 billion, including capital - expenditures of $NA (FY92) -Exports: - $12.1 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) - commodities: - polished diamonds, citrus and other fruits, textiles and clothing, processed - foods, fertilizer and chemical products, military hardware, electronics - partners: - US, EC, Japan, Hong Kong, Switzerland -Imports: - $18.1 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.) - commodities: - military equipment, rough diamonds, oil, chemicals, machinery, iron and - steel, cereals, textiles, vehicles, ships, aircraft - partners: - US, EC, Switzerland, Japan, South Africa, Canada, Hong Kong -External debt: - $24 billion, of which government debt is $17 billion (December 1991 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate - 7% (1991 est.); accounts for about 20% of GDP -Electricity: - 5,300,000 kWh capacity; 21,000 million kWh produced, 4,800 kWh per capita - (1991) -Industries: - food processing, diamond cutting and polishing, textiles, clothing, - chemicals, metal products, military equipment, transport equipment, - electrical equipment, miscellaneous machinery, potash mining, - high-technology electronics, tourism - -:Israel Economy - -Agriculture: - accounts for about 3% of GDP; largely self-sufficient in food production, - except for grains; principal products - citrus and other fruits, vegetables, - cotton; livestock products - beef, dairy, and poultry -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-90), $18.2 billion; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.8 billion -Currency: - new Israeli shekel (plural - shekels); 1 new Israeli shekel (NIS) = 100 new - agorot -Exchange rates: - new Israeli shekels (NIS) per US$1 - 2.4019 (March 1992), 2.2791 (1991), - 2.0162 (1990), 1.9164 (1989), 1.5989 (1988), 1.5946 (1987) -Fiscal year: - previously 1 April - 31 March; FY91 was 1 April - 31 December, and since 1 - January 1992 the fiscal year has conformed to the calendar year - -:Israel Communications - -Railroads: - 600 km 1.435-meter gauge, single track; diesel operated -Highways: - 4,750 km; majority is bituminous surfaced -Pipelines: - crude oil 708 km; petroleum products 290 km; natural gas 89 km -Ports: - Ashdod, Haifa -Merchant marine: - 34 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 629,966 GRT/721,106 DWT; includes 8 - cargo, 23 container, 2 refrigerated cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off; note - Israel - also maintains a significant flag of convenience fleet, which is normally at - least as large as the Israeli flag fleet; the Israeli flag of convenience - fleet typically includes all of its petroleum tankers -Civil air: - 32 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 51 total, 44 usable; 26 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways - over 3,659 m; 6 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 11 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - most highly developed in the Middle East although not the largest; good - system of coaxial cable and radio relay; 1,800,000 telephones; broadcast - stations - 14 AM, 21 FM, 20 TV; 3 submarine cables; satellite earth stations - - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT - -:Israel Defense Forces - -Branches: - Israel Defense Forces, including ground, naval, and air components; - historically, there have been no separate Israeli military services -Manpower availability: - eligible 15-49, 2,357,195; of the 1,189,275 males 15-49, 977,332 are fit for - military service; of the 1,167,920 females 15-49, 955,928 are fit for - military service; 44,624 males and 42,705 females reach military age (18) - annually; both sexes are liable for military service; Nahal or Pioneer - Fighting Youth, Frontier Guard, Chen -Defense expenditures: - $7.5 billion, 12.1% of GNP (1992 budget); note - does not include pay for - reserve soldiers and other defense-related categories; actual outlays would - therefore be higher - -:Italy Geography - -Total area: - 301,230 km2 -Land area: - 294, 020 km2; includes Sardinia and Sicily -Comparative area: - slightly larger than Arizona -Land boundaries: - 1,899.2 km; Austria 430 km, France 488 km, San Marino 39 km, Slovenia 199 - km, Switzerland 740 km, Vatican City 3.2 km -Coastline: - 4,996 km -Maritime claims: - Continental shelf: - 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - predominantly Mediterranean; Alpine in far north; hot, dry in south -Terrain: - mostly rugged and mountainous; some plains, coastal lowlands -Natural resources: - mercury, potash, marble, sulfur, dwindling natural gas and crude oil - reserves, fish, coal -Land use: - arable land 32%; permanent crops 10%; meadows and pastures 17%; forest and - woodland 22%; other 19%; includes irrigated 10% -Environment: - regional risks include land-slides, mudflows, snowslides, earthquakes, - volcanic eruptions, flooding, pollution; land sinkage in Venice -Note: - strategic location dominating central Mediterranean as well as southern sea - and air approaches to Western Europe - -:Italy People - -Population: - 57,904,628 (July 1992), growth rate 0.2% (1992) -Birth rate: - 10 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 10 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 8 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 74 years male, 81 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 1.4 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Italian(s); adjective - Italian -Ethnic divisions: - primarily Italian but population includes small clusters of German-, - French-, and Slovene-Italians in the north and Albanian-Italians and - Greek-Italians in the south; Sicilians; Sardinians -Religions: - virtually 100% Roman Catholic -Languages: - Italian; parts of Trentino-Alto Adige region are predominantly German - speaking; small French-speaking minority in Valle d'Aosta region; - Slovene-speaking minority in the Trieste-Gorizia area -Literacy: - 97% (male 98%, female 96%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 23,988,000; services 58%, industry 32.2%, agriculture 9.8% (1988) -Organized labor: - 40-45% of labor force (est.) - -:Italy Government - -Long-form name: - Italian Republic -Type: - republic -Capital: - Rome -Administrative divisions: - 20 regions (regioni, singular - regione); Abruzzi, Basilicata, Calabria, - Campania, Emilia-Romagna, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Lazio, Liguria, Lombardia, - Marche, Molise, Piemonte, Puglia, Sardegna, Sicilia, Toscana, Trentino-Alto - Adige, Umbria, Valle d'Aosta, Veneto -Independence: - 17 March 1861, Kingdom of Italy proclaimed -Constitution: - 1 January 1948 -Legal system: - based on civil law system, with ecclesiastical law influence; appeals - treated as trials de novo; judicial review under certain conditions in - Constitutional Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Anniversary of the Republic, 2 June (1946) -Executive branch: - president, prime minister (president of the Council of Ministers) -Legislative branch: - bicameral Parliament (Parlamento) consists of an upper chamber or Senate of - the Republic (Senato della Repubblica) and a lower chamber or Chamber of - Deputies (Camera dei Deputati) -Judicial branch: - Constitutional Court (Corte Costituzionale) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Oscar Luigi SCALFARO (since 28 May 1992) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Guiliano AMATO (since 28 June 1992); Deputy Prime Minister -Political parties and leaders: - Christian Democratic Party (DC), Arnaldo FORLANI (general secretary), - Ciriaco De MITA (president); Socialist Party (PSI), Bettino CRAXI (party - secretary); Social Democratic Party (PSDI), Carlo VIZZINI (party secretary); - Liberal Party (PLI), Renato ALTISSIMO (secretary general); Democratic Party - of the Left (PDS - was Communist Party, or PCI, until January 1991), Achille - OCCHETTO (secretary general); Italian Social Movement (MSI), Gianfranco FINI - (national secretary); Republican Party (PRI), Giorgio La MALFA (political - secretary); Lega Nord (Northern League), Umberto BOSSI, president -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 (except in senatorial elections, where minimum age is - 25) -Elections: - Senate: - last held 5-6 April 1992 (next to be held by April 1997); results - DC - 33.9%, PCI 28.3%, PSI 10.7%, other 27.1%; seats - (326 total, 315 elected) - DC 107, PDS 64, PSI 49, Leagues 25, other 70 - Chamber of Deputies: - last held 5-6 April 1992 (next to be held April 1997); results - DC 29.7%, - PDS 26.6%, PSI 13.6%, Leagues 8.7%, Communist Renewal 5.6%, MSI 5.4%, PRI - 4.4%, PLI 2.8%, PSDI 2.7%, other 11% - -:Italy Government - -Other political or pressure groups: - the Roman Catholic Church; three major trade union confederations (CGIL - - Communist dominated, CISL - Christian Democratic, and UIL - Social - Democratic, Socialist, and Republican); Italian manufacturers association - (Confindustria); organized farm groups (Confcoltivatori, Confagricoltura) -Member of: - AfDB, AG (observer), Australia Group, AsDB, BIS, CCC, CDB (nonregional - member), CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, EIB, ESA, FAO, G-7, G-10, - GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IEA, IFC, ILO, IMF, - IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NACC, - NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, MTCR, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, - UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIIMOG, UNMOGIP, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, - ZC -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Boris BIANCHERI CHIAPPORI; Chancery at 1601 Fuller Street NW, - Washington, DC 20009; telephone (202) 328-5500; there are Italian Consulates - General in Boston, Chicago, Houston, New Orleans, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, - San Francisco, and Consulates in Detroit and Newark (New Jersey) - US: - Ambassador Peter F. SECCHIA; Embassy at Via Veneto 119/A, 00187, Rome - (mailing address is APO AE 09624); telephone [39] (6) 46741, FAX [39] (6) - 467-2356; there are US Consulates General in Florence, Genoa, Milan, Naples, - and Palermo (Sicily) -Flag: - three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and red; similar to - the flag of Ireland, which is longer and is green (hoist side), white, and - orange; also similar to the flag of the Ivory Coast, which has the colors - reversed - orange (hoist side), white, and green - -:Italy Economy - -Overview: - Since World War II the economy has changed from one based on agriculture - into a ranking industrial economy, with approximately the same total and per - capita output as France and the UK. The country is still divided into a - developed industrial north, dominated by small private companies, and an - undeveloped agricultural south, dominated by large public enterprises. - Services account for 48% of GDP, industry about 35%, agriculture 4%, and - public administration 13%. Most raw materials needed by industry and over - 75% of energy requirements must be imported. After growing at an annual - average rate of 3% during the period 1983-90, growth slowed to about 1% in - 1991. For the 1990s, Italy faces the problems of refurbishing a tottering - communications system, curbing pollution in major industrial centers, and - adjusting to the new competitive forces accompanying the ongoing economic - integration of the European Community. -GDP: - purchasing power equivalent - $965.0 billion, per capita $16,700; real - growth rate 1.0% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 6.5% (1991) -Unemployment rate: - 11.0% (1991 est.) -Budget: - revenues $431 billion; expenditures $565 billion, including capital - expenditures of $48 billion (1991) -Exports: - $209 billion (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - textiles, wearing apparel, metals, transportation equipment, chemicals - partners: - EC 58.5%, US 8%, OPEC 4% -Imports: - $222 billion (c.i.f., 1991) - commodities: - petroleum, industrial machinery, chemicals, metals, food, agricultural - products - partners: - EC 58%, OPEC 7%, US 5% -External debt: - NA -Industrial production: - growth rate - 2.0% (1991); accounts for almost 35% of GDP -Electricity: - 57,500,000 kW capacity; 235,000 million kWh produced, 4,072 kWh per capita - (1991) -Industries: - machinery, iron and steel, chemicals, food processing, textiles, motor - vehicles, clothing, footwear, ceramics -Agriculture: - accounts for about 4% of GDP and 10% of the work force; self-sufficient in - foods other than meat and dairy products; principal crops - fruits, - vegetables, grapes, potatoes, sugar beets, soybeans, grain, olives; fish - catch of 388,200 metric tons in 1988 -Economic aid: - donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $25.9 billion -Currency: - Italian lira (plural - lire); 1 Italian lira (Lit) = 100 centesimi -Exchange rates: - Italian lire (Lit) per US$1 - 1,248.4 (March 1992), 1,240.6 (January 1991), - 1,198.1 (1990), 1,372.1 (1989), 1,301.6 (1988), 1,296.1 (1987) - -:Italy Economy - -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Italy Communications - -Railroads: - 20,011 km total; 16,066 km 1.435-meter government-owned standard gauge - (8,999 km electrified); 3,945 km privately owned - 2,100 km 1.435-meter - standard gauge (1,155 km electrified) and 1,845 km 0.950-meter narrow gauge - (380 km electrified) -Highways: - 294,410 km total; autostrada (expressway) 5,900 km, state highways 45,170 - km, provincial highways 101,680 km, communal highways 141,660 km; 260,500 km - paved, 26,900 km gravel and crushed stone, 7,010 km earth -Inland waterways: - 2,400 km for various types of commercial traffic, although of limited - overall value -Pipelines: - crude oil 1,703 km; petroleum products 2,148 km; natural gas 19,400 km -Ports: - Cagliari (Sardinia), Genoa, La Spezia, Livorno, Naples, Palermo (Sicily), - Taranto, Trieste, Venice -Merchant marine: - 546 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 7,004,462 GRT/10,265,132 DWT; - includes 17 passenger, 39 short-sea passenger, 94 cargo, 4 refrigerated - cargo, 24 container, 66 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 9 vehicle carrier, 1 - multifunction large-load carrier, 1 livestock carrier, 142 petroleum tanker, - 33 chemical tanker, 39 liquefied gas, 10 specialized tanker, 10 combination - ore/oil, 55 bulk, 2 combination bulk -Civil air: - 125 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 137 total, 134 usable; 91 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways - over 3,659 m; 36 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 39 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - modern, well-developed, fast; 25,600,000 telephones; fully automated - telephone, telex, and data services; high-capacity cable and radio relay - trunks; very good broadcast service by stations - 135 AM, 28 (1,840 - repeaters) FM, 83 (1,000 repeaters) TV; international service by 21 - submarine cables; 3 satellite earth stations operating in INTELSAT with 3 - Atlantic Ocean antennas and 2 Indian Ocean antennas; also participates in - INMARSAT and EUTELSAT systems - -:Italy Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force, Carabinieri -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 14,864,191; 12,980,362 fit for military service; 441,768 reach - military age (18) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $22.7 billion, 2.2% of GDP (1991) - -:Ivory Coast Geography - -Total area: - 322,460 km2 -Land area: - 318,000 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly larger than New Mexico -Land boundaries: - 3,110 km; Burkina 584 km, Ghana 668 km, Guinea 610 km, Liberia 716 km, Mali - 532 km -Coastline: - 515 km -Maritime claims: - Continental shelf: - 200 m (depth) - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical along coast, semiarid in far north; three seasons - warm and dry - (November to March), hot and dry (March to May), hot and wet (June to - October) -Terrain: - mostly flat to undulating plains; mountains in northwest -Natural resources: - crude oil, diamonds, manganese, iron ore, cobalt, bauxite, copper -Land use: - arable land 9%; permanent crops 4%; meadows and pastures 9%; forest and - woodland 26%; other 52%; includes irrigated NEGL% -Environment: - coast has heavy surf and no natural harbors; severe deforestation - -:Ivory Coast People - -Population: - 13,497,153 (July 1992), growth rate 3.9% (1992) -Birth rate: - 47 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 12 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 3 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 94 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 53 years male, 57 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 6.8 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Ivorian(s); adjective - Ivorian -Ethnic divisions: - over 60 ethnic groups; most important are the Baoule 23%, Bete 18%, Senoufou - 15%, Malinke 11%, and Agni; foreign Africans, mostly Burkinabe about 2 - million; non-Africans about 130,000 to 330,000 (French 30,000 and Lebanese - 100,000 to 300,000) -Religions: - indigenous 63%, Muslim 25%, Christian 12%, -Languages: - French (official), over 60 native dialects; Dioula most widely spoken -Literacy: - 54% (male 67%, female 40%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 5,718,000; over 85% of population engaged in agriculture, forestry, - livestock raising; about 11% of labor force are wage earners, nearly half in - agriculture and the remainder in government, industry, commerce, and - professions; 54% of population of working age (1985) -Organized labor: - 20% of wage labor force - -:Ivory Coast Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of the Ivory Coast; note - the local official name is Republique de - Cote d'Ivoire -Type: - republic; multiparty presidential regime established 1960 -Capital: - Yamoussoukro (although Yamoussoukro has been the capital since 1983, Adibjan - remains the administrative center; foreign governments, including the United - States, maintain presence in Abidjan) -Administrative divisions: - 49 departments (departements, singular - (departement); Abengourou, Abidjan, - Aboisso, Adzope, Agboville, Bangolo, Beoumi, Biankouma, Bondoukou, - Bongouanou, Bouafle, Bouake, Bouna, Boundiali, Dabakala, Daloa, Danane, - Daoukro, Dimbokro, Divo, Duekoue, Ferkessedougou, Gagnoa, Grand-Lahou, - Guiglo, Issia, Katiola, Korhogo, Lakota, Man, Mankono, Mbahiakro, Odienne, - Oume, Sakassou, San-Pedro, Sassandra, Seguela, Sinfra, Soubre, Tabou, Tanda, - Tingrela, Tiassale, Touba, Toumodi, Vavoua, Yamoussoukro, Zuenoula -Independence: - 7 August 1960 (from France) -Constitution: - 3 November 1960 -Legal system: - based on French civil law system and customary law; judicial review in the - Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ - jurisdiction -National holiday: - National Day, 7 December -Executive branch: - president, Council of Ministers (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Dr. Felix HOUPHOUET-BOIGNY (since 27 November 1960); Prime - Minister Alassane OUATTARA (since 7 November 1990) -Political parties and leaders: - Democratic Party of the Ivory Coast (PDCI), Dr. Felix HOUPHOUET-BOIGNY; - Ivorian Popular Front (FPI), Laurent GBAGBO; Ivorian Worker's Party (PIT), - Francis WODIE; Ivorian Socialist Party (PSI), Morifere BAMBA; over 20 - smaller parties -Suffrage: - universal at age 21 -Elections: - President: - last held 28 October 1990 (next to be held October 1995); results - - President Felix HOUPHOUET-BOIGNY received 81% of the vote in his first - contested election; he is currently serving his seventh consecutive - five-year term - National Assembly: - last held 25 November 1990 (next to be held November 1995); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (175 total) PDCI 163, FPI 9, PIT 1, - independents 2 -Member of: - ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-24, G-77, GATT, - IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, - IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL, - WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - -:Ivory Coast Government - -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Charles GOMIS; Chancery at 2424 Massachusetts Avenue NW, - Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 797-0300 - US: - Ambassador Kenneth L. BROWN; Embassy at 5 Rue Jesse Owens, Abidjan (mailing - address is 01 B. P. 1712, Abidjan); telephone [225] 21-09-79 or 21-46-72, - FAX [225] 22-32-59 -Flag: - three equal vertical bands of orange (hoist side), white, and green; similar - to the flag of Ireland, which is longer and has the colors reversed - green - (hoist side), white, and orange; also similar to the flag of Italy, which is - green (hoist side), white, and red; design was based on the flag of France - -:Ivory Coast Economy - -Overview: - Ivory Coast is among the world's largest producers and exporters of coffee, - cocoa beans, and palm-kernel oil. Consequently, the economy is highly - sensitive to fluctuations in international prices for coffee and cocoa and - to weather conditions. Despite attempts by the government to diversify, the - economy is still largely dependent on agriculture and related industries. - The agricultural sector accounts for over one-third of GDP and about 80% of - export earnings and employs about 85% of the labor force. A collapse of - world cocoa and coffee prices in 1986 threw the economy into a recession, - from which the country had not recovered by 1990. Continuing poor prices for - commodity exports, an overvalued exchange rate, a bloated public-sector wage - bill, and a large foreign debt hindered economic recovery in 1991. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $10 billion, per capita $800; real growth rate - -2.9% (1990) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - -0.8% (1990 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 14% (1985) -Budget: - revenues $2.8 billion (1989 est.); expenditures $4.1 billion, including - capital expenditures of $NA (1989 est.) -Exports: - $2.5 billion (f.o.b., 1989) - commodities: - cocoa 30%, coffee 20%, tropical woods 11%, cotton, bananas, pineapples, palm - oil, cotton - partners: - France, FRG, Netherlands, US, Belgium, Spain (1985) -Imports: - $1.4 billion (f.o.b., 1989) - commodities: - manufactured goods and semifinished products 50%, consumer goods 40%, raw - materials and fuels 10% - partners: - France, other EC, Nigeria, US, Japan (1985) -External debt: - $15.0 billion (1990 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate - 6% (1989); accounts for 17% of GDP -Electricity: - 1,210,000 kW capacity; 2,680 million kWh produced, 210 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - foodstuffs, wood processing, oil refinery, automobile assembly, textiles, - fertilizer, beverage -Agriculture: - most important sector, contributing one-third to GDP and 80% to exports; - cash crops include coffee, cocoa beans, timber, bananas, palm kernels, - rubber; food crops - corn, rice, manioc, sweet potatoes; not self-sufficient - in bread grain and dairy products -Illicit drugs: - illicit producer of cannabis on a small scale for the international drug - trade -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $356 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $5.2 billion -Currency: - Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural - francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF) - = 100 centimes - -:Ivory Coast Economy - -Exchange rates: - Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 269.01 (January - 1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 - (1987), 346.30 (1986) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Ivory Coast Communications - -Railroads: - 660 km (Burkina border to Abidjan, 1.00-meter gauge, single track, except 25 - km Abidjan-Anyama section is double track) -Highways: - 46,600 km total; 3,600 km paved; 32,000 km gravel, crushed stone, laterite, - and improved earth; 11,000 km unimproved -Inland waterways: - 980 km navigable rivers, canals, and numerous coastal lagoons -Ports: - Abidjan, San-Pedro -Merchant marine: - 7 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 70,957 GRT/ 91,782 DWT; includes 5 - cargo, 1 petroleum tanker, 1 chemical tanker -Civil air: - 14 major transport aircraft, including multinationally owned Air Afrique - fleet -Airports: - 45 total, 39 usable; 7 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways - over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 15 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - well-developed by African standards but operating well below capacity; - consists of open-wire lines and radio relay links; 87,700 telephones; - broadcast stations - 3 AM, 17 FM, 13 TV, 1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean - INTELSAT earth station; 2 coaxial submarine cables - -:Ivory Coast Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary Gendarmerie, Republican Guard, Military - Fire Group -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 3,083,765; 1,597,108 fit for military service; 141,259 males - reach military age (18) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $200 million, 2.3% of GDP (1988) - -:Jamaica Geography - -Total area: - 10,990 km2 -Land area: - 10,830 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly smaller than Connecticut -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 1,022 km -Maritime claims: - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; hot, humid; temperate interior -Terrain: - mostly mountains with narrow, discontinuous coastal plain -Natural resources: - bauxite, gypsum, limestone -Land use: - arable land 19%; permanent crops 6%; meadows and pastures 18%; forest and - woodland 28%; other 29%; includes irrigated 3% -Environment: - subject to hurricanes (especially July to November); deforestation; water - pollution -Note: - strategic location between Cayman Trench and Jamaica Channel, the main sea - lanes for Panama Canal - -:Jamaica People - -Population: - 2,506,701 (July 1992), growth rate 0.9% (1992) -Birth rate: - 23 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - -8 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 18 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 72 years male, 76 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 2.5 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Jamaican(s); adjective - Jamaican -Ethnic divisions: - African 76.3%, Afro-European 15.1%, East Indian and Afro-East Indian 3.0%, - white 3.2%, Chinese and Afro-Chinese 1.2%, other 1.2% -Religions: - predominantly Protestant 55.9% (Church of God 18.4%, Baptist 10%, Anglican - 7.1%, Seventh-Day Adventist 6.9%, Pentecostal 5.2%, Methodist 3.1%, United - Church 2.7%, other 2.5%), Roman Catholic 5%, other 39.1%, including some - spiritualist cults (1982) -Languages: - English, Creole -Literacy: - 98% (male 98%, female 99%) age 15 and over having ever attended school (1990 - est.) -Labor force: - 1,062,100; services 41%, agriculture 22.5%, industry 19%; unemployed 17.5% - (1989) -Organized labor: - 24% of labor force (1989) - -:Jamaica Government - -Long-form name: - none -Type: - parliamentary democracy -Capital: - Kingston -Administrative divisions: - 14 parishes; Clarendon, Hanover, Kingston, Manchester, Portland, Saint - Andrew, Saint Ann, Saint Catherine, Saint Elizabeth, Saint James, Saint - Mary, Saint Thomas, Trelawny, Westmoreland -Independence: - 6 August 1962 (from UK) -Constitution: - 6 August 1962 -Legal system: - based on English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Independence Day (first Monday in August) -Executive branch: - British monarch, governor general, prime minister, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house - or House of Representatives -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General - Howard COOKE (since 1 August 1991) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister P. J. Patterson (since 30 March 1992) -Political parties and leaders: - People's National Party (PNP) P. J. Patterson; Jamaica Labor Party (JLP), - Edward SEAGA -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - House of Representatives: - last held 9 February 1989 (next to be held by February 1994); results - PNP - 57%, JLP 43%; seats - (60 total) PNP 45, JLP 15 -Other political or pressure groups: - Rastafarians (black religious/racial cultists, pan-Africanists) -Member of: - ACP, C, CARICOM, CCC, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-77, GATT, G-15, IADB, - IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, - ISO, ITU, LAES, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, - WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Richard BERNAL; Chancery at Suite 355, 1850 K Street NW, - Washington, DC 20006; telephone (202) 452-0660; there are Jamaican - Consulates General in Miami and New York - US: - Ambassador Glen A. HOLDEN; Embassy at 3rd Floor, Jamaica Mutual Life Center, - 2 Oxford Road, Kingston; telephone (809) 929-4850 through 4859, FAX (809) - 926-6743 -Flag: - diagonal yellow cross divides the flag into four triangles - green (top and - bottom) and black (hoist side and fly side) - -:Jamaica Economy - -Overview: - The economy is based on sugar, bauxite, and tourism. In 1985 it suffered a - setback with the closure of some facilities in the bauxite and alumina - industry, a major source of hard currency earnings. Since 1986 an economic - recovery has been under way. In 1987 conditions began to improve for the - bauxite and alumina industry because of increases in world metal prices. The - recovery has also been supported by growth in the manufacturing and tourism - sectors. In September 1988, Hurricane Gilbert inflicted severe damage on - crops and the electric power system, a sharp but temporary setback to the - economy. By October 1989 the economic recovery from the hurricane was - largely complete, and real growth was up about 3% for 1989. In 1991, - however, growth dropped to 1.0% as a result of the US recession, lower world - bauxite prices, and monetary instability. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $3.6 billion, per capita $1,400; real growth rate - 1.0% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 80% (1991 projected) -Unemployment rate: - 15.1% (1991) -Budget: - revenues $600 million; expenditures $736 million (FY91 est.) -Exports: - $1.2 billion (f.o.b., 1991, projected) - commodities: - bauxite, alumina, sugar, bananas - partners: - US 36%, UK, Canada, Norway, Trinidad and Tobago -Imports: - $1.8 billion (c.i.f., 1991 projected) - commodities: - petroleum, machinery, food, consumer goods, construction goods - partners: - US 48%, UK, Venezuela, Canada, Japan, Trinidad and Tobago -External debt: - $3.8 billion (1991 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate - 2.0% (1990); accounts for almost 25% of GDP -Electricity: - 1,122,000 kW capacity; 2,520 million kWh produced, 1,012 kWh per capita - (1991) -Industries: - tourism, bauxite mining, textiles, food processing, light manufactures -Agriculture: - accounts for about 9% of GDP, 22% of work force, and 17% of exports; - commercial crops - sugarcane, bananas, coffee, citrus, potatoes, and - vegetables; live-stock and livestock products include poultry, goats, milk; - not self-sufficient in grain, meat, and dairy products -Illicit drugs: - illicit cultivation of cannabis; transshipment point for cocaine from - Central and South America to North America; government has an active - cannabis eradication program -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.2 billion; other countries, - ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.6 billion -Currency: - Jamaican dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Jamaican dollar (J$) = 100 cents - -:Jamaica Economy - -Exchange rates: - Jamaican dollars (J$) per US$1 - 21.946 (January 1992), 12.116 (1991), 7.184 - (1990), 5.7446 (1989), 5.4886 (1988), 5.4867 (1987), 5.4778 (1986) -Fiscal year: - 1 April - 31 March - -:Jamaica Communications - -Railroads: - 294 km, all 1.435-meter standard gauge, single track -Highways: - 18,200 km total; 12,600 km paved, 3,200 km gravel, 2,400 km improved earth -Pipelines: - petroleum products 10 km -Ports: - Kingston, Montego Bay -Merchant marine: - 4 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 9,619 GRT/16,302 DWT; includes 1 - roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 petroleum tanker, 2 bulk -Civil air: - 8 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 36 total, 23 usable; 13 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways - over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - fully automatic domestic telephone network; 127,000 telephones; broadcast - stations - 10 AM, 17 FM, 8 TV; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations; 3 - coaxial submarine cables - -:Jamaica Defense Forces - -Branches: - Jamaica Defense Force (including Coast Guard and Air Wing), Jamaica - Constabulary Force -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 640,058; 454,131 fit for military service; no conscription; - 26,785 reach minimum volunteer age (18) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $20 million, less than 1% of GDP (FY91) - -:Jan Mayen Geography - -Total area: - 373 km2 -Land area: - 373 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly more than twice the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 124.1 km -Maritime claims: - Contiguous zone: - 10 nm - Continental shelf: - 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation - Exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 4 nm -Disputes: - Denmark has challenged Norway's maritime claims beween Greenland and Jan - Mayen -Climate: - arctic maritime with frequent storms and persistent fog -Terrain: - volcanic island, partly covered by glaciers; Beerenberg is the highest peak, - with an elevation of 2,277 meters -Natural resources: - none -Land use: - arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and - woodland 0%; other 100% -Environment: - barren volcanic island with some moss and grass; volcanic activity resumed - in 1970 -Note: - located north of the Arctic Circle about 590 km north-northeast of Iceland - between the Greenland Sea and the Norwegian Sea - -:Jan Mayen People - -Population: - no permanent inhabitants - -:Jan Mayen Government - -Long-form name: - none -Type: - territory of Norway -Capital: - none; administered from Oslo, Norway, through a governor (sysselmann) - resident in Longyearbyen (Svalbard) - -:Jan Mayen Economy - -Overview: - Jan Mayen is a volcanic island with no exploitable natural resources. - Economic activity is limited to providing services for employees of Norway's - radio and meteorological stations located on the island. -Electricity: - 15,000 kW capacity; 40 million kWh produced, NA kWh per capita (1989) - -:Jan Mayen Communications - -Ports: - none; offshore anchorage only -Airports: - 1 with runways 1,220 to 2,439 m -Telecommunications: - radio and meteorological station - -:Jan Mayen Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of Norway - -:Japan Geography - -Total area: - 377,835 km2 -Land area: - 374,744 km2; includes Bonin Islands (Ogasawara-gunto), Daito-shoto, - Minami-jima, Okinotori-shima, Ryukyu Islands (Nansei-shoto), and Volcano - Islands (Kazan-retto) -Comparative area: - slightly smaller than California -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 29,751 km -Maritime claims: - Exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm (3 nm in international straits - La Perouse or Soya, Tsugaru, Osumi, - and Eastern and Western channels of the Korea or Tsushima Strait) -Disputes: - Etorofu, Kunashiri, and Shikotan Islands and the Habomai island group - occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, now administered by Russia, claimed by - Japan; Liancourt Rocks disputed with South Korea; Senkaku-shoto (Senkaku - Islands) claimed by China and Taiwan -Climate: - varies from tropical in south to cool temperate in north -Terrain: - mostly rugged and mountainous -Natural resources: - negligible mineral resources, fish -Land use: - arable land 13%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 1%; forest and - woodland 67%; other 18%; includes irrigated 9% -Environment: - many dormant and some active volcanoes; about 1,500 seismic occurrences - (mostly tremors) every year; subject to tsunamis -Note: - strategic location in northeast Asia - -:Japan People - -Population: - 124,460,481 (July 1992), growth rate 0.4% (1992) -Birth rate: - 10 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 4 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 77 years male, 82 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 1.6 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Japanese (singular and plural); adjective - Japanese -Ethnic divisions: - Japanese 99.4%, other (mostly Korean) 0.6% -Religions: - most Japanese observe both Shinto and Buddhist rites so the percentages add - to more than 100% - Shinto 95.8%, Buddhist 76.3%, Christian 1.4%, other 12% - (1985) -Languages: - Japanese -Literacy: - 99% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1970 est.) -Labor force: - 63,330,000; trade and services 54%; manufacturing, mining, and construction - 33%; agriculture, forestry, and fishing 7%; government 3% (1988) -Organized labor: - about 29% of employed workers; public service 76.4%, transportation and - telecommunications 57.9%, mining 48.7%, manufacturing 33.7%, services 18.2%, - wholesale, retail, and restaurant 9.3% - -:Japan Government - -Long-form name: - none -Type: - constitutional monarchy -Capital: - Tokyo -Administrative divisions: - 47 prefectures; Aichi, Akita, Aomori, Chiba, Ehime, Fukui, Fukuoka, - Fukushima, Gifu, Gumma, Hiroshima, Hokkaido, Hyogo, Ibaraki, Ishikawa, - Iwate, Kagawa, Kagoshima, Kanagawa, Kochi, Kumamoto, Kyoto, Mie, Miyagi, - Miyazaki, Nagano, Nagasaki, Nara, Niigata, Oita, Okayama, Okinawa, Osaka, - Saga, Saitama, Shiga, Shimane, Shizuoka, Tochigi, Tokushima, Tokyo, Tottori, - Toyama, Wakayama, Yamagata, Yamaguchi, Yamanashi -Independence: - 660 BC, traditional founding by Emperor Jimmu -Constitution: - 3 May 1947 -Legal system: - civil law system with English-American influence; judicial review of - legislative acts in the Supreme Court; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, - with reservations -National holiday: - Birthday of the Emperor, 23 December (1933) -Executive branch: - Emperor, prime minister, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - bicameral Diet (Kokkai) consists of an upper house or House of Councillors - (Sangi-in) and a lower house or House of Representatives (Shugi-in) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Emperor AKIHITO (since 7 January 1989) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Kiichi MIYAZAWA (since 5 November 1991) -Political parties and leaders: - Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), Kiichi MIYAZAWA, president; Tamisuke - WATANUKI, secretary general; Social Democratic Party of Japan (SDPJ), Makoto - TANABE, Chairman; Democratic Socialist Party (DSP), Keizo OUCHI, chairman; - Japan Communist Party (JCP), Tetsuzo FUWA, Presidium chairman; Komeito - (Clean Government Party, CGP), Koshiro ISHIDA, chairman -Suffrage: - universal at age 20 -Elections: - House of Councillors: - last held on 23 July 1989 (next to be held 26 July 1992); results - percent - of vote by party NA; seats - (263 total) LDP 114, SDPJ 71, CGP 20, JCP 14, - other 33 - House of Representatives: - last held on 18 February 1990 (next to be held by February 1993); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (512 total) LDP 278, SDPJ 137, CGP 46, - JCP 16, DSP 13, others 5, independents 6, vacant 11 -Communists: - about 490,000 registered Communist party members - -:Japan Government - -Member of: - AfDB, AG (observer), Australia Group, APEC, AsDB, BIS, CCC, COCOM, CP, EBRD, - ESCAP, FAO, G-2, G-5, G-7, G-8, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, - ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, - IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, - PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNRWA, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, - WTO, ZC -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Takakazu KURIYAMA; Chancery at 2520 Massachusetts Avenue NW, - Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 939-6700; there are Japanese - Consulates General in Agana (Guam), Anchorage, Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, - Honolulu, Houston, Kansas City (Missouri), Los Angeles, New Orleans, New - York, San Francisco, Seattle, and Portland (Oregon), and a Consulate in - Saipan (Northern Mariana Islands) - US: - Ambassador Michael H. ARMACOST; Embassy at 10-5, Akasaka 1-chome, Minato-ku - (107), Tokyo (mailing address is APO AP 96337-0001); telephone [81] (3) - 3224-5000; FAX [81] (3) 3505-1862; there are US Consulates General in Naha - (Okinawa), Osaka-Kobe, and Sapporo and a Consulate in Fukuoka -Flag: - white with a large red disk (representing the sun without rays) in the - center - -:Japan Economy - -Overview: - Government-industry cooperation, a strong work ethic, and a comparatively - small defense allocation have helped Japan advance with extraordinary - rapidity, notably in high-technology fields. Industry, the most important - sector of the economy, is heavily dependent on imported raw materials and - fuels. Self-sufficent in rice, Japan must import 50% of its requirements for - other grain and fodder crops. Japan maintains one of the world's largest - fishing fleets and accounts for nearly 15% of the global catch. Overall - economic growth has been spectacular: a 10% average in the 1960s, a 5% - average in the 1970s and 1980s. A major contributor to overall growth of - 4.5% in 1991 was net exports, which cushioned the effect of slower growth in - domestic demand. Inflation remains low at 3.3% and is easing due to lower - oil prices and a stronger yen. Japan continues to run a huge trade surplus, - $80 billion in 1991, which supports extensive investment in foreign assets. - The increased crowding of its habitable land area and the aging of its - population are two major long-run problems. -GDP: - purchasing power equivalent - $2,360.7 billion, per capita $19,000; real - growth rate 4.5% (1991) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 3.3% (1991) -Unemployment rate: - 2.1% (1991) -Budget: - revenues $481 billion; expenditures $531 billion, including capital - expenditures (public works only) of about $60 billion (FY91) -Exports: - $314.3 billion (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - manufactures 97% (including machinery 40%, motor vehicles 18%, consumer - electronics 10%) - partners: - Southeast Asia 31%, US 29%, Western Europe 23%, Communist countries 4%, - Middle East 3% -Imports: - $236.6 billion (c.i.f., 1991) - commodities: - manufactures 50%, fossil fuels 21%, foodstuffs and raw materials 25% - partners: - Southeast Asia 25%, US 22%, Western Europe 17%, Middle East 12%, Communist - countries 8% -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate 2.1% (1991); accounts for 30% of GDP (mining and manufacturing) -Electricity: - 196,000,000 kW capacity; 823,000 million kWh produced, 6,640 kWh per capita - (1991) -Industries: - metallurgy, engineering, electrical and electronic, textiles, chemicals, - automobiles, fishing, telecommunications, machine tools, construction - equipment -Agriculture: - accounts for only 2% of GDP; highly subsidized and protected sector, with - crop yields among highest in world; principal crops - rice, sugar beets, - vegetables, fruit; animal products include pork, poultry, dairy and eggs; - about 50% self-sufficient in food production; shortages of wheat, corn, - soybeans; world's largest fish catch of 11.9 million metric tons in 1988 - -:Japan Economy - -Economic aid: - donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $83.2 billion; ODA outlay of $9.1 - billion in 1990 (est.) -Currency: - yen (plural - yen); 1 yen (Y) = 100 sen -Exchange rates: - yen (Y) per US$1 - 132.70 (March 1992), 134.71 (1991), 144.79 (1990), 137.96 - (1989), 128.15 (1988), 144.64 (1987) -Fiscal year: - 1 April - 31 March - -:Japan Communications - -Railroads: - 27,327 km total; 2,012 km 1.435-meter standard gauge and 25,315 km - predominantly 1.067-meter narrow gauge; 5,724 km doubletrack and multitrack - sections, 9,038 km 1.067-meter narrow-gauge electrified, 2,012 km - 1.435-meter standard-gauge electrified (1987) -Highways: - 1,111,974 km total; 754,102 km paved, 357,872 km gravel, crushed stone, or - unpaved; 4,400 km national expressways; 46,805 km national highways; 128,539 - km prefectural roads; and 930,230 km city, town, and village roads -Inland waterways: - about 1,770 km; seagoing craft ply all coastal inland seas -Pipelines: - crude oil 84 km; petroleum products 322 km; natural gas 1,800 km -Ports: - Chiba, Muroran, Kitakyushu, Kobe, Tomakomai, Nagoya, Osaka, Tokyo, - Yokkaichi, Yokohama, Kawasaki, Niigata, Fushiki-Toyama, Shimizu, Himeji, - Wakayama-Shimozu, Shimonoseki, Tokuyama-Shimomatsu -Merchant marine: - 976 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 21,684,459 GRT/34,683,035 DWT; - includes 10 passenger, 40 short-sea passenger, 3 passenger cargo, 89 cargo, - 44 container, 36 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 111 refrigerated cargo, 93 vehicle - carrier, 227 petroleum tanker, 11 chemical tanker, 40 liquefied gas, 9 - combination ore/oil, 3 specialized tanker, 260 bulk; note - Japan also owns - a large flag of convenience fleet, including up to 55% of the total number - of ships under the Panamanian flag -Civil air: - 360 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 163 total, 158 usable; 131 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways - over 3,659 m; 31 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 51 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - excellent domestic and international service; 64,000,000 telephones; - broadcast stations - 318 AM, 58 FM, 12,350 TV (196 major - 1 kw or greater); - satellite earth stations - 4 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean - INTELSAT; submarine cables to US (via Guam), Philippines, China, and Russia - -:Japan Defense Forces - -Branches: - Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (Army), Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force - (Navy), Japan Air Self-Defense Force (Air Force), Maritime Safety Agency - (Coast Guard) -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 32,219,754; 27,767,280 fit for military service; 1,042,493 - reach military age (18) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $36.7 billion, 0.94% of GDP (FY92 est.) - -:Jarvis Island Geography - -Total area: - 4.5 km2 -Land area: - 4.5 km2 -Comparative area: - about 7.5 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 8 km -Maritime claims: - Contiguous zone: - 12 nm - Continental shelf: - 200 m (depth) - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun -Terrain: - sandy, coral island surrounded by a narrow fringing reef -Natural resources: - guano (deposits worked until late 1800s) -Land use: - arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and - woodland 0%; other 100% -Environment: - sparse bunch grass, prostrate vines, and low-growing shrubs; lacks fresh - water; primarily a nesting, roosting, and foraging habitat for seabirds, - shorebirds, and marine wildlife; feral cats -Note: - 2,090 km south of Honolulu in the South Pacific Ocean, just south of the - Equator, about halfway between Hawaii and the Cook Islands - -:Jarvis Island People - -Population: - uninhabited -Population: - note: - Millersville settlement on western side of island occasionally used as a - weather station from 1935 until World War II, when it was abandoned; - reoccupied in 1957 during the International Geophysical Year by scientists - who left in 1958; public entry is by special-use permit only and generally - restricted to scientists and educators - -:Jarvis Island Government - -Long-form name: - none (territory of the US) -Type: - unincorporated territory of the US administered by the Fish and Wildlife - Service of the US Department of the Interior as part of the National - Wildlife Refuge System -Capital: - none; administered from Washington, DC - -:Jarvis Island Economy - -Overview: - no economic activity - -:Jarvis Island Communications - -Ports: - none; offshore anchorage only - one boat landing area in the middle of the - west coast and another near the southwest corner of the island -Note: - there is a day beacon near the middle of the west coast - -:Jarvis Island Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of the US; visited annually by the US Coast - Guard - -:Jersey Geography - -Total area: - 117 km2 -Land area: - 117 km2 -Comparative area: - about 0.7 times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 70 km -Maritime claims: - Exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 3 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - temperate; mild winters and cool summers -Terrain: - gently rolling plain with low, rugged hills along north coast -Natural resources: - agricultural land -Land use: - arable land NA%; permanent crops NA%; meadows and pastures NA%; forest and - woodland NA%; other NA%; about 58% of land under cultivation -Environment: - about 30% of population concentrated in Saint Helier -Note: - largest and southernmost of Channel Islands; 27 km from France - -:Jersey People - -Population: - 85,026 (July 1992), growth rate 0.8% (1992) -Birth rate: - 12 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 10 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 6 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 6 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 72 years male, 78 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 1.3 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Channel Islander(s); adjective - Channel Islander -Ethnic divisions: - UK and Norman-French descent -Religions: - Anglican, Roman Catholic, Baptist, Congregational New Church, Methodist, - Presbyterian -Languages: - English and French (official), with the Norman-French dialect spoken in - country districts -Literacy: - NA% (male NA%, female NA%) but compulsory education age 5 to 16 -Labor force: - NA -Organized labor: - none - -:Jersey Government - -Long-form name: - Bailiwick of Jersey -Type: - British crown dependency -Capital: - Saint Helier -Administrative divisions: - none (British crown dependency) -Independence: - none (British crown dependency) -Constitution: - unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice -Legal system: - English law and local statute -National holiday: - Liberation Day, 9 May (1945) -Executive branch: - British monarch, lieutenant governor, bailiff -Legislative branch: - unicameral Assembly of the States -Judicial branch: - Royal Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) - Head of Government: - Lieutenant Governor and Commander in Chief Air Marshal Sir John SUTTON - (since NA 1990); Bailiff Peter CRILL (since NA) -Political parties and leaders: - none; all independents -Suffrage: - universal adult at age NA -Elections: - Assembly of the States: - last held NA (next to be held NA); results - no percent of vote by party - since all are independents; seats - (56 total, 52 elected) 52 independents -Member of: - none -Diplomatic representation: - none (British crown dependency) -Flag: - white with the diagonal red cross of Saint Patrick (patron saint of Ireland) - extending to the corners of the flag - -:Jersey Economy - -Overview: - The economy is based largely on financial services, agriculture, and - tourism. Potatoes, cauliflower, tomatoes, and especially flowers are - important export crops, shipped mostly to the UK. The Jersey breed of dairy - cattle is known worldwide and represents an important export earner. Milk - products go to the UK and other EC countries. In 1986 the finance sector - overtook tourism as the main contributor to GDP, accounting for 40% of the - island's output. In recent years the government has encouraged light - industry to locate in Jersey, with the result that an electronics industry - has developed alongside the traditional manufacturing of knitwear. All raw - material and energy requirements are imported, as well as a large share of - Jersey's food needs. -GDP: - $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate 8% (1987 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 8% (1988 est.) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $308.0 million; expenditures $284.4 million, including capital - expenditures of NA (1985) -Exports: - $NA - commodities: - light industrial and electrical goods, foodstuffs, textiles - partners: - UK -Imports: - $NA - commodities: - machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, foodstuffs, mineral - fuels, chemicals - partners: - UK -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 50,000 kW standby capacity (1990); power supplied by France -Industries: - tourism, banking and finance, dairy -Agriculture: - potatoes, cauliflowers, tomatoes; dairy and cattle farming -Economic aid: - none -Currency: - Jersey pound (plural - pounds); 1 Jersey pound (#J) = 100 pence -Exchange rates: - Jersey pounds (#J) per US$1 - 0.5799 (March 1992), 0.5652 (1991), 0.5603 - (1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988), 0.6102 (1987), 0.6817 (1986); the - Jersey pound is at par with the British pound -Fiscal year: - 1 April - 31 March - -:Jersey Communications - -Ports: - Saint Helier, Gorey, Saint Aubin -Airports: - 1 with permanent-surface runway 1,220-2,439 m (Saint Peter) -Telecommunications: - 63,700 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 3 submarine - cables - -:Jersey Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of the UK - -:Johnston Atoll Geography - -Total area: - 2.8 km2 -Land area: - 2.8 km2 -Comparative area: - about 4.7 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 10 km -Maritime claims: - Contiguous zone: - 12 nm - Continental shelf: - 200 m (depth) - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical, but generally dry; consistent northeast trade winds with little - seasonal temperature variation -Terrain: - mostly flat with a maximum elevation of 4 meters -Natural resources: - guano (deposits worked until about 1890) -Land use: - arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and - woodland 0%; other 100% -Environment: - some low-growing vegetation -Note: - strategic location 717 nautical miles west-southwest of Honolulu in the - North Pacific Ocean, about one-third of the way between Hawaii and the - Marshall Islands; Johnston Island and Sand Island are natural islands; North - Island (Akau) and East Island (Hikina) are manmade islands formed from coral - dredging; closed to the public; former nuclear weapons test site; site of - Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System (JACADS) - -:Johnston Atoll People - -Population: - 1,375 (December 1991); all US government personnel and contractors - -:Johnston Atoll Government - -Long-form name: - none (territory of the US) -Type: - unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US Defense Nuclear - Agency (DNA) and managed cooperatively by DNA and the Fish and Wildlife - Service of the US Department of the Interior as part of the National - Wildlife Refuge system -Capital: - -none; administered from Washington, DC -Diplomatic representation: - none (territory of the US) -Flag: - the flag of the US is used - -:Johnston Atoll Economy - -Overview: - Economic activity is limited to providing services to US military personnel - and contractors located on the island. All food and manufactured goods must - be imported. -Electricity: - supplied by the management and operations contractor - -:Johnston Atoll Communications - -Ports: - Johnston Island -Airports: - 1 with permanent-surface runways 2,743 m -Telecommunications: - excellent system including 60-channel submarine cable, Autodin/SRT terminal, - digital telephone switch, Military Affiliated Radio System (MARS station), - commercial satellite television system, and UHF/VHF air-ground radio, marine - VHF/FM Channel 16 -Note: - US Coast Guard operates a LORAN transmitting station (estimated closing date - for LORAN is December 1992) - -:Johnston Atoll Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of the US - -:Jordan Geography - -Total area: - 91,880 km2 -Land area: - 91,540 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly smaller than Indiana -Land boundaries: - 1,586 km; Iraq 134 km, Israel 238 km, Saudi Arabia 742 km, Syria 375 km, - West Bank 97 km -Coastline: - 26 km -Maritime claims: - Territorial sea: - 3 nm -Disputes: - differences with Israel over the location of the 1949 Armistice Line that - separates the two countries -Climate: - mostly arid desert; rainy season in west (November to April) -Terrain: - mostly desert plateau in east, highland area in west; Great Rift Valley - separates East and West Banks of the Jordan River -Natural resources: - phosphates, potash, shale oil -Land use: - arable land 4%; permanent crops 0.5%; meadows and pastures 1%; forest and - woodland 0.5%; other 94%; includes irrigated 0.5% -Environment: - lack of natural water resources; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; - desertification -Note: - The war between Israel and the Arab states in June 1967 ended with Israel in - control of the West Bank. As stated in the 1978 Camp David accords and - reaffirmed by President Bush's post - Gulf crisis peace initiative, the - final status of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, their relationship with their - neighbors, and a peace treaty between Israel and Jordan are to be negotiated - among the concerned parties. The Camp David accords also specify that these - negotiations will resolve the location of the respective boundaries. Pending - the completion of this process, it is US policy that the final status of the - West Bank and Gaza Strip has yet to be determined. - -:Jordan People - -Population: - 3,557,304 (July 1992), growth rate 4.1% (1992); Palestinians now constitute - roughly two-thirds of the population; most are Jordanian citizens -Birth rate: - 45 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 38 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 70 years male, 73 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 7.0 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Jordanian(s); adjective - Jordanian -Ethnic divisions: - Arab 98%, Circassian 1%, Armenian 1% -Religions: - Sunni Muslim 92%, Christian 8% -Languages: - Arabic (official); English widely understood among upper and middle classes -Literacy: - 80% (male 89%, female 70%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 572,000 (1988); agriculture 20%, manufacturing and mining 20% (1987 est.) -Organized labor: - about 10% of labor force - -:Jordan Government - -Long-form name: - Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan -Type: - constitutional monarchy -Capital: - Amman -Administrative divisions: - 8 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Al Balqa', Al Karak, Al - Mafraq, `Amman, At Tafilah, Az Zarqa', Irbid, Ma`an -Independence: - 25 May 1946 (from League of Nations mandate under British administration; - formerly Transjordan) -Constitution: - 8 January 1952 -Legal system: - based on Islamic law and French codes; judicial review of legislative acts - in a specially provided High Tribunal; has not accepted compulsory ICJ - jurisdiction -National holiday: - Independence Day, 25 May (1946) -Executive branch: - monarch, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - bicameral National Assembly (Majlis al-`Umma) consists of an upper house or - House of Notables (Majlis al-A`ayan) and a lower house or House of - Representatives (Majlis al-Nuwaab); note - the House of Representatives has - been convened and dissolved by the King several times since 1974 and in - November 1989 the first parliamentary elections in 22 years were held -Judicial branch: - Court of Cassation -Leaders: - Chief of State: - King HUSSEIN Ibn Talal Al Hashemi (since 11 August 1952) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Zayd bin SHAKIR (since 21 November 1991) -Political parties and leaders: - approximately 24 parties have been formed since the National Charter, but - the number fluctuates; after the 1989 parliamentary elections, King Hussein - promised to allow the formation of political parties; a national charter - that sets forth the ground rules for democracy in Jordan - including the - creation of political parties - was approved in principle by the special - National Conference on 9 June 1991, but its specific provisions have yet to - be passed by National Assembly -Suffrage: - universal at age 20 -Elections: - House of Representatives: - last held 8 November 1989 (next to be held November 1993); results - percent - of vote by party NA; seats - (80 total) Muslim Brotherhood (fundamentalist) - 22, Independent Islamic bloc (generally traditionalist) 6, Democratic bloc - (mostly leftist) 9, Constitutionalist bloc (traditionalist) 17, Nationalist - bloc (traditionalist) 16, independent 10 -Member of: - ABEDA, ACC, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, - ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO - (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OIC, UN, UNAVEM, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, - UNRWA, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - -:Jordan Government - -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Hussein A. HAMMAMI; Chancery at 3504 International Drive NW, - Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 966-2664 - US: - Ambassador Roger Gram HARRISON; Embassy on Jebel Amman, Amman (mailing - address is P. O. Box 354, Amman, or APO AE 09892); telephone [962] (6) - 644-371 -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of black (top), white, and green with a red - isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bearing a small white - seven-pointed star; the seven points on the star represent the seven - fundamental laws of the Koran - -:Jordan Economy - -Overview: - Jordan benefited from increased Arab aid during the oil boom of the late - 1970s and early 1980s, when its annual GNP growth averaged more than 10%. In - the remainder of the 1980s, however, reductions in both Arab aid and worker - remittances slowed economic growth to an average of roughly 2% per year. - Imports - mainly oil, capital goods, consumer durables, and food - have been - outstripping exports, with the difference covered by aid, remittances, and - borrowing. In mid-1989, the Jordanian Government began debt-rescheduling - negotiations and agreed to implement an IMF program designed to gradually - reduce the budget deficit and implement badly needed structural reforms. The - Persian Gulf crisis that began in August 1990, however, aggravated Jordan's - already serious economic problems, forcing the government to shelve the IMF - program, stop most debt payments, and suspend rescheduling negotiations. Aid - from Gulf Arab states and worker remittances have plunged, and refugees have - flooded the country, straining government resources. Economic recovery is - unlikely without substantial foreign aid, debt relief, and economic reform. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $3.6 billion, per capita $1,100; real growth rate - 3% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 9% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 40% (1991 est.) -Budget: - revenues $1.7 billion; expenditures $1.9 billion, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1992) -Exports: - $1.0 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) - commodities: - phosphates, fertilizers, potash, agricultural products, manufactures - partners: - India, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Indonesia, Ethiopia, UAE, China -Imports: - $2.3 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.) - commodities: - crude oil, machinery, transport equipment, food, live animals, manufactured - goods - partners: - EC, US, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Japan, Turkey -External debt: - $9 billion (December 1991 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 1% (1991 est.); accounts for 20% of GDP -Electricity: - 1,025,000 kW capacity; 3,900 million kWh produced, 1,150 kWh per capita - (1991) -Industries: - phosphate mining, petroleum refining, cement, potash, light manufacturing -Agriculture: - accounts for about 7% of GDP; principal products are wheat, barley, citrus - fruit, tomatoes, melons, olives; livestock - sheep, goats, poultry; large - net importer of food -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.7 billion; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.5 billion; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $9.5 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $44 - million -Currency: - Jordanian dinar (plural - dinars); 1 Jordanian dinar (JD) = 1,000 fils - -:Jordan Economy - -Exchange rates: - Jordanian dinars (JD) per US$1 - 0.6861 (March 1992), 0.6807 1991), 0.6636 - (1990), 0.5704 (1989), 0.3709 (1988), 0.3387 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Jordan Communications - -Railroads: - 619 km 1.050-meter gauge, single track -Highways: - 7,500 km; 5,500 km asphalt, 2,000 km gravel and crushed stone -Pipelines: - crude oil 209 km -Ports: - Al `Aqabah -Merchant marine: - 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 60,378 GRT/113,557 DWT; includes 1 - cargo and 1 petroleum tanker -Civil air: - 23 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 19 total, 15 usable; 14 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over - 3,659 m; 13 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; none with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - adequate telephone system of microwave, cable, and radio links; 81,500 - telephones; broadcast stations - 5 AM, 7 FM, 8 TV; satellite earth stations - - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 ARABSAT, 1 domestic - TV receive-only; coaxial cable and microwave to Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and - Syria; microwave link to Lebanon is inactive; participates in a microwave - network linking Syria, Jordan, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco - -:Jordan Defense Forces - -Branches: - Jordan Arab Army, Royal Jordanian Air Force, Royal Jordanian Navy, Public - Security Force -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 808,725; 576,934 fit for military service; 39,310 reach - military age (18) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $404 million, 9.5% of GDP (1990) - -:Juan de Nova Island Geography - -Total area: - 4.4 km2 -Land area: - 4.4 km2 -Comparative area: - about 7.5 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 24.1 km -Maritime claims: - Contiguous zone: - 12 nm - Continental shelf: - 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - claimed by Madagascar -Climate: - tropical -Terrain: - undetermined -Natural resources: - guano deposits and other fertilizers -Land use: - arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and - woodland 90%; other 10% -Environment: - subject to periodic cyclones; wildlife sanctuary -Note: - located in the central Mozambique Channel about halfway between Africa and - Madagascar - -:Juan de Nova Island People - -Population: - uninhabited - -:Juan de Nova Island Government - -Long-form name: - none -Type: - French possession administered by Commissioner of the Republic Jacques - DEWATRE, resident in Reunion -Capital: - none; administered by France from Reunion - -:Juan de Nova Island Economy - -Overview: - no economic activity - -:Juan de Nova Island Communications - -Railroads: - short line going to a jetty -Ports: - none; offshore anchorage only -Airports: - 1 with non-permanent-surface runways 1,220-2,439 m - -:Juan de Nova Island Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of France - -:Kazakhstan Geography - -Total area: - 2,717,300 km2 -Land area: - 2,669,800 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly less than four times the size of Texas -Land boundaries: - 12,012 km; China 1,533 km, Kyrgyzstan 1,051 km, Russia 6,846 km, - Turkmenistan 379 km, Uzbekistan 2,203 km -Coastline: - 0 km - note: - Kazakhstan does border the Aral Sea (1,015 km) and the Caspian Sea (1,894 - km) -Maritime claims: - none - landlocked -Disputes: - none -Climate: - dry continental, about half is desert -Terrain: - extends from the Volga to the Altai mountains and from the plains in western - Siberia to oasis and desert in Central Asia -Natural resources: - petroleum, coal, iron, manganese, chrome, nickel, cobalt, copper, - molybdenum, lead, zinc, bauxite, gold, uranium, iron -Land use: - NA% arable land; NA% permanent crops; NA% meadows and pastures; NA% forest - and woodland; NA% other; includes NA% irrigated -Environment: - drying up of Aral Sea is causing increased concentrations of chemical - pesticides and natural salts; industrial pollution - -:Kazakhstan People - -Population: - 17,103,927 (July 1992), growth rate 1.0% (1992) -Birth rate: - 23 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - -6.1 migrants/1,000 population (1991) -Infant mortality rate: - 25.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 63 years male, 72 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 2.9 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Kazakh(s); adjective - Kazakhstani -Ethnic divisions: - Kazakh (Qazaq) 40%, Russian 38%, other Slavs 7%, Germans 6%, other 9% -Religions: - Muslim 47% Russian Orthodox NA%, Lutheran NA% -Languages: - Kazakh (Qazaq; official language), Russian -Literacy: - NA% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write -Labor force: - 8,267,000 (1989) -Organized labor: - official trade unions, independent coal miners' union - -:Kazakhstan Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Kazakhstan -Type: - republic -Capital: - Alma-Ata (Almaty) -Administrative divisions: - 19 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast'); Aktyubinsk, Alma-Ata, Atyrau, - Chimkent, Dzhambul, Dzhezkazgan, Karaganda, Kokchetav, Kustanay, Kzyl-Orda, - Mangistauz (Aqtau), Pavlodar, Semipalatinsk, Severo-Kazakhstan - (Petropavlovsk), Taldy-Kurgan, Tselinograd, Turgay (Arkalyk), Ural'sk, - Vostochno-Kazakhstan (Ust'-Kamenogorsk); note - an oblast has the same name - as its administrative center (exceptions have the administrative center name - following in parentheses) -Independence: - 16 December 1991; from the Soviet Union (formerly the Kazakh Soviet - Socialist Republic) -Constitution: - new postindependence constitution under preparation -Legal system: - NA -National holiday: - NA -Executive branch: - president with presidential appointed cabinet of ministers -Legislative branch: - Supreme Soviet -Judicial branch: - NA -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV (since April 1990), Vice President Yerik - ASANBAYEV (since 1 December 1991) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Sergey TERESHCHENKO (since 14 October 1991), Deputy Prime - Minister Davlat SEMBAYEV (since November 1990) -Political parties and leaders: - Peoples Forum Party, Olzhas SULEIMENOV and Mukhtar SHAKHANOV, co-chairmen; - Socialist Party (former Communist Party), Anuar ALIJANOV, chairman; - ZHOLTOKSAN, Hasan KOJAKHETOV, chairmen; AZAT Party, Sabitkazi AKETAEV, - chairman -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - President: - last held 1 December 1991 (next to be held NA); percent of vote by party NA; - seats - (NA total) percent of seats by party NA -Communists: - party disbanded 6 September 1992 -Member of: - CIS, CSCE, IMF, NACC, OIC, UN, UNCTAD -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador NA; Chancery at NA NW, Washington, DC 200__; telephone NA; there - are NA Consulates General - US: - Ambassador-designate William Courtney; Embassy at Hotel Kazakhstan, - Alma-Ata, (mailing address is APO AE 09862); telephone 8-011-7-3272-61-90-56 -Flag: - no national flag yet adopted - -:Kazakhstan Economy - -Overview: - The second-largest in area of the 15 former Soviet republics, Kazakhstan has - vast oil, coal, and agricultural resources. Kazakhstan is highly dependent - on trade with Russia, exchanging its natural resources for finished consumer - and industrial goods. Kazakhstan now finds itself with serious pollution - problems, backward technology, and little experience in foreign markets. The - government in 1991 pushed privatization of the economy at a faster pace than - Russia's program. The ongoing transitional period - marked by sharp - inflation in wages and prices, lower output, lost jobs, and disruption of - time-honored channels of supply - has brought considerable social unrest. - Kazakhstan lacks the funds, technology, and managerial skills for a quick - recovery of output. US firms have been enlisted to increase oil output but - face formidable obstacles; for example, oil can now reach Western markets - only through pipelines that run across independent (and sometimes - unfriendly) former Soviet republics. Finally, the end of monolithic - Communist control has brought ethnic grievances into the open. The 6 million - Russians in the republic, formerly the favored class, now face the hostility - of a society dominated by Muslims. Ethnic rivalry will be just one of the - formidable obstacles to the creation of a productive, technologically - advancing society. -GDP: - purchasing power equivalent - $NA; per capita NA; real growth rate - 7% - (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 83% (1991) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $NA million; expenditures $NA million, including capital - expenditures of $1.76 billion (1991) -Exports: - $4.2 billion (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - oil, ferrous and nonferrous metals, chemicals, grain, wool, meat (1991) - partners: - Russia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan -Imports: - $NA million (c.i.f., 1990) - commodities: - machinery and parts, industrial materials - partners: - Russia and other former Soviet republics -External debt: - $2.6 billion (1991 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 0.7% (1991) -Electricity: - 17,900,000 kW capacity; 79,100 million kWh produced, 4,735 kWh per capita - (1991) -Industries: - extractive industries (oil, coal, iron ore, manganese, chromite, lead, zinc, - copper, titanium, bauxite, gold, silver, phosphates, sulfur) iron and steel, - nonferrous metal, tractors and other agricultural machinery, electric - motors, construction materials -Agriculture: - employs 30% of the labor force; grain, mostly spring wheat; meat, cotton, - wool - -:Kazakhstan Economy - -Illicit drugs: - illicit producers of cannabis and opium; mostly for domestic consumption; - status of government eradication programs unknown; used as transshipment - points for illicit drugs to Western Europe -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $NA billion; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-86), $NA million; - Communist countries (1971-86), $NA million -Currency: - as of May 1992, retaining ruble as currency -Exchange rates: - NA -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Kazakhstan Communications - -Railroads: - 14,460 km (all 1.520-meter gauge); does not include industrial lines (1990) -Highways: - 189,000 km total (1990); 188,900 km hard surfaced (paved or gravel), 80,900 - km earth -Inland waterways: - NA km perennially navigable -Pipelines: - crude oil NA km, refined products NA km, natural gas NA -Ports: - none - landlocked; inland - Guryev -Civil air: - NA major transport aircraft -Airports: - NA -Telecommunications: - telephone service is poor, with only about 6 telephones for each 100 - persons; of the approximately 1 million telephones, Alma-Ata has 184,000; - international traffic with other former USSR republics and China carried by - landline and microwave, and with other countries by satellite and through - the Moscow international gateway switch; satellite earth stations - INTELSAT - and Orbita - -:Kazakhstan Defense Forces - -Branches: - Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops), National Guard; CIS - Forces (Ground, Air, Air Defense, and Strategic Rocket) -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, NA fit for military service; NA reach military age (18) - annually -Defense expenditures: - $NA, NA% of GDP - -:Kenya Geography - -Total area: - 582,650 km2 -Land area: - 569,250 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly more than twice the size of Nevada -Land boundaries: - 3,477 km; Ethiopia 861 km, Somalia 682 km, Sudan 232 km, Tanzania 769 km, - Uganda 933 km -Coastline: - 536 km -Maritime claims: - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - administrative boundary with Sudan does not coincide with international - boundary; possible claim by Somalia based on unification of ethnic Somalis -Climate: - varies from tropical along coast to arid in interior -Terrain: - low plains rise to central highlands bisected by Great Rift Valley; fertile - plateau in west -Natural resources: - gold, limestone, soda ash, salt barytes, rubies, fluorspar, garnets, - wildlife -Land use: - arable land 3%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 7%; forest and - woodland 4%; other 85%; includes irrigated NEGL% -Environment: - unique physiography supports abundant and varied wildlife of scientific and - economic value; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; glaciers on - Mt. Kenya -Note: - the Kenyan Highlands comprise one of the most successful agricultural - production regions in Africa - -:Kenya People - -Population: - 26,164,473 (July 1992), growth rate 3.6% (1992) -Birth rate: - 44 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 68 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 60 years male, 64 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 6.2 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Kenyan(s); adjective - Kenyan -Ethnic divisions: - Kikuyu 21%, Luhya 14%, Luo 13%, Kalenjin 11%, Kamba 11%, Kisii 6%, Meru 6%, - Asian, European, and Arab 1% -Religions: - Protestant 38%, Roman Catholic 28%, indigenous beliefs 26%, Muslim 6% -Languages: - English and Swahili (official); numerous indigenous languages -Literacy: - 69% (male 80%, female 58%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 9.2 million (includes unemployed); the total employed is 1.37 million (14.8% - of the labor force); services 54.8%, industry 26.2%, agriculture 19.0% - (1989) -Organized labor: - 390,000 (est.) - -:Kenya Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Kenya -Type: - republic -Capital: - Nairobi -Administrative divisions: - 7 provinces and 1 area*; Central, Coast, Eastern, Nairobi Area*, North - Eastern, Nyanza, Rift Valley, Western -Independence: - 12 December 1963 (from UK; formerly British East Africa) -Constitution: - 12 December 1963, amended as a republic 1964; reissued with amendments 1979, - 1983, 1986, 1988, and 1991 -Legal system: - based on English common law, tribal law, and Islamic law; judicial review in - High Court; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations; - constitutional amendment of 1982 making Kenya a de jure one-party state - repealed in 1991 -National holiday: - Independence Day, 12 December (1963) -Executive branch: - president, vice president, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral National Assembly (Bunge) -Judicial branch: - Court of Appeal, High Court -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Daniel Teroitich arap MOI (since 14 October 1978); Vice President - George SAITOTI (since 10 May 1989) -Political parties and leaders: - ruling party is Kenya African National Union (KANU), Daniel T. arap MOI, - president; opposition parties include Forum for the Restoration of Democracy - (FORD), Oginga ODINJA; Democratic Party of Kenya (DP), KIBAKI; note - some - dozen other opposition parties -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - President: - last held on 21 March 1988 (next to be held before March 1993); results - - President Daniel T. arap MOI was reelected - National Assembly: - last held on 21 March 1988 (next to be held before March 1993); will be - first multiparty election since repeal of one-party state law -Other political or pressure groups: - labor unions; exile opposition - Mwakenya and other groups -Member of: - ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, EADB, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, - IFC, IGADD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, - NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Denis Daudi AFANDE; Chancery at 2249 R Street NW, Washington, DC - 20008; telephone (202) 387-6101; there are Kenyan Consulates General in Los - Angeles and New York - -:Kenya Government - - US: - Ambassador Smith HEMPSTONE, Jr.; Embassy at the corner of Moi Avenue and - Haile Selassie Avenue, Nairobi (mailing address is P. O. Box 30137, Nairobi - or APO AE 09831); telephone [254] (2) 334141; FAX [254] (2) 340838; there is - a US Consulate in Mombasa -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green; the red band is - edged in white; a large warrior's shield covering crossed spears is - superimposed at the center - -:Kenya Economy - -Overview: - Kenya's 3.6% annual population growth rate - one of the highest in the world - - presents a serious problem for the country's economy. In the meantime, GDP - growth in the near term has kept slightly ahead of population - annually - averaging 4.9% in the 1986-90 period. Undependable weather conditions and a - shortage of arable land hamper long-term growth in agriculture, the leading - economic sector. In 1991, deficient rainfall, stagnant export volume, and - sagging export prices held economic growth below the all-important - population growth figure. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $9.7 billion, per capita $385 (1989 est.); real - growth rate 2.3% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 14.3% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - NA%, but there is a high level of unemployment and underemployment -Budget: - revenues $2.4 billion; expenditures $2.8 billion, including capital - expenditures of $0.74 billion (FY90) -Exports: - $1.0 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) - commodities: - tea 25%, coffee 21%, petroleum products 7% (1989) - partners: - EC 44%, Africa 25%, Asia 5%, US 5%, Middle East 4% (1988) -Imports: - $1.9 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) - commodities: - machinery and transportation equipment 29%, petroleum and petroleum products - 15%, iron and steel 7%, raw materials, food and consumer goods (1989) - partners: - EC 45%, Asia 11%, Middle East 12%, US 5% (1988) -External debt: - $6.0 billion (December 1991 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 5.4% (1989 est.); accounts for 17% of GDP -Electricity: - 730,000 kW capacity; 2,700 million kWh produced, 110 kWh per capita (1990) -Industries: - small-scale consumer goods (plastic, furniture, batteries, textiles, soap, - cigarettes, flour), agricultural processing, oil refining, cement, tourism -Agriculture: - most important sector, accounting for 29% of GDP, about 19% of the work - force, and over 50% of exports; cash crops - coffee, tea, sisal, pineapple; - food products - corn, wheat, sugarcane, fruit, vegetables, dairy products; - food output not keeping pace with population growth -Illicit drugs: - illicit producer of cannabis used mostly for domestic consumption; - widespread cultivation of cannabis and qat on small plots; transit country - for heroin and methaqualone en route from Southwest Asia to West Africa, - Western Europe, and the US -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $839 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $7,490 million; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $74 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $83 - million -Currency: - Kenyan shilling (plural - shillings); 1 Kenyan shilling (KSh) = 100 cents - -:Kenya Economy - -Exchange rates: - Kenyan shillings (KSh) per US$1 - 28.466 (January 1992), 27.508 (1991), - 22.915 (1990), 20.572 (1989), 17.747 (1988), 16.454 (1987) -Fiscal year: - 1 July - 30 June - -:Kenya Communications - -Railroads: - 2,040 km 1.000-meter gauge -Highways: - 64,590 km total; 7,000 km paved, 4,150 km gravel, remainder improved earth -Inland waterways: - part of Lake Victoria system is within boundaries of Kenya; principal inland - port is at Kisumu -Pipelines: - petroleum products 483 km -Ports: - Mombasa, Lamu -Merchant marine: - 1 petroleum tanker ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 7,727 GRT/5,558 DWT -Civil air: - 19 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 249 total, 214 usable; 21 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways - over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 46 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - in top group of African systems; consists primarily of radio relay links; - over 260,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 16 AM; 4 FM, 6 TV; satellite - earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT - -:Kenya Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary General Service Unit of the Police -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 5,688,543; 3,513,611 fit for military service; no conscription -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $100 million, 1% of GDP (1989 est.) - -:Kingman Reef Geography - -Total area: - 1 km2 -Land area: - 1 km2 -Comparative area: - about 1.7 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 3 km -Maritime claims: - Contiguous zone: - 12 nm - Continental shelf: - 200 m (depth) - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical, but moderated by prevailing winds -Terrain: - low and nearly level with a maximum elevation of about 1 meter -Natural resources: - none -Land use: - arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and - woodland 0%; other 100% -Environment: - barren coral atoll with deep interior lagoon; wet or awash most of the time -Note: - located 1,600 km south-southwest of Honolulu in the North Pacific Ocean, - about halfway between Hawaii and American Samoa; maximum elevation of about - 1 meter makes this a navigational hazard; closed to the public - -:Kingman Reef People - -Population: - uninhabited - -:Kingman Reef Government - -Long-form name: - none -Type: - unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US Navy -Capital: - none; administered from Washington, DC - -:Kingman Reef Economy - -Overview: - no economic activity - -:Kingman Reef Communications - -Ports: - none; offshore anchorage only -Airports: - lagoon was used as a halfway station between Hawaii and American Samoa by - Pan American Airways for flying boats in 1937 and 1938 - -:Kingman Reef Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of the US - -:Kiribati Geography - -Total area: - 717 km2 -Land area: - 717 km2; includes three island groups - Gilbert Islands, Line Islands, - Phoenix Islands -Comparative area: - slightly more than four times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 1,143 km -Maritime claims: - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; marine, hot and humid, moderated by trade winds -Terrain: - mostly low-lying coral atolls surrounded by extensive reefs -Natural resources: - phosphate (production discontinued in 1979) -Land use: - arable land NEGL%; permanent crops 51%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and - woodland 3%; other 46% -Environment: - typhoons can occur any time, but usually November to March; 20 of the 33 - islands are inhabited -Note: - Banaba (Ocean Island) in Kiribati is one of the three great phosphate rock - islands in the Pacific Ocean - the others are Makatea in French Polynesia - and Nauru - -:Kiribati People - -Population: - 74,788 (July 1992), growth rate 2.1% (1992) -Birth rate: - 33 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 12 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 99 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 52 years male, 56 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 3.9 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - I-Kiribati (singular and plural); adjective - I-Kiribati -Ethnic divisions: - Micronesian -Religions: - Roman Catholic 52.6%, Protestant (Congregational) 40.9%, Seventh-Day - Adventist, Baha'i, Church of God, Mormon 6% (1985) -Languages: - English (official), Gilbertese -Literacy: - NA% (male NA%, female NA%) -Labor force: - 7,870 economically active, not including subsistence farmers (1985 est.) -Organized labor: - Kiribati Trades Union Congress - 2,500 members - -:Kiribati Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Kiribati; note - pronounced Kiribas -Type: - republic -Capital: - Tarawa -Administrative divisions: - 3 units; Gilbert Islands, Line Islands, Phoenix Islands; note - a new - administrative structure of 6 districts (Banaba, Central Gilberts, Line - Islands, Northern Gilberts, Southern Gilberts, Tarawa) may have been changed - to 21 island councils (one for each of the inhabited islands) named Abaiang, - Abemama, Aranuka, Arorae, Banaba, Beru, Butaritari, Canton, Kiritimati, - Kuria, Maiana, Makin, Marakei, Nikunau, Nonouti, Onotoa, Tabiteuea, - Tabuaeran, Tamana, Tarawa, Teraina -Independence: - 12 July 1979 (from UK; formerly Gilbert Islands) -Constitution: - 12 July 1979 -National holiday: - Independence Day, 12 July (1979) -Executive branch: - president (Beretitenti), vice president (Kauoman-ni-Beretitenti), Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral House of Assembly (Maneaba Ni Maungatabu) -Judicial branch: - Court of Appeal, High Court -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Teatao TEANNAKI (since 8 July 1991); Vice President Taomati IUTA - (since 8 July 1991) -Political parties and leaders: - National Progressive Party, Teatao TEANNAKI; Christian Democratic Party, - Teburoro TITO; New Movement Party, leader NA; Liberal Party, Tewareka - TENTOA; note - there is no tradition of formally organized political parties - in Kiribati; they more closely resemble factions or interest groups because - they have no party headquarters, formal platforms, or party structures -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - President: - last held on 8 July 1991 (next to be held May 1995); results - Teatao - TEANNAKI 52%, Roniti TEIWAKI 28% - House of Assembly: - last held on 8 May 1991 (next to be held May 1995); results - percent of - vote by party NA; seats - (40 total; 39 elected) percent of seats by party - NA -Member of: - ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP (associate), IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFC, IMF, INTERPOL, - ITU, SPC, SPF, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador (vacant) lives in Tarawa (Kiribati) - US: - the ambassador to Fiji is accredited to Kiribati -Flag: - the upper half is red with a yellow frigate bird flying over a yellow rising - sun, and the lower half is blue with three horizontal wavy white stripes to - represent the ocean - -:Kiribati Economy - -Overview: - The country has few national resources. Commercially viable phosphate - deposits were exhausted at the time of independence in 1979. Copra and fish - now represent the bulk of production and exports. The economy has fluctuated - widely in recent years. Real GDP declined about 8% in 1987, as the fish - catch fell sharply to only one-fourth the level of 1986 and copra production - was hampered by repeated rains. Output rebounded strongly in 1988, with real - GDP growing by 17%. The upturn in economic growth came from an increase in - copra production and a good fish catch. Following the strong surge in output - in 1988, GNP increased 1% in both 1989 and 1990. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $36.8 million, per capita $525; real growth rate - 1.0% (1990 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 4.0% (1990 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 2% (1985); considerable underemployment -Budget: - revenues $29.9 million; expenditures $16.3 million, including capital - expenditures of $14.0 million (1990 est.) -Exports: - $5.8 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) - commodities: - fish 55%, copra 42% - partners: - EC 20%, Marshall Islands 12%, US 8%, American Samoa 4% (1985) -Imports: - $26.7 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.) - commodities: - foodstuffs, fuel, transportation equipment - partners: - Australia 39%, Japan 21%, NZ 6%, UK 6%, US 3% (1985) -External debt: - $2.0 million (December 1989 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 0% (1988 est.); accounts for less than 4% of GDP -Electricity: - 5,000 kW capacity; 13 million kWh produced, 190 kWh per capita (1990) -Industries: - fishing, handicrafts -Agriculture: - accounts for 30% of GDP (including fishing); copra and fish contribute about - 95% to exports; subsistence farming predominates; food crops - taro, - breadfruit, sweet potatoes, vegetables; not self-sufficient in food -Economic aid: - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), - $273 million -Currency: - Australian dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.3177 (March 1992), 1.2835 (1991), - 1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988), 1.4267 (1987), 1.4905 (1986) -Fiscal year: - NA - -:Kiribati Communications - -Highways: - 640 km of motorable roads -Inland waterways: - small network of canals, totaling 5 km, in Line Islands -Ports: - Banaba and Betio (Tarawa) -Civil air: - 2 Trislanders; no major transport aircraft -Airports: - 21 total; 20 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways - over 2,439 m; 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - 1,400 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; 1 Pacific Ocean - INTELSAT earth station - -:Kiribati Defense Forces - -Branches: - no military force maintained; the Police Force carries out law enforcement - functions and paramilitary duties; there are small police posts on all - islands -Manpower availability: - NA -Defense expenditures: - $NA, NA% of GDP - -:Korea, North Geography - -Total area: - 120,540 km2 -Land area: - 120,410 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly smaller than Mississippi -Land boundaries: - 1,673 km; China 1,416 km, South Korea 238 km, Russia 19 km -Coastline: - 2,495 km -Maritime claims: - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Military boundary line: - 50 nm in the Sea of Japan and the exclusive economic zone limit in the - Yellow Sea (all foreign vessels and aircraft without permission are banned) - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - short section of boundary with China is indefinite; Demarcation Line with - South Korea -Climate: - temperate with rainfall concentrated in summer -Terrain: - mostly hills and mountains separated by deep, narrow valleys; coastal plains - wide in west, discontinuous in east -Natural resources: - coal, lead, tungsten, zinc, graphite, magnesite, iron ore, copper, gold, - pyrites, salt, fluorspar, hydropower -Land use: - arable land 18%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures NEGL%; forest and - woodland 74%; other 7%; includes irrigated 9% -Environment: - mountainous interior is isolated, nearly inaccessible, and sparsely - populated; late spring droughts often followed by severe flooding -Note: - strategic location bordering China, South Korea, and Russia - -:Korea, North People - -Population: - 22,227,303 (July 1992), growth rate 1.9% (1992) -Birth rate: - 24 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 30 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 66 years male, 72 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 2.4 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Korean(s);adjective - Korean -Ethnic divisions: - racially homogeneous -Religions: - Buddhism and Confucianism; some Christianity and syncretic Chondogyo; - autonomous religious activities now almost nonexistent; government-sponsored - religious groups exist to provide illusion of religious freedom -Languages: - Korean -Literacy: - 99%, (male 99%, female 99%); note - presumed to be virtually universal among - population under age 60 -Labor force: - 9,615,000; agricultural 36%, nonagricultural 64%; shortage of skilled and - unskilled labor (mid-1987 est.) -Organized labor: - 1,600,000 members; single-trade union system coordinated by the General - Federation of Trade Unions of Korea under the Central Committee - -:Korea, North Government - -Long-form name: - Democratic People's Republic of Korea; abbreviated DPRK -Type: - Communist state; Stalinist dictatorship -Capital: - P'yongyang -Administrative divisions: - 9 provinces (do, singular and plural) and 3 special cities* (jikhalsi, - singular and plural); Chagang-do, Hamgyong-namdo, Hamgyong-bukto, - Hwanghae-namdo, Hwanghae-bukto, Kaesong-si*, Kangwon-do, Namp'o-si*, - P'yongan-bukto, P'yongan-namdo,P'yongyang-si*, Yanggang-do -Independence: - 9 September 1948 -Constitution: - adopted 1948, revised 27 December 1972 -Legal system: - based on German civil law system with Japanese influences and Communist - legal theory; no judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted - compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Independence Day, 9 September (1948) -Executive branch: - president, two vice presidents, premier, eleven vice premiers, State - Administration Council (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral Supreme People's Assembly (Ch'oego Inmin Hoeui) -Judicial branch: - Central Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President KIM Il-song (national leader since 1945, formally President since - 28 December 1972); designated Successor KIM Chong-il (son of President, born - 16 February 1942) - Head of Government: - Premier YON Hyong-muk (since December 1988) -Political parties and leaders: - major party - Korean Workers' Party (KWP), KIM Il-song, general secretary, - and his son, KIM Chong-il, secretary, Central Committee; Korean Social - Democratic Party, YI Kye-paek, chairman; Chondoist Chongu Party, CHONG - Sin-hyok, chairman -Suffrage: - universal at age 17 -Elections: - President: - last held 24 May 1990 (next to be held NA 1994); results - President KIM - Il-song was reelected without opposition - Supreme People's Assembly: - last held on 24 May 1990 (next to be held NA 1994); results - percent of - vote by party NA; seats - (687 total) the KWP approves a single list of - candidates who are elected without opposition; minor parties hold a few - seats -Communists: - KWP claims membership of about 3 million -Member of: - ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, ICAO, IFAD, IMF (observer), IMO, IOC, ISO, ITU, - LORCS, NAM, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - none - -:Korea, North Government - -Flag: - three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (triple width), and blue; the red - band is edged in white; on the hoist side of the red band is a white disk - with a red five-pointed star - -:Korea, North Economy - -Overview: - More than 90% of this command economy is socialized; agricultural land is - collectivized; and state-owned industry produces 95% of manufactured goods. - State control of economic affairs is unusually tight even for a Communist - country because of the small size and homogeneity of the society and the - strict rule of KIM Il-song and his son, KIM Chong-il. Economic growth during - the period 1984-89 averaged 2-3%, but output declined by 2-4% annually - during 1990-91, largely because of disruptions in economic relations with - the USSR. Abundant natural resources and hydropower form the basis of - industrial development. Output of the extractive industries includes coal, - iron ore, magnesite, graphite, copper, zinc, lead, and precious metals. - Manufacturing is centered on heavy industry, with light industry lagging far - behind. Despite the use of improved seed varieties, expansion of irrigation, - and the heavy use of fertilizers, North Korea has not yet become - self-sufficient in food production. Four consecutive years of poor harvests, - coupled with distribution problems, have led to chronic food shortages. - North Korea remains far behind South Korea in economic development and - living standards. -GNP: - purchasing power equivalent - $23.3 billion, per capita $1,100; real growth - rate -2% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - NA% -Unemployment rate: - officially none -Budget: - revenues $17.3 billion; expenditures $17.7 billion, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1990) -Exports: - $2.02 billion (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - minerals, metallurgical products, agricultural products, manufactures - partners: - USSR, China, Japan, Hong Kong, Germany, Singapore -Imports: - $2.62 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.) - commodities: - petroleum, machinery and equipment, coking coal, grain - partners: - USSR, Japan, China, Hong Kong, FRG, Singapore -External debt: - $7 billion (1991) -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 7,140,000 kW capacity; 36,000 million kWh produced, 1,650 kWh per capita - (1991) -Industries: - machine building, military products, electric power, chemicals, mining, - metallurgy, textiles, food processing -Agriculture: - accounts for about 25% of GNP and 36% of work force; principal crops - rice, - corn, potatoes, soybeans, pulses; livestock and livestock products - cattle, - hogs, pork, eggs; not self-sufficient in grain; fish catch estimated at 1.7 - million metric tons in 1987 -Economic aid: - Communist countries, $1.4 billion a year in the 1980s -Currency: - North Korean won (plural - won); 1 North Korean won (Wn) = 100 chon - -:Korea, North Economy - -Exchange rates: - North Korean won (Wn) per US$1 - 2.13 (May 1992), 2.14 (September 1991), 2.1 - (January 1990), 2.3 (December 1989), 2.13 (December 1988), 0.94 (March 1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Korea, North Communications - -Railroads: - 4,915 km total; 4,250 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 665 km 0.762-meter - narrow gauge; 159 km double track; 3,084 km electrified; government owned - (1989) -Highways: - about 30,000 km (1989); 98.5% gravel, crushed stone, or earth surface; 1.5% - paved -Inland waterways: - 2,253 km; mostly navigable by small craft only -Pipelines: - crude oil 37 km -Ports: - Ch'ongjin, Haeju, Hungnam, Namp'o, Wonsan, Songnim, Najin, Sonbong (formerly - Unggi), Kim Chaek -Merchant marine: - 78 ships (1,000 GRT and over) totaling 543,033 GRT/804,507 DWT; includes 1 - passenger, 1 short-sea passenger, 1 passenger-cargo, 67 cargo, 2 petroleum - tanker, 4 bulk, 1 combination bulk, 1 container -Airports: - 55 total, 55 usable (est.); about 30 with permanent-surface runways; fewer - than 5 with runways over 3,659 m; 20 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 30 with - runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - broadcast stations - 18 AM, no FM, 11 TV; 200,000 TV sets; 3,500,000 radio - receivers; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -:Korea, North Defense Forces - -Branches: - Korean People's Army (including the Army, Navy, Air Force), Civil Security - Forces -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 6,476,839; 3,949,568 fit for military service; 227,154 reach - military age (18) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - about $5 billion, 20-25% of GNP (1991 est.); note - - the officially announced but suspect figure is $1.9 billion (1991) 8% of - GNP (1991 est.) - -:Korea, South Geography - -Total area: - 98,480 km2 -Land area: - 98,190 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly larger than Indiana -Land boundaries: - 238 km; North Korea 238 km -Coastline: - 2,413 km -Maritime claims: - Continental shelf: - not specific - Territorial sea: - 12 nm (3 nm in the Korea Strait) -Disputes: - Demarcation Line with North Korea; Liancourt Rocks claimed by Japan -Climate: - temperate, with rainfall heavier in summer than winter -Terrain: - mostly hills and mountains; wide coastal plains in west and south -Natural resources: - coal, tungsten, graphite, molybdenum, lead, hydropower -Land use: - arable land 21%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 1%; forest and - woodland 67%; other 10%; includes irrigated 12% -Environment: - occasional typhoons bring high winds and floods; earthquakes in southwest; - air pollution in large cities - -:Korea, South People - -Population: - 44,149,199 (July 1992), growth rate 1.1% (1992) -Birth rate: - 16 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 23 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 67 years male, 73 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 1.6 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Korean(s);adjective - Korean -Ethnic divisions: - homogeneous; small Chinese minority (about 20,000) -Religions: - strong Confucian tradition; vigorous Christian minority (24.3% of the total - population); Buddhism; pervasive folk religion (Shamanism); Chondogyo - (religion of the heavenly way), eclectic religion with nationalist overtones - founded in 19th century, about 0.1% of population -Languages: - Korean; English widely taught in high school -Literacy: - 96% (male 99%, female 94%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 16,900,000; 52% services and other; 27% mining and manufacturing; 21% - agriculture, fishing, forestry (1987) -Organized labor: - 23.4% (1989) of labor force in government-sanctioned unions - -:Korea, South Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Korea; abbreviated ROK -Type: - republic -Capital: - Seoul -Administrative divisions: - 9 provinces (do, singular and plural) and 6 special cities* (jikhalsi, - singular and plural); Cheju-do, Cholla-bukto, Cholla-namdo, - Ch'ungch'ong-bukto, Ch'ungch'ong-namdo, Inch'on-jikhalsi*, Kangwon-do, - Kwangju-jikhalsi*, Kyonggi-do, Kyongsang-bukto, Kyongsang-namdo, - Pusan-jikhalsi*, Soul-t'ukpyolsi*, Taegu-jikhalsi*, Taejon-jikhalsi* -Independence: - 15 August 1948 -Constitution: - 25 February 1988 -Legal system: - combines elements of continental European civil law systems, Anglo-American - law, and Chinese classical thought -National holiday: - Independence Day, 15 August (1948) -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, two deputy prime ministers, State Council - (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral National Assembly (Kuk Hoe) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President ROH Tae Woo (since 25 February 1988) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister CHUNG Won Shik (since 24 May 1991); Deputy Prime Minister - CHOI Gak Kyu (since 19 February 1991) -Political parties and leaders: - ruling party: - Democratic Liberal Party (DLP), ROH Tae Woo, president, KIM Young Sam, - chairman; KIM Chong Pil and PAK Tae Chun, co-chairmen; note - the DLP - resulted from a merger of the Democratic Justice Party (DJP), Reunification - Democratic Party (RDP), and New Democratic Republican Party (NDRP) on 9 - February 1990 - opposition: - Democratic Party (DP), result of a merger of the New Democratic Party and - the Democratic Party formalized 16 September 1991; KIM Dae Jung, executive - chairman; LEE Ki Taek, executive chairman; several smaller parties -Suffrage: - universal at age 20 -Elections: - President: - last held on 16 December 1987 (next to be held December 1992); results - ROH - Tae Woo (DJP) 35.9%, KIM Young Sam (RDP) 27.5%, KIM Dae Jung (PPD) 26.5%, - other 10.1% - National Assembly: - last held on 26 April 1988 (next to be held around March 1992); results - - DJP 34%, RDP 24%, PPD 19%, NDRP 15%, other 8%; seats - (296 total) DJP 125, - PPD 70, RDP 59, NDRP 35, other 10; note - on 9 February 1990 the DJP, RDP, - and NDRP merged to form the DLP; also the PPD, later renamed the NDP, merged - with another party to form the DP in September 1991. The distribution of - seats as of December 1991 was DLP 214, DP 72, independent 9, vacant 1 - -:Korea, South Government - -Other political or pressure groups: - Korean National Council of Churches; National Democratic Alliance of Korea; - National Council of College Student Representatives; National Federation of - Farmers' Associations; National Council of Labor Unions; Federation of - Korean Trade Unions; Korean Veterans' Association; Federation of Korean - Industries; Korean Traders Association -Member of: - AfDB, APEC, AsDB, CCC, COCOM, CP, EBRD, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, - ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IMF, ILO, IMF, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, - INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, OAS, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, - WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador HYUN Hong Joo; Chancery at 2370 Massachusetts Avenue NW, - Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 939-5600; there are Korean Consulates - General in Agana (Guam), Anchorage, Atlanta, Chicago, Honolulu, Houston, Los - Angeles, New York, San Francisco, and Seattle - US: - Ambassador Donald P. GREGG; Embassy at 82 Sejong-Ro, Chongro-ku, Seoul, - AMEMB, Unit 15550 (mailing address is APO AP 96205-0001); telephone [82] (2) - 732-2601 through 2618; FAX [82] (2) 738-8845; there is a US Consulate in - Pusan -Flag: - white with a red (top) and blue yin-yang symbol in the center; there is a - different black trigram from the ancient I Ching (Book of Changes) in each - corner of the white field - -:Korea, South Economy - -Overview: - The driving force behind the economy's dynamic growth has been the planned - development of an export-oriented economy in a vigorously entrepreneurial - society. Real GNP has increased more than 10% annually over the past six - years. This growth has led to an overheated situation characterized by a - tight labor market, strong inflationary pressures, and a rapidly rising - current account deficit. Policymakers have stated they will focus attention - on slowing inflation. In any event, the economy will remain the envy of the - great majority of the world's peoples. -GNP: - purchasing power equivalent - $273 billion, per capita $6,300; real growth - rate 8.7% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 9.7% (1991) -Unemployment rate: - 2.4% (1991) -Budget: - revenues $44 billion; expenditures $44 billion, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1992) -Exports: - $71.9 billion (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - textiles, clothing, electronic and electrical equipment, footwear, - machinery, steel, automobiles, ships, fish - partners: - US 26%, Japan 18% (1991) -Imports: - $81.6 billion (c.i.f., 1991) - commodities: - machinery, electronics and electronic equipment, oil, steel, transport - equipment, textiles, organic chemicals, grains - partners: - Japan 26%, US 23% (1991) -External debt: - $38.2 billion (1991) -Industrial production: - growth rate 7.5% (1991 est.); accounts for about 45% of GNP -Electricity: - 24,000,000 kW capacity; 106,000 million kWh produced, 2,460 kWh per capita - (1991) -Industries: - textiles, clothing, footwear, food processing, chemicals, steel, - electronics, automobile production, shipbuilding -Agriculture: - accounts for 8% of GNP and employs 21% of work force (including fishing and - forestry); principal crops - rice, root crops, barley, vegetables, fruit; - livestock and livestock products - cattle, hogs, chickens, milk, eggs; - self-sufficient in food, except for wheat; fish catch of 2.9 million metric - tons, seventh-largest in world -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $3.9 billion; non-US countries - (1970-89), $3.0 billion -Currency: - South Korean won (plural - won); 1 South Korean won (W) = 100 chon - (theoretical) -Exchange rates: - South Korean won (W) per US$1 - 766.66 (January 1992), 733.35 (1991), 707.76 - (1990), 671.46 (1989), 731.47 (1988), 822.57 (1987) - -:Korea, South Economy - -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Korea, South Communications - -Railroads: - 3,106 km operating in 1983; 3,059 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 47 km - 0.610-meter narrow gauge, 712 km double track, 418 km electrified; - government owned -Highways: - 62,936 km total (1982); 13,476 km national highway, 49,460 km provincial and - local roads -Inland waterways: - 1,609 km; use restricted to small native craft -Pipelines: - petroleum products 455 km -Ports: - Pusan, Inchon, Kunsan, Mokpo, Ulsan -Merchant marine: - 435 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,924,818 GRT/11,389,397 DWT; - includes 2 short-sea passenger, 140 cargo, 53 container, 11 refrigerated - cargo, 9 vehicle carrier, 42 petroleum tanker, 10 chemical tanker, 14 - liquefied gas, 5 combination ore/oil, 145 bulk, 3 combination bulk, 1 - multifunction large-load carrier -Civil air: - 93 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 105 total, 97 usable; 60 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways - over 3,659 m; 23 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 16 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - adequate domestic and international services; 4,800,000 telephones; - broadcast stations - 79 AM, 46 FM, 256 TV (57 of 1 kW or greater); satellite - earth stations - 2 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT - -:Korea, South Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Marines Corps, Air Force -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 13,131,113; 8,456,428 fit for military service; 448,450 reach - military age (18) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $12.6 billion, 4.5% of GNP (1992 budget) - -:Kuwait Geography - -Total area: - 17,820 km2 -Land area: - 17,820 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly smaller than New Jersey -Land boundaries: - 462 km; Iraq 240 km, Saudi Arabia 222 km -Coastline: - 499 km -Maritime claims: - Continental shelf: - not specific - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - in April 1991 official Iraqi acceptance of UN Security Council Resolution - 687, which demands that Iraq accept the inviolability of the boundary set - forth in its 1963 agreement with Kuwait, ending earlier claims to Bubiyan - and Warbah Islands or to all of Kuwait; a UN Boundary Demarcation Commission - is demarcating the Iraq-Kuwait boundary persuant to Resolution 687, and, on - 17 June 1992, the UN Security Council reaffirmed the finality of the - Boundary Demarcation Commission's decisions; ownership of Qaruh and Umm al - Maradim Islands disputed by Saudi Arabia -Climate: - dry desert; intensely hot summers; short, cool winters -Terrain: - flat to slightly undulating desert plain -Natural resources: - petroleum, fish, shrimp, natural gas -Land use: - arable land NEGL%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 8%; forest and - woodland NEGL%; other 92%; includes irrigated NEGL% -Environment: - some of world's largest and most sophisticated desalination facilities - provide most of water; air and water pollution; desertification -Note: - strategic location at head of Persian Gulf - -:Kuwait People - -Population: - 1,378,613 (July 1992), growth rate NA (1992) -Birth rate: - 32 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 2 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - NA migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 14 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 72 years male, 76 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 4.4 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Kuwaiti(s); adjective - Kuwaiti -Ethnic divisions: - Kuwaiti 50%, other Arab 35%, South Asian 9%, Iranian 4%, other 2% -Religions: - Muslim 85% (Shi`a 30%, Sunni 45%, other 10%), Christian, Hindu, Parsi, and - other 15% -Languages: - Arabic (official); English widely spoken -Literacy: - 74% (male 78%, female 69%) age 15 and over can read and write (1985) -Labor force: - 566,000 (1986); services 45.0%, construction 20.0%, trade 12.0%, - manufacturing 8.6%, finance and real estate 2.6%, agriculture 1.9%, power - and water 1.7%, mining and quarrying 1.4%; 70% of labor force was - non-Kuwaiti -Organized labor: - labor unions exist in oil industry and among government personnel - -:Kuwait Government - -Long-form name: - State of Kuwait -Type: - nominal constitutional monarchy -Capital: - Kuwait -Administrative divisions: - 5 governorates (mu'hafaz'at, singular - muh'afaz'ah); Al Ah'madi, Al Jahrah, - Al Kuwayt, 'Hawalli; Farwaniyah -Independence: - 19 June 1961 (from UK) -Constitution: - 16 November 1962 (some provisions suspended since 29 August 1962) -Legal system: - civil law system with Islamic law significant in personal matters; has not - accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - National Day, 25 February -Executive branch: - amir, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - National Assembly (Majlis al `umma) dissolved 3 July 1986; elections for new - Assembly scheduled for October 1992 -Judicial branch: - High Court of Appeal -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Amir Shaykh JABIR al-Ahmad al-Jabir al-Sabah (since 31 December 1977) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister and Crown Prince SA`UD al-`Abdallah al-Salim al-Sabah (since - 8 February 1978); Deputy Prime Minister SALIM al-Sabah al-Salim al-Sabah -Political parties and leaders: - none -Suffrage: - adult males who resided in Kuwait before 1920 and their male descendants at - age 21; note - out of all citizens, only 10% are eligible to vote and only - 5% actually vote -Elections: - National Assembly: - dissolved 3 July 1986; new elections are scheduled for October 1992 -Other political or pressure groups: - 40,000 Palestinian community; small, clandestine leftist and Shi`a - fundamentalist groups are active; several groups critical of government - policies are active -Member of: - ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, BDEAC, CAEU, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, GATT, GCC, IAEA, - IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, - INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPEC, UN, - UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Shaykh Sa`ud Nasir al-SABAH; Chancery at 2940 Tilden Street NW, - Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 966-0702 - US: - Ambassador Edward (Skip) GNEHM, Jr.; Embassy at Bneid al-Gar (opposite the - Kuwait International Hotel), Kuwait City (mailing address is P.O. Box 77 - SAFAT, 13001 SAFAT, Kuwait; APO AE 09880); telephone [965] 242-4151 through - 4159; FAX [956] 244-2855 - -:Kuwait Government - -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red with a black - trapezoid based on the hoist side - -:Kuwait Economy - -Overview: - Up to the invasion by Iraq in August 1990, the oil sector had dominated the - economy. Kuwait has the third-largest oil reserves in the world after Saudi - Arabia and Iraq. Earnings from hydrocarbons have generated over 90% of both - export and government revenues and contributed about 40% to GDP. Most of the - nonoil sector has traditionally been dependent upon oil-derived government - revenues. Iraq's destruction of Kuwait's oil industry during the Gulf war - has devastated the economy. Iraq destroyed or damaged more than 80% of - Kuwait's 950 operating oil wells, as well as sabotaged key surface - facilities. Firefighters brought all of the roughly 750 oil well fires and - blowouts under control by November 1991. By yearend, production had been - brought back to 400,000 barrels per day; it could take two to three years to - restore Kuwait's oil production to its prewar level of about 2.0 million - barrels per day. Meanwhile, population had been greatly reduced because of - the war, from 2.1 million to 1.4 million. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $8.75 billion, per capita $6,200; real growth - rate -50% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - NA -Unemployment rate: - NA -Budget: - revenues $7.1 billion; expenditures $10.5 billion, including capital - expenditures of $3.1 billion (FY88) -Exports: - $11.4 billion (f.o.b., 1989) - commodities: - oil 90% - partners: - Japan 19%, Netherlands 9%, US 8%, Pakistan 6% -Imports: - $6.6 billion (f.o.b., 1989) - commodities: - food, construction materials, vehicles and parts, clothing - partners: - US 15%, Japan 12%, FRG 8%, UK 7% -External debt: - $7.2 billion (December 1989 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 3% (1988); accounts for 52% of GDP -Electricity: - 3,100,000 kW available out of 8,290,000 kW capacity due to Persian Gulf war; - 7,300 million kWh produced, 3,311 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - petroleum, petrochemicals, desalination, food processing, building - materials, salt, construction -Agriculture: - virtually none; dependent on imports for food; about 75% of potable water - must be distilled or imported -Economic aid: - donor - pledged $18.3 billion in bilateral aid to less developed countries - (1979-89) -Currency: - Kuwaiti dinar (plural - dinars); 1 Kuwaiti dinar (KD) = 1,000 fils -Exchange rates: - Kuwaiti dinars (KD) per US$1 - 0.2950 (March 1992), 0.2843 (1991), 0.2915 - (1990), 0.2937 (1989), 0.2790 (1988), 0.2786 (1987) - -:Kuwait Economy - -Fiscal year: - 1 July - 30 June - -:Kuwait Communications - -Railroads: - 6,456 km total track length (1990); over 700 km double track; government - owned -Highways: - 3,900 km total; 3,000 km bituminous; 900 km earth, sand, light gravel -Pipelines: - crude oil 877 km; petroleum products 40 km; natural gas 165 km -Ports: - Ash Shu`aybah, Ash Shuwaykh, Mina' al 'Ahmadi -Merchant marine: - 29 ships (1,000 GRT or over), totaling 1,196,435 GRT/1,957,216 DWT; includes - 2 cargo, 4 livestock carrier, 18 oil tanker, 4 liquefied gas; note - all - Kuwaiti ships greater than 1,000 GRT were outside Kuwaiti waters at the time - of the Iraqi invasion; many of these ships transferred to the Liberian flag - or to the flags of other Persian Gulf states; only 1 has returned to Kuwaiti - flag since the liberation of Kuwait -Civil air: - 9 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 7 total, 4 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over - 3,659 m; 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; none with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - civil network suffered extensive damage as a result of Desert Storm; - reconstruction is under way with some restored international and domestic - capabilities; broadcast stations - 3 AM, 0 FM, 3 TV; satellite earth - stations - destroyed during Persian Gulf war; temporary mobile satellite - ground stations provide international telecommunications; coaxial cable and - radio relay to Saudi Arabia; service to Iraq is nonoperational - -:Kuwait Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force, National Police Force, National Guard -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 389,770; 234,609 fit for military service; 12,773 reach - military age (18) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $9.17 billion, 20.4% of GDP (1992 budget) - -:Kyrgyzstan Geography - -Total area: - 198,500 km2 -Land area: - 191,300 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly smaller than South Dakota -Land boundaries: - 3,878 km; China 858 km, Kazakhstan 1,051 km, Tajikistan 870 km, Uzbekistan - 1,099 km -Coastline: - none - landlocked -Maritime claims: - none - landlocked -Disputes: - territorial dispute with Tajikistan on southern boundary in Isfara Valley - area -Climate: - dry continental to polar in high Tien Shan; subtropical in south (Fergana - Valley) -Terrain: - peaks of Tien Shan rise to 7,000 meters, and associated valleys and basins - encompass entire nation -Natural resources: - small amounts of coal, natural gas, oil; also nepheline, rare earth metals, - mercury, bismuth, gold, uranium, lead, zinc, hydroelectric power -Land use: - NA% arable land; NA% permanent crops; NA% meadows and pastures; NA% forest - and woodland; NA% other; includes NA% irrigated -Environment: - NA - -:Kyrgyzstan People - -Population: - 4,567,875 (July 1992), growth rate 1.9% (1992) -Birth rate: - 31 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - - 8.5 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 56 deaths/1,000 live births (1991) -Life expectancy at birth: - 62 years male, 71 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 4.0 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Kirghiz(s); adjective - Kirghiz -Ethnic divisions: - Kirghiz 52%, Russian 21%, Uzbek 13%, other 14% -Religions: - Muslim 70%, Russian Orthodox NA% -Languages: - Kirghiz (Kyrgyz) -Literacy: - NA% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write -Labor force: - 1,894,000 (1989); agriculture 33%, other 49%, industry 18%, other NA% (1988) -Organized labor: - NA - -:Kyrgyzstan Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Kyrgyzstan -Type: - republic -Capital: - Bishkek (formerly Frunze) -Administrative divisions: - 6 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast'); Chu, Dzhalal-Abad, Issyk-Kul', - Naryn, Osh, Talas; note - an oblast has the same name as its administrative - center -Independence: - 31 August 1991 (from Soviet Union; formerly Kirghiz Soviet Socialist - Republic) -Constitution: - adopted NA, effective 20 April 1978, amended 23 September 1989; note - new - constitution is being drafted -Legal system: - NA -National holiday: - NA -Executive branch: - president, Cabinet of Ministers -Legislative branch: - unicameral body or bicameral -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - President Askar AKAYEV; Vice President Felix KULOV; Chairman, Supreme - Soviet, Medetkav SHERIMKULOV; Spiritual leader of Kyrgyz Muslims, Sadykzhav - KAMALOV - Chief of State: - President Askar AKAYEV (since 28 October 1990), Vice President Felix KULOV - (since 2 March 1992) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Tursenbek CHYNGYSHEV (since 2 March 1992) -Political parties and leaders: - Kyrgyzstan Democratic Movement, Zhypur ZHEKSHEYEV, Kazat AKMAKOV, and - Toshubek TURGANALIEV, co-chairmen of popular front coalition of 40 informal - groups for Democratic Renewal and Civic Accord, 117-man pro-Akayev - parliamentary faction; Civic Accord, Coalition representing nonnative - minority groups; National Revived Asaba (Banner) Party, Asan ORMUSHEV, - chairman; Communist Party now banned -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - President: - last held 12 October 1991 (next to be held NA 1996); results - AKAYEV won in - uncontested election with 95% of vote with 90% of electorate voting; note - - Republic Supreme Soviet elections held 25 February 1990; presidential - elections held first by Supreme Soviet 28 October 1990, then by popular vote - 12 October 1991 - Supreme Soviet: - note - last held 25 February 1990 (next to be held no later than November - 1994); results - Commnunists (310) 90%, seats - (350 total) -Other political or pressure groups: - National Unity Democratic Movement; Peasant Party; Council of Free Trade - Union; Union of Entrepreneurs -Member of: - CIS, CSCE, IMF, UN, UNCTAD - -:Kyrgyzstan Government - -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador NA; Chancery at NW, Washington, DC 200__; telephone (202) NA; - there are Consulates General in NA; - US: - Charge Ralph Bresler; Interim Chancery at #66 Derzhinskiy Prospekt; - Residence: Hotel Pishpek (mailing address is APO AE 09862); telephone - 8-011-7-3312-22-22-70 -Flag: - red-orange field with yellow sun in center with folk motif medallion - inscribed - -:Kyrgyzstan Economy - -Overview: - Kyrgyzstan's small economy (less than 1% of the total for the former Soviet - Union) is oriented toward agriculture, producing mainly livestock such as - goats and sheep, as well as cotton, grain, and tobacco. Industry, - concentrated around Bishkek, produces small quantities of electric motors, - livestock feeding equipment, washing machines, furniture, cement, paper, and - bricks. Mineral extraction is small, the most important minerals being rare - earth metals and gold. Kyrgyzstan is a net importer of most types of food - and fuel but is a net exporter of electricity. By early 1991, the Kirghiz - leadership had accelerated reform, primarily by privatizing business and - granting life-long tenure to farmers. In 1991 overall industrial and - livestock output declined substantially. -GDP: - purchasing power equivalent - $NA billion, per capita $NA; real growth rate - -5% (1991) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 88% (1991) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $NA million; expenditures $NA million -Exports: - $115 million (1990) - commodities: - wool, chemicals, cotton, ferrous and nonferrous metals, shoes, machinery, - tobacco - partners: - Russia 70%, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and others -Imports: - $1.5 million (c.i.f., 1990) - commodities: - lumber, industrial products, ferrous metals, fuel, machinery, textiles, - footwear -External debt: - $650 million (1991) -Industrial production: - growth rate 0.1% (1991) -Electricity: - NA kW capacity; 13,900 million kWh produced, 3,232 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - small machinery, textiles, food-processing industries, cement, shoes, sawn - logs, steel, refrigerators, furniture, electric motors, gold, and rare earth - metals -Agriculture: - wool, tobacco, cotton, livestock (sheep and goats) and cattle, vegetables, - meat, grapes, fruits and berries, eggs, milk, potatoes -Illicit drugs: - poppy cultivation legal -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $NA billion; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-86), $NA million; - Communist countries (1971-86), $NA million -Currency: - as of May 1992, retaining ruble as currency -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Kyrgyzstan Communications - -Railroads: - 370 km; does not include industrial lines (1990) -Highways: - 30,300 km total; 22,600 km paved or graveled, 7,700 km earth(1990) -Inland waterways: - NA km perennially navigable -Pipelines: - NA -Ports: - none - landlocked -Civil air: - NA -Airports: - NA -Telecommunications: - poorly developed; connections with other CIS countries by landline or - microwave and with other countries by leased connections with Moscow - international gateway switch; satellite earth stations - Orbita and INTELSAT - (TV receive only) - -:Kyrgyzstan Defense Forces - -Branches: - Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops); National Guard, Civil - Defense; CIS Forces (Ground, Air, and Air Defense) -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, NA fit for military service; NA reach military age (18) - annually -Defense expenditures: - $NA, NA% of GDP - -:Laos Geography - -Total area: - 236,800 km2 -Land area: - 230,800 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly larger than Utah -Land boundaries: - 5,083 km; Burma 235 km, Cambodia 541 km, China 423 km, Thailand 1,754 km, - Vietnam 2,130 km -Coastline: - none - landlocked -Maritime claims: - none - landlocked -Disputes: - boundary dispute with Thailand -Climate: - tropical monsoon; rainy season (May to November); dry season (December to - April) -Terrain: - mostly rugged mountains; some plains and plateaus -Natural resources: - timber, hydropower, gypsum, tin, gold, gemstones -Land use: - arable land 4%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 3%; forest and - woodland 58%; other 35%; includes irrigated 1% -Environment: - deforestation; soil erosion; subject to floods -Note: - landlocked - -:Laos People - -Population: - 4,440,213 (July 1992), growth rate 2.9% (1992) -Birth rate: - 44 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 16 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 107 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 49 years male, 52 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 6.3 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Lao(s) or Laotian(s); adjective - Lao or Laotian -Ethnic divisions: - Lao 50%, Phoutheung (Kha) 15%, tribal Thai 20%, Meo, Hmong, Yao, and other - 15% -Religions: - Buddhist 85%, animist and other 15% -Languages: - Lao (official), French, and English -Literacy: - 84% (male 92%, female 76%) age 15 to 45 can read and write (1985 est.) -Labor force: - 1-1.5 million; 85-90% in agriculture (est.) -Organized labor: - Lao Federation of Trade Unions is subordinate to the Communist party - -:Laos Government - -Long-form name: - Lao People's Democratic Republic -Type: - Communist state -Capital: - Vientiane -Administrative divisions: - 16 provinces (khoueng, singular and plural) and 1 municipality* (kampheng - nakhon, singular and plural); Attapu, Bokeo, Bolikhamsai, Champasak, - Houaphan, Khammouan, Louang Namtha, Louangphrabang, Oudomxai, Phongsali, - Saravan, Savannakhet, Sekong, Vientiane, Vientiane*, Xaignabouri, - Xiangkhoang -Independence: - 19 July 1949 (from France) -Constitution: - promulgated August 1991 -Legal system: - based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - National Day (proclamation of the Lao People's Democratic Republic), 2 - December (1975) -Executive branch: - president, chairman and two vice chairmen of the Council of Ministers, - Council of Ministers (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - Supreme People's Assembly -Judicial branch: - People's Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President KAYSONE PHOMVIHAN (since 15 August 1991) - Head of Government: - Chairman of the Council of Ministers Gen. KHAMTAI SIPHANDON (since 15 August - 1991) -Political parties and leaders: - Lao People's Revolutionary Party (LPRP), KAYSONE PHOMVIHAN, party chairman; - includes Lao Patriotic Front and Alliance Committee of Patriotic Neutralist - Forces; other parties moribund -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - Supreme People's Assembly: - last held on 26 March 1989 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote - by party NA; seats - (79 total) number of seats by party NA -Other political or pressure groups: - non-Communist political groups moribund; most leaders have fled the country -Member of: - ACCT (associate), AsDB, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, ILO, - IMF, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, - WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - Charge d'Affaires LINTHONG PHETSAVAN; Chancery at 2222 S Street NW, - Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 332-6416 or 6417 - US: - Charge d'Affaires Charles B. SALMON, Jr.; Embassy at Rue Bartholonie, - Vientiane (mailing address is B. P. 114, Vientiane, or AMEMB, Box V, APO AP - 96546); telephone (856) 2220, 2357, 2384; FAX (856) 4675 - -:Laos Government - -Flag: - three horizontal bands of red (top), blue (double width), and red with a - large white disk centered in the blue band - -:Laos Economy - -Overview: - One of the world's poorest nations, Laos has had a Communist centrally - planned economy with government ownership and control of productive - enterprises of any size. In recent years, however, the government has been - decentralizing control and encouraging private enterprise. Laos is a - landlocked country with a primitive infrastructure; that is, it has no - railroads, a rudimentary road system, limited external and internal - telecommunications, and electricity available in only a limited area. - Subsistence agriculture is the main occupation, accounting for over 60% of - GDP and providing about 85-90% of total employment. The predominant crop is - rice. For the foreseeable future the economy will continue to depend for its - survival on foreign aid from the IMF and other international sources; aid - from the former USSR and Eastern Europe has been cut sharply. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $800 million, per capita $200; real growth rate - 4% (1991) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 10.4% (December 1991) -Unemployment rate: - 21% (1989 est.) -Budget: - revenues $83 million; expenditures $188.5 million, including capital - expenditures of $94 million (1990 est.) -Exports: - $72 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) - commodities: - electricity, wood products, coffee, tin - partners: - Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, USSR, US, China -Imports: - $238 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.) - commodities: - food, fuel oil, consumer goods, manufactures - partners: - Thailand, USSR, Japan, France, Vietnam, China -External debt: - $1.1 billion (1990 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 12% (1991 est.); accounts for about 18% of GDP (1991 est.) -Electricity: - 226,000 kW capacity; 1,100 million kWh produced, 270 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - tin and gypsum mining, timber, electric power, agricultural processing, - construction -Agriculture: - accounts for 60% of GDP and employs most of the work force; subsistence - farming predominates; normally self-sufficient in nondrought years; - principal crops - rice (80% of cultivated land), sweet potatoes, vegetables, - corn, coffee, sugarcane, cotton; livestock - buffaloes, hogs, cattle, - chicken -Illicit drugs: - illicit producer of cannabis, opium poppy for the international drug trade, - third-largest opium producer -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-79), $276 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $605 million; - Communist countries (1970-89), $995 million -Currency: - new kip (plural - kips); 1 new kip (NK) = 100 at - -:Laos Economy - -Exchange rates: - new kips (NK) per US$1 - 710 (May 1992), 710 (December 1991), 700 (September - 1990), 576 (1989), 385 (1988), 200 (1987) -Fiscal year: - 1 July - 30 June - -:Laos Communications - -Railroads: - none -Highways: - about 27,527 km total; 1,856 km bituminous or bituminous treated; 7,451 km - gravel, crushed stone, or improved earth; 18,220 km unimproved earth and - often impassable during rainy season mid-May to mid-September -Inland waterways: - about 4,587 km, primarily Mekong and tributaries; 2,897 additional - kilometers are sectionally navigable by craft drawing less than 0.5 m -Pipelines: - petroleum products 136 km -Ports: - none -Airports: - 57 total, 47 usable; 8 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways - over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 14 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - service to general public considered poor; radio communications network - provides generally erratic service to government users; 7,390 telephones - (1986); broadcast stations - 10 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 1 satellite earth station - -:Laos Defense Forces - -Branches: - Lao People's Army (LPA; including naval, aviation, and militia elements), - Air Force, National Police Department -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 946,289; 509,931 fit for military service; 45,232 reach - military age (18) annually; conscription age NA -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP - -:Latvia Geography - -Total area: - 64,100 km2 -Land area: - 64,100 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly larger than West Virginia -Land boundaries: - 1,078 km; Belarus 141 km, Estonia 267 km, Lithuania 453 km, Russia 217 km -Coastline: - 531 km -Maritime claims: - Contiguous zone: - NA nm - Continental shelf: - NA meter depth - Exclusive fishing zone: - NA nm - Exclusive economic zone: - NA nm - Territorial sea: - NA nm -Disputes: - the Abrene section of border ceded by the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic - to Russia in 1944 -Climate: - maritime; wet, moderate winters -Terrain: - low plain -Natural resources: - minimal; amber, peat, limestone, dolomite -Land use: - 27% arable land; NA% permanent crops; 13% meadows and pastures; 39% forest - and woodland; 21% other; includes NA% irrigated -Environment: - heightened levels of air and water pollution because of a lack of waste - conversion equipment; Gulf of Riga heavily polluted - -:Latvia People - -Population: - 2,728,937 (July 1992), growth rate 0.6% (1992) -Birth rate: - 15 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 12 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 4 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 19 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 65 years male, 75 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 2.1 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Latvian(s);adjective - Latvian -Ethnic divisions: - Latvian 51.8%, Russian 33.8%, Byelorussian 4.5%, Ukrainian 3.4%, Polish - 2.3%, other 4.2% -Religions: - Lutheran, Roman Catholic, Russian Orthodox -Languages: - Latvian NA% (official), Lithuanian NA%, Russian NA%, other NA% -Literacy: - NA% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write -Labor force: - 1,407,000; industry and construction 41%, agriculture and forestry 16%, - other 43% (1990) -Organized labor: - NA - -:Latvia Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Latvia -Type: - republic -Capital: - Riga -Administrative divisions: - none - all districts are under direct republic jurisdiction -Independence: - 18 November 1918; annexed by the USSR 21 July 1940, the Latvian Soviet - Socialist Republic declared independence 6 September 1991 from USSR -Constitution: - April 1978, currently rewriting constitution, but readopted the 1922 - Constitution -Legal system: - based on civil law system -National holiday: - Independence Day, 18 November (1918) -Executive branch: - Prime Minister -Legislative branch: - unicameral Supreme Council -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Chairman, Supreme Council, Anatolijs GORBUNOVS (since October 1988); - Chairmen, Andrejs KRASTINS, Valdis BIRKAVS (since NA 1992) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Ivars GODMANIS (since May 1990) -Political parties and leaders: - Democratic Labor Party of Latvia, Juris BOJARS, chairman; Inter-Front of the - Working People of Latvia, Igor LOPATIN, chairman; note - Inter-Front was - banned after the coup; Latvian National Movement for Independence, Eduards - BERKLAVS, chairman; Latvian Social Democratic Party, Janis DINEVICS, - chairman; Social Democratic Party of Latvia, Uldis BERZINS, chairman; - Latvian People's Front, Romualdas RAZUKAS, chairman; Latvian Liberal Party, - Georg LANSMANIS, chairman -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - President: - last held October 1988 (next to be held NA; note - elected by Parliament; - new elections have not been scheduled; results - percent of vote by party NA - Supreme Council: - last held 18 March 1990 (next to be held NA); results - undetermined; seats - - (234 total) Latvian Communist Party 59, Latvian Democratic Workers Party - 31, Social Democratic Party of Latvia 4, Green Party of Latvia 7, Latvian - Farmers Union 7, 126 supported by the Latvia Popular Front - Congress of Latvia: - last held April 1990 (next to be held NA); note - the Congress of Latvia is - a quasi-governmental structure; results - percent of vote by party NA%; - seats - (231 total) number of seats by party NA -Member of: - CSCE, IAEA, UN -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Dr. Anatol DINBERGS; Chancery at 4325 17th St. NW, Washington, DC - 20011; telephone (202) 726-8213 and 8214 - -:Latvia Government - - US: - Ambassador Ints SILINS; (mailing address is APO AE 09862); telephone [358] - (49) 306-067 (cellular), (7) (01-32) 325-968/185; FAX [358] (49) 308-326 - (cellular), (7) (01-32) 220-502 -Flag: - two horizontal bands of maroon (top), white (middle, narrower than other two - bands) and maroon (bottom) - -:Latvia Economy - -Overview: - Latvia is in the process of reforming the centrally planned economy - inherited from the former USSR into a market economy. Prices have been - freed, and privatization of shops and farms has begun. Latvia lacks natural - resources, aside from its arable land and small forests. Its most valuable - economic asset is its work force, which is better educated and disciplined - than in most of the former Soviet republics. Industrial production is highly - diversified, with products ranging from agricultural machinery to consumer - electronics. One conspicuous vulnerability: Latvia produces only 10% of its - electric power needs. Latvia in the near term must retain key commercial - ties to Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine while moving in the long run toward - joint ventures, technological support, and trade ties to the West. Because - of the efficiency of its mostly individual farms, Latvians enjoy a diet that - is higher in meat, vegetables, and dairy products and lower in grain and - potatoes than diets in the 12 non-Baltic republics of the USSR. Good - relations with Russia are threatened by animosity between ethnic Russians - (34% of the population) and native Latvians. -GDP: - purchasing power equivalent - $NA; per capital NA; real growth rate - 8% - (1991) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - approximately 200% (1991) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA (1991) -Exports: - $239 million (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - food 14%, railroad cars 13%, chemicals 12% - partners: - Russia 50%, Ukraine 15%, other former Soviet republics 30%, West 5% -Imports: - $9.0 billion (c.i.f., 1989) - commodities: - machinery 35%, petroleum products 13%, chemicals 9% - partners: - NA -External debt: - $650 million (1991 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 0% (1991) -Electricity: - 1,975,000 kW capacity; 6,500 million kWh produced, 2,381 kWh per capita - (1990) -Industries: - employs 33.2% of labor force; highly diversified; dependent on imports for - energy, raw materials, and intermediate products; produces buses, vans, - street and railroad cars, synthetic fibers, agricultural machinery, - fertilizers, washing machines, radios, electronics, pharmaceuticals, - processed foods, textiles -Agriculture: - employs 23% of labor force; principally dairy farming and livestock feeding; - products - meat, milk, eggs, grain, sugar beets, potatoes, and vegetables; - fishing and fish packing -Illicit drugs: - transshipment point for illicit drugs from Central and Southwest Asia to - Western Europe - -:Latvia Economy - -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $NA billion; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-86), $NA million; - Communist countries (1971-86), $NA million -Currency: - as of May 1992, retaining ruble as currency but planning early introduction - of ``lat'' -Exchange rates: - NA -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Latvia Communications - -Railroads: - 2,400 km (includes NA km electrified) does not include industrial lines - (1990) -Highways: - 59,500 km total (1990); 33,000 km hard surfaced 26,500 km earth -Inland waterways: - 300 km perennially navigable -Pipelines: - crude oil NA km, refined products NA km, natural gas NA km -Ports: - maritime - Riga, Ventspils, Liepaja; inland - Daugavpils -Merchant marine: - 96 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 917,979 GRT/1,194,666 DWT; includes 14 - cargo, 29 refrigerated cargo, 2 container, 9 roll-on/roll-off, 42 petroleum - tanker -Civil air: - NA major transport aircraft -Airports: - NA total, NA usable; NA with permanent-surface runways; NA with runways over - 3,659 m; NA with runways 2,440-3,659 m; NA with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - broadcast stations - NA; international traffic carried by leased connection - to the Moscow international gateway switch and the Finnish cellular net - -:Latvia Defense Forces - -Branches: - Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops), National Guard, - Russian Forces (Ground, Navy, Air, Air Defense, Border Guard -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, NA; NA fit for military service; NA reach military age (18) - annually -Defense expenditures: - NA% of GDP; 3-5% of Latvia's budget (1992) - -:Lebanon Geography - -Total area: - 10,400 km2 -Land area: - 10,230 km2 -Comparative area: - about 0.8 times the size of Connecticut -Land boundaries: - 454 km; Israel 79 km, Syria 375 km -Coastline: - 225 km -Maritime claims: - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - separated from Israel by the 1949 Armistice Line; Israeli troops in southern - Lebanon since June 1982; Syrian troops in northern Lebanon since October - 1976 -Climate: - Mediterranean; mild to cool, wet winters with hot, dry summers -Terrain: - narrow coastal plain; Al Biqa` (Bekaa Valley) separates Lebanon and - Anti-Lebanon Mountains -Natural resources: - limestone, iron ore, salt; water-surplus state in a water-deficit region -Land use: - arable land 21%; permanent crops 9%; meadows and pastures 1%; forest and - woodland 8%; other 61%; includes irrigated 7% -Environment: - rugged terrain historically helped isolate, protect, and develop numerous - factional groups based on religion, clan, ethnicity; deforestation; soil - erosion; air and water pollution; desertification -Note: - Nahr al Litani only major river in Near East not crossing an international - boundary - -:Lebanon People - -Population: - 3,439,115 (July 1992), growth rate 1.6% (1992) -Birth rate: - 28 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - -5 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 43 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 66 years male, 71 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 3.6 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Lebanese (singular and plural); adjective - Lebanese -Ethnic divisions: - Arab 95%, Armenian 4%, other 1% -Religions: - Islam 75%, Christian 25%, Judaism NEGL%; 17 legally recognized groups - 5 - Islam (Alawite or Nusayri, Druze, Isma`ilite, Shi`a, Sunni); 11 Christian, - consisting of 4 Orthodox Christian (Armenian Orthodox, Greek Orthodox, - Nestorean, Syriac Orthodox), 6 Catholic (Armenian Catholic, Caldean, Greek - Catholic, Maronite, Roman Catholic, and Syrian Catholic) and the - Protestants; 1 Jewish -Languages: - Arabic and French (both official); Armenian, English -Literacy: - 80% (male 88%, female 73%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 650,000; industry, commerce, and services 79%, agriculture 11%, government - 10% (1985) -Organized labor: - 250,000 members (est.) - -:Lebanon Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Lebanon; note - may be changed to Lebanese Republic -Type: - republic -Capital: - Beirut -Administrative divisions: - 5 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Al Biqa, `Al Janub, Ash - Shamal, Bayrut, Jabal Lubnan -Independence: - 22 November 1943 (from League of Nations mandate under French - administration) -Constitution: - 26 May 1926 (amended) -Legal system: - mixture of Ottoman law, canon law, Napoleonic code, and civil law; no - judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ - jurisdiction -National holiday: - Independence Day, 22 November (1943) -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, Cabinet; note - by custom, the president is a - Maronite Christian, the prime minister is a Sunni Muslim, and the speaker of - the legislature is a Shi`a Muslim -Legislative branch: - unicameral National Assembly (Arabic - Majlis Alnuwab, French - Assemblee - Nationale) -Judicial branch: - four Courts of Cassation (three courts for civil and commercial cases and - one court for criminal cases) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Ilyas HARAWI (since 24 November 1989) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Rashid SULH (since 13 May 1992) -Political parties and leaders: - political party activity is organized along largely sectarian lines; - numerous political groupings exist, consisting of individual political - figures and followers motivated by religious, clan, and economic - considerations; most parties have well-armed militias, which are still - involved in occasional clashes -Suffrage: - compulsory for all males at age 21; authorized for women at age 21 with - elementary education -Elections: - National Assembly: - elections should be held every four years, but security conditions have - prevented elections since May 1972; in June 1991, the Cabinet appointed 40 - new deputies to fill vacancies and balance Christian and Muslim - representation; the legislature's mandate expires in 1994 -Communists: - the Lebanese Communist Party was legalized in 1970; members and sympathizers - estimated at 2,000-3,000 -Member of: - ABEDA, ACCT, AFESD, AL, AMF, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, - ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, - ITU, LORCS, NAM, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNRWA, UPU, - WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - -:Lebanon Government - -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador - no ambassador at present; Mission is headed by Charge; Chancery - at 2560 28th Street NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 939-6300; - there are Lebanese Consulates General in Detroit, New York, and Los Angeles - US: - Ambassador Ryan C. CROCKER; Embassy at Antelias, Beirut (mailing address is - P. O. Box 70-840, Beirut, or Box B, FPO AE 09836); telephone [961] 417774 or - 415802, 415803, 402200, 403300 -Flag: - three horizontal bands of red (top), white (double width), and red with a - green and brown cedar tree centered in the white band - -:Lebanon Government - -Note: - Between early 1975 and late 1976 Lebanon was torn by civil war between its - Christians - then aided by Syrian troops - and its Muslims and their - Palestinian allies. The cease-fire established in October 1976 between the - domestic political groups generally held for about six years, despite - occasional fighting. Syrian troops constituted as the Arab Deterrent Force - by the Arab League have remained in Lebanon. Syria's move toward supporting - the Lebanese Muslims, and the Palestinians and Israel's growing support for - Lebanese Christians, brought the two sides into rough equilibrium, but no - progress was made toward national reconciliation or political reforms - the - original cause of the war. Continuing Israeli concern about the Palestinian - presence in Lebanon led to the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in June 1982. - Israeli forces occupied all of the southern portion of the country and - mounted a summer-long siege of Beirut, which resulted in the evacuation of - the PLO from Beirut in September under the supervision of a multinational - force (MNF) made up of US, French, and Italian troops. Within days of the - departure of the MNF, Lebanon's newly elected president, Bashir Gemayel, was - assassinated; his elder brother Amin was elected to succeed him. In the - immediate wake of Bashir's death, however, Christian militiamen massacred - hundreds of Palestinian refugees in two Beirut camps. This prompted the - return of the MNF to ease the security burden on Lebanon's weak Army and - security forces. In late March 1984 the last MNF units withdrew. In 1988, - President Gemayel completed his term of office. Because parliamentarians - failed to elect a presidential successor, Gemayel appointed then Lebanese - Armed Forces (LAF) Commander Gen. Michel Awn acting president. Lebanese - parliamentarians met in Ta'if, Saudi Arabia, in late 1989 and concluded a - national reconciliation pact that codified a new power-sharing formula, - specifying reduced powers for the Christian president and giving Muslims - more authority. Rene MUAWAD was subsequently elected president on 4 November - 1989, ending a 13-month period during which Lebanon had no president and - rival Muslim and Christian governments. MUAWAD was assassinated 17 days - later, on 22 November; on 24 November, Ilyas Harawi was elected to succeed - MUAWAD. In October 1990, the civil war was apparently brought to a - conclusion when Syrian and Lebanese forces ousted renegade Christian General - Awn from his stronghold in East Beirut. Awn had defied the legitimate - government and established a separate ministate within East Beirut after - being appointed acting Prime Minister by outgoing President Gemayel in 1988. - Awn and his supporters feared Ta'if would diminish Christian power in - Lebanon and increase the influence of Syria. Awn was granted amnesty and - allowed to travel in France in August 199l. Since the removal of Awn, the - Lebanese Government has made substantial progress in strengthening the - central government, rebuilding government institutions, and extending its - authority throughout the nation. The LAF has deployed from Beirut north - along the coast road to Tripoli, southeast into the Shuf mountains, and - south to Sidon and Tyre. Many militiamen from Christian and Muslim groups - have evacuated Beirut for their strongholds in the north, south, and east of - the country. Some heavy weapons possessed by the militias have been turned - over to the government, or sold outside the country, which has begun a plan - to integrate some militiamen into the military and the internal security - forces. Lebanon and Syria signed a treaty of friendship and cooperation in - May 1991. Lebanon continues to be partially occupied by Syrian troops, which - are deployed in Beirut, its southern suburbs, the Bekaa Valley, and northern - Lebanon. Iran also maintains a small contingent of revolutionary guards in - the Bekaa Valley to support Lebanese Islamic fundamentalist groups. Israel - withdrew the bulk of its forces from the south in 1985, although it still - retains troops in a 10-km-deep security zone north of its border with - Lebanon. Israel arms and trains the Army of South Lebanon (ASL), which also - occupies the security zone and is Israel's first line of defense against - attacks on its northern border. The following description is based on the - present constitutional and customary practices of the Lebanese system. - -:Lebanon Economy - -Overview: - Since 1975 civil war has seriously damaged Lebanon's economic - infrastructure, cut national output by half, and all but ended Lebanon's - position as a Middle Eastern entrepot and banking hub. Following October - 1990, however, a tentative peace has enabled the central government to begin - restoring control in Beirut, collect taxes, and regain access to key port - and government facilities. The battered economy has also been propped up by - a financially sound banking system and resilient small- and medium-scale - manufacturers. Family remittances, banking transactions, manufactured and - farm exports, the narcotics trade, and international emergency aid are main - sources of foreign exchange. In the relatively settled year of 1991, - industrial production, agricultural output, and exports showed substantial - gains. The further rebuilding of the war-ravaged country could provide a - major stimulus to the economy in 1992, provided that the political and - military situation remains reasonably calm. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $4.8 billion, per capita $1,400; real growth rate - NA (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 30% (1991) -Unemployment rate: - 35% (1991 est.) -Budget: - revenues $533 million; expenditures $1.3 billion, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1991 est.) -Exports: - $700 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) - commodities: - agricultural products, chemicals, textiles, precious and semiprecious metals - and jewelry, metals and metal products - partners: - Saudi Arabia 16%, Switzerland 8%, Jordan 6%, Kuwait 6%, US 5% -Imports: - $1.8 billion (c.i.f., 1990 est.) - commodities: - NA - partners: - Italy 14%, France 12%, US 6%, Turkey 5%, Saudi Arabia 3% -External debt: - $900 million (1990 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 1,381,000 kW capacity; 3,870 million kWh produced, 1,170 kWh per capita - (1989) -Industries: - banking, food processing, textiles, cement, oil refining, chemicals, - jewelry, some metal fabricating -Agriculture: - accounts for about one-third of GDP; principal products - citrus fruits, - vegetables, potatoes, olives, tobacco, hemp (hashish), sheep, and goats; not - self-sufficient in grain -Illicit drugs: - illicit producer of opium and hashish for the international drug trade; - opium poppy production in Al Biqa` is increasing; hashish production is - shipped to Western Europe, Israel, US, and the Middle East - -:Lebanon Economy - -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $356 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $664 million; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $962 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $9 - million -Currency: - Lebanese pound (plural - pounds); 1 Lebanese pound (#L) = 100 piasters -Exchange rates: - Lebanese pounds (#L) per US$1 - 879.00 (January 1992), 928.23 (1991), 695.09 - (1990), 496.69 (1989), 409.23 (1988), 224.60 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Lebanon Communications - -Railroads: - system in disrepair, considered inoperable -Highways: - 7,300 km total; 6,200 km paved, 450 km gravel and crushed stone, 650 km - improved earth -Pipelines: - crude oil 72 km (none in operation) -Ports: - Beirut, Tripoli, Ra'Sil`ata, Juniyah, Sidon, Az Zahrani, Tyre -Merchant marine: - 56 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 236,196 GRT/346,760 DWT; includes 36 - cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 2 vehicle carrier, 2 roll-on/roll-off, 1 - container, 8 livestock carrier, 1 chemical tanker, 1 specialized tanker, 3 - bulk, 1 combination bulk -Civil air: - 19 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 9 total, 8 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over - 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m; none - under the direct control of the Lebanese Government -Telecommunications: - rebuilding program disrupted; had fair system of microwave relay, cable; - 325,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 5 AM, 3 FM (numerous AM and FM - radio stations are operated inconsistently by various factions), 13 TV; 1 - Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT satellite earth station, - erratic operations; 3 submarine coaxial cables; radio relay to Jordan - inoperable, but operational to Syria, coaxial cable to Syria - -:Lebanon Defense Forces - -Branches: - Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) (including Army, Navy, and Air Force) -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 750,319; 465,938 fit for military service -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $271 million, 8.2% of GDP (1992 budget) - -:Lesotho Geography - -Total area: - 30,350 km2 -Land area: - 30,350 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly larger than Maryland -Land boundaries: - 909 km; South Africa 909 km -Coastline: - none - landlocked -Maritime claims: - none - landlocked -Disputes: - none -Climate: - temperate; cool to cold, dry winters; hot, wet summers -Terrain: - mostly highland with some plateaus, hills, and mountains -Natural resources: - some diamonds and other minerals, water, agricultural and grazing land -Land use: - arable land 10%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 66%; forest and - woodland 0%; other 24% -Environment: - population pressure forcing settlement in marginal areas results in - overgrazing, severe soil erosion, soil exhaustion; desertification -Note: - landlocked; surrounded by South Africa; Highlands Water Project will - control, store, and redirect water to South Africa - -:Lesotho People - -Population: - 1,848,925 (July 1992), growth rate 2.6% (1992) -Birth rate: - 35 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 10 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 74 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 60 years male, 63 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 4.7 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Mosotho (singular), Basotho (plural); adjective - Basotho -Ethnic divisions: - Sotho 99.7%; Europeans 1,600, Asians 800 -Religions: - Christian 80%, rest indigenous beliefs -Languages: - Sesotho (southern Sotho) and English (official); also Zulu and Xhosa -Literacy: - 59% (male 44%, female 68%) age 15 and over can read and write (1966) -Labor force: - 689,000 economically active; 86.2% of resident population engaged in - subsistence agriculture; roughly 60% of active male labor force works in - South Africa -Organized labor: - there are two trade union federations; the government favors formation of a - single, umbrella trade union confederation - -:Lesotho Government - -Long-form name: - Kingdom of Lesotho -Type: - constitutional monarchy -Capital: - Maseru -Administrative divisions: - 10 districts; Berea, Butha-Buthe, Leribe, Mafeteng, Maseru, Mohale's Hoek, - Mokhotlong, Qacha's Nek, Quthing, Thaba-Tseka -Independence: - 4 October 1966 (from UK; formerly Basutoland) -Constitution: - 4 October 1966, suspended January 1970 -Legal system: - based on English common law and Roman-Dutch law; judicial review of - legislative acts in High Court and Court of Appeal; has not accepted - compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Independence Day, 4 October (1966) -Executive branch: - monarch, chairman of the Military Council, Military Council, Council of - Ministers (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - none - the bicameral Parliament was dissolved following the military coup in - January 1986; note - a National Constituent Assembly convened in June 1990 - to rewrite the constitution and debate issues of national importance, but it - has no legislative authority -Judicial branch: - High Court, Court of Appeal -Leaders: - Chief of State: - King LETSIE III (since 12 November 1990 following dismissal of his father, - exiled King MOSHOESHOE II, by Maj. Gen. LEKHANYA) - Head of Government: - Chairman of the Military Council Col. Elias Phisoana RAMAEMA (since 30 April - 1991) -Political parties and leaders: - Basotho National Party (BNP), Evaristus SEKHONYANA; Basutoland Congress - Party (BCP), Ntsu MOKHEHLE; National Independent Party (NIP), A. C. MANYELI; - Marematlou Freedom Party (MFP), Bernard M. KHAKETLA; United Democratic - Party, Charles MOFELI; Communist Party of Lesotho (CPL), J. M. KENA -Suffrage: - universal at age 21 -Elections: - National Assembly: - dissolved following the military coup in January 1986; military has pledged - elections will take place in June 1992 -Member of: - ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, - ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, SACU, SADCC, UN, UNCTAD, - UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Tseliso THAMAE; Chancery at 2511 Massachusetts Avenue NW, - Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 797-5534 - US: - Ambassador Leonard H.O. SPEARMAN, Sr.; Embassy at address NA, Maseru - (mailing address is P. O. Box 333, Maseru 100 Lesotho); telephone [266] - 312-666; FAX (266) 310-116 - -:Lesotho Government - -Flag: - divided diagonally from the lower hoist side corner; the upper half is white - bearing the brown silhouette of a large shield with crossed spear and club; - the lower half is a diagonal blue band with a green triangle in the corner - -:Lesotho Economy - -Overview: - Small, landlocked, and mountainous, Lesotho has no important natural - resources other than water. Its economy is based on agriculture, light - manufacturing, and remittances from laborers employed in South Africa ($153 - million in 1989). The great majority of households gain their livelihoods - from subsistence farming and migrant labor. Manufacturing depends largely on - farm products to support the milling, canning, leather, and jute industries; - other industries include textile, clothing, and light engineering. - Industry's share of GDP rose from 6% in 1982 to 15% in 1989. Political and - economic instability in South Africa raises uncertainty for Lesotho's - economy, especially with respect to migrant worker remittances - typically - about 40% of GDP. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $420 million, per capita $240; real growth rate - 4.0% (1990 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 15% (1990 est.) -Unemployment rate: - at least 55% among adult males (1991 est.) -Budget: - expenditures $399 million, including capital expenditures of $132 million - (FY92-93) -Exports: - $59 million (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - wool, mohair, wheat, cattle, peas, beans, corn, hides, skins, baskets - partners: - South Africa 53%, EC 30%, North and South America 13% (1989) -Imports: - $604 million (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - mainly corn, building materials, clothing, vehicles, machinery, medicines, - petroleum - partners: - South Africa 95%, EC 2% (1989) -External debt: - $370 million (December 1990 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 7.8% (1989 est.); accounts for 15% of GDP -Electricity: - power supplied by South Africa -Industries: - food, beverages, textiles, handicrafts, tourism -Agriculture: - accounts for 18% of GDP and employs 60-70% of all households; exceedingly - primitive, mostly subsistence farming and livestock; principal crops are - corn, wheat, pulses, sorghum, barley -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $268 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $819 million; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $4 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $14 - million -Currency: - loti (plural - maloti); 1 loti (L) = 100 lisente -Exchange rates: - maloti (M) per US$1 - 2.8809 (March 1992), 2.7563 (1991), 2.5863 (1990), - 2.6166 (1989), 2.2611 (1988), 2.0350 (1987); note - the Basotho loti is at - par with the South African rand - -:Lesotho Economy - -Fiscal year: - 1 April - 31 March - -:Lesotho Communications - -Railroads: - 2.6 km; owned, operated by, and included in the statistics of South Africa -Highways: - 7,215 km total; 572 km paved; 2,337 km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized - soil; 1,806 km improved earth, 2,500 km unimproved earth (1988) -Civil air: - 1 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 28 total, 28 usable; 3 with permanent surface runways; none with runways - over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - rudimentary system consisting of a few landlines, a small microwave system, - and minor radio communications stations; 5,920 telephones; broadcast - stations - 3 AM, 2 FM, 1 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -:Lesotho Defense Forces - -Branches: - Royal Lesotho Defense Force (RLDF; including Army, Air Wing), Royal Lesotho - Mounted Police -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 408,003; 220,129 fit for military service -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $55 million, 13.1% of GDP (1990 est.) - -:Liberia Geography - -Total area: - 111,370 km2 -Land area: - 96,320 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly larger than Tennessee -Land boundaries: - 1,585 km; Guinea 563 km, Ivory Coast 716 km, Sierra Leone 306 km -Coastline: - 579 km -Maritime claims: - Continental shelf: - 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation - Territorial sea: - 200 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; hot, humid; dry winters with hot days and cool to cold nights; - wet, cloudy summers with frequent heavy showers -Terrain: - mostly flat to rolling coastal plains rising to rolling plateau and low - mountains in northeast -Natural resources: - iron ore, timber, diamonds, gold -Land use: - arable land 1%; permanent crops 3%; meadows and pastures 2%; forest and - woodland 39%; other 55%; includes irrigated NEGL% -Environment: - West Africa's largest tropical rain forest, subject to deforestation - -:Liberia People - -Population: - 2,462,276 (July 1992), growth rate 29.6% (1992) -Birth rate: - 44 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 13 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 265 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 119 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 54 years male, 59 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 6.5 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Liberian(s); adjective - Liberian -Ethnic divisions: - indigenous African tribes, including Kpelle, Bassa, Gio, Kru, Grebo, Mano, - Krahn, Gola, Gbandi, Loma, Kissi, Vai, and Bella 95%; descendants of - repatriated slaves known as Americo-Liberians 5% -Religions: - traditional 70%, Muslim 20%, Christian 10% -Languages: - English (official); more than 20 local languages of the Niger-Congo language - group; English used by about 20% -Literacy: - 40% (male 50%, female 29%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 510,000, including 220,000 in the monetary economy; agriculture 70.5%, - services 10.8%, industry and commerce 4.5%, other 14.2%; non-African - foreigners hold about 95% of the top-level management and engineering jobs; - 52% of population of working age -Organized labor: - 2% of labor force - -:Liberia Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Liberia -Type: - republic -Capital: - Monrovia -Administrative divisions: - 13 counties; Bomi, Bong, Grand Bassa, Cape Mount, Grand Gedeh, Grand Kru, - Lofa, Margibi, Maryland, Montserrado, Nimba, River Cess, Sinoe -Independence: - 26 July 1847 -Constitution: - 6 January 1986 -Legal system: - dual system of statutory law based on Anglo-American common law for the - modern sector and customary law based on unwritten tribal practices for - indigenous sector -National holiday: - Independence Day, 26 July (1847) -Executive branch: - president, vice president, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - bicameral National Assembly consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower - house or House of Representatives -Judicial branch: - People's Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - interim President Dr. Amos SAWYER (since 15 November 1990); Vice President, - vacant (since August 1991); note - this is an interim government appointed - by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) that will be - replaced after elections are held under a West African - brokered peace - plan; rival rebel factions led by Prince Y. JOHNSON and Charles TAYLOR are - challenging the SAWYER government's legitimacy while observing a tenuous - cease-fire; the former president, Gen. Dr. Samuel Kanyon DOE, was killed on - 9 September 1990 by Prince Y. JOHNSON -Political parties and leaders: - National Democratic Party of Liberia (NDPL), Augustus CAINE, chairman; - Liberian Action Party (LAP), Emmanuel KOROMAH, chairman; Unity Party (UP), - Carlos SMITH, chairman; United People's Party (UPP), Gabriel Baccus - MATTHEWS, chairman -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - President: - last held on 15 October 1985 (next to be held NA); results - Gen. Dr. Samuel - Kanyon DOE (NDPL) 50.9%, Jackson DOE (LAP) 26.4%, other 22.7%; note - - President Doe was killed by rebel forces on 9 September 1990 - Senate: - last held on 15 October 1985 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote - by party NA; seats - (26 total) NDPL 21, LAP 3, UP 1, UPP 1 - House of Representatives: - last held on 15 October 1985 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote - by party NA; seats - (64 total) NDPL 51, LAP 8, UP 3, UPP 2 -Member of: - ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, - IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, - UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO - -:Liberia Government - -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Eugenia A. WORDSWORTH-STEVENSON; Chancery at 5201 16th Street NW, - Washington, DC 20011; telephone (202) 723-0437 through 0440; there is a - Liberian Consulate General in New York - US: - Ambassador Peter J. de VOS; Embassy at 111 United Nations Drive, Monrovia - (mailing address is P. O. Box 98, Monrovia, or APO AE 09813; telephone [231] - 222991 through 222994; FAX (231) 223-710 -Flag: - 11 equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; - there is a white five-pointed star on a blue square in the upper hoist-side - corner; the design was based on the US flag - -:Liberia Economy - -Overview: - Civil war during 1990 destroyed much of Liberia's economy, especially the - infrastructure in and around Monrovia. Expatriate businessmen fled the - country, taking capital and expertise with them. Many will not return. - Richly endowed with water, mineral resources, forests, and a climate - favorable to agriculture, Liberia had been a producer and exporter of basic - products, while local manufacturing, mainly foreign owned, had been small in - scope. Political instability threatens prospects for economic reconstruction - and repatriation of some 750,000 Liberian refugees who fled to neighboring - countries. In 1991, the political impasse between the interim government and - the rebel leader Charles Taylor prevented restoration of normal economic - life. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $988 million, per capita $400; real growth rate - 1.5% (1988) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 12% (1989) -Unemployment rate: - 43% urban (1988) -Budget: - revenues $242.1 million; expenditures $435.4 million, including capital - expenditures of $29.5 million (1989) -Exports: - $505 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.) - commodities: - iron ore 61%, rubber 20%, timber 11%, coffee - partners: - US, EC, Netherlands -Imports: - $394 million (c.i.f., 1989 est.) - commodities: - rice, mineral fuels, chemicals, machinery, transportation equipment, other - foodstuffs - partners: - US, EC, Japan, China, Netherlands, ECOWAS -External debt: - $1.6 billion (December 1990 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 1.5% in manufacturing (1987); accounts for 22% of GDP -Electricity: - 410,000 kW capacity; 750 million kWh produced, 275 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - rubber processing, food processing, construction materials, furniture, palm - oil processing, mining (iron ore, diamonds) -Agriculture: - accounts for about 40% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); principal - products - rubber, timber, coffee, cocoa, rice, cassava, palm oil, - sugarcane, bananas, sheep, and goats; not self-sufficient in food, imports - 25% of rice consumption -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $665 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $870 million; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $25 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $77 - million -Currency: - Liberian dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Liberian dollar (L$) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - Liberian dollars (L$) per US$1 - 1.00 (fixed rate since 1940); unofficial - parallel exchange rate of L$7 = US$1, January 1992 - -:Liberia Economy - -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Liberia Communications - -Railroads: - 480 km total; 328 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 152 km 1.067-meter narrow - gauge; all lines single track; rail systems owned and operated by foreign - steel and financial interests in conjunction with Liberian Government -Highways: - 10,087 km total; 603 km bituminous treated, 2,848 km all weather, 4,313 km - dry weather; there are also 2,323 km of private, laterite-surfaced roads - open to public use, owned by rubber and timber companies -Ports: - Monrovia, Buchanan, Greenville, Harper (or Cape Palmas) -Merchant marine: - 1,564 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 54,049,124 DWT/ 95,338,925 DWT; - includes 19 passenger, 1 short-sea passenger, 145 cargo, 51 refrigerated - cargo, 22 roll-on/roll-off, 62 vehicle carrier, 89 container, 4 barge - carrier, 460 petroleum tanker, 105 chemical, 57 combination ore/oil, 50 - liquefied gas, 6 specialized tanker, 465 bulk, 1 multifunction large-load - carrier, 27 combination bulk; note - a flag of convenience registry; all - ships are foreign owned; the top 4 owning flags are US 18%, Japan 16%, Hong - Kong 10%, and Norway 9% -Civil air: - 1 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 66 total, 49 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways - over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - telephone and telegraph service via radio relay network; main center is - Monrovia; broadcast stations - 3 AM, 4 FM, 5 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT - earth stations; most telecommunications services inoperable due to - insurgency movement - -:Liberia Defense Forces - -Branches: - Monrovia-based Armed Forces of Liberia (Army only) along with a police - force; rest of country controlled by the army of the National Patriotic - Front of Liberia (NPFL) insurgent group -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 585,224; 312,420 fit for military service; no conscription -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP - -:Libya Geography - -Total area: - 1,759,540 km2 -Land area: - 1,759,540 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly larger than Alaska -Land boundaries: - 4,383 km; Algeria 982 km, Chad 1,055 km, Egypt 1,150 km, Niger 354 km, Sudan - 383 km, Tunisia 459 km -Coastline: - 1,770 km -Maritime claims: - Territorial sea: - 12 nm - Gulf of Sidra closing line: - 32 degrees 30 minutes N -Disputes: - claims and occupies the 100,000 km2 Aozou Strip in northern Chad; maritime - boundary dispute with Tunisia; Libya claims about 19,400 km2 in northern - Niger; Libya claims about 19,400 km2 in southeastern Algeria -Climate: - Mediterranean along coast; dry, extreme desert interior -Terrain: - mostly barren, flat to undulating plains, plateaus, depressions -Natural resources: - crude oil, natural gas, gypsum -Land use: - arable land 1%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 8%; forest and - woodland 0%; other 91%; includes irrigated NEGL% -Environment: - hot, dry, dust-laden ghibli is a southern wind lasting one to four days in - spring and fall; desertification; sparse natural surface-water resources -Note: - the Great Manmade River Project, the largest water development scheme in the - world, is being built to bring water from large aquifers under the Sahara to - coastal cities - -:Libya People - -Population: - 4,484,795 (July 1992), growth rate 3.0% (1992) -Birth rate: - 36 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 60 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 66 years male, 71 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 4.9 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Libyan(s); adjective - Libyan -Ethnic divisions: - Berber and Arab 97%; some Greeks, Maltese, Italians, Egyptians, Pakistanis, - Turks, Indians, and Tunisians -Religions: - Sunni Muslim 97% -Languages: - Arabic; Italian and English widely understood in major cities -Literacy: - 64% (male 75%, female 50%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 1,000,000, includes about 280,000 resident foreigners; industry 31%, - services 27%, government 24%, agriculture 18% -Organized labor: - National Trade Unions' Federation, 275,000 members; General Union for Oil - and Petrochemicals; Pan-Africa Federation of Petroleum Energy and Allied - Workers - -:Libya Government - -Long-form name: - Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya -Digraph: - Tripoli Administration divisions *** 25 municipalities (baladiyah, singular - - baladiyat; Ajdabiya, Al `Aziziyah, Al Fatih, Al Jabal al Akhdar, Al - Jufrah, Al Khums, Al Kufrah, An Nuqat al Khams, Ash Shati', Awbari, Az - Zawiyah, Banghazi, Darnah, Ghadamis, Gharyan, Misratah, Murzuq, Sabha, - Sawfajjin, Surt, Tarabulus, Tarhunah, Tubruq, Yafran, Zlitan -Type: - Jamahiriya (a state of the masses); in theory, governed by the populace - through local councils; in fact, a military dictatorship -Capital: - Tripoli Administration divisions -Administrative divisions: - 25 municipalities (baladiyah, singular - baladiyat; Ajdabiya, Al 'Aziziyah, - Al Fatih, Al Jabal al Akhdar, Al Jufrah, Al Khums, Al Kufrah, An Nuqat al - Khams, Ash Shati', Awbari, Az Zawiyah, Banghazi, Darnah, Ghadamis, Gharyan, - Misratah, Murzuq Sabha, Sawfajjin, Surt, Tarabulus, Tarhunah, Tubruq, - Yafran, Zlitan -Independence: - 24 December 1951 (from Italy) -Constitution: - 11 December 1969, amended 2 March 1977 -Legal system: - based on Italian civil law system and Islamic law; separate religious - courts; no constitutional provision for judicial review of legislative acts; - has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Revolution Day, 1 September (1969) -Executive branch: - revolutionary leader, chairman of the General People's Committee (premier), - General People's Committee (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral General People's Congress -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Revolutionary Leader Col. Mu`ammar Abu Minyar al-QADHAFI (since 1 September - 1969) - Head of Government: - Chairman of the General People's Committee (Premier) Abu Zayd `umar DURDA - (since 7 October 1990) -Political parties and leaders: - none -Suffrage: - universal and compulsory at age 18 -Elections: - national elections are indirect through a hierarchy of peoples' committees -Other political or pressure groups: - various Arab nationalist movements and the Arab Socialist Resurrection - (Ba'th) party with almost negligible memberships may be functioning - clandestinely, as well as some Islamic elements -Member of: - ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CAEU, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, - ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, - LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OAU, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, - WIPO, WMO, WTO - -:Libya Government - -Diplomatic representation: - none -Flag: - plain green; green is the traditional color of Islam (the state religion) - -:Libya Economy - -Overview: - The socialist-oriented economy depends primarily upon revenues from the oil - sector, which contributes practically all export earnings and about - one-third of GDP. Since 1980, however, the sharp drop in oil prices and the - resulting decline in export revenues have adversely affected economic - development. In 1988 per capita GDP was the highest in Africa at $5,410, but - GDP growth rates have slowed and fluctuate sharply in response to changes in - the world oil market. Import restrictions and inefficient resource - allocations have led to shortages of basic goods and foodstuffs, although - the reopening of the Libyan-Tunisian border in April 1988 and the - Libyan-Egyptian border in December 1989 have somewhat eased shortages. - Austerity budgets and a lack of trained technicians have undermined the - government's ability to implement a number of planned infrastructure - development projects. Windfall revenues from the hike in world oil prices in - late 1990 improved the foreign payments position and resulted in a current - account surplus for the first time in five years. The nonoil manufacturing - and construction sectors, which account for about 22% of GDP, have expanded - from processing mostly agricultural products to include petrochemicals, - iron, steel, and aluminum. Although agriculture accounts for about 5% of - GDP, it employs about 20% of the labor force. Climatic conditions and poor - soils severely limit farm output, and Libya imports about 75% of its food - requirements. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $28.9 billion, per capita $6,800; real growth - rate 9% (1990 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 7% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 2% (1988 est.) -Budget: - revenues $8.1 billion; expenditures $9.8 billion, including capital - expenditures of $3.1 billion (1989 est.) -Exports: - $11 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.) - commodities: - petroleum, peanuts, hides - partners: - Italy, USSR, Germany, Spain, France, Belgium/Luxembourg, Turkey -Imports: - $7.6 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.) - commodities: - machinery, transport equipment, food, manufactured goods - partners: - Italy, USSR, Germany, UK, Japan -External debt: - $3.5 billion, excluding military debt (1991 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate - 4%; accounts for 22% of GDP (not including oil) (1989) -Electricity: - 4,700,000 kW capacity; 13,700 million kWh produced, 3,100 kWh per capita - (1991) -Industries: - petroleum, food processing, textiles, handicrafts, cement -Agriculture: - 5% of GNP; cash crops - wheat, barley, olives, dates, citrus fruits, - peanuts; 75% of food is imported -Economic aid: - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), - $242 million; no longer a recipient - -:Libya Economy - -Currency: - Libyan dinar (plural - dinars); 1 Libyan dinar (LD) = 1,000 dirhams -Exchange rates: - Libyan dinars (LD) per US$1 - 0.2743 (March 1992), 0.2669 (1991), 0.2699 - (1990), 0.2922 (1989), 0.2853 (1988), 0.2706 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Libya Communications - -Pipelines: - crude oil 4,383 km; natural gas 1,947 km; petroleum products 443 km - (includes liquid petroleum gas 256 km) -Ports: - Tobruk, Tripoli, Banghazi, Misratah, Marsa al Burayqah, Ra's Lanuf -Merchant marine: - 30 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 684,969 GRT/1,209,084 DWT; includes 3 - short-sea passenger, 11 cargo, 4 roll-on/roll-off, 10 petroleum tanker, 1 - chemical tanker, 1 liquefied gas -Civil air: - 59 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 133 total, 120 usable; 53 with permanent-surface runways; 9 with runways - over 3,659 m; 28 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 46 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - modern telecommunications system using radio relay, coaxial cable, - tropospheric scatter, and domestic satellite stations; 370,000 telephones; - broadcast stations - 17 AM, 3 FM, 12 TV; satellite earth stations - 1 - Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, and 14 domestic; submarine - cables to France and Italy; radio relay to Tunisia and Egypt; tropospheric - scatter to Greece; planned ARABSAT and Intersputnik satellite stations - -:Libya Defense Forces - -Branches: - Armed Peoples of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (including Army, Navy, Air and - Air Defense Command), National Police -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 1,056,686; 624,027 fit for military service; 50,916 reach - military age (17) annually; conscription now being implemented -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $NA, 11.1% of GDP (1987) - -:Liechtenstein Geography - -Total area: - 160 km2 -Land area: - 160 km2 -Comparative area: - about 0.9 times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - 78 km; Austria 37 km, Switzerland 41 km -Coastline: - none - landlocked -Maritime claims: - none - landlocked -Disputes: - none -Climate: - continental; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow or rain; cool to - moderately warm, cloudy, humid summers -Terrain: - mostly mountainous (Alps) with Rhine Valley in western third -Natural resources: - hydroelectric potential -Land use: - arable land 25%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 38%; forest and - woodland 19%; other 18% -Environment: - variety of microclimatic variations based on elevation -Note: - landlocked - -:Liechtenstein People - -Population: - 28,642 (July 1992), growth rate 0.6% (1992) -Birth rate: - 13 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 5 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 74 years male, 81 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 1.5 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Liechtensteiner(s); adjective - Liechtenstein -Ethnic divisions: - Alemannic 95%, Italian and other 5% -Religions: - Roman Catholic 87.3%, Protestant 8.3%, unknown 1.6%, other 2.8% (1988) -Languages: - German (official), Alemannic dialect -Literacy: - 100% (male 100%, female 100%) age 10 and over can read and write (1981) -Labor force: - 19,905, of which 11,933 are foreigners; 6,885 commute from Austria and - Switzerland to work each day; industry, trade, and building 53.2%, services - 45%, agriculture, fishing, forestry, and horticulture 1.8% (1990) -Organized labor: - NA - -:Liechtenstein Government - -Long-form name: - Principality of Liechtenstein -Type: - hereditary constitutional monarchy -Capital: - Vaduz -Administrative divisions: - 11 communes (gemeinden, singular - gemeinde); Balzers, Eschen, Gamprin, - Mauren, Planken, Ruggell, Schaan, Schellenberg, Triesen, Triesenberg, Vaduz -Independence: - 23 January 1719, Imperial Principality of Liechtenstein established -Constitution: - 5 October 1921 -Legal system: - local civil and penal codes; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with - reservations -National holiday: - Assumption Day, 15 August -Executive branch: - reigning prince, hereditary prince, head of government, deputy head of - government -Legislative branch: - unicameral Diet (Landtag) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court (Oberster Gerichtshof) for criminal cases and Superior Court - (Obergericht) for civil cases -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Prince Hans ADAM II (since 13 November 1989; assumed executive powers 26 - August 1984); Heir Apparent Prince ALOIS von und zu Liechtenstein (born 11 - June 1968) - Head of Government: - Hans BRUNHART (since 26 April 1978); Deputy Head of Government Dr. Herbert - WILLE (since 2 February 1986) -Political parties and leaders: - Fatherland Union (VU), Dr. Otto HASLER; Progressive Citizens' Party (FBP), - Emanuel VOGT; Free Electoral List (FW) -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - Diet: - last held on 5 March 1989 (next to be held by March 1993); results - percent - of vote by party NA; seats - (25 total) VU 13, FBP 12 -Member of: - CE, CSCE, EBRD, IAEA, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, UN, UNCTAD, UPU, - WIPO -Diplomatic representation: - in routine diplomatic matters, Liechtenstein is represented in the US by the - Swiss Embassy - US: - the US has no diplomatic or consular mission in Liechtenstein, but the US - Consul General at Zurich (Switzerland) has consular accreditation at Vaduz -Flag: - two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a gold crown on the - hoist side of the blue band - -:Liechtenstein Economy - -Overview: - The prosperous economy is based primarily on small-scale light industry and - tourism. Industry accounts for 53% of total employment, the service sector - 45% (mostly based on tourism), and agriculture and forestry 2%. The sale of - postage stamps to collectors is estimated at $10 million annually. Low - business taxes (the maximum tax rate is 20%) and easy incorporation rules - have induced about 25,000 holding or so-called letter box companies to - establish nominal offices in Liechtenstein. Such companies, incorporated - solely for tax purposes, provide 30% of state revenues. The economy is tied - closely to that of Switzerland in a customs union, and incomes and living - standards parallel those of the more prosperous Swiss groups. -GDP: - purchasing power equivalent - $630 million, per capita $22,300; real growth - rate NA% (1990 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 5.4% (1990) -Unemployment rate: - 1.5% (1990) -Budget: - revenues $259 million; expenditures $292 million, including capital - expenditures of NA (1990) -Exports: - $1.6 billion - commodities: - small specialty machinery, dental products, stamps, hardware, pottery - partners: - EFTA countries 20.9% (Switzerland 15.4%), EC countries 42.7%, other 36.4% - (1990) -Imports: - $NA - commodities: - machinery, metal goods, textiles, foodstuffs, motor vehicles - partners: - NA -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 23,000 kW capacity; 150 million kWh produced, 5,340 kWh per capita (1989) -Industries: - electronics, metal manufacturing, textiles, ceramics, pharmaceuticals, food - products, precision instruments, tourism -Agriculture: - livestock, vegetables, corn, wheat, potatoes, grapes -Economic aid: - none -Currency: - Swiss franc, franken, or franco (plural - francs, franken, or franchi); 1 - Swiss franc, franken, or franco (SwF) = 100 centimes, rappen, or centesimi -Exchange rates: - Swiss francs, franken, or franchi (SwF) per US$1 - 1.5079 (March 1992), - 1.4340 (1991), 1.3892 (1990), 1.6359 (1989), 1.4633 (1988), 1.4912 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Liechtenstein Communications - -Railroads: - 18.5 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, electrified; owned, operated, and - included in statistics of Austrian Federal Railways -Highways: - 130.66 km main roads, 192.27 km byroads -Civil air: - no transport aircraft -Airports: - none -Telecommunications: - limited, but sufficient automatic telephone system; 25,400 telephones; - linked to Swiss networks by cable and radio relay for international - telephone, radio, and TV services - -:Liechtenstein Defense Forces - -Branches: - Police Department -Note: - defense is responsibility of Switzerland - -:Lithuania Geography - -Total area: - 65,200 km2 -Land area: - 65,200 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly larger than West Virginia -Land boundaries: - 1,273 km; Belarus 502 km, Latvia 453 km, Poland 91 km, Russia (Kaliningrad) - 227 km -Coastline: - 108 km -Maritime claims: - Contiguous zone: - NA nm - Continental shelf: - NA meter depth - Exclusive fishing zone: - NA nm - Exclusive economic zone: - NA nm - Territorial sea: - NA nm -Disputes: - dispute with Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast) over the position of the Neman - River border presently located on the Lithuanian bank and not in midriver as - by international standards -Climate: - maritime; wet, moderate winters -Terrain: - lowland, many scattered small lakes, fertile soil -Natural resources: - peat -Land use: - 49.1% arable land; NA% permanent crops; 22.2% meadows and pastures; 16.3% - forest and woodland; 12.4% other; includes NA% irrigated -Environment: - NA - -:Lithuania People - -Population: - 3,788,542 (July 1992), growth rate 0.8% (1992) -Birth rate: - 15 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 11 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 4 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 18 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 66 years male, 76 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 2.1 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Lithuanian(s); adjective - Lithuanian -Ethnic divisions: - Lithuanian 80.1%, Russian 8.6%, Poles 7.7%, Byelorussian 1.5%, other 2.1% -Religions: - Catholic NA%, Lutheran NA%, unknown NA%, none NA%, other NA% -Languages: - Lithuanian (official), Polish NA%, Russian NA% -Literacy: - NA% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write -Labor force: - 1,836,000; industry and construction 42%, agriculture and forestry 18%, - other 40% (1990) -Organized labor: - Lithuanian Trade Union Association; Labor Federation of Lithuania; Union of - Workers - -:Lithuania Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Lithuania -Type: - republic -Capital: - Vilnius -Administrative divisions: - none - all rayons are under direct republic jurisdiction -Independence: - 1918; annexed by the Soviet Union 3 August 1940; restored independence 11 - March 1990; and regained indpendence from the USSR 6 September 1991 -Constitution: - NA; Constitutional Commission has drafted a new constitution that will be - sent to Parliament for ratification -Legal system: - based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts -National holiday: - Independence Day, 16 February; Defenders of Freedom Day, 13 January -Executive branch: - prime minister, Council of Ministers, Government, -Legislative branch: - unicameral Supreme Council, Parliament -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court; Court of Appeals; district and city courts; Procurator - General of Lithuania -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Chairman, Supreme Council Vytautas LANDSBERGIS (since March 1990), Deputy - Chairmen Bronius KUZMICKAS (since March 1990), Ceslovas STANKEVICIUS (since - March 1990) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Gediminas VAGNORIUS (since January 1991); Deputy Prime - Ministers Algis DOBROVOLSKAS (since January 1991), Vytantas PAKALNISKIS - (since January 1991), Zigmas VAISVILA (since January 1991) -Political parties and leaders: - Christian Democratic Party, FNU KATILIUS, chairman; Democratic Labor Party - of Lithuania, Algirdas Mykolas BRAZAUSKAS, chairman; Lithuanian Democratic - Party, Sauluis PECELIUNAS, chairman; Lithuanian Green Party, Irena - IGNATAVICIENE, chairwoman; Lithuanian Humanism Party, Vytautas KAZLAUSKAS, - chairman; Lithuanian Independence Party, Virgilijus CEPAITIS, chairman; - Lithuanian Liberty League, Antanas TERLECKAS; Lithuanian Liberals Union, - Vytautus RADZVILAS, chairman; Lithuanian Nationalist Union, Rimantas - SMETONA, chairman; Lithuanian Social Democratic Party, Aloizas SAKALAS, - chairman -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - President: - last held March 1990 (elected by Parliament); results - LANDSBERGIS, - BRAZAUSKAS - Supreme Council: - last held 24 February 1990; results - Sajudis (nationalist movement won a - large majority) (90) 63%; seats - (141 total) -Other political or pressure groups: - Sajudis; Lithuanian Future Forum; Farmers Union -Member of: - CSCE, IAEA, ILO, NACC, UN, UNCTAD - -:Lithuania Government - -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Stasys LOZORAITIS, Jr.; Embassy at 2622 16th St. NW, Washington, - DC 20009; telephone (202) 234-5860, 2639 - US: - Ambassador Darryl JOHNSON; Embassy at Mykolaicio putino 4, Vilnius; (mailing - address is APO AE 09862); telephone [7] (01-22) 628-049 -Flag: - yellow, green, and red horizontal stripes - -:Lithuania Economy - -Overview: - Lithuania is striving to become a small, independent, largely privatized - economy rather than a segment of a huge, centrally planned economy. Although - substantially above average in living standards and technology in the old - USSR, Lithuania historically lagged behind Latvia and Estonia in economic - development. It is ahead of its Baltic neighbors, however, in implementing - market reform. The country has no important natural resources aside from its - arable land and strategic location. Industry depends entirely on imported - materials that have come from the republics of the former USSR. Lithuania - benefits from its ice-free port at Klaipeda on the Baltic Sea and its rail - and highway hub at Vilnius, which provides land communication between - Eastern Europe and Russia, Latvia, Estonia, and Belarus. Industry produces a - small assortment of high-quality products, ranging from complex machine - tools to sophisticated consumer electronics. Thanks to nuclear power, - Lithuania is presently self-sufficient in electricity, exporting its surplus - to Latvia and Belarus; the nuclear facilities inherited from the USSR, - however, have come under world scrutiny as seriously deficient in safety - standards. Agriculture is efficient compared with most of the former Soviet - Union. Lithuania holds first place in per capita consumption of meat, second - place for eggs and potatoes, and fourth place for milk and dairy products. - Grain must be imported to support the meat and dairy industries. As to - economic reforms, Lithuania is pressing ahead with plans to privatize at - least 60% of state-owned property (industry, agriculture, and housing) - having already sold many small enterprises using a voucher system. Other - government priorities include stimulating foreign investment by protecting - the property rights of foreign firms and redirecting foreign trade away from - Eastern markets to the more competitive Western markets. For the moment, - Lithuania will remain highly dependent on Russia for energy, raw materials, - grains, and markets for its products. -GDP: - purchasing power equivalent - $NA; per capita NA; real growth rate -13% - (1991) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 200% (1991) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues 4.8 billion rubles; expenditures 4.7 billion rubles (1989 economic - survey); note - budget revenues and expenditures are not given for other - former Soviet republics; implied deficit from these figures does not have a - clear interpretation -Exports: - 700 million rubles (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - electronics 18%, petroleum products 16%, food 10%, chemicals 6% (1989) - partners: - Russia 60%, Ukraine 15%, other former Soviet republics 20%, West 5% -Imports: - 2.2 billion rubles (c.i.f., 1990) - commodities: - oil 24%, machinery 14%, chemicals 8%, grain NA% - partners: - NA -External debt: - $650 million (1991 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate -1.3% (1991) -Electricity: - 5,875,000 kW capacity; 25,500 million kWh produced, NA kWh per capita (1991) - -:Lithuania Economy - -Industries: - employs 25% of the labor force; its shares in the total production of the - former USSR are metal-cutting machine tools 6.6%; electric motors 4.6%; - television sets 6.2%; refrigerators and freezers 5.4%; other production - includes petroleum refining, shipbuilding (small ships), furniture making, - textiles, food processing, fertilizers, agricultural machinery, optical - equipment, electronic components, computers, and amber -Agriculture: - employs 29% of labor force; sugar, grain, potatoes, sugarbeets, vegetables, - meat, milk, dairy products, eggs, and fish; most developed are the livestock - and dairy branches - these depend on imported grain; Lithuania is a net - exporter of meat, milk, and eggs -Illicit drugs: - transshipment point for illicit drugs from Central and Southwest Asia to - Western Europe -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (1992), $10 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-86), $NA million; - Communist countries (1971-86), $NA million -Currency: - as of May 1992, retaining ruble as currency but planning early introduction - of ``litas'' -Exchange rates: - NA -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Lithuania Communications - -Railroads: - 2,010 km (includes NA km electrified); does not include industrial lines - (1990) -Highways: - 44,200 km total (1990); 35,500 km hard surfaced, 8,700 km earth -Inland waterways: - 600 km perennially navigable -Pipelines: - NA -Ports: - maritime - Klaipeda; inland - Kaunas -Merchant marine: - 66 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 268,854 GRT/315,690 DWT; includes 27 - cargo, 24 timber carrier, 1 container, 3 railcar carrier, 11 combination - bulk -Civil air: - NA -Airports: - NA -Telecommunications: - better developed than in most other former USSR republics; 22.4 telephones - per 100 persons; broadcast stations - 13 AM, 26 FM, 1 SW, 1 LW, 3 TV; - landlines or microwave to former USSR republics; leased connection to the - Moscow international switch for traffic with other countries; satellite - earth stations - (8 channels to Norway) - -:Lithuania Defense Forces - -Branches: - Ground Forces, Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops), - National Guard/Volunteers; Russian Forces (Ground, Navy, Air, and Air - Defense) -Manpower availability: - NA - -:Luxembourg Geography - -Total area: - 2,586 km -Land area: - 2,586 km -Comparative area: - slightly smaller than Rhode Island -Land boundaries: - 359 km; Belgium 148 km, France 73 km, Germany 138 km -Coastline: - none - landlocked -Maritime claims: - none - landlocked -Disputes: - none -Climate: - modified continental with mild winters, cool summers -Terrain: - mostly gently rolling uplands with broad, shallow valleys; uplands to - slightly mountainous in the north; steep slope down to Moselle floodplain in - the southeast -Natural resources: - iron ore (no longer exploited) -Land use: - arable land 24%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 20%; forest and - woodland 21%; other 34% -Environment: - deforestation -Note: - landlocked - -:Luxembourg People - -Population: - 392,405 (July 1992), growth rate 1.0% (1992) -Birth rate: - 12 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 10 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 7 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 8 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 73 years male, 80 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 1.6 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Luxembourger(s); adjective - Luxembourg -Ethnic divisions: - Celtic base, with French and German blend; also guest and worker residents - from Portugal, Italy, and European countries -Religions: - Roman Catholic 97%, Protestant and Jewish 3% -Languages: - Luxembourgisch, German, French; many also speak English -Literacy: - 100% (male 100%, female 100%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980 est.) -Labor force: - 177,300; one-third of labor force is foreign workers, mostly from Portugal, - Italy, France, Belgium, and FRG; services 65%, industry 31.6%, agriculture - 3.4% (1988) -Organized labor: - 100,000 (est.) members of four confederated trade unions - -:Luxembourg Government - -Long-form name: - Grand Duchy of Luxembourg -Type: - constitutional monarchy -Capital: - Luxembourg -Administrative divisions: - 3 districts; Diekirch, Grevenmacher, Luxembourg -Independence: - 1839 -Constitution: - 17 October 1868, occasional revisions -Legal system: - based on civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - National Day (public celebration of the Grand Duke's birthday), 23 June - (1921) -Executive branch: - grand duke, prime minister, vice prime minister, Council of Ministers - (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral Chamber of Deputies (Chambre des Deputes); note - the Council of - State (Conseil d'Etat) is an advisory body whose views are considered by the - Chamber of Deputies -Judicial branch: - Superior Court of Justice (Cour Superieure de Justice) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Grand Duke JEAN (since 12 November 1964); Heir Apparent Prince HENRI (son of - Grand Duke Jean, born 16 April 1955) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Jacques SANTER (since 21 July 1984); Vice Prime Minister - Jacques F. POOS (since 21 July 1984) -Political parties and leaders: - Christian Social Party (CSV), Jacques SANTER; Socialist Workers Party - (LSAP), Jacques POOS; Liberal (DP), Colette FLESCH; Communist (KPL), Andre - HOFFMANN; Green Alternative (GAP), Jean HUSS -Suffrage: - universal and compulsory at age 18 -Elections: - Chamber of Deputies: - last held on 18 June 1989 (next to be held by June 1994); results - CSV - 31.7%, LSAP 27.2%, DP 16.2%, Greens 8.4%, PAC 7.3%, KPL 5.1%, other 4.1%; - seats - (60 total) CSV 22, LSAP 18, DP 11, Greens 4, PAC 4, KPL 1 -Other political or pressure groups: - group of steel industries representing iron and steel industry, Centrale - Paysanne representing agricultural producers; Christian and Socialist labor - unions; Federation of Industrialists; Artisans and Shopkeepers Federation -Member of: - ACCT, Australia Group, Benelux, CCC, CE, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, EIB, - EMS, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, - IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NACC, NATO, NEA, NSG, - OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, ZC -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Alphonse BERNS; Chancery at 2200 Massachusetts Avenue NW, - Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 265-4171; there are Luxembourg - Consulates General in New York and San Francisco - -:Luxembourg Government - - US: - Ambassador Edward M. ROWELL; Embassy at 22 Boulevard Emmanuel-Servais, 2535 - Luxembourg City; PSC 11 (mailing address is APO AE 09132-5380); telephone - [352] 460123; FAX [352] 461401 -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and light blue; similar to - the flag of the Netherlands, which uses a darker blue and is shorter; design - was based on the flag of France - -:Luxembourg Economy - -Overview: - The stable economy features moderate growth, low inflation, and negligible - unemployment. Agriculture is based on small but highly productive - family-owned farms. The industrial sector, until recently dominated by - steel, has become increasingly more diversified, particularly toward - high-technology firms. During the past decade, growth in the financial - sector has more than compensated for the decline in steel. Services, - especially banking, account for a growing proportion of the economy. - Luxembourg participates in an economic union with Belgium on trade and most - financial matters and is also closely connected economically to the - Netherlands. -GDP: - purchasing power equivalent - $7.83 billion, per capita $20,200; real growth - rate 2.5% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 3.7% (1990) -Unemployment rate: - 1.3% (1990) -Budget: - revenues $2.5 billion; expenditures $2.3 billion, including capital - expenditures of NA (1988) -Exports: - $6.3 billion (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - finished steel products, chemicals, rubber products, glass, aluminum, other - industrial products - partners: - EC 75%, US 5% -Imports: - $7.5 billion (c.i.f., 1990) - commodities: - minerals, metals, foodstuffs, quality consumer goods - partners: - Belgium 37%, FRG 31%, France 12%, US 2% -External debt: - $131.6 million (1989 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate - 0.5% (1990); accounts for 25% of GDP -Electricity: - 1,500,000 kW capacity; 1,163 million kWh produced, 3,170 kWh per capita - (1991) -Industries: - banking, iron and steel, food processing, chemicals, metal products, - engineering, tires, glass, aluminum -Agriculture: - accounts for less than 3% of GDP (including forestry); principal products - - barley, oats, potatoes, wheat, fruits, wine grapes; cattle raising - widespread -Economic aid: - none -Currency: - Luxembourg franc (plural - francs); 1 Luxembourg franc (LuxF) = 100 centimes -Exchange rates: - Luxembourg francs (LuxF) per US$1 - 32.462 (January 1992), 34.148 (1991), - 33.418 (1990), 39.404 (1989), 36.768 (1988), 37.334 (1987); note - the - Luxembourg franc is at par with the Belgian franc, which circulates freely - in Luxembourg -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Luxembourg Communications - -Railroads: - Luxembourg National Railways (CFL) operates 270 km 1.435-meter standard - gauge; 162 km double track; 162 km electrified -Highways: - 5,108 km total; 4,995 km paved, 57 km gravel, 56 km earth; about 80 km - limited access divided highway -Inland waterways: - 37 km; Moselle River -Pipelines: - petroleum products 48 km -Ports: - Mertert (river port) -Merchant marine: - 49 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,592,985 GRT/2,642,249 DWT; includes - 3 cargo, 5 container, 5 roll-on/roll-off, 6 petroleum tanker, 4 chemical - tanker, 3 combination ore/oil, 8 liquefied gas, 1 passenger, 8 bulk, 6 - combination bulk -Civil air: - 13 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 2 total, 2 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over - 3,659 m; 1 with runways less than 1,220 m -Telecommunications: - highly developed, completely automated and efficient system, mainly buried - cables; 230,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 3 FM, 3 TV; 3 - channels leased on TAT-6 coaxial submarine cable; 1 direct-broadcast - satellite earth station; nationwide mobile phone system - -:Luxembourg Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, National Gendarmerie -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 100,994; 83,957 fit for military service; 2,320 reach military - age (19) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $100 million, 1.4% of GDP (1991) - -:Macau Geography - -Total area: - 16 km2 -Land area: - 16 km2 -Comparative area: - about 0.1 times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - 0.34 km; China 0.34 km -Coastline: - 40 km -Maritime claims: - not known -Disputes: - none -Climate: - subtropical; marine with cool winters, warm summers -Terrain: - generally flat -Natural resources: - negligible -Land use: - arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and - woodland 0%; other 100% -Environment: - essentially urban; one causeway and one bridge connect the two islands to - the peninsula on mainland -Note: - 27 km west-southwest of Hong Kong on the southeast coast of China - -:Macau People - -Population: - 473,333 (July 1992), growth rate 1.7% (1992) -Birth rate: - 17 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 4 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 4 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 8 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 78 years male, 84 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 1.6 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Macanese (singular and plural); adjective - Macau -Ethnic divisions: - Chinese 95%, Portuguese 3%, other 2% -Religions: - Buddhist 45%, Roman Catholic 7%, Protestant 1%, none 45.8%, other 1.2% - (1981) -Languages: - Portuguese (official); Cantonese is the language of commerce -Literacy: - 90% (male 93%, female 86%) age 15 and over can read and write (1981) -Labor force: - 180,000 (1986) -Organized labor: - none - -:Macau Government - -Long-form name: - none -Type: - overseas territory of Portugal; scheduled to revert to China in 1999 -Capital: - Macau -Administrative divisions: - 2 districts (concelhos, singular - concelho); Ilhas, Macau -Independence: - none (territory of Portugal); Portugal signed an agreement with China on 13 - April 1987 to return Macau to China on 20 December 1999; in the joint - declaration, China promises to respect Macau's existing social and economic - systems and lifestyle for 50 years after transition -Constitution: - 17 February 1976, Organic Law of Macau; basic law drafted primarily by - Beijing awaiting final approval -Legal system: - Portuguese civil law system -National holiday: - Day of Portugal, 10 June -Executive branch: - President of Portugal, governor, Consultative Council (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - Legislative Assembly -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President (of Portugal) Mario Alberto SOARES (since 9 March 1986) - Head of Government: - Governor Gen. Vasco Joachim Rocha VIEIRA (since 20 March 1991) -Political parties and leaders: - Association to Defend the Interests of Macau; Macau Democratic Center; Group - to Study the Development of Macau; Macau Independent Group -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - Legislative Assembly: - last held on 10 March 1991; results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - - (23 total; 8 elected by universal suffrage, 8 by indirect suffrage, and 7 - appointed by the governor) number of seats by party NA -Other political or pressure groups: - wealthy Macanese and Chinese representing local interests, wealthy - pro-Communist merchants representing China's interests; in January 1967 the - Macau Government acceded to Chinese demands that gave China veto power over - administration -Member of: - IMO (associate), WTO (associate) -Diplomatic representation: - as Chinese territory under Portuguese administration, Macanese interests in - the US are represented by Portugal - US: - the US has no offices in Macau, and US interests are monitored by the US - Consulate General in Hong Kong -Flag: - the flag of Portugal is used - -:Macau Economy - -Overview: - The economy is based largely on tourism (including gambling) and textile and - fireworks manufacturing. Efforts to diversify have spawned other small - industries - toys, artificial flowers, and electronics. The tourist sector - has accounted for roughly 25% of GDP, and the clothing industry has provided - about two-thirds of export earnings; the gambling industry represented 36% - of GDP in 1991. Macau depends on China for most of its food, fresh water, - and energy imports. Japan and Hong Kong are the main suppliers of raw - materials and capital goods. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $3.1 billion, per capita $6,900; real growth rate - 6% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 8.8% (1990 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 2% (1989 est.) -Budget: - revenues $305 million; expenditures $298 million, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1989) -Exports: - $1.5 billion (1990 est.) - commodities: - textiles, clothing, toys - partners: - US 33%, Hong Kong 15%, FRG 12%, France 10% (1987) -Imports: - $1.8 billion (1990 est.) - commodities: - raw materials, foodstuffs, capital goods - partners: - Hong Kong 39%, China 21%, Japan 10% (1987) -External debt: - $91 million (1985) -Industrial production: - NA -Electricity: - 220,000 kW capacity; 520 million kWh produced, 1,165 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - clothing, textiles, toys, plastic products, furniture, tourism -Agriculture: - rice, vegetables; food shortages - rice, vegetables, meat; depends mostly on - imports for food requirements -Economic aid: - none -Currency: - pataca (plural - patacas); 1 pataca (P) = 100 avos -Exchange rates: - patacas (P) per US$1 - 8.034 (1991), 8.024 (1990), 8.030 (1989), 8.044 - (1988), 7.993 (1987); note - linked to the Hong Kong dollar at the rate of - 1.03 patacas per Hong Kong dollar -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Macau Communications - -Highways: - 42 km paved -Ports: - Macau -Civil air: - no major transport aircraft -Airports: - none useable, 1 under construction; 1 seaplane station -Telecommunications: - fairly modern communication facilities maintained for domestic and - international services; 52,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 4 AM, 3 FM, - no TV; 75,000 radio receivers (est.); international high-frequency radio - communication facility; access to international communications carriers - provided via Hong Kong and China; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -:Macau Defense Forces - -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 135,923; 76,414 fit for military service -Note: - defense is responsibility of Portugal - -:Macedonia Header - -Note: - Macedonia has proclaimed independent statehood but has not been formally - recognized as a state by the United States. - -:Macedonia Geography - -Total area: - 25,333 km2 -Land area: - 24,856 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly larger than Vermont -Land boundaries: - 748 km; Albania 151 km, Bulgaria 148 km, Greece 228 km, Serbia and - Montenegro 221 km -Coastline: - none - landlocked -Disputes: - Greece claims republic's name implies territorial claims against Aegean - Macedonia -Climate: - hot, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall -Terrain: - territory covered with deep basins and valleys; there are three large lakes, - each divided by a frontier line -Natural resources: - chromium, lead, zinc, manganese, tungsten, nickel, low-grade iron ore, - asbestos, sulphur, timber -Land use: - arable land 5%; permanent crops 5%; meadows and pastures 20%; forest and - woodland 30%; other 40%; includes irrigated NA% -Environment: - Macedonia suffers from high seismic hazard; air pollution from metallurgical - plants -Note: - major transportation corridor from Western and Central Europe to Aegean Sea - -:Macedonia People - -Population: - 2,174,000 (July 1992), growth rate NA% (1992) -Birth rate: - NA births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - NA deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - NA migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - NA deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 71 years male, 75 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - NA children born/woman (1992) -Ethnic divisions: - Macedonian 67%, Albanian 20%, Turkish 4%, Serb 2%, other 7% -Religions: - Eastern Orthodox 59%, Muslim 26%, Catholic 4%, Protestant 1%, unknown 10% -Languages: - Macedonian 70%, Albanian 21%, Turkish 3%, Serbo-Croatian 3%, other 3% -Literacy: - 89.1% (male 94.2%, female 83.8%) age 10 and over can read and write (1992 - est.) -Labor force: - 507,324; agriculture 8%, manufacturing and mining 40% (1990) -Organized labor: - NA - -:Macedonia Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Macedonia -Type: - emerging democracy -Capital: - Skopje -Administrative divisions: - NA -Independence: - 20 November 1991 from Yugoslavia -Constitution: - adopted 17 November 1991, effective 20 November 1991 -Legal system: - based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts -National holiday: - NA -Executive branch: - presidency, Council of Ministers, prime minister -Legislative branch: - unicameral Assembly -Judicial branch: - Constitutional Court, Judicial Court of the Republic -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Kiro GLIGOROV (since 27 January 1991) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Nikola KLJUSEV (since March 1991), Deputy Prime Ministers - Jovan ANDONOV (since March 1991), Blaze RISTOVSKI (since March 1991), and - Bezir ZUTA (since March 1991) -Political parties and leaders: - Social Democratic Alliance (SDA; former Communist Party), Branko - CRVENKOVSKI, chairman; Party of Democratic Prosperity, (PDP), Nevzat HALILI, - chairman; National Democratic Party, Iliaz HALIMI, chairman; Alliance of - Reform Forces of Macedonia (MARF), Sojan ANDOV, chairman; Socialist Party, - chairman NA; Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization - Democratic - Party for Macedonian National Unity (IMRO-DPMNU), Ljupco GEORGIEVSKI, - chairman -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - President: - last held 27 January 1991 (next to be held NA); results - Kiro GLIGOREV won - Assembly: - last held 11 November 1990 (next to be held NA);results - percent of vote by - party NA; seats - (120 total) IMRO-DPMNU 37, SDA 31, PDP 25, MARF 17, Party - of Yugoslavs 1, Socialists 5, others 4 -Communists: - NA -Other political or pressure groups: - Movement for All Macedonian Action (MAAK), IMRU-Democratic Party, League for - Democracy, Albanian Democratic Union-Liberal Party -Member of: - none -Diplomatic representation: - has not been formerly recognized by the US -Flag: - NA - -:Macedonia Economy - -Overview: - Macedonia, although the poorest among the six republics of a disintegrated - Yugoslav federation, can meet basic food and energy needs through its own - agricultural and coal resources. As a breakaway republic, however, it will - move down toward a bare subsistence level of life unless economic ties are - reforged or enlarged with its neighbors Serbia, Albania, Greece, and - Bulgaria. The economy depends on outside sources for all of its oil and gas - and its modern machinery and parts. Continued political turmoil, both - internally and in the region as a whole, prevents any swift readjustments of - trade patterns and economic rules of the game. Inflation in early 1992 was - out of control, the result of fracturing trade links, the decline in - economic activity, and general uncertainties about the future status of the - country; prices rose 38% in March 1992 alone. Macedonia's geographical - isolation, technological backwardness, and political instability place it - far down the list of countries of interest to Western investors. Recognition - of Macedonia by the EC and an internal commitment to economic reform would - help to encourage foreign investment over the long run. -GDP: - $7.1 billion, per capita $3,110; real growth rate -18% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 20% (1991 est.) -Exports: - $578 million (1990) - commodities: - manufactured goods 40%, machinery and transport equipment 14%, miscellaneous - manufactured articles 23%, raw materials 7.6%, food (rice) and live animals - 5.7%, beverages and tobacco 4.5%, chemicals 4.7% - partners: - principally Serbia and the other former Yugoslav republics, Germany, Greece, - Albania -Imports: - $1,112 million (1990) - commodities: - fuels and lubricants 19%, manufactured goods 18%, machinery and transport - equipment 15%, food and live animals 14%, chemicals 11.4%, raw materials - 10%, miscellaneous manufactured articles 8.0%, beverages and tobacco 3.5% - partners: - other former Yugoslav republics, Greece, Albania, Germany, Bulgaria -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate -18% (1991 est.) -Electricity: - 1,600,000 kw capacity; 6,300 million kWh produced, 3,103 kWh per capita - (1991) -Industries: - low levels of technology predominate, such as, oil refining by distillation - only; produces basic fuels; mining and manufacturing processes result in the - extraction and production of coal as well as metallic chromium, lead, zinc, - and ferronickel; light industry produces basic textiles, wood products, and - tobacco -Agriculture: - provides 12% of Macedonia's GDP and meets the basic need for food; principal - crops are rice, tobacco, wheat, corn, and millet; also grown are cotton, - sesame, mulberry leaves, citrus fruit, and vegetables; Macedonia is one of - the seven legal cultivators of the opium poppy for the world pharmaceutical - industry, including some exports to the US; agricultural production is - highly labor intensive - -:Macedonia Economy - -Illicit drugs: - NA -Economic aid: - $NA -Currency: - denar (plural - denars); 1 denar (NA) = 100 NA -Exchange rates: - denar (NA) per US$1 - 240 (January 1991) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Macedonia Communications - -Railroads: - NA -Highways: - 10,591 km total (1991); 5,091 km paved, 1,404 km gravel, 4,096 km earth -Inland waterways: - NA km -Pipelines: - none -Ports: - none - landlocked -Airports: - 2 main -Telecommunications: - 125,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 6 AM, 2 FM, 5 (2 relays) TV; - 370,000 radios, 325,000 TV; satellite communications ground stations - none - -:Macedonia Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Air and Air Defense Force -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 590,613; NA fit for military service; 22,913 reach military age - (18) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - 7.0 billion dinars (est.), NA% of GDP (1992); - note - conversion of the military budget into US dollars using the current - exchange rate could produce misleading results - -:Madagascar Geography - -Total area: - 587,040 km2 -Land area: - 581,540 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly less than twice the size of Arizona -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 4,828 km -Maritime claims: - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - claims Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, Juan de Nova - Island, and Tromelin Island (all administered by France) -Climate: - tropical along coast, temperate inland, arid in south -Terrain: - narrow coastal plain, high plateau and mountains in center -Natural resources: - graphite, chromite, coal, bauxite, salt, quartz, tar sands, semiprecious - stones, mica, fish -Land use: - arable land 4%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 58%; forest and - woodland 26%; other 11%; includes irrigated 2% -Environment: - subject to periodic cyclones; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; - desertification -Note: - world's fourth-largest island; strategic location along Mozambique Channel - -:Madagascar People - -Population: - 12,596,263 (July 1992), growth rate 3.2% (1992) -Birth rate: - 46 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 14 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 93 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 51 years male, 55 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 6.8 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Malagasy (singular and plural); adjective - Malagasy -Ethnic divisions: - basic split between highlanders of predominantly Malayo-Indonesian origin - (Merina and related Betsileo) on the one hand and coastal tribes, - collectively termed the Cotiers, with mixed African, Malayo-Indonesian, and - Arab ancestry (Betsimisaraka, Tsimihety, Antaisaka, Sakalava), on the other; - there are also small French, Indian, Creole, and Comoran communities; no - current, accurate assessment of tribal numbers is available -Religions: - indigenous beliefs 52%, Christian about 41%, Muslim 7% -Languages: - French and Malagasy (official) -Literacy: - 80% (male 88%, female 73%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 4,900,000; 90% nonsalaried family workers engaged in subsistence - agriculture; 175,000 wage earners - agriculture 26%, domestic service 17%, - industry 15%, commerce 14%, construction 11%, services 9%, transportation - 6%, other 2%; 51% of population of working age (1985) -Organized labor: - 4% of labor force - -:Madagascar Government - -Long-form name: - Democratic Republic of Madagascar -Type: - republic -Capital: - Antananarivo -Administrative divisions: - 6 provinces (plural - NA, singular - faritanin'); Antananarivo, Antsiranana, - Fianarantsoa, Mahajanga, Toamasina, Toliary -Independence: - 26 June 1960 (from France; formerly Malagasy Republic) -Constitution: - 21 December 1975; note - a new constitution is to be in place before 1993 -Legal system: - based on French civil law system and traditional Malagasy law; has not - accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Independence Day, 26 June (1960) -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, Council of Ministers -Legislative branch: - unicameral Popular National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale Populaire); note - - the National Assembly has suspended its operations during 1992 in - preparation for new legislative and presidential elections. In its place, an - interim High Authority of State and a Social and Economic Recovery Council - have been established -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court (Cour Supreme), High Constitutional Court (Haute Cour - Constitutionnelle) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Adm. Didier RATSIRAKA (since 15 June 1975) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Guy RASANAMAZY (since 8 August 1991) -Political parties and leaders: - some 30 political parties now exist in Madagascar, the most important of - which are the Advance Guard of the Malagasy Revolution (AREMA), Didier - RATSIRAKA; Congress Party for Malagasy Independence (AKFM), - RAKOTOVAO-ANDRIATIANA; Congress Party for Malagasy Independence-Revival - (AKFM-R), Pastor Richard ANDRIAMANJATO; Movement for National Unity (VONJY), - Dr. Marojama RAZANABAHINY; Malagasy Christian Democratic Union (UDECMA), - Norbert ANDRIAMORASATA; Militants for the Establishment of a Proletarian - Regime (MFM), Manandafy RAKOTONIRINA; National Movement for the Independence - of Madagascar (MONIMA), Monja JAONA; National Union for the Defense of - Democracy (UNDD), Albert ZAFY -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - President: - last held on 12 March 1989 (next to be held NA 1992); results - Didier - RATSIRAKA (AREMA) 62%, Manandafy RAKOTONIRINA (MFM/MFT) 20%, Dr. Jerome - Marojama RAZANABAHINY (VONJY) 15%, Monja JAONA (MONIMA) 3% - Popular National Assembly: - last held on 28 May 1989 (next to be held 1992); results - AREMA 88.2%, MFM - 5.1%, AKFM 3.7%, VONJY 2.2%, other 0.8%; seats - (137 total) AREMA 120, MFM - 7, AKFM 5, VONJY 4, MONIMA 1 - -:Madagascar Government - -Member of: - ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, - IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, - OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Pierrot Jocelyn RAJAONARIVELO; Chancery at 2374 Massachusetts - Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 265-5525 or 5526; there is - a Malagasy Consulate General in New York - US: - Ambassador Howard K. WALKER; Embassy at 14 and 16 Rue Rainitovo, - Antsahavola, Antananarivo (mailing address is B. P. 620, Antananarivo); - telephone [261] (2) 212-57, 209-56, 200-89, 207-18 -Flag: - two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a vertical white band - of the same width on hoist side - -:Madagascar Economy - -Overview: - Madagascar is one of the poorest countries in the world. Agriculture, - including fishing and forestry, is the mainstay of the economy, accounting - for over 40% of GDP, employing about 80% of the labor force, and - contributing to more than 70% of total export earnings. Industry is largely - confined to the processing of agricultural products and textile - manufacturing; in 1990 it accounted for only 16% of GDP and employed almost - 5% of the labor force. In 1986 the government introduced a five-year - development plan that stressed self-sufficiency in food (mainly rice) by - 1990, increased production for exports, and reduced energy imports. After - mid-1991, however, output dropped sharply because of protracted - antigovernment strikes and demonstrations for political reform. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $2.4 billion, per capita $200; real growth rate - -3.8% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 10% (1991) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $390 million; expenditures $525 million, including capital - expenditures of $240 million (1990 est.) -Exports: - $290 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) - commodities: - coffee 45%, vanilla 15%, cloves 11%, sugar, petroleum products - partners: - France, Japan, Italy, Germany, US -Imports: - $436 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) - commodities: - intermediate manufactures 30%, capital goods 28%, petroleum 15%, consumer - goods 14%, food 13% - partners: - France, Germany, UK, other EC, US -External debt: - $4.4 billion (1991) -Industrial production: - growth rate 5.2% (1990 est.); accounts for 16% of GDP -Electricity: - 125,000 kW capacity; 450 million kWh produced, 35 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - agricultural processing (meat canneries, soap factories, breweries, - tanneries, sugar refining plants), light consumer goods industries - (textiles, glassware), cement, automobile assembly plant, paper, petroleum -Agriculture: - accounts for 40% of GDP; cash crops - coffee, vanilla, sugarcane, cloves, - cocoa; food crops - rice, cassava, beans, bananas, peanuts; cattle raising - widespread; almost self-sufficient in rice -Illicit drugs: - illicit producer of cannabis (cultivated and wild varieties) used mostly for - domestic consumption -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $136 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $3,125 million; - Communist countries (1970-89), $491 million -Currency: - Malagasy franc (plural - francs); 1 Malagasy franc (FMG) = 100 centimes - -:Madagascar Economy - -Exchange rates: - Malagasy francs (FMG) per US$1 - 1,943.4 (March 1992), 1,835.4 (1991), - 1,454.6 (December 1990), 1,603.4 (1989) , 1,407.1 (1988), 1,069.2 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Madagascar Communications - -Railroads: - 1,020 km 1.000-meter gauge -Highways: - 40,000 km total; 4,694 km paved, 811 km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized - soil, 34,495 km improved and unimproved earth (est.) -Inland waterways: - of local importance only; isolated streams and small portions of Canal des - Pangalanes -Ports: - Toamasina, Antsiranana, Mahajanga, Toliara -Merchant marine: - 14 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 59,255 GRT/81,509 DWT; includes 9 - cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 petroleum tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 1 - liquefied gas -Civil air: - 8 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 148 total, 103 usable; 30 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways - over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 34 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - above average system includes open-wire lines, coaxial cables, radio relay, - and troposcatter links; submarine cable to Bahrain; satellite earth stations - - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and broadcast stations - 17 AM, 3 FM, 1 (36 - repeaters) TV - -:Madagascar Defense Forces - -Branches: - Popular Armed Forces (including Intervention Forces, Development Forces, - Aeronaval Forces - including Navy and Air Force), Gendarmerie, Presidential - Security Regiment -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 2,730,713; 1,625,335 fit for military service; 114,687 reach - military age (20) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $37 million, 2.2% of GDP (1989 est.) - -:Malawi Geography - -Total area: - 118,480 km2 -Land area: - 94,080 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly larger than Pennsylvania -Land boundaries: - 2,881 km; Mozambique 1,569 km, Tanzania 475 km, Zambia 837 km -Coastline: - none - landlocked -Maritime claims: - none - landlocked -Disputes: - dispute with Tanzania over the boundary in Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi) -Climate: - tropical; rainy season (November to May); dry season (May to November) -Terrain: - narrow elongated plateau with rolling plains, rounded hills, some mountains -Natural resources: - limestone; unexploited deposits of uranium, coal, and bauxite -Land use: - arable land 25%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 20%; forest and - woodland 50%; other 5%; includes irrigated NEGL% -Environment: - deforestation -Note: - landlocked - -:Malawi People - -Population: - 9,605,342 (July 1992), growth rate 1.8% (1992); note - 900,000 Mozambican - refugees in Malawi (1990 est.) -Birth rate: - 52 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 17 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - -17 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 134 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 48 years male, 51 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 7.6 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Malawian(s); adjective - Malawian -Ethnic divisions: - Chewa, Nyanja, Tumbuko, Yao, Lomwe, Sena, Tonga, Ngoni, Ngonde, Asian, - European -Religions: - Protestant 55%, Roman Catholic 20%, Muslim 20%; traditional indigenous - beliefs are also practiced -Languages: - English and Chichewa (official); other languages important regionally -Literacy: - 22% (male 34%, female 12%) age 15 and over can read and write (1966) -Labor force: - 428,000 wage earners; agriculture 43%, manufacturing 16%, personal services - 15%, commerce 9%, construction 7%, miscellaneous services 4%, other - permanently employed 6% (1986) -Organized labor: - small minority of wage earners are unionized - -:Malawi Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Malawi -Type: - one-party state -Capital: - Lilongwe -Administrative divisions: - 24 districts; Blantyre, Chikwawa, Chiradzulu, Chitipa, Dedza, Dowa, Karonga, - Kasungu, Lilongwe, Machinga (Kasupe), Mangochi, Mchinji, Mulanje, Mwanza, - Mzimba, Ntcheu, Nkhata Bay, Nkhotakota, Nsanje, Ntchisi, Rumphi, Salima, - Thyolo, Zomba -Independence: - 6 July 1964 (from UK; formerly Nyasaland) -Constitution: - 6 July 1964; republished as amended January 1974 -Legal system: - based on English common law and customary law; judicial review of - legislative acts in the Supreme Court of Appeal; has not accepted compulsory - ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Independence Day, 6 July (1964) -Executive branch: - president, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral National Assembly -Judicial branch: - High Court, Supreme Court of Appeal -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Dr. Hastings Kamuzu BANDA (since 6 July 1966; sworn in as - President for Life 6 July 1971) -Political parties and leaders: - only party - Malawi Congress Party (MCP), Wadson DELEZA, administrative - secretary; John TEMBO, treasurer general; top party position of secretary - general vacant since 1983 -Suffrage: - universal at age 21 -Elections: - President: - President BANDA sworn in as President for Life on 6 July 1971 - National Assembly: - last held 27-28 May 1987 (next to be held by May 1992); results - MCP is the - only party; seats - (133 total, 112 elected) MCP 133 -Member of: - ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, - ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, - NAM, OAU, SADCC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Robert B. MBAYA; Chancery at 2408 Massachusetts Avenue NW, - Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 797-1007 - US: - Ambassador Michael T. F. PISTOR; Embassy in new capital city development - area, address NA (mailing address is P. O. Box 30016, Lilongwe); telephone - [265] 730-166; FAX [265] 732-282 -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green with a radiant, - rising, red sun centered in the black band; similar to the flag of - Afghanistan, which is longer and has the national coat of arms superimposed - on the hoist side of the black and red bands - -:Malawi Economy - -Overview: - Landlocked Malawi ranks among the world's least developed countries. The - economy is predominately agricultural, with about 90% of the population - living in rural areas. Agriculture accounts for 40% of GDP and 90% of export - revenues. After two years of weak performance, economic growth improved - significantly in 1988-91 as a result of good weather and a broadly based - economic adjustment effort by the government. The economy depends on - substantial inflows of economic assistance from the IMF, the World Bank, and - individual donor nations. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $1.9 billion, per capita $200; growth rate 4.2% - (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 9% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $398 million; expenditures $510 million, including capital - expenditures of $154 million (FY91 est.) -Exports: - $390 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) - commodities: - tobacco, tea, sugar, coffee, peanuts - partners: - US, UK, Zambia, South Africa, Germany -Imports: - $560 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.) - commodities: - food, petroleum, semimanufactures, consumer goods, transportation equipment - partners: - South Africa, Japan, US, UK, Zimbabwe -External debt: - $1.8 billion (December 1991 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 4.0% (1990 est.); accounts for about 18% of GDP (1988) -Electricity: - 185,000 kW capacity; 550 million kWh produced, 60 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - agricultural processing (tea, tobacco, sugar), sawmilling, cement, consumer - goods -Agriculture: - accounts for 40% of GDP; cash crops - tobacco, sugarcane, cotton, tea, and - corn; subsistence crops - potatoes, cassava, sorghum, pulses; livestock - - cattle and goats -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $215 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2,150 million -Currency: - Malawian kwacha (plural - kwacha); 1 Malawian kwacha (MK) = 100 tambala -Exchange rates: - Malawian kwacha (MK) per US$1 - 2.7200 (January 1992), 2.8033 (1991), 2.7289 - (1990), 2.7595 (1989), 2.5613 (1988), 2.2087 (1987) -Fiscal year: - 1 April - 31 March - -:Malawi Communications - -Railroads: - 789 km 1.067-meter gauge -Highways: - 13,135 km total; 2,364 km paved; 251 km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized - soil; 10,520 km earth and improved earth -Inland waterways: - Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi); Shire River, 144 km -Ports: - Chipoka, Monkey Bay, Nkhata Bay, and Nkotakota - all on Lake Nyasa (Lake - Malawi) -Civil air: - 5 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 48 total, 43 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways - over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 9 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - fair system of open-wire lines, radio relay links, and radio communications - stations; 42,250 telephones; broadcast stations - 10 AM, 17 FM, no TV; - satellite earth stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Atlantic Ocean - INTELSAT -Note: - a majority of exports would normally go through Mozambique on the Beira or - Nacala railroads, but now most go through South Africa because of insurgent - activity and damage to rail lines - -:Malawi Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army (including Air Wing and Naval Detachment), Police (including - paramilitary Mobile Force Unit), paramilitary Malawi Young Pioneers -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 2,000,406; 1,016,901 fit for military service -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $22 million, 1.6% of GDP (1989 est.) - -:Malaysia Geography - -Total area: - 329,750 km2 -Land area: - 328,550 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly larger than New Mexico -Land boundaries: - 2,669 km; Brunei 381 km, Indonesia 1,782, Thailand 506 km -Coastline: - 4,675 km; Peninsular Malaysia 2,068 km, East Malaysia 2,607 km -Maritime claims: - Continental shelf: - 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation, specified boundary in the South - China Sea - Exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with China, - Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; State of Sabah claimed by - the Philippines; Brunei may wish to purchase the Malaysian salient that - divides Brunei into two parts; two islands in dispute with Singapore -Climate: - tropical; annual southwest (April to October) and northeast (October to - February) monsoons -Terrain: - coastal plains rising to hills and mountains -Natural resources: - tin, crude oil, timber, copper, iron ore, natural gas, bauxite -Land use: - arable land 3%; permanent crops 10%; meadows and pastures NEGL%; forest and - woodland 63%; other 24%; includes irrigated 1% -Environment: - subject to flooding; air and water pollution -Note: - strategic location along Strait of Malacca and southern South China Sea - -:Malaysia People - -Population: - 18,410,920 (July 1992), growth rate 2.4% (1992) -Birth rate: - 29 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 27 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 66 years male, 71 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 3.6 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Malaysian(s); adjective - Malaysian -Ethnic divisions: - Malay and other indigenous 59%, Chinese 32%, Indian 9% -Religions: - Peninsular Malaysia - Malays nearly all Muslim, Chinese predominantly - Buddhists, Indians predominantly Hindu; Sabah - Muslim 38%, Christian 17%, - other 45%; Sarawak - tribal religion 35%, Buddhist and Confucianist 24%, - Muslim 20%, Christian 16%, other 5% -Languages: - Peninsular Malaysia - Malay (official); English, Chinese dialects, Tamil; - Sabah - English, Malay, numerous tribal dialects, Mandarin and Hakka - dialects predominate among Chinese; Sarawak - English, Malay, Mandarin, - numerous tribal languages -Literacy: - 78% (male 86%, female 70%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 7,258,000 (1991 est.) -Organized labor: - 640,000; 10% of total labor force (1990) - -:Malaysia Government - -Long-form name: - none -Type: - Federation of Malaysia formed 9 July 1963; constitutional monarchy nominally - headed by the paramount ruler (king) and a bicameral Parliament; Peninsular - Malaysian states - hereditary rulers in all but Melaka, where governors are - appointed by Malaysian Pulau Pinang Government; powers of state governments - are limited by federal Constitution; Sabah - self-governing state, holds 20 - seats in House of Representatives, with foreign affairs, defense, internal - security, and other powers delegated to federal government; Sarawak - - self-governing state within Malaysia, holds 27 seats in House of - Representatives, with foreign affairs, defense, internal security, and other - powers delegated to federal government -Capital: - Kuala Lumpur -Administrative divisions: - 13 states (negeri-negeri, singular - negeri) and 2 federal territories* - (wilayah-wilayah persekutuan, singular - wilayah persekutuan); Johor, Kedah, - Kelantan, Labuan*, Melaka, Negeri Sembilan, Pahang, Perak, Perlis, Pulau - Pinang, Sabah, Sarawak, Selangor, Terengganu, Wilayah Persekutuan* -Independence: - 31 August 1957 (from UK) -Constitution: - 31 August 1957, amended 16 September 1963 when Federation of Malaya became - Federation of Malaysia -Legal system: - based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts in the - Supreme Court at request of supreme head of the federation; has not accepted - compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - National Day, 31 August (1957) -Executive branch: - paramount ruler, deputy paramount ruler, prime minister, deputy prime - minister, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - bicameral Parliament (Parlimen) consists of an upper house or Senate (Dewan - Negara) and a lower house or House of Representatives (Dewan Rakyat) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Paramount Ruler AZLAN Muhibbuddin Shah ibni Sultan Yusof Izzudin (since 26 - April 1989); Deputy Paramount Ruler JA'AFAR ibni Abdul Rahman (since 26 - April 1989) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Dr. MAHATHIR bin Mohamad (since 16 July 1981); Deputy Prime - Minister Abdul GHAFAR Bin Baba (since 7 May 1986) -Political parties and leaders: - Peninsular Malaysia: - National Front, a confederation of 13 political parties dominated by United - Malays National Organization Baru (UMNO Baru), MAHATHIR bin Mohamad; - Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA), LING Liong Sik; Gerakan Rakyat - Malaysia, Datuk LIM Keng Yaik; Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC), Datuk S. - Samy VELLU - Sabah: - Berjaya Party, Datuk Haji Mohammed NOOR Mansor; Bersatu Sabah (PBS), Joseph - Pairin KITINGAN; United Sabah National Organizaton (USNO), leader NA - -:Malaysia Government - - Sarawak: - coalition Sarawak National Front composed of the Party Pesaka Bumiputra - Bersatu (PBB), Datuk Patinggi Amar Haji Abdul TAIB Mahmud; Sarawak United - People's Party (SUPP), Datuk Amar James WONG Soon Kai; Sarawak National - Party (SNAP), Datuk Amar James WONG; Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak (PBDS), Datuk - Leo MOGGIE; major opposition parties are Democratic Action Party (DAP), LIM - Kit Siang and Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS), Fadzil NOOR -Suffrage: - universal at age 21 -Elections: - House of Representatives: - last held 21 October 1990 (next to be held by August 1995); results - - National Front 52%, other 48%; seats - (180 total) National Front 127, DAP - 20, PAS 7, independents 4, other 22; note - within the National Front, UMNO - got 71 seats and MCA 18 seats -Member of: - APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, C, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-15, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, - ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, - INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, - UNIIMOG, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Abdul MAJID Mohamed; Chancery at 2401 Massachusetts Avenue NW, - Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 328-2700; there are Malaysian - Consulates General in Los Angeles and New York - US: - Ambassador Paul M. CLEVELAND; Embassy at 376 Jalan Tun Razak, 50400 Kuala - Lumpur (mailing address is P. O. Box No. 10035, 50700 Kuala Lumpur); - telephone [60] (3) 248-9011; FAX [60] (3) 242-2207 -Flag: - fourteen equal horizontal stripes of red (top) alternating with white - (bottom); there is a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a - yellow crescent and a yellow fourteen-pointed star; the crescent and the - star are traditional symbols of Islam; the design was based on the flag of - the US - -:Malaysia Economy - -Overview: - During the period 1988-91 booming exports helped Malaysia continue to - recover from the severe 1985-86 recession. Real output grew by 8.8% in 1989, - 10% in 1990, and 8.6% in 1991, helped by vigorous growth in manufacturing - output, further increases in foreign direct investment - particularly from - Japanese and Taiwanese firms facing higher costs at home - and increased oil - production. Malaysia has become the world's third-largest producer of - semiconductor devices (after the US and Japan) and the world's largest - exporter of semiconductor devices. Inflation has remained low; unemployment - has stood at 6% of the labor force; and the government has followed prudent - fiscal/monetary policies. The country is not self-sufficient in food, and - some of the rural population subsist at the poverty level. Malaysia's high - export dependence leaves it vulnerable to a recession in the OECD countries - or a fall in world commodity prices. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $48.0 billion, per capita $2,670; real growth - rate 8.6% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 4.5% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 5.8% (1991 est.) -Budget: - revenues $12.2 billion; expenditures $14.4 billion, including capital - expenditures of $3.2 billion (1991 est.) -Exports: - $35.4 billion (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - electrical manufactures, crude petroleum, timber, rubber, palm oil, textiles - partners: - Singapore, US, Japan, EC -Imports: - $38.7 billion (c.i.f., 1991) - commodities: - food, crude oil, consumer goods, intermediate goods, capital equipment, - chemicals - partners: - Japan, US, Singapore, Germany, UK -External debt: - $21.3 billion (1991 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 18% (1990); accounts for 40% of GDP -Electricity: - 5,600,000 kW capacity; 16,500 million kWh produced, 940 kWh per capita - (1990) -Industries: - Peninsular Malaysia: - rubber and oil palm processing and manufacturing, light manufacturing - industry, electronics, tin mining and smelting, logging and processing - timber - Sabah: - logging, petroleum production - Sarawak: - agriculture processing, petroleum production and refining, logging -Agriculture: - Peninsular Malaysia: - natural rubber, palm oil, rice - Sabah: - mainly subsistence, but also rubber, timber, coconut, rice - -:Malaysia Economy - - Sarawak: - rubber, timber, pepper; there is a deficit of rice in all areas; fish catch - of 608,000 metric tons in 1987 -Illicit drugs: - transit point for Golden Triangle heroin going to the US, Western Europe, - and the Third World -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-84), $170 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $4.7 million; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $42 million -Currency: - ringgit (plural - ringgits); 1 ringgit (M$) = 100 sen -Exchange rates: - ringgits (M$) per US$1 - 2.6930 (January 1992), 2.7501 (1991), 1.7048 - (1990), 2.7088 (1989), 2.6188 (1988), 2.5196 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Malaysia Communications - -Railroads: - Peninsular Malaysia: - 1,665 km 1.04-meter gauge; 13 km double track, government owned -Railroads: - Sabah: - 136 km 1.000-meter gauge -Highways: - Peninsular Malaysia: - 23,600 km (19,352 km hard surfaced, mostly bituminous-surface treatment, and - 4,248 km unpaved) - Sabah: - 3,782 km - Sarawak: - 1,644 km -Inland waterways: - Peninsular Malaysia: - 3,209 km - Sabah: - 1,569 km - Sarawak: - 2,518 km -Pipelines: - crude oil 1,307 km; natural gas 379 km -Ports: - Tanjong Kidurong, Kota Kinabalu, Kuching, Pasir Gudang, Penang, Port Kelang, - Sandakan, Tawau -Merchant marine: - 167 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,653,633 GRT/2,444,393 DWT; includes - 1 passenger-cargo, 1 short-sea passenger, 64 cargo, 27 container, 2 vehicle - carrier, 2 roll-on/roll-off, 1 livestock carrier, 37 petroleum tanker, 5 - chemical tanker, 6 liquefied gas, 21 bulk -Civil air: - 53 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 115 total, 108 usable; 33 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways - over 3,659 m; 7 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 18 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - good intercity service provided to Peninsular Malaysia mainly by radio - relay; adequate intercity radio relay network between Sabah and Sarawak via - Brunei; international service good; good coverage by radio and television - broadcasts; 994,860 telephones (1984); broadcast stations - 28 AM, 3 FM, 33 - TV; submarine cables extend to India and Sarawak; SEACOM submarine cable - links to Hong Kong and Singapore; satellite earth stations - 1 Indian Ocean - INTELSAT and 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT, and 2 domestic - -:Malaysia Defense Forces - -Branches: - Royal Malaysian Army, Royal Malaysian Navy, Royal Malaysian Air Force, Royal - Malaysian Police Force, Marine Police, Sarawak Border Scouts -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 4,728,103; 2,878,574 fit for military service; 179,486 reach - military age (21) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $2.4 billion, about 5% of GDP (1992 budget) - -:Maldives Geography - -Total area: - 300 km2 -Land area: - 300 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly more than 1.5 times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 644 km -Maritime claims: - Exclusive economic zone: - 35-310 nm (defined by geographic coordinates; segment of zone coincides with - maritime boundary with India) - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; hot, humid; dry, northeast monsoon (November to March); rainy, - southwest monsoon (June to August) -Terrain: - flat with elevations only as high as 2.5 meters -Natural resources: - fish -Land use: - arable land 10%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 3%; forest and - woodland 3%; other 84% -Environment: - 1,200 coral islands grouped into 19 atolls -Note: - archipelago of strategic location astride and along major sea lanes in - Indian Ocean - -:Maldives People - -Population: - 234,371 (July 1992), growth rate 3.7% (1992) -Birth rate: - 45 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 61 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 62 years male, 64 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 6.5 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Maldivian(s); adjective - Maldivian -Ethnic divisions: - Maldivians are a generally homogenous admixture of Sinhalese, Dravidian, - Arab, Austrolasian, and African -Religions: - Sunni Muslim -Languages: - Divehi (dialect of Sinhala; script derived from Arabic); English spoken by - most government officials -Literacy: - 92% (male 92%, female 92%) age 15 and over can read and write (1985) -Labor force: - 66,000 (est.); 25% engaged in fishing industry -Organized labor: - none - -:Maldives Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Maldives -Type: - republic -Capital: - Male -Administrative divisions: - 19 district (atolls); Aliff, Baa, Daalu, Faafu, Gaafu Aliff, Gaafu Daalu, - Haa Aliff, Haa Daalu, Kaafu, Laamu, Laviyani, Meemu, Naviyani, Noonu, Raa, - Seenu, Shaviyani, Thaa, Waavu -Independence: - 26 July 1965 (from UK) -Constitution: - 4 June 1964 -Legal system: - based on Islamic law with admixtures of English common law primarily in - commercial matters; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Independence Day, 26 July (1965) -Executive branch: - president, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral Citizens' Council (Majlis) -Judicial branch: - High Court -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM (since 11 November 1978) -Political parties and leaders: - no organized political parties; country governed by the Didi clan for the - past eight centuries -Suffrage: - universal at age 21 -Elections: - President: - last held 23 September 1988 (next to be held September 1994); results - - President Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM reelected - Citizens' Council: - last held on 7 December 1989 (next to be held 7 December 1994); results - - percent of vote NA; seats - (48 total, 40 elected) -Member of: - AsDB, C, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IMF, - IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, NAM, OIC, SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, - WHO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - Maldives does not maintain an embassy in the US, but does have a UN mission - in New York - US: - the US Ambassador to Sri Lanka is accredited to Maldives and makes periodic - visits there; US Consular Agency, Midhath Hilmy, Male; telephone 2581 -Flag: - red with a large green rectangle in the center bearing a vertical white - crescent; the closed side of the crescent is on the hoist side of the flag - -:Maldives Economy - -Overview: - The economy is based on fishing, tourism, and shipping. Agriculture is - limited to the production of a few subsistence crops that provide only 10% - of food requirements. Fishing is the largest industry, employing 25% of the - work force and accounting for over 60% of exports; it is also an important - source of government revenue. During the 1980s tourism has become one of the - most important and highest growth sectors of the economy. In 1988 industry - accounted for about 5% of GDP. Real GDP is officially estimated to have - increased by about 10% annually during the period 1974-90. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $174 million, per capita $770 (1988); real growth - rate 10.1% (1990 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 10.7% (1990 est.) -Unemployment rate: - NEGL% -Budget: - revenues $67 million; expenditures $82 million, including capital - expenditures of $45 million (1990 est.) -Exports: - $52.0 million (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - fish 57%, clothing 25% - partners: - US, UK, Sri Lanka -Imports: - $128.9 million (c.i.f., 1990) - commodities: - consumer goods 54%, intermediate and capital goods 33%, petroleum products - 13% - partners: - Singapore, Germany, Sri Lanka, India -External debt: - $70 million (December 1989) -Industrial production: - growth rate -5.0% (1988); accounts for 6% of GDP -Electricity: - 5,000 kW capacity; 11 million kWh produced, 50 kWh per capita (1990) -Industries: - fishing and fish processing, tourism, shipping, boat building, some coconut - processing, garments, woven mats, coir (rope), handicrafts -Agriculture: - accounts for almost 30% of GDP (including fishing); fishing more important - than farming; limited production of coconuts, corn, sweet potatoes; most - staple foods must be imported; fish catch of 67,000 tons (1990 est.) -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $28 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $125 million; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $14 million -Currency: - rufiyaa (plural - rufiyaa); 1 rufiyaa (Rf) = 100 laaris -Exchange rates: - rufiyaa (Rf) per US$1 - 10.234 (January 1992), 10.253 (1991), 9.509 (1990), - 9.0408 (1989), 8.7846 (1988), 9.2230 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Maldives Communications - -Highways: - Male has 9.6 km of coral highways within the city -Ports: - Male, Gan -Merchant marine: - 13 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 37,293 GRT/56,246 DWT; includes 11 - cargo, 1 container, 1 petroleum tanker -Civil air: - 1 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 2 with permanent-surface runways 2,440-3,659 m -Telecommunications: - minimal domestic and international facilities; 2,804 telephones; broadcast - stations - 2 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -:Maldives Defense Forces - -Branches: - National Security Service (paramilitary police force) -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 52,195; 29,162 fit for military service -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $1.8 million, NA% of GDP (1984 est.) - -:Mali Geography - -Total area: - 1,240,000 km2 -Land area: - 1,220,000 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly less than twice the size of Texas -Land boundaries: - 7,243 km; Algeria 1,376 km, Burkina 1,000 km, Guinea 858 km, Ivory Coast 532 - km, Mauritania 2,237 km, Niger 821 km, Senegal 419 km -Coastline: - none - landlocked -Maritime claims: - none - landlocked -Disputes: - the disputed international boundary between Burkina and Mali was submitted - to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in October 1983 and the ICJ - issued its final ruling in December 1986, which both sides agreed to accept; - Burkina and Mali are proceeding with boundary demarcation, including the - tripoint with Niger -Climate: - subtropical to arid; hot and dry February to June; rainy, humid, and mild - June to November; cool and dry November to February -Terrain: - mostly flat to rolling northern plains covered by sand; savanna in south, - rugged hills in northeast -Natural resources: - gold, phosphates, kaolin, salt, limestone, uranium; bauxite, iron ore, - manganese, tin, and copper deposits are known but not exploited -Land use: - arable land 2%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 25%; forest and - woodland 7%; other 66%; includes irrigated NEGL% -Environment: - hot, dust-laden harmattan; haze common during dry seasons; desertification -Note: - landlocked - -:Mali People - -Population: - 8,641,178 (July 1992), growth rate 2.5% (1992) -Birth rate: - 52 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 21 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - -5 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 110 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 43 years male, 47 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 7.3 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Malian(s); adjective - Malian -Ethnic divisions: - Mande (Bambara, Malinke, Sarakole) 50%, Peul 17%, Voltaic 12%, Songhai 6%, - Tuareg and Moor 5%, other 10% -Religions: - Muslim 90%, indigenous beliefs 9%, Christian 1% -Languages: - French (official); Bambara spoken by about 80% of the population; numerous - African languages -Literacy: - 32% (male 41%, female 24%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 2,666,000 (1986 est.); agriculture 80%, services 19%, industry and commerce - 1% (1981); 50% of population of working age (1985) -Organized labor: - National Union of Malian Workers (UNTM) is umbrella organization for over 13 - national unions - -:Mali Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Mali -Type: - republic; an interim government appointed by the national reform conference - has organized a series of democratic elections and is scheduled to hand over - power to an elected government on 26 March 1992 -Capital: - Bamako -Administrative divisions: - 8 regions (regions, singular - region); Gao, Kayes, Kidal, Koulikoro, Mopti, - Segou, Sikasso, Tombouctou -Independence: - 22 September 1960 (from France; formerly French Sudan) -Constitution: - 2 June 1974, effective 19 June 1979; amended September 1981 and March 1985; - new constitution presented during national reform conference in August 1991; - a constitutional referendum is scheduled for 16 January 1992 -Legal system: - based on French civil law system and customary law; judicial review of - legislative acts in Constitutional Section of Court of State; has not - accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Anniversary of the Proclamation of the Republic, 22 September (1960) -Executive branch: - Transition Committee for the Salvation of the People (CTSP) composed of 25 - members, predominantly civilian -Legislative branch: - Transition Committee for the Salvation of the People (CTSP) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Lt. Col. Amadou Toumani TOURE - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Soumana SAKO (since 2 April 1991) -Political parties and leaders: - formerly the only party, the Democratic Union of Malian People (UDPM), was - disbanded after the coup of 26 March 1991, and the new regime legalized the - formation of political parties on 5 April 1991; new political parties are - Union of Democratic Forces (UFD), Demba DIALLO; Union for Democracy and - Development (UDD), Moussa Bala COULIBALY; Sudanese Union/African Democratic - Rally (US-RDA), Mamadou Madeira KEITA; African Party for Solidarity and - Justice (ADEMA), Alpha Oumar KONARE; Party for Democracy and Progress (PDP), - Idrissa TRAORE; Democratic Party for Justice (PDJ), Abdul BA; Rally for - Democracy and Progress (RDP), Almany SYLLA; Party for the Unity of Malian - People (PUPM), Nock AGATTIA; Hisboulah al Islamiya, Hamidou DRAMERA; Union - of Progressive Forces (UFP), Yacouba SIDIBE; National Congress of Democratic - Initiative (CNID), Mountaga TALL; Assembly for Justice and Progress, Kady - DRAME; Sudanese Progressive Party (PPS), Sekene Mody SISSOKO; numerous small - parties formed in 1991; 46 total parties -Suffrage: - universal at age 21 -Elections: - President: - last held on 9 June 1985 (next to be held March 1992); results - Gen. Moussa - TRAORE was reelected without opposition - -:Mali Government - - National Assembly: - last held on 26 June 1988 (next to be held NA 1992); results - UDPM was the - only party; seats - (82 total) UDPM 82; note - following the military coup - of 26 March 1991, President TRAORE was deposed and the UDPM was disbanded; - the 25-member CTSP has instituted a multiparty system, and presidential - elections are to be held on 26 March 1992 and legislative elections on 9 - February 1992 (new National Assembly to have 116 seats) -Member of: - ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, - IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, - OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Mohamed Alhousseyni TOURE; Chancery at 2130 R Street NW, - Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 332-2249 or 939-8950 - US: - Ambassador Herbert D. GELBER; Embassy at Rue Rochester NY and Rue Mohamed - V., Bamako (mailing address is B. P. 34, Bamako); telephone [223] 225470; - FAX [233] 22-80-59 -Flag: - three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red; uses the - popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia - -:Mali Economy - -Overview: - Mali is among the poorest countries in the world, with about 70% of its land - area desert or semidesert. Economic activity is largely confined to the - riverine area irrigated by the Niger. About 10% of the population live as - nomads and some 80% of the labor force is engaged in agriculture and - fishing. Industrial activity is concentrated on processing farm commodities. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $2.2 billion, per capita $265; real growth rate - 2.2% (1990 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - -1.6% (1990) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $329 million; expenditures $519 million, including capital - expenditures of $178 (1989 est.) -Exports: - $285 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.) - commodities: - livestock, peanuts, dried fish, cotton, skins - partners: - mostly franc zone and Western Europe -Imports: - $513 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.) - commodities: - textiles, vehicles, petroleum products, machinery, sugar, cereals - partners: - mostly franc zone and Western Europe -External debt: - $2.2 billion (1989 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 19.9% (1989 est.); accounts for 7% of GDP -Electricity: - 260,000 kW capacity; 750 million kWh produced, 90 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - small local consumer goods and processing, construction, phosphate, gold, - fishing -Agriculture: - accounts for 50% of GDP; most production based on small subsistence farms; - cotton and livestock products account for over 70% of exports; other crops - - millet, rice, corn, vegetables, peanuts; livestock - cattle, sheep, and - goats -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $349 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $3,020 million; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $92 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $190 - million -Currency: - Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural - francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF) - = 100 centimes -Exchange rates: - Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 269.01 (January - 1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 - (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Mali Communications - -Railroads: - 642 km 1.000-meter gauge; linked to Senegal's rail system through Kayes -Highways: - about 15,700 km total; 1,670 km paved, 3,670 km gravel and improved earth, - 10,360 km unimproved earth -Inland waterways: - 1,815 km navigable -Civil air: - no major transport aircraft -Airports: - 35 total, 27 usable; 8 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways - over 3,659 m; 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 10 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - domestic system poor but improving; provides only minimal service with radio - relay, wire, and radio communications stations; expansion of radio relay in - progress; 11,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 2 FM, 2 TV; - satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean - INTELSAT - -:Mali Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Air Force, Gendarmerie, Republican Guard, National Guard, National - Police, Surete Nationale -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 1,701,050; 966,293 fit for military service; no conscription -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $41 million, 2% of GDP (1989) - -:Malta Geography - -Total area: - 320 km2 -Land area: - 320 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly less than twice the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 140 km -Maritime claims: - Contiguous zone: - 24 nm - Continental shelf: - 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation - Exclusive fishing zone: - 25 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - Mediterranean with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers -Terrain: - mostly low, rocky, flat to dissected plains; many coastal cliffs -Natural resources: - limestone, salt -Land use: - arable land 38%; permanent crops 3%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and - woodland 0%; other 59%; includes irrigated 3% -Environment: - numerous bays provide good harbors; fresh water very scarce - increasing - reliance on desalination -Note: - strategic location in central Mediterranean, 93 km south of Sicily, 290 km - north of Libya - -:Malta People - -Population: - 359,231 (July 1992), growth rate 0.8% (1992) -Birth rate: - 14 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 74 years male, 79 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 2.0 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Maltese (singular and plural); adjective - Maltese -Ethnic divisions: - mixture of Arab, Sicilian, Norman, Spanish, Italian, English -Religions: - Roman Catholic 98% -Languages: - Maltese and English (official) -Literacy: - 84% (male 86%, female 82%) age 15 and over can read and write (1985) -Labor force: - 127,200; government (excluding job corps) 37%, services 26%, manufacturing - 22%, training programs 9%, construction 4%, agriculture 2% (1990) -Organized labor: - about 40% of labor force - -:Malta Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Malta -Type: - parliamentary democracy -Capital: - Valletta -Administrative divisions: - none (administration directly from Valletta) -Independence: - 21 September 1964 (from UK) -Constitution: - 26 April 1974, effective 2 June 1974 -Legal system: - based on English common law and Roman civil law; has accepted compulsory ICJ - jurisdiction, with reservations -National holiday: - Independence Day, 21 September -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral House of Representatives -Judicial branch: - Constitutional Court and Court of Appeal -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Vincent (Censu) TABONE (since 4 April 1989) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Dr. Edward (Eddie) FENECH ADAMI (since 12 May 1987); Deputy - Prime Minister Dr. Guido DE MARCO (since 14 May 1987) -Political parties and leaders: - Nationalist Party (NP), Edward FENECH ADAMI; Malta Labor Party (MLP), Alfred - SANT -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - House of Representatives: - last held on 22 February 1992 (next to be held by February 1997); results - - NP 51.8%, MLP 46.5%; seats - (usually 65 total) MLP 36, NP 29; note - - additional seats are given to the party with the largest popular vote to - ensure a legislative majority; current total 69 (MLP 33, NP 36 after - adjustment) -Member of: - C, CCC, CE, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IFAD, ILO, - IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, NAM, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, - WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Albert BORG OLIVIER DE PUGET; Chancery at 2017 Connecticut Avenue - NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 462-3611 or 3612; there is a - Maltese Consulate General in New York - US: - Ambassador Sally J. NOVETZKE; Embassy at 2nd Floor, Development House, Saint - Anne Street, Floriana, Valletta (mailing address is P. O. Box 535, - Valletta); telephone [356] 240424, 240425, 243216, 243217, 243653, 223654; - FAX same as phone numbers -Flag: - two equal vertical bands of white (hoist side) and red; in the upper - hoist-side corner is a representation of the George Cross, edged in red - -:Malta Economy - -Overview: - Significant resources are limestone, a favorable geographic location, and a - productive labor force. Malta produces only about 20% of its food needs, has - limited freshwater supplies, and has no domestic energy sources. - Consequently, the economy is highly dependent on foreign trade and services. - Manufacturing and tourism are the largest contributors to the economy. - Manufacturing accounts for about 27% of GDP, with the electronics and - textile industries major contributors. In 1990 inflation was held to a low - 3.0%. Per capita GDP at $7,000 places Malta in the middle-income range of - the world's nations. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $2.5 billion, per capita $7,000 (1991 est.); real - growth rate 5.5% (1990) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 3.0% (1990) -Unemployment rate: - 3.8% (1990) -Budget: - revenues $1.3 billion; expenditures $1.3 billion, including capital - expenditures of $380 million (1992 plan) -Exports: - $l.1 billion (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - clothing, textiles, footwear, ships - partners: - Italy 30%, Germany 22%, UK 11% -Imports: - $2.0 billion (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - food, petroleum, machinery and semimanufactured goods - partners: - Italy 30%, UK 16%, Germany 13%, US 4% -External debt: - $90 million, medium and long term (December 1987) -Industrial production: - growth rate 19.0% (1990); accounts for 27% of GDP -Electricity: - 328,000 kW capacity; 1,110 million kWh produced, 2,990 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - tourism, electronics, ship repair yard, construction, food manufacturing, - textiles, footwear, clothing, beverages, tobacco -Agriculture: - accounts for 3% of GDP; overall, 20% self-sufficient; main products - - potatoes, cauliflower, grapes, wheat, barley, tomatoes, citrus, cut flowers, - green peppers, hogs, poultry, eggs; generally adequate supplies of - vegetables, poultry, milk, pork products; seasonal or periodic shortages in - grain, animal fodder, fruits, other basic foodstuffs -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-81), $172 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $336 million; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $76 million; Communist countries (1970-88), $48 - million -Currency: - Maltese lira (plural - liri); 1 Maltese lira (LM) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - Maltese liri (LM) per US$1 - 0.3257 (March 1992), 0.3004 (1991), 0.3172 - (1990), 0.3483 (1989), 0.3306 (1988), 0.3451 (1987) -Fiscal year: - 1 April - 31 March - -:Malta Communications - -Highways: - 1,291 km total; 1,179 km paved (asphalt), 77 km crushed stone or gravel, 35 - km improved and unimproved earth -Ports: - Valletta, Marsaxlokk -Merchant marine: - 658 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 9,003,001 GRT/15,332,287 DWT; - includes 3 passenger, 13 short-sea passenger, 241 cargo, 14 container, 2 - passenger-cargo, 16 roll-on/roll-off, 2 vehicle carrier, 1 barge carrier, 15 - refrigerated cargo, 11 chemical tanker, 12 combination ore/oil, 2 - specialized tanker, 3 liquefied gas, 124 petroleum tanker, 176 bulk, 23 - combination bulk; note - a flag of convenience registry; China owns 2 ships, - former republics of the USSR own 52 ships, Cuba owns 10, Vietnam owns 6, - Yugoslavia owns 9, Romania owns 4 -Civil air: - 7 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 1 with permanent-surface runways 2,440-3,659 m -Telecommunications: - automatic system satisfies normal requirements; 153,000 telephones; - excellent service by broadcast stations - 8 AM, 4 FM, and 2 TV; submarine - cable and radio relay between islands; international service by 1 submarine - cable; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -:Malta Defense Forces - -Branches: - Armed Forces, Maltese Police Force -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 95,661; 76,267 fit for military service -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $21.9 million, 1.3% of GDP (1989 est.) - -:Man, Isle of Geography - -Total area: - 588 km2 -Land area: - 588 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 113 km -Maritime claims: - Exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 3 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - cool summers and mild winters; humid; overcast about half the time -Terrain: - hills in north and south bisected by central valley -Natural resources: - lead, iron ore -Land use: - arable land NA%; permanent crops NA%; meadows and pastures NA%; forest and - woodland NA%; other NA%; extensive arable land and forests -Environment: - strong westerly winds prevail -Note: - located in Irish Sea equidistant from England, Scotland, and Ireland - -:Man, Isle of People - -Population: - 64,068 (July 1992), growth rate 0.1% (1992) -Birth rate: - 11 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 14 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 4 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 9 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 72 years male, 78 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 1.8 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Manxman, Manxwoman; adjective - Manx -Ethnic divisions: - native Manx of Norse-Celtic descent; British -Religions: - Anglican, Roman Catholic, Methodist, Baptist, Presbyterian, Society of - Friends -Languages: - English, Manx Gaelic -Literacy: - NA% (male NA%, female NA%) but compulsory education ages 5 to 16 -Labor force: - 25,864 (1981) -Organized labor: - 22 labor unions patterned along British lines - -:Man, Isle of Government - -Long-form name: - none -Type: - British crown dependency -Capital: - Douglas -Administrative divisions: - none (British crown dependency) -Independence: - none (British crown dependency) -Constitution: - 1961, Isle of Man Constitution Act -Legal system: - English law and local statute -National holiday: - Tynwald Day, 5 July -Executive branch: - British monarch, lieutenant governor, prime minister, Executive Council - (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - bicameral Tynwald consists of an upper house or Legislative Council and a - lower house or House of Keys -Judicial branch: - High Court of Justice -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Lord of Mann Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by - Lieutenant Governor Air Marshal Sir Laurence JONES (since NA 1990) - Head of Government: - President of the Legislative Council Sir Charles KERRUISH (since NA 1990) -Political parties and leaders: - there is no party system and members sit as independents -Suffrage: - universal at age 21 -Elections: - House of Keys: - last held in 1991 (next to be held NA 1996); results - percent of vote NA; - no party system; seats - (24 total) independents 24 -Member of: - none -Diplomatic representation: - none (British crown dependency) -Flag: - red with the Three Legs of Man emblem (Trinacria), in the center; the three - legs are joined at the thigh and bent at the knee; in order to have the toes - pointing clockwise on both sides of the flag, a two-sided emblem is used - ria), in the center; the three legs are joined at the thigh and bent at the - knee; in order to have the toes pointing clockwise on both sides of the - flag, a two-sided emblem is used - -:Man, Isle of Economy - -Overview: - Offshore banking, manufacturing, and tourism are key sectors of the economy. - The government's policy of offering incentives to high-technology companies - and financial institutions to locate on the island has paid off in expanding - employment opportunities in high-income industries. As a result, agriculture - and fishing, once the mainstays of the economy, have declined in their - shares of GNP. Banking now contributes over 20% to GNP and manufacturing - about 15%. Trade is mostly with the UK. -GNP: - exchange rate conversion - $490 million, per capita $7,573; real growth rate - NA% (1988) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - NA% -Unemployment rate: - 1.5% (1988) -Budget: - revenues $130.4 million; expenditures $114.4 million, including capital - expenditures of $18.1 million (FY85 est.) -Exports: - $NA - commodities: - tweeds, herring, processed shellfish, meat - partners: - UK -Imports: - $NA - commodities: - timber, fertilizers, fish - partners: - UK -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 61,000 kW capacity; 190 million kWh produced, 2,930 kWh per capita (1989) -Industries: - an important offshore financial center; financial services, light - manufacturing, tourism -Agriculture: - cereals and vegetables; cattle, sheep, pigs, poultry -Economic aid: - NA -Currency: - Manx pound (plural - pounds); 1 Manx pound (#M) = 100 pence -Exchange rates: - Manx pounds (#M) per US$1 - 0.5799 (March 1992), 0.5652 (1991), 0.5603 - (1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988), 0. 6102 (1987); the Manx pound is at - par with the British pound -Fiscal year: - 1 April - 31 March - -:Man, Isle of Communications - -Railroads: - 36 km electric track, 24 km steam track -Highways: - 640 km motorable roads -Ports: - Douglas, Ramsey, Peel -Merchant marine: - 79 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,436,196 GRT/2,479,432 DWT; includes - 12 cargo, 7 container, 10 roll-on/roll-off, 30 petroleum tanker, 4 chemical - tanker, 5 liquefied gas, 11 bulk; note - a captive register of the United - Kingdom, although not all ships on the register are British owned -Airports: - 1 total; 1 usable with permanent-surface runway 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - 24,435 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 4 FM, 4 TV - -:Man, Isle of Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of the UK - -:Marshall Islands Geography - -Total area: - 181.3 km2 -Land area: - 181.3 km2; includes the atolls of Bikini, Eniwetok, and Kwajalein -Comparative area: - slightly larger than Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 370.4 km -Maritime claims: - Contiguous zone: - 24 nm - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - claims US territory of Wake Island -Climate: - wet season May to November; hot and humid; islands border typhoon belt -Terrain: - low coral limestone and sand islands -Natural resources: - phosphate deposits, marine products, deep seabed minerals -Land use: - arable land 0%; permanent crops 60%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and - woodland 0%; other 40% -Environment: - occasionally subject to typhoons; two archipelagic island chains of 30 - atolls and 1,152 islands -Note: - located 3,825 km southwest of Honolulu in the North Pacific Ocean, about - two-thirds of the way between Hawaii and Papua New Guinea; Bikini and - Eniwetok are former US nuclear test sites; Kwajalein, the famous World War - II battleground, is now used as a US missile test range - -:Marshall Islands People - -Population: - 50,004 (July 1992), growth rate 3.9% (1992) -Birth rate: - 47 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 52 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 61 years male, 64 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 7.0 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Marshallese (singular and plural); adjective - Marshallese -Ethnic divisions: - almost entirely Micronesian -Religions: - predominantly Christian, mostly Protestant -Languages: - English universally spoken and is the official language; two major - Marshallese dialects from Malayo-Polynesian family; Japanese -Literacy: - 93% (male 100%, female 88%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980) -Labor force: - 4,800 (1986) -Organized labor: - none - -:Marshall Islands Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of the Marshall Islands -Type: - constitutional government in free association with the US; the Compact of - Free Association entered into force 21 October 1986 -Capital: - Majuro -Administrative divisions: - none -Independence: - 21 October 1986 (from the US-administered UN trusteeship; formerly the - Marshall Islands District of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands) -Constitution: - 1 May 1979 -Legal system: - based on adapted Trust Territory laws, acts of the legislature, municipal, - common, and customary laws -National holiday: - Proclamation of the Republic of the Marshall Islands, 1 May (1979) -Executive branch: - president, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral Nitijela (parliament) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Amata KABUA (since 1979) -Political parties and leaders: - no formal parties; President KABUA is chief political (and traditional) - leader -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - President: - last held 6 January 1992 (next to be held NA; results - President Amata - KABUA was reelected - Parliament: - last held 18 November 1991 (next to be held November 1995); results - - percent of vote NA; seats - (33 total) -Member of: - AsDB, ESCAP (associate), ICAO, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Wilfred I. KENDALL; Chancery at 2433 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, - Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 234-5414 - US: - Ambassador William BODDE, Jr.; Embassy at NA address (mailing address is P. - O. Box 1379, Majuro, Republic of the Marshall Islands 96960-1379); telephone - (011) 692-4011; FAX (011) 692-4012 -Flag: - blue with two stripes radiating from the lower hoist-side corner - orange - (top) and white; there is a white star with four large rays and 20 small - rays on the hoist side above the two stripes - -:Marshall Islands Economy - -Overview: - Agriculture and tourism are the mainstays of the economy. Agricultural - production is concentrated on small farms, and the most important commercial - crops are coconuts, tomatoes, melons, and breadfruit. A few cattle ranches - supply the domestic meat market. Small-scale industry is limited to - handicrafts, fish processing, and copra. The tourist industry is the primary - source of foreign exchange and employs about 10% of the labor force. The - islands have few natural resources, and imports far exceed exports. In 1987 - the US Government provided grants of $40 million out of the Marshallese - budget of $55 million. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $63 million, per capita $1,500; real growth rate - NA% (1989 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - NA -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $55 million; expenditures NA, including capital expenditures of NA - (1987 est.) -Exports: - $2.5 million (f.o.b., 1985) - commodities: - copra, copra oil, agricultural products, handicrafts - partners: - NA -Imports: - $29.2 million (c.i.f., 1985) - commodities: - foodstuffs, beverages, building materials - partners: - NA -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 42,000 kW capacity; 80 million kWh produced, 1,840 kWh per capita (1990) -Industries: - copra, fish, tourism; craft items from shell, wood, and pearls; offshore - banking (embryonic) -Agriculture: - coconuts, cacao, taro, breadfruit, fruits, copra; pigs, chickens -Economic aid: - under the terms of the Compact of Free Association, the US is to provide - approximately $40 million in aid annually -Currency: - US currency is used -Exchange rates: - US currency is used -Fiscal year: - 1 October - 30 September - -:Marshall Islands Communications - -Highways: - paved roads on major islands (Majuro, Kwajalein), otherwise stone-, coral-, - or laterite-surfaced roads and tracks -Ports: - Majuro -Merchant marine: - 32 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,347,312 GRT/4,630,172 DWT; includes - 2 cargo, 1 container, 9 petroleum tanker, 18 bulk carrier, 2 combination - ore/oil; note - a flag of convenience registry -Airports: - 17 total, 16 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; 8 with runways - 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - telephone network - 570 lines (Majuro) and 186 (Ebeye); telex services; - islands interconnected by shortwave radio (used mostly for government - purposes); broadcast stations - 1 AM, 2 FM, 1 TV, 1 shortwave; 2 Pacific - Ocean INTELSAT earth stations; US Government satellite communications system - on Kwajalein - -:Marshall Islands Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of the US - -:Martinique Geography - -Total area: - 1,100 km2 -Land area: - 1,060 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly more than six times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 290 km -Maritime claims: - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; moderated by trade winds; rainy season (June to October) -Terrain: - mountainous with indented coastline; dormant volcano -Natural resources: - coastal scenery and beaches, cultivable land -Land use: - arable land 10%; permanent crops 8%; meadows and pastures 30%; forest and - woodland 26%; other 26%; includes irrigated 5% -Environment: - subject to hurricanes, flooding, and volcanic activity that result in an - average of one major natural disaster every five years -Note: - located 625 km southeast of Puerto Rico in the Caribbean Sea - -:Martinique People - -Population: - 371,803 (July 1992), growth rate 1.4% (1992) -Birth rate: - 19 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 11 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 75 years male, 81 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 1.9 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Martiniquais (singular and plural); adjective - Martiniquais -Ethnic divisions: - African and African-Caucasian-Indian mixture 90%, Caucasian 5%, East Indian, - Lebanese, Chinese less than 5% -Religions: - Roman Catholic 95%, Hindu and pagan African 5% -Languages: - French, Creole patois -Literacy: - 93% (male 92%, female 93%) age 15 and over can read and write (1982) -Labor force: - 100,000; service industry 31.7%, construction and public works 29.4%, - agriculture 13.1%, industry 7.3%, fisheries 2.2%, other 16.3% -Organized labor: - 11% of labor force - -:Martinique Government - -Long-form name: - Department of Martinique -Type: - overseas department of France -Capital: - Fort-de-France -Administrative divisions: - none (overseas department of France) -Independence: - none (overseas department of France) -Constitution: - 28 September 1958 (French Constitution) -Legal system: - French legal system -National holiday: - Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789) -Executive branch: - government commissioner -Legislative branch: - unicameral General Council -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981) - Head of Government: - Government Commissioner Jean Claude ROURE (since 5 May 1989); President of - the General Council Emile MAURICE (since NA 1988) -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - General Council: - last held in October 1988 (next to be held by March 1991); results - percent - of vote by party NA; seats - (44 total) number of seats by party NA - Regional Assembly: - last held on 16 March 1986 (next to be held by March 1992); results - - UDF/RPR coalition 49.8%, PPM/FSM/PCM coalition 41.3%, other 8.9%; seats - - (41 total) PPM/FSM/PCM coalition 21, UDF/RPR coalition 20 - French Senate: - last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held September 1992); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (2 total) UDF 1, PPM 1 - French National Assembly: - last held on 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held June 1993); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (4 total) PPM 1, FSM 1, RPR 1, UDF 1 -Communists: - 1,000 (est.) -Other political or pressure groups: - Proletarian Action Group (GAP); Alhed Marie-Jeanne Socialist Revolution - Group (GRS); Martinique Independence Movement (MIM); Caribbean Revolutionary - Alliance (ARC); Central Union for Martinique Workers (CSTM), Marc Pulvar; - Frantz Fanon Circle; League of Workers and Peasants -Member of: - FZ, WCL -Diplomatic representation: - as an overseas department of France, Martiniquais interests are represented - in the US by France - -:Martinique Government - - US: - Consul General Raymond G. ROBINSON; Consulate General at 14 Rue Blenac, - Fort-de-France (mailing address is B. P. 561, Fort-de-France 97206); - telephone [596] 63-13-03 -Flag: - the flag of France is used - -:Martinique Economy - -Overview: - The economy is based on sugarcane, bananas, tourism, and light industry. - Agriculture accounts for about 12% of GDP and the small industrial sector - for 10%. Sugar production has declined, with most of the sugarcane now used - for the production of rum. Banana exports are increasing, going mostly to - France. The bulk of meat, vegetable, and grain requirements must be - imported, contributing to a chronic trade deficit that requires large annual - transfers of aid from France. Tourism has become more important than - agricultural exports as a source of foreign exchange. The majority of the - work force is employed in the service sector and in administration. In 1986 - per capita GDP was relatively high at $6,000. During 1986 the unemployment - rate was 30% and was particularly severe among younger workers. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $2.0 billion, per capita $6,000; real growth rate - NA% (1986) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 2.9% (1989) -Unemployment rate: - 30% (1986) -Budget: - revenues $268 million; expenditures $268 million, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1989 est.) -Exports: - $196 million (f.o.b., 1988) - commodities: - refined petroleum products, bananas, rum, pineapples - partners: - France 65%, Guadeloupe 24%, Germany (1987) -Imports: - $1.3 billion (c.i.f., 1988) - commodities: - petroleum products, foodstuffs, construction materials, vehicles, clothing - and other consumer goods - partners: - France 65%, UK, Italy, Germany, Japan, US (1987) -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 113,100 kW capacity; 588 million kWh produced, 1,703 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - construction, rum, cement, oil refining, sugar, tourism -Agriculture: - including fishing and forestry, accounts for about 12% of GDP; principal - crops - pineapples, avocados, bananas, flowers, vegetables, and sugarcane - for rum; dependent on imported food, particularly meat and vegetables -Economic aid: - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), - $10.1 billion -Currency: - French franc (plural - francs); 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes -Exchange rates: - French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.3801 (January 1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453 - (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988), 6.0107 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Martinique Communications - -Highways: - 1,680 km total; 1,300 km paved, 380 km gravel and earth -Ports: - Fort-de-France -Civil air: - no major transport aircraft -Airports: - 2 total; 2 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway - 2,440-3,659 m; 1 with runways less than 2,439 m -Telecommunications: - domestic facilities are adequate; 68,900 telephones; interisland radio relay - links to Guadeloupe, Dominica, and Saint Lucia; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 6 - FM, 10 TV; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations - -:Martinique Defense Forces - -Branches: - French Forces, Gendarmerie -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 95,235; NA fit for military service -Note: - defense is the responsibility of France - -:Mauritania Geography - -Total area: - 1,030,700 km2 -Land area: - 1,030,400 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly larger than three times the size of New Mexico -Land boundaries: - 5,074 km; Algeria 463 km, Mali 2,237 km, Senegal 813 km, Western Sahara - 1,561 km -Coastline: - 754 km -Maritime claims: - Continental shelf: - edge of continental margin or 200 nm - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - boundary with Senegal -Climate: - desert; constantly hot, dry, dusty -Terrain: - mostly barren, flat plains of the Sahara; some central hills -Natural resources: - iron ore, gypsum, fish, copper, phosphate -Land use: - arable land 1%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 38%; forest and - woodland 5%; other 56%; includes irrigated NEGL% -Environment: - hot, dry, dust/sand-laden sirocco wind blows primarily in March and April; - desertification; only perennial river is the Senegal - -:Mauritania People - -Population: - 2,059,187 (July 1992), growth rate 3.1% (1992) -Birth rate: - 48 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 17 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 89 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 44 years male, 50 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 7.1 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Mauritanian(s); adjective - Mauritanian -Ethnic divisions: - mixed Maur/black 40%, Maur 30%, black 30% -Religions: - Muslim, nearly 100% -Languages: - Hasaniya Arabic (official); Hasaniya Arabic, Pular, Soninke, Wolof - (official) -Literacy: - 34% (male 47%, female 21%) age 10 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 465,000 (1981 est.); 45,000 wage earners (1980); agriculture 47%, services - 29%, industry and commerce 14%, government 10%; 53% of population of working - age (1985) -Organized labor: - 30,000 members claimed by single union, Mauritanian Workers' Union - -:Mauritania Government - -Long-form name: - Islamic Republic of Mauritania -Type: - republic; military first seized power in bloodless coup 10 July 1978; a - palace coup that took place on 12 December 1984 brought President Taya to - power; he was elected in 1992 -Capital: - Nouakchott -Administrative divisions: - 12 regions(regions, singular - region); Adrar, Assaba, Brakna, Dakhlet - Nouadhibou, Gorgol, Guidimaka, Hodh ech Chargui, Hodh el Gharbi, Inchiri, - Tagant, Tiris Zemmour, Trarza; note - there may be a new capital district of - Nouakchott -Independence: - 28 November 1960 (from France) -Constitution: - currently 12 July 1991; 20 May 1961 Constitution abrogated after coup of 10 - July 1978; provisional constitution published 17 December 1980 but abandoned - in 1981; constitutional charter published 27 February 1985 after Taya came - to power; latest constitution approved after general referendum 12 July 1991 -Legal system: - based on Islamic law -National holiday: - Independence Day, 28 November (1960) -Executive branch: - president -Legislative branch: - National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) and Senate -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Col. Maaouya Ould Sid`Ahmed TAYA (since 12 December 1984) -Political parties and leaders: - legalized by constitution passed 12 July 1991; emerging parties include - Democratic and Social Republican Party (PRDS), led by President Col. Maaouya - Ould Sid`Ahmed TAYA; Union of Democratic Forces (UDF), coalition of seven - opposition factions, three leaders: Mohameden Ould BABAH, Diop Mamadou - AMADOU, and Messoud Ould BOULKHEIR; Assembly for Democracy (RDU), Mohamed - Ould SIDI BABA; Rally for Democracy and Unity (RDUN), Mohamed Ould Sidi - BABA; Popular Social and Democratic Union (UPSD), Mohamed Mahmoud Ould MAH; - Progressive Popular Alliance (APP), Taleb Ould Jiddou Ould Mohamed LAGHDAF; - Mauritanian Party for Renewal (PMR), Moulaye El Hassan Ould JEYID; National - Avant-Garde Party (PAN or PAGN), Khattry Ould Taleb JIDDOU; Mauritanian - Party of the Democratic Center (PCDM), Bamba Ould SIDI BADI; Union for - Planning and Construction (UPC), Mohamed Ould EYAHA; Democratic Justice - Party (PJD), Mohamed Abdallahi Ould EL BANE; Party for Liberty, Equality, - and Justice (PLEJ), Ba Mamadou ALASSANE; Labor and National Unity Party - (PTUN), Ali Bouna Ould OUENINA -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - President: - last held January 1992 (next to be held NA) - results: - President Col. Maabuya Ould Sid`Ahmed TAYA elected - Senate: - last held 3 and 10 April 1992 (next to be held April 1998) - -:Mauritania Government - - National Assembly: - last held 6 and 13 March 1992 (next to be held NA 1997) -Member of: - ABEDA, ACCT (associate), ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CAEU, CCC, CEAO, - ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, - IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, - UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Mohamed Fall OULD AININA; Chancery at 2129 Leroy Place NW, - Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 232-5700 - US: - Ambassador Gordon S. BROWN; Embassy at address NA, Nouakchott (mailing - address is B. P. 222, Nouakchott); telephone [222] (2) 526-60 or 526-63; FAX - [222] (2) 515-92 -Flag: - green with a yellow five-pointed star above a yellow, horizontal crescent; - the closed side of the crescent is down; the crescent, star, and color green - are traditional symbols of Islam - -:Mauritania Economy - -Overview: - A majority of the population still depends on agriculture and livestock for - a livelihood, even though most of the nomads and many subsistence farmers - were forced into the cities by recurrent droughts in the 1970s and 1980s. - Mauritania has extensive deposits of iron ore, which account for almost 50% - of total exports. The decline in world demand for this ore, however, has led - to cutbacks in production. The nation's coastal waters are among the richest - fishing areas in the world, but overexploitation by foreigners threatens - this key source of revenue. The country's first deepwater port opened near - Nouakchott in 1986. In recent years, the droughts, the endemic conflict with - Senegal, rising energy costs, and economic mismanagement have resulted in a - substantial buildup of foreign debt. The government has begun the second - stage of an economic reform program in consultation with the World Bank, the - IMF, and major donor countries. But the reform process suffered a major - setback following the Gulf war of early 1991. Because of Mauritania's - support of Saddam Husayn, bilateral aid from its two top donors, Saudi - Arabia and Kuwait, was suspended, and multilateral aid was reduced. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $1.1 billion, per capita $535; real growth rate - 3% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 6.5% (1990 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 20% (1991 est.) -Budget: - revenues $280 million; expenditures $346 million, including capital - expenditures of $61 million (1989 est.) -Exports: - $436 million (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - iron ore, processed fish, small amounts of gum arabic and gypsum; unrecorded - but numerically significant cattle exports to Senegal - partners: - EC 43%, Japan 27%, USSR 11%, Ivory Coast 3% -Imports: - $389 million (c.i.f., 1990) - commodities: - foodstuffs, consumer goods, petroleum products, capital goods - partners: - EC 60%, Algeria 15%, China 6%, US 3% -External debt: - $1.9 billion (1990) -Industrial production: - growth rate 4.4% (1988 est.); accounts for almost 20% of GDP -Electricity: - 190,000 kW capacity; 135 million kWh produced, 70 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - fishing, fish processing, mining of iron ore and gypsum -Agriculture: - accounts for 29% of GDP (including fishing); largely subsistence farming and - nomadic cattle and sheep herding except in Senegal river valley; crops - - dates, millet, sorghum, root crops; fish products number-one export; large - food deficit in years of drought -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $168 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.3 billion; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $490 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $277 - million; Arab Development Bank (1991), $20 million - -:Mauritania Economy - -Currency: - ouguiya (plural - ouguiya); 1 ouguiya (UM) = 5 khoums -Exchange rates: - ouguiya (UM) per US$1 - 79.300 (January 1992), 81.946 (1991), 80.609 (1990), - 83.051 (1989), 75.261 (1988), 73.878 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Mauritania Communications - -Railroads: - 690 km 1.435-meter (standard) gauge, single track, owned and operated by - government mining company -Highways: - 7,525 km total; 1,685 km paved; 1,040 km gravel, crushed stone, or otherwise - improved; 4,800 km unimproved roads, trails, tracks -Inland waterways: - mostly ferry traffic on the Senegal River -Ports: - Nouadhibou, Nouakchott -Merchant marine: - 1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,290 GRT/1,840 DWT -Civil air: - 3 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 28 total, 28 usable; 9 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways - over 3,659 m; 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 16 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - poor system of cable and open-wire lines, minor radio relay links, and radio - communications stations (improvements being made); broadcast stations - 2 - AM, no FM, 1 TV; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 2 - ARABSAT, with six planned - -:Mauritania Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force, National Gendarmerie, National Guard, National - Police, Presidential Guard -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 436,897; 213,307 fit for military service; conscription law not - implemented -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $40 million, 4.2% of GDP (1989) - -:Mauritius Geography - -Total area: - 1,860 km2 -Land area: - 1,850 km2; includes Agalega Islands, Cargados Carajos Shoals (Saint - Brandon), and Rodrigues -Comparative area: - slightly less than 10.5 times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 177 km -Maritime claims: - Continental shelf: - edge of continental margin or 200 nm - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - claims UK-administered Chagos Archipelago, which includes the island of - Diego Garcia in UK-administered British Indian Ocean Territory; claims - French-administered Tromelin Island -Climate: - tropical modified by southeast trade winds; warm, dry winter (May to - November); hot, wet, humid summer (November to May) -Terrain: - small coastal plain rising to discontinuous mountains encircling central - plateau -Natural resources: - arable land, fish -Land use: - arable land 54%; permanent crops 4%; meadows and pastures 4%; forest and - woodland 31%; other 7%; includes irrigated 9% -Environment: - subject to cyclones (November to April); almost completely surrounded by - reefs -Note: - located 900 km east of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean - -:Mauritius People - -Population: - 1,092,130 (July 1992), growth rate 0.8% (1992) -Birth rate: - 19 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - -4 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 22 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 66 years male, 73 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 2.1 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Mauritian(s); adjective - Mauritian -Ethnic divisions: - Indo-Mauritian 68%, Creole 27%, Sino-Mauritian 3%, Franco-Mauritian 2% -Religions: - Hindu 52%, Christian (Roman Catholic 26%, Protestant 2.3%) 28.3%, Muslim - 16.6%, other 3.1% -Languages: - English (official), Creole, French, Hindi, Urdu, Hakka, Bojpoori -Literacy: - 82.8 % (male 88.7%, female 77.1%) age 13 and over can read and write (1985 - UNESCO estimate) -Labor force: - 335,000; government services 29%, agriculture and fishing 27%, manufacturing - 22%, other 22%; 43% of population of working age (1985) -Organized labor: - 35% of labor force in more than 270 unions - -:Mauritius Government - -Long-form name: - none -Type: - parliamentary democracy -Capital: - Port Louis -Administrative divisions: - 9 districts and 3 dependencies*; Agalega Islands*, Black River, Cargados - Carajos*, Flacq, Grand Port, Moka, Pamplemousses, Plaines Wilhems, Port - Louis, Riviere du Rempart, Rodrigues*, Savanne -Independence: - 12 March 1968 (from UK) -Constitution: - 12 March 1968 -Legal system: - based on French civil law system with elements of English common law in - certain areas -National holiday: - Independence Day, 12 March (1968) -Executive branch: - British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister, - Council of Ministers (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral Legislative Assembly -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General - Sir Veerasamy RINGADOO (since 17 January 1986) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Sir Anerood JUGNAUTH (since 12 June 1982); Deputy Prime - Minister Prem NABABSING (since 26 September 1990) -Political parties and leaders: - government coalition: - Militant Socialist Movement (MSM), A. JUGNAUTH; Mauritian Militant Movement - (MMM), Paul BERENGER; Organization of the People of Rodrigues (OPR), Louis - Serge CLAIR; Democratic Labor Movement (MTD), Anil BAICHOO - opposition: - Mauritian Labor Party (MLP), Navin RAMGOOLMAN; Socialist Workers Front, - Sylvio MICHEL; Mauritian Social Democratic Party (PMSD), G. DUVAL -Elections: - Legislative Assembly: - last held on 15 September 1991 (next to be held by 15 September 1996); - results - MSM/MMM 53%, MLP/PMSD 38%; seats - (70 total, 62 elected) MSM/MMM - alliance 59 (MSM 29, MMM 26, OPR 2, MTD 2); MLP/PMSD 3 -Communists: - may be 2,000 sympathizers -Other political or pressure groups: - various labor unions -Member of: - ACCT, ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, - IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, - LORCS, NAM, OAU, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, - WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Chitmansing JESSERAMSING; Chancery at Suite 134, 4301 Connecticut - Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 244-1491 or 1492 - -:Mauritius Government - - US: - Ambassador Penne Percy KORTH; Embassy at 4th Floor, Rogers House, John - Kennedy Street, Port Louis; telephone [230] 208-9763 through 208-9767; FAX - [230] 208-9534 -Flag: - four equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue, yellow, and green - -:Mauritius Economy - -Overview: - The economy is based on sugar, manufacturing (mainly textiles), and tourism. - Sugarcane is grown on about 90% of the cultivated land area and accounts for - 40% of export earnings. The government's development strategy is centered on - industrialization (with a view to exports), agricultural diversification, - and tourism. Economic performance in FY91 was impressive, with 6% real - growth and low unemployment. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $2.5 billion, per capita $2,300; real growth rate - 6.1% (FY91 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 13.2% (FY91 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 2.4% (1991 est.) -Budget: - revenues $557 million; expenditures $607 million, including capital - expenditures of $111 million (FY90) -Exports: - $1.2 billion (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - textiles 44%, sugar 40%, light manufactures 10% - partners: - EC and US have preferential treatment, EC 77%, US 15% -Imports: - $1.6 billion (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - manufactured goods 50%, capital equipment 17%, foodstuffs 13%, petroleum - products 8%, chemicals 7% - partners: - EC, US, South Africa, Japan -External debt: - $869 million (1991 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 12.9% (FY87); accounts for 25% of GDP -Electricity: - 235,000 kW capacity; 425 million kWh produced, 395 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - food processing (largely sugar milling), textiles, wearing apparel, - chemicals, metal products, transport equipment, nonelectrical machinery, - tourism -Agriculture: - accounts for 10% of GDP; about 90% of cultivated land in sugarcane; other - products - tea, corn, potatoes, bananas, pulses, cattle, goats, fish; net - food importer, especially rice and fish -Illicit drugs: - illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $76 million; Western (non-US) - countries (1970-89), $709 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $54 - million -Currency: - Mauritian rupee (plural - rupees); 1 Mauritian rupee (MauR) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - Mauritian rupees (MauRs) per US$1 - 15.198 (January 1992), 15.652 (1991), - 14.839 (1990), 15.250 (1989), 13.438 (1988), 12.878 (1987) -Fiscal year: - 1 July - 30 June - -:Mauritius Communications - -Highways: - 1,800 km total; 1,640 km paved, 160 km earth -Ports: - Port Louis -Merchant marine: - 9 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 94,710 GRT/150,345 DWT; includes 1 - passenger-cargo, 3 cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off, 1 liquefied gas, 3 bulk -Civil air: - 7 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 5 total, 4 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over - 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; none with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - small system with good service utilizing primarily radio relay; new - microwave link to Reunion; high-frequency radio links to several countries; - over 48,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, 4 TV; 1 Indian - Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -:Mauritius Defense Forces - -Branches: - paramilitary Special Mobile Force, Special Support Unit, National Police - Force, National Coast Guard -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 307,237; 157,246 fit for military service -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $5 million, 0.2% of GDP (FY89) - -:Mayotte Geography - -Total area: - 375 km2 -Land area: - 375 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly more than twice the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 185.2 km -Maritime claims: - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - claimed by Comoros -Climate: - tropical; marine; hot, humid, rainy season during northeastern monsoon - (November to May); dry season is cooler (May to November) -Terrain: - generally undulating with ancient volcanic peaks, deep ravines -Natural resources: - negligible -Land use: - arable land NA%; permanent crops NA%; meadows and pastures NA%; forest and - woodland NA%; other NA% -Environment: - subject to cyclones during rainy season -Note: - part of Comoro Archipelago; located in the Mozambique Channel about halfway - between Africa and Madagascar - -:Mayotte People - -Population: - 86,628 (July 1992), growth rate 3.8% (1992) -Birth rate: - 50 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 12 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 84 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 55 years male, 59 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 6.9 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Mahorais (singular and plural); adjective - Mahoran -Religions: - Muslim 99%; remainder Christian, mostly Roman Catholic -Languages: - Mahorian (a Swahili dialect), French -Literacy: - NA% (male NA%, female NA%) -Labor force: - NA -Organized labor: - NA - -:Mayotte Government - -Long-form name: - Territorial Collectivity of Mayotte -Type: - territorial collectivity of France -Capital: - Mamoutzou -Administrative divisions: - none (territorial collectivity of France) -Independence: - none (territorial collectivity of France) -Constitution: - 28 September 1958 (French Constitution) -Legal system: - French law -National holiday: - Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789) -Executive branch: - government commissioner -Legislative branch: - unicameral General Council (Conseil General) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court (Tribunal Superieur d'Appel) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981) - Head of Government: - Commissioner, Representative of the French Government Jean-Paul COSTE (since - NA 1991); President of the General Council Youssouf BAMANA (since NA 1976) -Political parties and leaders: - Mahoran Popular Movement (MPM), Younoussa BAMANA; Party for the Mahoran - Democratic Rally (PRDM), Daroueche MAOULIDA; Mahoran Rally for the Republic - (RMPR), Mansour KAMARDINE; Union of the Center (UDC) -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - General Council: - last held June 1988 (next to be held June 1993); results - percent of vote - by party NA; seats - (17 total) MPM 9, RPR 6, other 2 - French Senate: - last held on 24 September 1989 (next to be held September 1992); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) MPM 1 - French National Assembly: - last held 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held June 1993); results - percent - of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) UDC 1 -Member of: - FZ -Diplomatic representation: - as a territorial collectivity of France, Mahoran interests are represented - in the US by France -Flag: - the flag of France is used - -:Mayotte Economy - -Overview: - Economic activity is based primarily on the agricultural sector, including - fishing and livestock raising. Mayotte is not self-sufficient and must - import a large portion of its food requirements, mainly from France. The - economy and future development of the island is heavily dependent on French - financial assistance. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate NA% -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - NA% -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $NA; expenditures $37.3 million, including capital expenditures of - $NA (1985) -Exports: - $4.0 million (f.o.b., 1984) - commodities: - ylang-ylang, vanilla - partners: - France 79%, Comoros 10%, Reunion 9% -Imports: - $21.8 million (f.o.b., 1984) - commodities: - building materials, transportation equipment, rice, clothing, flour - partners: - France 57%, Kenya 16%, South Africa 11%, Pakistan 8% -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - NA kW capacity; NA million kWh produced, NA kWh per capita -Industries: - newly created lobster and shrimp industry -Agriculture: - most important sector; provides all export earnings; crops - vanilla, - ylang-ylang, coffee, copra; imports major share of food needs -Economic aid: - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), - $402 million -Currency: - French franc (plural - francs); 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes -Exchange rates: - French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.3801 (January 1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453 - (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988), 6.0107 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Mayotte Communications - -Highways: - 42 km total; 18 km bituminous -Ports: - Dzaoudzi -Civil air: - no major transport aircraft -Airports: - 1 with permanent-surface runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - small system administered by French Department of Posts and - Telecommunications; includes radio relay and high-frequency radio - communications for links to Comoros and international communications; 450 - telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV - -:Mayotte Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of France - -:Mexico Geography - -Total area: - 1,972,550 km2 -Land area: - 1,923,040 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly less than three times the size of Texas -Land boundaries: - 4,538 km; Belize 250 km, Guatemala 962 km, US 3,326 km -Coastline: - 9,330 km -Maritime claims: - Contiguous zone: - 24 nm - Continental shelf: - natural prolongation of continental margin or 200 nm - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - claims Clipperton Island (French possession) -Climate: - varies from tropical to desert -Terrain: - high, rugged mountains, low coastal plains, high plateaus, and desert -Natural resources: - crude oil, silver, copper, gold, lead, zinc, natural gas, timber -Land use: - arable land 12%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 39%; forest and - woodland 24%; other 24%; includes irrigated 3% -Environment: - subject to tsunamis along the Pacific coast and destructive earthquakes in - the center and south; natural water resources scarce and polluted in north, - inaccessible and poor quality in center and extreme southeast; - deforestation; erosion widespread; desertification; serious air pollution in - Mexico City and urban centers along US-Mexico border -Note: - strategic location on southern border of US - -:Mexico People - -Population: - 92,380,721 (July 1992), growth rate 2.3% (1992) -Birth rate: - 29 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - -1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 30 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 69 years male, 76 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 3.3 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Mexican(s); adjective - Mexican -Ethnic divisions: - mestizo (Indian-Spanish) 60%, Amerindian or predominantly Amerindian 30%, - Caucasian or predominantly Caucasian 9%, other 1% -Religions: - nominally Roman Catholic 89%, Protestant 6% -Languages: - Spanish; various Mayan dialects -Literacy: - 87% (male 90%, female 85%) age 15 and over can read and write (1985 est.) -Labor force: - 26,100,000 (1988); services 31.4%, agriculture, forestry, hunting, and - fishing 26%, commerce 13.9%, manufacturing 12.8%, construction 9.5%, - transportation 4.8%, mining and quarrying 1.3%, electricity 0.3% (1986) -Organized labor: - 35% of labor force - -:Mexico Government - -Long-form name: - United Mexican States -Type: - federal republic operating under a centralized government -Capital: - Mexico -Administrative divisions: - 31 states (estados, singular - estado) and 1 federal district* (distrito - federal); Aguascalientes, Baja California, Baja California Sur, Campeche, - Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, Distrito Federal*, Durango, - Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico, Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit, - Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosi, - Sinaloa, Sonora, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, Yucatan, Zacatecas -Independence: - 16 September 1810 (from Spain) -Constitution: - 5 February 1917 -Legal system: - mixture of US constitutional theory and civil law system; judicial review of - legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations -National holiday: - Independence Day, 16 September (1810) -Executive branch: - president, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - bicameral National Congress (Congreso de la Union) consists of an upper - chamber or Senate (Camara de Senadores) and a lower chamber or Chamber of - Deputies (Camara de Diputados) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia) -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Carlos SALINAS de Gortari (since 1 December 1988) -Political parties and leaders: - (recognized parties) Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), Genaro BORREGO - Estrada; National Action Party (PAN), Luis ALVAREZ; Popular Socialist Party - (PPS), Indalecio SAYAGO Herrera; Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD), - Cuauhtemoc CARDENAS Solorzano; Cardenist Front for the National - Reconstruction Party (PFCRN), Rafael AGUILAR Talamantes; Authentic Party of - the Mexican Revolution (PARM), Carlos Enrique CANTU Rosas -Suffrage: - universal and compulsory (but not enforced) at age 18 -Elections: - President: - last held on 6 July 1988 (next to be held September 1994); results - Carlos - SALINAS de Gortari (PRI) 50.74%, Cuauhtemoc CARDENAS Solorzano (FDN) 31.06%, - Manuel CLOUTHIER (PAN) 16.81%; other 1.39%; note - several of the smaller - parties ran a common candidate under a coalition called the National - Democratic Front (FDN) - Senate: - last held on 18 August 1988 (next to be held midyear 1994); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats in full Senate - (64 total) number of - seats by party; PRI 61, PRD 2, PAN 1 - Chamber of Deputies: - last held on 18 August 1991 (next to be held midyear 1994); results - PRI - 53%, PAN 20%, PFCRN 10%, PPS 6%, PARM 7%, PMS (now part of PRD) 4%; seats - - (500 total) PRI 320, PAN 89, PRD 41, PFCRN 23, PARM 15, PPS 12 - -:Mexico Government - -Other political or pressure groups: - Roman Catholic Church, Confederation of Mexican Workers (CTM), Confederation - of Industrial Chambers (CONCAMIN), Confederation of National Chambers of - Commerce (CONCANACO), National Peasant Confederation (CNC), UNE (no - expansion), Revolutionary Workers Party (PRT), Mexican Democratic Party - (PDM), Revolutionary Confederation of Workers and Peasants (CROC), Regional - Confederation of Mexican Workers (CROM), Confederation of Employers of the - Mexican Republic (COPARMEX), National Chamber of Transformation Industries - (CANACINTRA), Coordinator for Foreign Trade Business Organizations (COECE) -Member of: - AG (observer), CARICOM (observer) CCC, CDB, CG, EBRD, ECLAC, FAO, G-3, G-6, - G-11, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, - IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, - LAES, LAIA, LORCS, NAM (observer), OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, - UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Gustavo PETRICIOLI Iturbide; Chancery at 1911 Pennsylvania Avenue - NW, Washington, DC 20006; telephone (202) 728-1600; there are Mexican - Consulates General in Chicago, Dallas, Denver, El Paso, Houston, Los - Angeles, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, San Antonio, San Diego, and - Consulates in Albuquerque, Atlanta, Austin, Boston, Brownsville (Texas), - Calexico (California), Corpus Christi, Del Rio (Texas), Detroit, Douglas - (Arizona), Eagle Pass (Texas), Fresno (California), Kansas City (Missouri), - Laredo, McAllen (Texas), Miami, Nogales (Arizona), Oxnard (California), - Philadelphia, Phoenix, Presidio (Texas), Sacramento, St. Louis, St. Paul - (Minneapolis), Salt Lake City, San Bernardino, San Jose, San Juan (Puerto - Rico), and Seattle - US: - Ambassador John D. NEGROPONTE, Jr.; Embassy at Paseo de la Reforma 305, - 06500 Mexico, D.F. (mailing address is P. O. Box 3087, Laredo, TX - 78044-3087); telephone [52] (5) 211-0042; FAX [52] (5) 511-9980, 208-3373; - there are US Consulates General in Ciudad Juarez, Guadalajara, Monterrey, - and Tijuana, and Consulates in Hermosillo, Matamoros, Mazatlan, Merida, and - Nuevo Laredo -Flag: - three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and red; the coat - of arms (an eagle perched on a cactus with a snake in its beak) is centered - in the white band - -:Mexico Economy - -Overview: - Mexico's economy is a mixture of state-owned industrial plants (notably - oil), private manufacturing and services, and both large-scale and - traditional agriculture. In the 1980s, Mexico experienced severe economic - difficulties: the nation accumulated large external debts as world petroleum - prices fell; rapid population growth outstripped the domestic food supply; - and inflation, unemployment, and pressures to emigrate became more acute. - Growth in national output, however, is recovering, rising from 1.4% in 1988 - to 4% in 1990 and again in 1991. The US is Mexico's major trading partner, - accounting for two-thirds of its exports and imports. After petroleum, - border assembly plants and tourism are the largest earners of foreign - exchange. The government, in consultation with international economic - agencies, is implementing programs to stabilize the economy and foster - growth. In 1991 the government began negotiations with the US and Canada on - a free trade agreement. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $289 billion, per capita $3,200; real growth rate - 4% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 18.8% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 14-17% (1991 est.) -Budget: - revenues $41.0 billion; expenditures $47.9 billion, including capital - expenditures of $6.3 billion (1990) -Exports: - $27.4 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) - commodities: - crude oil, oil products, coffee, shrimp, engines, motor vehicles, cotton, - consumer electronics - partners: - US 68%, EC 14%, Japan 6% (1990 est.) -Imports: - $36.7 billion (c.i.f., 1991) - commodities: - grain, metal manufactures, agricultural machinery, electrical equipment - partners: - US 69%, EC 13%, Japan 6% (1990) -External debt: - $98.4 billion (1991) -Industrial production: - growth rate 5.5% (1991 est.); accounts for 28% of GDP -Electricity: - 26,150,000 kW capacity; 114,277 million kWh produced, 1,270 kWh per capita - (1991) -Industries: - food and beverages, tobacco, chemicals, iron and steel, petroleum, mining, - textiles, clothing, transportation equipment, tourism -Agriculture: - accounts for 9% of GDP and over 25% of work force; large number of small - farms at subsistence level; major food crops - corn, wheat, rice, beans; - cash crops - cotton, coffee, fruit, tomatoes; fish catch of 1.4 million - metric tons among top 20 nations (1987) -Illicit drugs: - illicit cultivation of opium poppy and cannabis continues in spite of active - government eradication program; major supplier to the US market; continues - as the primary transshipment country for US-bound cocaine from South America - -:Mexico Economy - -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $3.1 billion; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $7.7 billion; - Communist countries (1970-89), $110 million -Currency: - Mexican peso (plural - pesos); 1 Mexican peso (Mex$) = 100 centavos -Exchange rates: - market rate of Mexican pesos (Mex$) per US$1 - 3,068.5 (January 1992), - 3,018.4 (1991) 2,940.9 (January 1991), 2,812.6 (1990), 2,461.3 (1989), - 2,273.1 (1988), 1,378.2 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Mexico Communications - -Railroads: - 24,500 km total; breakdown NA -Highways: - 212,000 km total; 65,000 km paved, 30,000 km semipaved or cobblestone, - 62,000 km rural roads (improved earth) or roads under construction, 55,000 - km unimproved earth roads -Inland waterways: - 2,900 km navigable rivers and coastal canals -Pipelines: - crude oil 28,200 km; petroleum products 10,150 km; natural gas 13,254 km; - petrochemical 1,400 km -Ports: - Acapulco, Coatzacoalcos, Ensenada, Guaymas, Manzanillo, Mazatlan, Progreso, - Puerto Vallarta, Salina Cruz, Tampico, Veracruz -Merchant marine: - 58 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 875,239 GRT/1,301,355 DWT; includes 4 - short-sea passenger, 3 cargo, 2 refrigerated cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off, 30 - petroleum tanker, 4 chemical tanker, 7 liquefied gas, 1 bulk, 1 combination - bulk, 4 container -Civil air: - 186 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 1,815 total, 1,505 usable; 200 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with - runways over 3,659 m; 33 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 284 with runways - 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - highly developed system with extensive radio relay links; privatized in - December 1990; connected into Central America Microwave System; 6,410,000 - telephones; broadcast stations - 679 AM, no FM, 238 TV, 22 shortwave; 120 - domestic satellite terminals; earth stations - 4 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and - 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT - -:Mexico Defense Forces - -Branches: - National Defense (including Army and Air Force), Navy (including Marines) -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 23,023,871; 16,852,513 fit for military service; 1,138,455 - reach military age (18) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $1.6 billion, less than 1% of GDP (1982 budget) - -:Micronesia, Federated States of Geography - -Total area: - 702 km2 -Land area: - 702 km2; includes Pohnpei, Truk, Yap, and Kosrae -Comparative area: - slightly less than four times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 6,112 km -Maritime claims: - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; heavy year-round rainfall, especially in the eastern islands; - located on southern edge of the typhoon belt with occasional severe damage -Terrain: - islands vary geologically from high mountainous islands to low, coral - atolls; volcanic outcroppings on Pohnpei, Kosrae, and Truk -Natural resources: - forests, marine products, deep-seabed minerals -Land use: - arable land NA%; permanent crops NA%; meadows and pastures NA%; forest and - woodland NA%; other NA% -Environment: - subject to typhoons from June to December; four major island groups totaling - 607 islands -Note: - located 5,150 km west-southwest of Honolulu in the North Pacific Ocean, - about three-quarters of the way between Hawaii and Indonesia - -:Micronesia, Federated States of People - -Population: - 114,694 (July 1992), growth rate 3.4% (1992) -Birth rate: - 29 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 12 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 39 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 65 years male, 69 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 4.1 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Micronesian(s); adjective - Micronesian; Kosrae(s), Pohnpeian(s), - Trukese (singular and plural), Yapese (singular and plural) -Ethnic divisions: - nine ethnic Micronesian and Polynesian groups -Religions: - predominantly Christian, divided between Roman Catholic and Protestant; - other churches include Assembly of God, Jehovah's Witnesses, Seventh-Day - Adventist, Latter-Day Saints, and the Baha'i Faith -Languages: - English is the official and common language; most indigenous languages fall - within the Austronesian language family, the exceptions are the Polynesian - languages; major indigenous languages are Trukese, Pohnpeian, Yapese, and - Kosrean -Literacy: - 90% (male 90%, female 85%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980) -Labor force: - NA; two-thirds are government employees; 45,000 people are between the ages - of 15 and 65 -Organized labor: - NA - -:Micronesia, Federated States of Government - -Long-form name: - Federated States of Micronesia (no short-form name) -Type: - constitutional government in free association with the US; the Compact of - Free Association entered into force 3 November 1986 -Capital: - Kolonia (on the island of Pohnpei); note - a new capital is being built - about 10 km southwest in the Palikir valley -Administrative divisions: - 4 states; Kosrae, Pohnpei, Chuuk, Yap -Independence: - 3 November 1986 (from the US-administered UN Trusteeship; formerly the - Kosrae, Pohnpei, Truk, and Yap districts of the Trust Territory of the - Pacific Islands) -Constitution: - 10 May 1979 -Legal system: - based on adapted Trust Territory laws, acts of the legislature, municipal, - common, and customary laws -National holiday: - Proclamation of the Federated States of Micronesia, 10 May (1979) -Executive branch: - president, vice president, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral Congress -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Bailey OLTER (since 21 May 1991); Vice President Jacob NENA (since - 21 May 1991) -Political parties and leaders: - no formal parties -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - President: - last held ll May 1991 (next to be held March 1995); results - President - Bailey OLTER elected president; Vice-President Jacob NENA - Congress: - last held on 5 March 1991 (next to be held March 1993); results - percent of - vote NA; seats - (14 total) -Member of: - ESCAP (associate), ICAO, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Jesse B. MAREHALAU; Embassy at 1725 N St., NW, Washington, DC - 20036; telephone (202) 223-4383 - US: - Ambassador Aurelia BRAZEAL; Embassy at address NA, Kolonia (mailing address - is P. O. Box 1286, Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia 96941); telephone - 691-320-2187; FAX 691-320-2186 -Flag: - light blue with four white five-pointed stars centered; the stars are - arranged in a diamond pattern - -:Micronesia, Federated States of Economy - -Overview: - Economic activity consists primarily of subsistence farming and fishing. The - islands have few mineral deposits worth exploiting, except for high-grade - phosphate. The potential for a tourist industry exists, but the remoteness - of the location and a lack of adequate facilities hinder development. - Financial assistance from the US is the primary source of revenue, with the - US pledged to spend $1 billion in the islands in the l990s. Geographical - isolation and a poorly developed infrastructure are major impediments to - long-term growth. -GNP: - purchasing power equivalent - $150 million, per capita $1,500; real growth - rate NA% (1989 est.); note - GNP numbers reflect US spending -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - NA% -Unemployment rate: - NA -Budget: - revenues $165 million; expenditures $115 million, including capital - expenditures of $20 million (1988) -Exports: - $2.3 million (f.o.b., 1988) - commodities: - copra - partners: - NA -Imports: - $67.7 million (c.i.f., 1988) - commodities: - NA - partners: - NA -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 18,000 kW capacity; 40 million kWh produced, 380 kWh per capita (1990) -Industries: - tourism, construction, fish processing, craft items from shell, wood, and - pearls -Agriculture: - mainly a subsistence economy; copra, black pepper; tropical fruits and - vegetables, coconuts, cassava, sweet potatoes, pigs, chickens -Economic aid: - under terms of the Compact of Free Association, the US will provide $1.3 - billion in grant aid during the period 1986-2001 -Currency: - US currency is used -Exchange rates: - US currency is used -Fiscal year: - 1 October - 30 September - -:Micronesia, Federated States of Communications - -Highways: - 39 km of paved roads on major islands; also 187 km stone-, coral-, or - laterite-surfaced roads -Ports: - Colonia (Yap), Truk (Kosrae), Okat (Kosrae) -Airports: - 6 total, 5 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over - 2,439 m; 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 -Telecommunications: - telephone network - 960 telephone lines total at Kolonia and Truk; islands - interconnected by shortwave radio (used mostly for government purposes); - 16,000 radio receivers, 1,125 TV sets (est. 1987); broadcast stations - 5 - AM, 1 FM, 6 TV, 1 shortwave; 4 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth stations - -:Micronesia, Federated States of Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of the US - -:Midway Islands Geography - -Total area: - 5.2 km2 -Land area: - 5.2 km2; includes Eastern Island and Sand Island -Comparative area: - about nine times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 15 km -Maritime claims: - Contiguous zone: - 12 nm - Continental shelf: - 200 m (depth) - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical, but moderated by prevailing easterly winds -Terrain: - low, nearly level -Natural resources: - fish and wildlife -Land use: - arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and - woodland 0%; other 100% -Environment: - coral atoll -Note: - located 2,350 km west-northwest of Honolulu at the western end of Hawaiian - Islands group, about one-third of the way between Honolulu and Tokyo; closed - to the public - -:Midway Islands People - -Population: - 453 US military personnel (1992) - -:Midway Islands Government - -Long-form name: - none -Type: - unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US Navy, under - command of the Barbers Point Naval Air Station in Hawaii and managed - cooperatively by the US Navy and the Fish and Wildlife Service of the US - Department of the Interior as part of the National Wildlife Refuge System; - legislation before Congress in 1990 proposed inclusion of territory within - the State of Hawaii -Capital: - none; administered from Washington, DC -Diplomatic representation: - none (territory of the US) -Flag: - the US flag is used - -:Midway Islands Economy - -Overview: - The economy is based on providing support services for US naval operations - located on the islands. All food and manufactured goods must be imported. -Electricity: - supplied by US Military - -:Midway Islands Communications - -Highways: - 32 km total -Pipelines: - 7.8 km -Ports: - Sand Island -Airports: - 3 total; 2 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over - 2,439 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m - -:Midway Islands Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of the US - -:Moldova Geography - -Total area: - 33,700 km2 -Land area: - 33,700 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly more than twice the size of Hawaii -Land boundaries: - 1,389 km; Romania 450 km, Ukraine 939 km -Coastline: - none - landlocked -Maritime claims: - none - landlocked -Disputes: - potential dispute with Ukraine over former southern Bessarabian areas; - northern Bukovina ceded to Ukraine upon Moldova's incorporation into USSR; - internal with ethnic Russians in the Trans-Dnestr and Gagauz Muslims in the - South -Climate: - mild winters, warm summers -Terrain: - rolling steppe, gradual slope south to Black Sea -Natural resources: - lignite, phosphorites, gypsum -Land use: - NA% arable land; NA% permanent crops; NA% meadows and pastures; NA% forest - and woodland; NA% other; includes NA% irrigated -Environment: - NA - -:Moldova People - -Population: - 4,458,435 (July 1992), growth rate 0.7% (1992) -Birth rate: - 19 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 10 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - -2 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 35 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 64 years male, 71 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 2.6 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Moldovan(s); adjective - Moldovan -Ethnic divisions: - Moldavian (Moldovan) 64.5%, Ukrainian 13.8%, Russian 13.0%, Gagauz 3.5%, - Jews 1.5%, Bulgarian 2.0%, other 1.0% (1989 figures) -Religions: - Eastern Orthodox 98.5%, Jewish 1.5%, Baptist only about 1,000 members, other - 1.0%; note - almost all churchgoers are ethnic Moldovan; the Slavic - population are not churchgoers (1991 figures) -Languages: - Romanian; (Moldovan official), Russian -Literacy: - NA% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write -Labor force: - 2,095,000; agriculture 34.4%, industry 20.1%, other 45.5% (1985 figures) -Organized labor: - NA - -:Moldova Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Moldova -Type: - republic -Capital: - Chisinau (Kishinev) -Administrative divisions: - previously divided into 40 rayons; now to be divided into 7-9 larger - districts at some future point -Independence: - 27 August 1991 (from Soviet Union; formerly Soviet Socialist Republic of - Moldova) -Constitution: - formulating a new constitution; old constitution is still in effect but has - been heavily amended during the past few years -Legal system: - based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts; does not - accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction but accepts many UN and CSCE documents -National holiday: - Independence Day, 27 August 1991 -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, Cabinet of Ministers -Legislative branch: - Moldovan Supreme Soviet -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court (highest civil court in Moldova) -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - Prime Minister Valeriy MURAVSKY (since 28 May 1991), 1st Deputy Prime - Minister Constantin OBOROC (since June 1990); 1st Deputy Prime Minister - Constantin TAMPIZA (since June 1990); 1st Deputy Prime Minister Andrei - SANGHELI (since June 1990) - Chief of State: - President Mircea SNEGUR (since 3 September 1990) - Head of Legislature: - Chairman of the Supreme Soviet (Premier) Valeriy MURAVSKIY (since May 1991); - 1st Deputy Prime Minister Ian HADIRCA (since 11 May 1990); Deputy Prime - Minister Victor PUSCASU, 21 November 1989; Deputy Prime Minister Mihial - PLASICHUK, NA -Political parties and leaders: - Moldovan Popular Front, Yuriy ROSHKA, chairman (since summer 1990); - Unitatea-Yedinstvo Intermovement, V. YAKOVLEV, chairman; Bulgarian Rebirth - Society, Ivan ZABUNOV, chairman; Democratic Group, five cochairmen -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - President: - last held 8 December 1991; results - Mircea SNEGUR won 98.17% of vote - Moldovan Supreme Soviet: - last held 25 February 1990; results - Moldovan Popular Front 33%, - Intermovement 34%, Communist Party 32%; seats - (366 total) Popular Front - Club 35; Sovereignty Club 35; Club of Independent Deputies 25; Agrarian Club - 110; Club Bujak 15; Reality Club 25; Soviet Moldova 80; remaining 41 seats - probably belong to Onestr region deputies who usually boycott Moldovan - legislative proceedings - -:Moldova Government - -Other political or pressure groups: - United Council of Labor Collectives (UCLC), Igor SMIRNOV, chairman; Social - Democratic Party of Moldova (SDPM), V. CHIOBATARU, leader; The Ecology - Movement of Moldova (EMM), G. MALARCHUK, chairman; The Christian Democratic - League of Women of Moldova (CDLWM), L. LARI, chairman; National Christian - Party of Moldova (NCPM), D. TODIKE, M. BARAGA, V. NIKU, leaders; The Peoples - Movement Gagauz Khalky (GKh), S. GULGAR, leader; The Democratic Party of - Gagauzia (DPG), G. SAVOSTIN, chairman; The Alliance of Working People of - Moldova (AWPM), G. POLOGOV, president -Member of: - CSCE, UN -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador vacant - US: - Charge Howard Steers; Interim Chancery at #103 Strada Alexei Mateevich, - Kishinev (mailing address is APO AE 09862); telephone 8-011-7-0422-23-28-94 - at Hotel Seabeco in Kishinev -Flag: - same color scheme as Romania - 3 equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), - yellow, and red; emblem in center of flag is of a Roman eagle carrying a - cross in its beak and an olive branch in its claws - -:Moldova Economy - -Overview: - Moldova, the next-to-smallest of the former Soviet republics in area, is the - most densely inhabited. Moldova has a little more than 1% of the population, - labor force, capital stock, and output of the former Soviet Union. Living - standards have been below average for the European USSR. The country enjoys - a favorable climate, and economic development has been primarily based on - agriculture, featuring fruits, vegetables, wine, and tobacco. Industry - accounts for 20% of the labor force, whereas agriculture employs more than - one-third. Moldova has no major mineral resources and has depended on the - former Soviet republics for coal, oil, gas, steel, most electronic - equipment, machine tools, and major consumer durables such as automobiles. - Its industrial and agricultural products, in turn, have been exported to the - other former Soviet republics. Moldova has freed prices on most goods and - has legalized private ownership of property, including agricultural land. - Moldova's economic prospects are dimmed by the difficulties of moving toward - a market economy and the political problems of redefining ties to the other - former Soviet republics and Romania. -GDP: - NA; per capita NA; real growth rate -12% (1991) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 97% (1991) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $NA million; expenditures $NA million, including capital - expenditures of $NA million (1992) -Exports: - $400 million rubles (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - foodstuffs, wine, tobacco, textiles and footwear, machinery, chemicals - (1991) - partners: - NA -Imports: - $1.9 billion rubles (c.i.f., 1990) - commodities: - oil, gas, coal, steel machinery, foodstuffs, automobiles, and other consumer - durables - partners: - NA -External debt: - $650 million (1991 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate -7% (1991) -Electricity: - 3,000,000 kW capacity; 13,000 million kWh produced, 2,806 kWh per capita - (1991) -Industries: - key products (with share of total former Soviet output in parentheses where - known): agricultural machinery, foundry equipment, refrigerators and - freezers (2.7%), washing machines (5.0%), hosiery (2.0%), refined sugar - (3.1%), vegetable oil (3.7%), canned food (8.6%), shoes, textiles -Agriculture: - Moldova's principal economic activity; products (shown in share of total - output of the former Soviet republics): Grain (1.6%), sugar beets (2.6%), - sunflower seed (4.4%), vegetables (4.4%), fruits and berries (9.7%), grapes - (20.1%), meat (1.7%), milk (1.4%), and eggs (1.4%) -Illicit drugs: - transshipment point for illicit drugs to Western Europe - -:Moldova Economy - -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (1991), $NA, Western (non-US) countries, ODA - and OOF bilateral commitments (1991), $NA million -Currency: - as of May 1992, retaining ruble as currency -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Moldova Communications - -Railroads: - 1,150 km (includes NA km electrified) (1990); does not include industrial - lines -Highways: - 20,000 km total (1990); 13,900 km hard-surfaced, 6,100 km earth -Inland waterways: - NA km perennially navigable -Pipelines: - NA -Ports: - none - landlocked -Merchant marine: - NA -Civil air: - NA major transport aircraft -Airports: - NA -Telecommunications: - poorly supplied with telephones; 215,000 unsatisfied applications for - telephone installations (31 January 1990); connected to Ukraine by landline - and countries beyond the former USSR through the switching center in Moscow - -:Moldova Defense Forces - -Branches: - Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops); Russian Forces - (Ground, Navy, Air, and Air Defense) -Manpower availability: - NA -Defense expenditures: - $NA, NA% of GDP - -:Monaco Geography - -Total area: - 1.9 km2 -Land area: - 1.9 km2 -Comparative area: - about three times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - 4.4 km; France 4.4 km -Coastline: - 4.1 km -Maritime claims: - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - Mediterranean with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers -Terrain: - hilly, rugged, rocky -Natural resources: - none -Land use: - arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and - woodland 0%; other 100% -Environment: - almost entirely urban -Note: - second-smallest independent state in world (after Vatican City) - -:Monaco People - -Population: - 29,965 (July 1992), growth rate 0.9% (1992) -Birth rate: - 7 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 9 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 8 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 72 years male, 80 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 1.1 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Monacan(s) or Monegasque(s); adjective - Monacan or Monegasque -Ethnic divisions: - French 47%, Monegasque 16%, Italian 16%, other 21% -Religions: - Roman Catholic 95% -Languages: - French (official), English, Italian, Monegasque -Literacy: - NA% (male NA%, female NA%) -Labor force: - NA -Organized labor: - 4,000 members in 35 unions - -:Monaco Government - -Long-form name: - Principality of Monaco -Type: - constitutional monarchy -Capital: - Monaco -Administrative divisions: - 4 quarters (quartiers, singular - quartier); Fontvieille, La Condamine, - Monaco-Ville, Monte-Carlo -Independence: - 1419, rule by the House of Grimaldi -Constitution: - 17 December 1962 -Legal system: - based on French law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - National Day, 19 November -Executive branch: - prince, minister of state, Council of Government (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - National Council (Conseil National) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Tribunal (Tribunal Supreme) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Prince RAINIER III (since November 1949); Heir Apparent Prince ALBERT - Alexandre Louis Pierre (born 14 March 1958) - Head of Government: - Minister of State Jean AUSSEIL (since 16 September 1985) -Political parties and leaders: - National and Democratic Union (UND), Democratic Union Movement (MUD), Monaco - Action, Monegasque Socialist Party (PSM) -Suffrage: - universal adult at age 25 -Elections: - National Council: - last held on 24 January 1988 (next to be held 24 January 1993); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (18 total) UND 18 -Member of: - ACCT, CSCE, IAEA, ICAO, IMF (observer), IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, - IOC, ITU, LORCS, UN (observer), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO -Diplomatic representation: - Monaco maintains honorary consulates general in Boston, Chicago, Los - Angeles, New Orleans, New York, and San Francisco, and honorary consulates - in Dallas, Honolulu, Palm Beach, Philadelphia, and Washington - US: - no mission in Monaco, but the US Consul General in Marseille, France, is - accredited to Monaco; Consul General R. Susan WOOD; Consulate General at 12 - Boulevard Paul Peytral, 13286 Marseille Cedex (mailing address APO AE - 09777); telephone [33] (91) 549-200 -Flag: - two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to the flag of - Indonesia which is longer and the flag of Poland which is white (top) and - red - -:Monaco Economy - -Overview: - Monaco, situated on the French Mediterranean coast, is a popular resort, - attracting tourists to its casino and pleasant climate. The Principality has - successfully sought to diversify into services and small, high-value-added, - nonpolluting industries. The state has no income tax and low business taxes - and thrives as a tax haven both for individuals who have established - residence and for foreign companies that have set up businesses and offices. - About 50% of Monaco's annual revenue comes from value-added taxes on hotels, - banks, and the industrial sector; about 25% of revenue comes from tourism. - Living standards are high, that is, roughly comparable to those in - prosperous French metropolitan suburbs. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $475 million, per capita $16,000; real growth - rate NA% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - NA% -Unemployment rate: - full employment (1989) -Budget: - revenues $424 million; expenditures $376 million, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1991) -Exports: - $NA; full customs integration with France, which collects and rebates - Monacan trade duties; also participates in EC market system through customs - union with France -Imports: - $NA; full customs integration with France, which collects and rebates - Monacan trade duties; also participates in EC market system through customs - union with France -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 10,000 kW standby capacity (1991); power supplied by France Indus -Agriculture: - NA -Economic aid: - NA -Currency: - French franc (plural - francs); 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes -Exchange rates: - French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.3801 (January 1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453 - (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988), 6.0107 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Monaco Communications - -Railroads: - 1.6 km 1.435-meter gauge -Highways: - none; city streets -Ports: - Monaco -Merchant marine: - 1 petroleum tanker (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,268 GRT/4,959 DWT -Civil air: - no major transport aircraft -Airports: - 1 usable airfield with permanent-surface runways -Telecommunications: - served by cable into the French communications system; automatic telephone - system; 38,200 telephones; broadcast stations - 3 AM, 4 FM, 5 TV; no - communication satellite earth stations - -:Monaco Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of France - -:Mongolia Geography - -Total area: - 1,565,000 km2 -Land area: - 1,565,000 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly larger than Alaska -Land boundaries: - 8,114 km; China 4,673 km, Russia 3,441 km -Coastline: - none - landlocked -Maritime claims: - none - landlocked -Disputes: - none -Climate: - desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges) -Terrain: - vast semidesert and desert plains; mountains in west and southwest; Gobi - Desert in southeast -Natural resources: - oil, coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc, - wolfram, fluorspar, gold -Land use: - arable land 1%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 79%; forest and - woodland 10%; other 10%; includes irrigated NEGL% -Environment: - harsh and rugged -Note: - landlocked; strategic location between China and Russia - -:Mongolia People - -Population: - 2,305,516 (July 1992), growth rate 2.6% (1992) -Birth rate: - 34 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 47 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 63 years male, 68 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 4.5 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Mongolian(s); adjective - Mongolian -Ethnic divisions: - Mongol 90%, Kazakh 4%, Chinese 2%, Russian 2%, other 2% -Religions: - predominantly Tibetan Buddhist, Muslim (about 4%); previously limited - religious activity because of Communist regime -Languages: - Khalkha Mongol used by over 90% of population; minor languages include - Turkic, Russian, and Chinese -Literacy: - 90% (male NA%, female NA%) (1989 est.) -Labor force: - NA, but primarily herding/agricultural; over half the adult population is in - the labor force, including a large percentage of women; shortage of skilled - labor -Organized labor: - 425,000 members of the Central Council of Mongolian Trade Unions (CCMTU) - controlled by the government (1984); independent labor organizations now - being formed - -:Mongolia Government - -Long-form name: - Mongolia -Type: - in transition from Communist state to republic -Capital: - Ulaanbaatar -Administrative divisions: - 18 provinces (aymguud, singular - aymag) and 3 municipalities* (hotuud, - singular - hot); Arhangay, Bayanhongor, Bayan-Olgiy, Bulgan, Darhan*, - Dornod, Dornogovi, Dundgovi, Dzavhan, Erdenet*, Govi-Altay, Hentiy, Hovd, - Hovsgol, Omnogovi, Ovorhangay, Selenge, Suhbaatar, Tov, Ulaanbaatar*, Uvs -Independence: - 13 March 1921 (from China; formerly Outer Mongolia) -Constitution: - 12 February 1992 -Legal system: - blend of Russian, Chinese, and Turkish systems of law; no constitutional - provision for judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted - compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Mongolian People's Revolution (NAADAM) 11-13 July; observed 13 July -Executive branch: - premier, deputy premiers, Cabinet, president, vice president -Legislative branch: - State Great Hural -Judicial branch: - High Court; serves as appeals court for people's and provincial courts, but - to date rarely overturns verdicts of lower courts -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Punsalmaagiyn OCHIRBAT (since 3 September 1990); Vice President - Radnaasumbereliyn GONCHIGDORJ (since 7 September 1990) - Head of Government: - Premier Dashiyn BYAMBASUREN (since 11 September 1990) -Political parties and leaders: - ruling party: - Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP), Budragchagiin DASH-YONDON, - general secretary - opposition: - Social Democratic Party (SDP), BATBAYAR; Mongolian Democratic Association, - Ts. ELBEGDORJ, chief coordinator; Mongolian Party of National Progress, - GANBOLD - other: - Mongolian Democratic Party (MDP), BATUUL; Free Labor Party, C. DUL; note - - opposition parties were legalized in May 1990; additional parties exist: The - Green Party, The Buddhist Party, The Republican Party, Mongolian People's - Party, and Mongolian Revival Party; these were formed but may not be - officially registered because of low rates of membership -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - President: - last held 3 September 1990 (next to be held NA July 1994); results - - Punsalmaagiyn OCHIRBAT elected by the People's Great Hural - State Great Hural: - first time held June 1992; note - according to the new present Constitution, - the two parliamentary bodies are to be combined into a single popularly - elected house consisting of 76 members; results - NA - -:Mongolia Government - - People's Small Hural: - last held on 29 July 1990 (next to be held June 1992); results - MPRP 62.3%, - MDP 24.5%, SDP 7. 5%, PNP 5.7%; seats - (50 total) MPRP 33, other 17; note - - People's Small Hural will not exist after State Great Hural is assembled -Communists: - MPRP membership 90,000 (1990 est.) -Member of: - AsDB, ESCAP, FAO, GATT, G-77, IAEA, IBEC, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IMF, IOC, ISO, - ITU, LORCS, NAM, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Luvsandorj DAWAGIV; Chancery, (202) 983-1962 - US: - Ambassador Joseph E. LAKE; Deputy Chief of Mission Thomas E. DOWLING; - Embassy at Ulaanbaatar, c/o American Embassy Beijing; PSC 461, Box 300, FPO - AP 06521-0002; telephone (800) 29095 and 29639 -Flag: - a new flag of unknown description reportedly has been adopted - -:Mongolia Economy - -Overview: - Mongolia's severe climate, scattered population, and wide expanses of - unproductive land have constrained economic development. Economic activity - traditionally has been based on agriculture and the breeding of livestock - - Mongolia has the highest number of livestock per person in the world. In - recent years extensive mineral resources have been developed with Soviet - support. The mining and processing of coal, copper, molybdenum, tin, - tungsten, and gold account for a large part of industrial production. Timber - and fishing are also important sectors. In 1991-92 Mongolian leadership is - struggling with severe economic dislocations, mainly attributable to the - economic crumbling of the USSR, by far Mongolia's leading trade and - development partner. Moscow almost certainly cut aid in 1991, and the - dissolution of the USSR at yearend 1991 makes prospects for aid quite bleak - for 1992. Industry in 1991-92 has been hit hard by energy shortages, mainly - due to disruptions in coal production and shortfalls in petroleum imports. - The government is moving away from the Soviet-style centrally planned - economy through privatization and price reform. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $2.1 billion, per capita $900; real growth rate - -3% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 100% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 15% (1991 est.) -Budget: - deficit of $67 million (1991) -Exports: - $279 million (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - copper, livestock, animal products, cashmere, wool, hides, fluorspar, other - nonferrous metals - partners: - USSR 75%, China 10%, Japan 4% -Imports: - $360 million (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - machinery and equipment, fuels, food products, industrial consumer goods, - chemicals, building materials, sugar, tea - partners: - USSR 75%, Austria 5%, China 5% -External debt: - $16.8 billion (yearend 1990); 98.6% with USSR -Industrial production: - growth rate -12% (1991 est.) -Electricity: - 1,238,000 kW capacity; 3,700 million kWh produced, 1,692 kWh per capita - (1990) -Industries: - copper, processing of animal products, building materials, food and - beverage, mining (particularly coal) -Agriculture: - accounts for about 20% of GDP and provides livelihood for about 50% of the - population; livestock raising predominates (primarily sheep and goats, but - also cattle, camels, and horses); crops - wheat, barley, potatoes, forage - -:Mongolia Economy - -Economic aid: - about $300 million in trade credits and $34 million in grant aid from USSR - and other CEMA countries, plus $7.4 million from UNDP (1990); in 1991, $170 - million in grants and technical assistance from Western donor countries, - including $30 million from World Bank and $30 million from the IMF; over - $200 million from donor countries projected in 1992 -Currency: - tughrik (plural - tughriks); 1 tughrik (Tug) = 100 mongos -Exchange rates: - tughriks (Tug) per US$1 - 7.1 (1991), 5.63 (1990), 3.00 (1989) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Mongolia Communications - -Railroads: - 1,750 km 1.524-meter broad gauge (1988) -Highways: - 46,700 km total; 1,000 km hard surface; 45,700 km other surfaces (1988) -Inland waterways: - 397 km of principal routes (1988) -Civil air: - 25 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 81 total, 31 usable; 11 with permanent-surface runways; fewer than 5 with - runways over 3,659 m; fewer than 20 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 12 with - runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - 63,000 telephones (1989); broadcast stations - 12 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV (with 18 - provincial repeaters); repeat of Russian TV; 120,000 TVs; 220,000 radios; at - least 1 earth station - -:Mongolia Defense Forces - -Branches: - Mongolian People's Army (includes Border Guards), Air Force -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 551,548; 359,904 fit for military service; 25,275 reach - military age (18) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $22.8 million of GDP (1992 budget) - -:Montserrat Geography - -Total area: - 100 km2 -Land area: - 100 km2 -Comparative area: - about 0.6 times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 40 km -Maritime claims: - Exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 3 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; little daily or seasonal temperature variation -Terrain: - volcanic islands, mostly mountainous, with small coastal lowland -Natural resources: - negligible -Land use: - arable land 20%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 10%; forest and - woodland 40%; other 30% -Environment: - subject to severe hurricanes from June to November -Note: - located 400 km southeast of Puerto Rico in the Caribbean Sea - -:Montserrat People - -Population: - 12,617 (July 1992), growth rate 0.4 (1992) -Birth rate: - 17 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 10 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - -3 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 11 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 74 years male, 78 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 2.2 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Montserratian(s); adjective - Montserratian -Ethnic divisions: - mostly black with a few Europeans -Religions: - Anglican, Methodist, Roman Catholic, Pentecostal, Seventh-Day Adventist, - other Christian denominations -Languages: - English -Literacy: - 97% (male 97%, female 97%) age 15 and over having ever attended school - (1970) -Labor force: - 5,100; community, social, and personal services 40.5%, construction 13.5%, - trade, restaurants, and hotels 12.3%, manufacturing 10.5%, agriculture, - forestry, and fishing 8.8%, other 14.4% (1983 est.) -Organized labor: - 30% of labor force, three trade unions with 1,500 members (1984 est.) - -:Montserrat Government - -Long-form name: - none -Type: - dependent territory of the UK -Capital: - Plymouth -Administrative divisions: - 3 parishes; Saint Anthony, Saint Georges, Saint Peter -Independence: - none (dependent territory of the UK) -Constitution: - 1 January 1960 -Legal system: - English common law and statute law -National holiday: - Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen (second Saturday of June) -Executive branch: - monarch, governor, Executive Council (cabinet), chief minister -Legislative branch: - unicameral Legislative Council -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor David - TAYLOR (since NA 1990) - Head of Government: - Chief Minister Reuben T. MEADE (since October 1991) -Political parties and leaders: - National Progressive Party (NPP) Reuben T. MEADE; People's Liberation - Movement (PLM), Noel TUITT; National Development Party (NDP), Bertrand - OSBORNE; Independent (IND), Ruby BRAMBLE -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - Legislative Council: - last held on 8 October 1991; results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - - (11 total, 7 elected) NPP 4, NDP 1, PLM 1, independent 1 -Member of: - CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC (associate), ICFTU, OECS, WCL -Diplomatic representation: - none (dependent territory of the UK) -Flag: - blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the - Montserratian coat of arms centered in the outer half of the flag; the coat - of arms features a woman standing beside a yellow harp with her arm around a - black cross - -:Montserrat Economy - -Overview: - The economy is small and open with economic activity centered on tourism and - construction. Tourism is the most important sector and accounted for 20% of - GDP in 1986. Agriculture accounted for about 4% of GDP and industry 10%. The - economy is heavily dependent on imports, making it vulnerable to - fluctuations in world prices. Exports consist mainly of electronic parts - sold to the US. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $54.2 million, per capita $4,500 (1988); real - growth rate 10% (1990 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 6.8% (1990) -Unemployment rate: - 3.0% (1987) -Budget: - revenues $12.1 million; expenditures $14.3 million, including capital - expenditures of $3.2 million (1988) -Exports: - $2.3 million (f.o.b., 1988 est.) - commodities: - electronic parts, plastic bags, apparel, hot peppers, live plants, cattle - partners: - NA -Imports: - $30 million (c.i.f., 1988 est.) - commodities: - machinery and transportation equipment, foodstuffs, manufactured goods, - fuels, lubricants, and related materials - partners: - NA -External debt: - $2.05 million (1987) -Industrial production: - growth rate 8.1% (1986); accounts for 10% of GDP -Electricity: - 5,271 kW capacity; 12 million kWh produced, 960 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - tourism; light manufacturing - rum, textiles, electronic appliances -Agriculture: - accounts for 4% of GDP; small-scale farming; food crops - tomatoes, onions, - peppers; not self-sufficient in food, especially livestock products -Economic aid: - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $90 - million -Currency: - East Caribbean dollar (plural - dollars); 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976) -Fiscal year: - 1 April - 31 March - -:Montserrat Communications - -Highways: - 280 km total; about 200 km paved, 80 km gravel and earth -Ports: - Plymouth -Airports: - 1 with permanent-surface runways 1,036 m -Telecommunications: - 3,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 8 AM, 4 FM, 1 TV - -:Montserrat Defense Forces - -Branches: - Police Force -Note: - defense is the responsibility of the UK - -:Morocco Geography - -Total area: - 446,550 km2 -Land area: - 446,300 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly larger than California -Land boundaries: - 2,002 km; Algeria 1,559 km, Western Sahara 443 km -Coastline: - 1,835 km -Maritime claims: - Contiguous zone: - 24 nm - Continental shelf: - 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - claims and administers Western Sahara, but sovereignty is unresolved; the UN - is attempting to hold a referendum; the UN-administered cease-fire has been - currently in effect since September 1991 Spain controls five places of - sovereignty (plazas de soberania) on and off the coast of Morocco - the - coastal enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla which Morocco contests as well as the - islands of Penon de Alhucemas, Penon de Velez de la Gomera, and Islas - Chafarinas -Climate: - Mediterranean, becoming more extreme in the interior -Terrain: - mostly mountains with rich coastal plains -Natural resources: - phosphates, iron ore, manganese, lead, zinc, fish, salt -Land use: - arable land 18%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 28%; forest and - woodland 12%; other 41%; includes irrigated 1% -Environment: - northern mountains geologically unstable and subject to earthquakes; - desertification -Note: - strategic location along Strait of Gibraltar - -:Morocco People - -Population: - 26,708,587 (July 1992), growth rate 2.1% (1992) -Birth rate: - 29 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - - 1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 56 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 63 years male, 67 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 3.7 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Moroccan(s); adjective - Moroccan -Ethnic divisions: - Arab-Berber 99.1%, non-Moroccan 0.7%, Jewish 0.2% -Religions: - Muslim 98.7%, Christian 1.1%, Jewish 0.2% -Languages: - Arabic (official); several Berber dialects; French is often the language of - business, government, and diplomacy -Literacy: - 50% (male 61%, female 38%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 7,400,000; agriculture 50%, services 26%, industry 15%, other 9% (1985) -Organized labor: - about 5% of the labor force, mainly in the Union of Moroccan Workers (UMT) - and the Democratic Confederation of Labor (CDT) - -:Morocco Government - -Long-form name: - Kingdom of Morocco -Type: - constitutional monarchy -Capital: - Rabat -Administrative divisions: - 37 provinces and 5 municipalities* (wilayas, singular - wilaya); Agadir, Al - Hoceima, Azilal, Beni Mellal, Ben Slimane, Boulemane, Casablanca*, Chaouen, - El Jadida, El Kelaa des Srarhna, Er Rachidia, Essaouira, Fes, Fes*, Figuig, - Guelmim, Ifrane, Kenitra, Khemisset, Khenifra, Khouribga, Laayoune, Larache, - Marrakech, Marrakech*, Meknes, Meknes*, Nador, Ouarzazate, Oujda, - Rabat-Sale*, Safi, Settat, Sidi Kacem, Tanger, Tan-Tan, Taounate, - Taroudannt, Tata, Taza, Tetouan, Tiznit -Independence: - 2 March 1956 (from France) -Constitution: - 10 March 1972 -Legal system: - based on Islamic law and French and Spanish civil law system; judicial - review of legislative acts in Constitutional Chamber of Supreme Court -National holiday: - National Day (anniversary of King Hassan II's accession to the throne), 3 - March (1961) -Executive branch: - monarch, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral Chamber of Representatives (Majlis Nawab) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - King HASSAN II (since 3 March 1961) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Dr. Azzedine LARAKI (since 30 September 1986) -Political parties and leaders: - Morocco has 15 political parties; the major ones are Istiqlal, M'Hamed - BOUCETTA; Socialist Union of Popular Forces (USFP); Popular Movement (MP), - Secretariat General; National Assembly of Independents (RNI), Ahmed OSMAN; - National Democratic Party (PND), Mohamed Arsalane EL-JADIDI; Party for - Progress and Socialism (PPS); Constitutional Union (UC), Maati BOUABID -Suffrage: - universal at age 21 -Elections: - Chamber of Representatives: - last held on 14 September 1984 (were scheduled for September 1990, but - postponed until NA 1992); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - - (306 total, 206 elected) CU 83, RNI 61, MP 47, Istiqlal 41, USFP 36, PND 24, - other 14 -Communists: - about 2,000 -Member of: - ABEDA, ACCT (associate), AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CCC, EBRD, ECA, FAO, - G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IIB, ILO, - IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, OAS (observer), NAM, - OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - -:Morocco Government - -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Mohamed BELKHAYAT; Chancery at 1601 21st Street NW, Washington, - DC 20009; telephone (202) 462-7979; there is a Moroccan Consulate General in - New York - US: - Ambassador Frederick VREELAND; Embassy at 2 Avenue de Marrakech, Rabat - (mailing address is P. O. Box 120, Rabat, or PSC 74, APO AE 09718; telephone - [212] (7) 76-22-65; FAX [212] (7) 76-56-61; there is a US Consulate General - in Casablanca -Flag: - red with a green pentacle (five-pointed, linear star) known as Solomon's - seal in the center of the flag; green is the traditional color of Islam - -:Morocco Economy - -Overview: - The economy had recovered moderately in 1990 because of: the resolution of a - trade dispute with India over phosphoric acid sales, a rebound in textile - sales to the EC, lower prices for food imports, a sharp increase in worker - remittances, increased Arab donor aid, and generous debt rescheduling - agreements. Economic performance in 1991 was mixed. A record harvest helped - real GDP advance by 4.2%, although nonagricultural output grew by less than - 1%. Inflation accelerated slightly as easier financial policies triggered - rapid credit and monetary growth. Despite recovery of domestic demand, - import volume growth slowed while export volume was adversely affected by - phosphate marketing difficulties. In January 1992, Morocco reached a new - 12-month standby arrangement for $129 million with the IMF. In February - 1992, the Paris Club rescheduled $1.4 billion of Morocco's commercial debt. - This is thought to be Morocco's last rescheduling. By 1993 the Moroccan - authorities hope to be in a position to meet all debt service obligations - without additional rescheduling. Servicing this large debt, high - unemployment, and Morocco's vulnerability to external economic forces remain - severe long-term problems. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $27.3 billion, per capita $1,060; real growth - rate 4.2% (1991) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 8.1% (1991 ) -Unemployment rate: - 16% (1991) -Budget: - revenues $7.5 billion; expenditures $7.7 billion, including capital - expenditures of $1.9 billion (1992) -Exports: - $4.1 billion (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - food and beverages 30%, semiprocessed goods 23%, consumer goods 21%, - phosphates 17% - partners: - EC 58%, India 7%, Japan 5%, USSR 3%, US 2% -Imports: - $6.0 billion (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - capital goods 24%, semiprocessed goods 22%, raw materials 16%, fuel and - lubricants 16%, food and beverages 13%, consumer goods 9% - partners: - EC 53%, US 11%, Canada 4%, Iraq 3%, USSR 3%, Japan 2% -External debt: - $20 billion (1991) -Industrial production: - growth rate 4% (1989 est.); accounts for an estimated 20% of GDP -Electricity: - 2,270,000 kW capacity; 8,170 million kWh produced, 310 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - phosphate rock mining and processing, food processing, leather goods, - textiles, construction, tourism -Agriculture: - 50% of employment and 30% of export value; not self-sufficient in food; - cereal farming and livestock raising predominate; barley, wheat, citrus - fruit, wine, vegetables, olives; fishing catch of 491,000 metric tons in - 1987 - -:Morocco Economy - -Illicit drugs: - illicit producer of hashish; trafficking on the increase for both domestic - and international drug markets; shipments of hashish mostly directed to - Western Europe; occasional transit point for cocaine from South America - destined for Western Europe. -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.3 billion; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $7.5 billion; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $4.8 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $2.5 - billion; $2.8 billion debt canceled by Saudi Arabia (1991); IMF standby - agreement worth $13 million; World Bank, $450 million (1991) -Currency: - Moroccan dirham (plural - dirhams); 1 Moroccan dirham (DH) = 100 centimes -Exchange rates: - Moroccan dirhams (DH) per US$1 - 8.889 (March 1992), 8.707 (1991), 8.242 - (1990), 8.488 (1989), 8.209 (1988), 8.359 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Morocco Communications - -Railroads: - 1,893 km 1.435-meter standard gauge (246 km double track, 974 km - electrified) -Highways: - 59,198 km total; 27,740 km paved, 31,458 km gravel, crushed stone, improved - earth, and unimproved earth -Pipelines: - crude oil 362 km; petroleum products (abandoned) 491 km; natural gas 241 km -Ports: - Agadir, Casablanca, El Jorf Lasfar, Kenitra, Mohammedia, Nador, Safi, - Tangier; also Spanish-controlled Ceuta and Melilla -Merchant marine: - 51 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 315,249 GRT/487,479 DWT; includes 10 - cargo, 2 container, 12 refrigerated cargo, 6 roll-on/roll-off, 3 petroleum - tanker, 11 chemical tanker, 4 bulk, 3 short-sea passenger -Civil air: - 28 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 75 total, 67 usable; 26 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over - 3,659 m; 13 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 27 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - good system composed of wire lines, cables, and radio relay links; principal - centers are Casablanca and Rabat; secondary centers are Fes, Marrakech, - Oujda, Tangier, and Tetouan; 280,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 20 AM, - 7 FM, 26 TV and 26 additional rebroadcast sites; 5 submarine cables; - satellite earth stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 ARABSAT; radio - relay to Gibraltar, Spain, and Western Sahara; coaxial cable and microwave - to Algeria; microwave network linking Syria, Jordan, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, - Algeria, and Morocco - -:Morocco Defense Forces - -Branches: - Royal Moroccan Army, Royal Moroccan Navy, Royal Moroccan Air Force, Royal - Gendarmerie, Auxiliary Forces -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 6,604,712; 4,196,449 fit for military service; 293,204 reach - military age (18) annually; limited conscription -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $1.1 billion, 4.2% of GDP (1992 budget) - -:Mozambique Geography - -Total area: - 801,590 km2 -Land area: - 784,090 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly less than twice the size of California -Land boundaries: - 4,571 km total; Malawi 1,569 km, South Africa 491 km, Swaziland 105 km, - Tanzania 756 km, Zambia 419 km, Zimbabwe 1,231 km -Coastline: - 2,470 km -Maritime claims: - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical to subtropical -Terrain: - mostly coastal lowlands, uplands in center, high plateaus in northwest, - mountains in west -Natural resources: - coal, titanium -Land use: - arable land 4%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 56%; forest and - woodland 20%; other 20%; includes irrigated NEGL% -Environment: - severe drought and floods occur in south; desertification - -:Mozambique People - -Population: - 15,469,150 (July 1992), growth rate 4.1% (1992); note - 1.5 million - Mozambican refugees; 900,000 in Malawi (1991 est.) -Birth rate: - 46 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 17 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 12 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 134 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 46 years male, 49 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 6.4 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Mozambican(s); adjective - Mozambican -Ethnic divisions: - majority from indigenous tribal groups; Europeans about 10,000, - Euro-Africans 35,000, Indians 15,000 -Religions: - indigenous beliefs 60%, Christian 30%, Muslim 10% -Languages: - Portuguese (official); many indigenous dialects -Literacy: - 33% (male 45%, female 21%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - NA, but 90% engaged in agriculture -Organized labor: - 225,000 workers belong to a single union, the Mozambique Workers' - Organization (OTM) - -:Mozambique Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Mozambique -Type: - republic -Capital: - Maputo -Administrative divisions: - 10 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Cabo Delgado, Gaza, - Inhambane, Manica, Maputo, Nampula, Niassa, Sofala, Tete, Zambezia -Independence: - 25 June 1975 (from Portugal) -Constitution: - 30 November 1990 -Legal system: - based on Portuguese civil law system and customary law -National holiday: - Independence Day, 25 June (1975) -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral Assembly of the Republic (Assembleia da Republica) -Judicial branch: - People's Courts at all levels -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Joaquim Alberto CHISSANO (since 6 November 1986) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Mario da Graca MACHUNGO (since 17 July 1986) -Political parties and leaders: - Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (FRELIMO) - formerly a Marxist - organization with close ties to the USSR - was the only legal party before - 30 November 1990 when the new Constitution went into effect establishing a - multiparty system; note - the government plans multiparty elections as early - as 1993; 14 parties, including the Liberal Democratic Party of Mozambique - (PALMO), the Mozambique National Union (UNAMO), and the Mozambique National - Movement (MONAMO) have already emerged -Suffrage: - universal adult at age 18 -Elections: - draft electoral law provides for periodic, direct presidential and Assembly - elections -Communists: - about 200,000 FRELIMO members; note - FRELIMO no longer considers itself a - Communist party -Member of: - ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, - INMARSAT, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, SADCC, UN, - UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WMO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Hipolito PATRICIO; Chancery at Suite 570, 1990 M Street NW, - Washington, DC 20036; telephone (202) 293-7146 - US: - Ambassador Townsend B. FRIEDMAN, Jr.; Embassy at Avenida Kenneth Kuanda, 193 - Maputo (mailing address is P. O. Box 783, Maputo); telephone [258] (1) - 49-27-97, 49-01-67, 49-03-50; FAX [258] (1) 49-01-14 - -:Mozambique Government - -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of green (top), black, and yellow with a red - isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; the black band is edged in - white; centered in the triangle is a yellow five-pointed star bearing a - crossed rifle and hoe in black superimposed on an open white book - -:Mozambique Economy - -Overview: - One of Africa's poorest countries, Mozambique has failed to exploit the - economic potential of its sizable agricultural, hydropower, and - transportation resources. Indeed, national output, consumption, and - investment declined throughout the first half of the 1980s because of - internal disorders, lack of government administrative control, and a growing - foreign debt. A sharp increase in foreign aid, attracted by an economic - reform policy, has resulted in successive years of economic growth since - 1985. Agricultural output, nevertheless, is at about only 75% of its 1981 - level, and grain has to be imported. Industry operates at only 20-40% of - capacity. The economy depends heavily on foreign assistance to keep afloat. - The continuation of civil strife through 1991 has dimmed chances of foreign - investment, and growth was a mere 1%. Living standards, already abysmally - low, dropped by 3-4% in both 1990 and 1991. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $1.7 billion, per capita $120; real growth rate - 1.0% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 40.5% (1990 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 50% (1989 est.) -Budget: - revenues $369 million; expenditures $860 million, including capital - expenditures of $432 million (1989 est.) -Exports: - $117 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) - commodities: - shrimp 48%, cashews 21%, sugar 10%, copra 3%, citrus 3% - partners: - US, Western Europe, GDR, Japan -Imports: - $870 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.), including aid - commodities: - food, clothing, farm equipment, petroleum - partners: - US, Western Europe, USSR -External debt: - $4.9 billion (1991 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 5% (1989 est.) -Electricity: - 2,270,000 kW capacity; 1,745 million kWh produced, 115 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - food, beverages, chemicals (fertilizer, soap, paints), petroleum products, - textiles, nonmetallic mineral products (cement, glass, asbestos), tobacco -Agriculture: - accounts for 80% of the labor force, 50% of GDP, and about 90% of exports; - cash crops - cotton, cashew nuts, sugarcane, tea, shrimp; other crops - - cassava, corn, rice, tropical fruits; not self-sufficient in food -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $350 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $4.4 billion; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $37 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $890 - million -Currency: - metical (plural - meticais); 1 metical (Mt) = 100 centavos -Exchange rates: - meticais (Mt) per US$1 - 2,358 (1 May 1992), 1,811.18 (1991), 929.00 (1990), - 800.00 (1989), 528.60 (1988), 289.44 (1987) - -:Mozambique Economy - -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Mozambique Communications - -Railroads: - 3,288 km total; 3,140 km 1.067-meter gauge; 148 km 0.762-meter narrow gauge; - Malawi-Nacala, Malawi-Beira, and Zimbabwe-Maputo lines are subject to - closure because of insurgency -Highways: - 26,498 km total; 4,593 km paved; 829 km gravel, crushed stone, stabilized - soil; 21,076 km unimproved earth -Inland waterways: - about 3,750 km of navigable routes -Pipelines: - crude oil (not operating) 306 km; petroleum products 289 km -Ports: - Maputo, Beira, Nacala -Merchant marine: - 5 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 7,806 GRT/12,873 DWT -Civil air: - 7 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 195 total, 137 usable; 27 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways - over 3,659 m; 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 26 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - fair system of troposcatter, open-wire lines, and radio relay; broadcast - stations - 29 AM, 4 FM, 1 TV; earth stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and - 3 domestic Indian Ocean INTELSAT - -:Mozambique Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Naval Command, Air and Air Defense Forces, Border Guards, Militia -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 3,490,554; 2,004,913 fit for military service -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $107 million, 6-7% of GDP (1989) - -:Namibia Geography - -Total area: - 824,290 km2 -Land area: - 823,290 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly more than half the size of Alaska -Land boundaries: - 3,935 km total; Angola 1,376 km, Botswana 1,360 km, South Africa 966 km, - Zambia 233 km -Coastline: - 1,489 km -Maritime claims: - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - short section of boundary with Botswana is indefinite; disputed island with - Botswana in the Chobe River; quadripoint with Botswana, Zambia, and Zimbabwe - is in disagreement; claim by Namibia to Walvis Bay and 12 offshore islands - administered by South Africa; Namibia and South Africa have agreed to - jointly administer the area for an interim period; the terms and dates to be - covered by joint administration arrangements have not been established at - this time, and Namibia will continue to maintain a claim to sovereignty over - the entire area; recent dispute with Botswana over uninhabited Sidudu Island - in the Linyanti River -Climate: - desert; hot, dry; rainfall sparse and erratic -Terrain: - mostly high plateau; Namib Desert along coast; Kalahari Desert in east -Natural resources: - diamonds, copper, uranium, gold, lead, tin, lithium, cadmium, zinc, salt, - vanadium, natural gas, fish; suspected deposits of oil, natural gas, coal, - and iron ore -Land use: - arable land 1%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 64%; forest and - woodland 22%; other 13%; includes irrigated NEGL% -Environment: - inhospitable with very limited natural water resources; desertification -Note: - Walvis Bay area is an exclave of South Africa in Namibia - -:Namibia People - -Population: - 1,574,927 (July 1992), growth rate 3.5% (1992) -Birth rate: - 45 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 9 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 66 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 58 years male, 63 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 6.5 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Namibian(s); adjective - Namibian -Ethnic divisions: - black 86%, white 6.6%, mixed 7.4%; about 50% of the population belong to the - Ovambo tribe and 9% from the Kavangos tribe -Religions: - predominantly Christian -Languages: - English is official language; Afrikaans is common language of most of - population and about 60% of white population, German 32%, English 7%; - several indigenous languages -Literacy: - 38% (male 45%, female 31%) age 15 and over can read and write (1960) -Labor force: - 500,000; agriculture 60%, industry and commerce 19%, services 8%, government - 7%, mining 6% (1981 est.) -Organized labor: - 20 trade unions representing about 90,000 workers - -:Namibia Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Namibia -Type: - republic -Capital: - Windhoek -Administrative divisions: - the former administrative structure of 26 districts has been abolished and - 14 temporary regions are still being determined; note - the 26 districts - were Bethanien, Boesmanland, Caprivi Oos, Damaraland, Gobabis, Grootfontein, - Hereroland Oos, Hereroland Wes, Kaokoland, Karasburg, Karibib, Kavango, - Keetmanshoop, Luderitz, Maltahohe, Mariental, Namaland, Okahandja, Omaruru, - Otjiwarongo, Outjo, Owambo, Rehoboth, Swakopmund, Tsumeb, Windhoek -Independence: - 21 March 1990 (from South African mandate) -Constitution: - ratified 9 February 1990 -Legal system: - based on Roman-Dutch law and 1990 constitution -National holiday: - Independence Day, 21 March (1990) -Executive branch: - president, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - bicameral; House of Review (upper house, to be established with elections in - late 1992 by planned new regional authorities); National Assembly (lower - house elected by universal suffrage) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Sam NUJOMA (since 21 March 1990) -Political parties and leaders: - South-West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO), Sam NUJOMA; Democratic - Turnhalle Alliance (DTA), Dirk MUDGE; United Democratic Front (UDF), Justus - GAROEB; Action Christian National (ACN), Kosie PRETORIUS; National Patriotic - Front (NPF), Moses KATJIUONGUA; Federal Convention of Namibia (FCN), Hans - DIERGAARDT; Namibia National Front (NNF), Vekuii RUKORO -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - President: - last held 16 February 1990 (next to be held March 1995); results - Sam - NUJOMA was elected president by the Constituent Assembly (now the National - Assembly) - National Assembly: - last held on 7-11 November 1989 (next to be held by November 1994); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (72 total) SWAPO 41, DTA 21, UDF 4, - ACN 3, NNF 1, FCN 1, NPF 1 -Other political or pressure groups: - NA -Member of: - ACP, AfDB, CECA (associate), ECA, FAO, FLS, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, - IMF, ITU, NAM, SACU, SADCC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, WCL, WFTU, WHO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Tuliameni KALOMOH; Chancery at 1605 New Hampshire Ave. NW, - Washington, DC 20009 (mailing address is PO Box 34738, Washington, DC - 20043); telephone (202) 986-0540 - -:Namibia Government - - US: - Ambassador Genta Hawkins HOLMES; Embassy at Ausplan Building, 14 Lossen St., - Windhoek (mailing address is P. O. Box 9890, Windhoek 9000, Namibia); - telephone [264] (61) 221-601, 222-675, 222-680; FAX [264] (61) 229-792 -Flag: - a large blue triangle with a yellow sunburst fills the upper left section, - and an equal green triangle (solid) fills the lower right section; the - triangles are separated by a red stripe that is contrasted by two narrow - white-edge borders - -:Namibia Economy - -Overview: - The economy is heavily dependent on the mining industry to extract and - process minerals for export. Mining accounts for almost 25% of GDP. Namibia - is the fourth-largest exporter of nonfuel minerals in Africa and the world's - fifth-largest producer of uranium. Alluvial diamond deposits are among the - richest in the world, making Namibia a primary source for gem-quality - diamonds. Namibia also produces large quantities of lead, zinc, tin, silver, - and tungsten, and it has substantial resources of coal. More than half the - population depends on agriculture (largely subsistence agriculture) for its - livelihood. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $2 billion, per capita $1,400; real growth rate - 5.1% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 17% (1991 - Windhoek) -Unemployment rate: - over 25% (1991) -Budget: - revenues $864 million; expenditures $1,112 million, including capital - expenditures of $144 million (FY 92) -Exports: - $1,021 million (f.o.b., 1989) - commodities: - uranium, diamonds, zinc, copper, cattle, processed fish, karakul skins - partners: - Switzerland, South Africa, FRG, Japan -Imports: - $894 million (f.o.b., 1989) - commodities: - foodstuffs, petroleum products and fuel, machinery and equipment - partners: - South Africa, FRG, US, Switzerland -External debt: - about $250 million; under a 1971 International Court of Justice (ICJ) - ruling, Namibia may not be liable for debt incurred during its colonial - period -Industrial production: - growth rate - 6% (1990 est.); accounts for 35% of GDP, including mining -Electricity: - 490,000 kW capacity; 1,290 million kWh produced, 850 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - meatpacking, fish processing, dairy products, mining (copper, lead, zinc, - diamond, uranium) -Agriculture: - mostly subsistence farming; livestock raising major source of cash income; - crops - millet, sorghum, peanuts; fish catch potential of over 1 million - metric tons not being fulfilled, 1988 catch reaching only 384,000 metric - tons; not self-sufficient in food -Economic aid: - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), - $47.2 million -Currency: - South African rand (plural - rand); 1 South African rand (R) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - South African rand (R) per US$1 - 2.8809 (March 1992), 2.7653 (1991), 2.5863 - (1990), 2.6166 (1989), 2.2611 (1988), 2.0350 (1987), 2.2685 (1986) -Fiscal year: - 1 April - 31 March - -:Namibia Communications - -Railroads: - 2,341 km 1.067-meter gauge, single track -Highways: - 54,500 km; 4,079 km paved, 2,540 km gravel, 47,881 km earth roads and tracks -Ports: - Luderitz; primary maritime outlet is Walvis Bay (South Africa) -Civil air: - NA major transport aircraft -Airports: - 137 total, 112 usable; 21 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways - over 3,659 m; 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 63 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - good urban, fair rural services; radio relay connects major towns, wires - extend to other population centers; 62,800 telephones; broadcast stations - - 4 AM, 40 FM, 3 TV - -:Namibia Defense Forces - -Branches: - National Defense Force (Army), Police -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 320,277; 189,997 fit for military service -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $66 million, 3.4% of GDP (FY 92) - -:Nauru Geography - -Total area: - 21 km2 -Land area: - 21 km2 -Comparative area: - about one-tenth the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 30 km -Maritime claims: - Exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; monsoonal; rainy season (November to February) -Terrain: - sandy beach rises to fertile ring around raised coral reefs with phosphate - plateau in center -Natural resources: - phosphates -Land use: - arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and - woodland 0%; other 100% -Environment: - only 53 km south of Equator -Note: - located 500 km north-northeast of Papua New Guinea, Nauru is one of the - three great phosphate rock islands in the Pacific Ocean - the others are - Banaba (Ocean Island) in Kiribati and Makatea in French Polynesia - -:Nauru People - -Population: - 9,460 (July 1992), growth rate 1.3% (1992) -Birth rate: - 18 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 41 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 64 years male, 69 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 2.1 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Nauruan(s); adjective - Nauruan -Ethnic divisions: - Nauruan 58%, other Pacific Islander 26%, Chinese 8%, European 8% -Religions: - Christian (two-thirds Protestant, one-third Roman Catholic) -Languages: - Nauruan, a distinct Pacific Island language (official); English widely - understood, spoken, and used for most government and commercial purposes -Literacy: - NA% (male NA%, female NA%) -Labor force: - NA -Organized labor: - NA - -:Nauru Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Nauru -Type: - republic -Capital: - no capital city as such; government offices in Yaren District -Administrative divisions: - 14 districts; Aiwo, Anabar, Anetan, Anibare, Baiti, Boe, Buada, Denigomodu, - Ewa, Ijuw, Meneng, Nibok, Uaboe, Yaren -Independence: - 31 January 1968 (from UN trusteeship under Australia, New Zealand, and UK); - formerly Pleasant Island -Constitution: - 29 January 1968 -Legal system: - own Acts of Parliament and British common law -National holiday: - Independence Day, 31 January (1968) -Executive branch: - president, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral Parliament -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Bernard DOWIYOGO (since 12 December 1989) -Political parties and leaders: - none -Suffrage: - universal and compulsory at age 20 -Elections: - President: - last held 9 December 1989 (next to be held December 1992); results - Bernard - DOWIYOGO elected by Parliament - Parliament: - last held on 9 December 1989 (next to be held December 1992); results - - percent of vote NA; seats - (18 total) independents 18 -Member of: - C (special), ESCAP, ICAO, INTERPOL, ITU, SPC, SPF, UPU -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador-designate Theodore Conrad MOSES resident in Melbourne - (Australia); there is a Nauruan Consulate in Agana (Guam) - US: - the US Ambassador to Australia is accredited to Nauru -Flag: - blue with a narrow, horizontal, yellow stripe across the center and a large - white 12-pointed star below the stripe on the hoist side; the star indicates - the country's location in relation to the Equator (the yellow stripe) and - the 12 points symbolize the 12 original tribes of Nauru - -:Nauru Economy - -Overview: - Revenues come from the export of phosphates, the reserves of which are - expected to be exhausted by the year 2000. Phosphates have given Nauruans - one of the highest per capita incomes in the Third World - $10,000 annually. - Few other resources exist, so most necessities must be imported, including - fresh water from Australia. The rehabilitation of mined land and the - replacement of income from phosphates are serious long-term problems. - Substantial amounts of phosphate income are invested in trust funds to help - cushion the transition. -GNP: - exchange rate conversion - over $90 million, per capita $10,000; real growth - rate NA% (1989) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - NA% -Unemployment rate: - 0% -Budget: - revenues $69.7 million; expenditures $51.5 million, including capital - expenditures of $NA (FY86 est.) -Exports: - $93 million (f.o.b., 1984) - commodities: - phosphates - partners: - Australia, NZ -Imports: - $73 million (c.i.f., 1984) - commodities: - food, fuel, manufactures, building materials, machinery - partners: - Australia, UK, NZ, Japan -External debt: - $33.3 million -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 14,000 kW capacity; 50 million kWh produced, 5,430 kWh per capita (1990) -Industries: - phosphate mining, financial services, coconuts -Agriculture: - negligible; almost completely dependent on imports for food and water -Economic aid: - Western (non-US) countries (1970-89), $2 million -Currency: - Australian dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.3177 (March 1992), 1.2834 (1991), - 1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988), 1.4267 (1987) -Fiscal year: - 1 July - 30 June - -:Nauru Communications - -Railroads: - 3.9 km; used to haul phosphates from the center of the island to processing - facilities on the southwest coast -Highways: - about 27 km total; 21 km paved, 6 km improved earth -Ports: - Nauru -Merchant marine: - 1 bulk ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,426 GRT/5,750 DWT -Civil air: - 3 major transport aircraft, one on order -Airports: - 1 with permanent-surface runway 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - adequate local and international radio communications provided via - Australian facilities; 1,600 telephones; 4,000 radios; broadcast stations - - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -:Nauru Defense Forces - -Branches: - no regular armed forces; Directorate of the Nauru Police Force -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, NA; NA fit for military service -Defense expenditures: - $NA - no formal defense structure - -:Navassa Island Geography - -Total area: - 5.2 km2 -Land area: - 5.2 km2 -Comparative area: - about nine times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 8 km -Maritime claims: - Contiguous zone: - 12 nm - Continental shelf: - 200 m (depth) - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - claimed by Haiti -Climate: - marine, tropical -Terrain: - raised coral and limestone plateau, flat to undulating; ringed by vertical - white cliffs (9 to 15 meters high) -Natural resources: - guano -Land use: - arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 10%; forest and - woodland 0%; other 90% -Environment: - mostly exposed rock, but enough grassland to support goat herds; dense - stands of fig-like trees, scattered cactus -Note: - strategic location between Cuba, Haiti, and Jamaica in the Caribbean Sea; - 160 km south of the US Naval Base at Guantanamo, Cuba - -:Navassa Island People - -Population: - uninhabited; transient Haitian fishermen and others camp on the island - -:Navassa Island Government - -Long-form name: - none (territory of the US) -Type: - unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US Coast Guard -Capital: - none; administered from Washington, DC - -:Navassa Island Economy - -Overview: - no economic activity - -:Navassa Island Communications - -Ports: - none; offshore anchorage only - -:Navassa Island Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of the US - -:Nepal Geography - -Total area: - 140,800 km2 -Land area: - 136,800 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly larger than Arkansas -Land boundaries: - 2,926 km total; China 1,236 km, India 1,690 km -Coastline: - none - landlocked -Maritime claims: - none - landlocked -Disputes: - none -Climate: - varies from cool summers and severe winters in north to subtropical summers - and mild winters in south -Terrain: - Terai or flat river plain of the Ganges in south, central hill region, - rugged Himalayas in north -Natural resources: - quartz, water, timber, hydroelectric potential, scenic beauty; small - deposits of lignite, copper, cobalt, iron ore -Land use: - arable land 17%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 13%; forest and - woodland 33%; other 37%; includes irrigated 2% -Environment: - contains eight of world's 10 highest peaks; deforestation; soil erosion; - water pollution -Note: - landlocked; strategic location between China and India - -:Nepal People - -Population: - 20,086,455 (July 1992), growth rate 2.4% (1992) -Birth rate: - 38 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 14 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 90 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 51 years male, 51 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 5.4 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Nepalese (singular and plural); adjective - Nepalese -Ethnic divisions: - Newars, Indians, Tibetans, Gurungs, Magars, Tamangs, Bhotias, Rais, Limbus, - Sherpas, as well as many smaller groups -Religions: - only official Hindu state in world, although no sharp distinction between - many Hindu (about 90% of population) and Buddhist groups (about 5% of - population); Muslims 3%, other 2% (1981) -Languages: - Nepali (official); 20 languages divided into numerous dialects -Literacy: - 26% (male 38%, female 13%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 8,500,000 (1991 est.); agriculture 93%, services 5%, industry 2%; severe - lack of skilled labor -Organized labor: - Teachers' Union and many other nonofficially recognized unions - -:Nepal Government - -Long-form name: - Kingdom of Nepal -Type: - parliamentary democracy as of 12 May 1991 -Capital: - Kathmandu -Administrative divisions: - 14 zones (anchal, singular and plural); Bagmati, Bheri, Dhawalagiri, - Gandaki, Janakpur, Karnali, Kosi, Lumbini, Mahakali, Mechi, Narayani, Rapti, - Sagarmatha, Seti -Independence: - 1768, unified by Prithyi Narayan Shah -Constitution: - 9 November 1990 -Legal system: - based on Hindu legal concepts and English common law; has not accepted - compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Birthday of His Majesty the King, 28 December (1945) -Executive branch: - monarch, prime minister, Council of Ministers -Legislative branch: - bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or National Council and a - lower house or House of Representatives -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court (Sarbochha Adalat) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - King BIRENDRA Bir Bikram Shah Dev (since 31 January 1972, crowned King 24 - February 1985); Heir Apparent Crown Prince DIPENDRA Bir Bikram Shah Dev, son - of the King (born 21 June 1971) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Girija Prasad KOIRALA (since 29 May 1991) -Political parties and leaders: - ruling party: - Nepali Congress Party (NCP), Girija Prasad KOIRALA, Ganesh Man SINGH, - Krishna Prasad BHATTARAI - center: - the NDP has two factions: National Democratic Party/Chand (NDP/Chand), - Lokinra Bahadur CHAND, and National Democratic Party/Thapa (NDP/Thapa), - Surya Bahadur THAPA - the two factions announced a merger in late 1991; - Terai Rights Sadbhavana (Goodwill) Party, G. N. Naryan SINGH - Communist: - Communist Party of Nepal/United Marxist and Leninist (CPN/UML), Man Mohan - ADIKHARY; United People's Front (UPF), N. K. PRASAI, Lila Mani POKHAREL; - Nepal Workers and Peasants Party, leader NA; Rohit Party, N. M. BIJUKCHHE; - Democratic Party, leader NA -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - House of Representatives: - last held on 12 May 1991 (next to be held May 1996); results - NCP 38%, - CPN/UML 28%, NDP/Chand 6%, UPF 5%, NDP/Thapa 5%, Terai Rights Sadbhavana - Party 4%, Rohit 2%, CPN (Democratic) 1%, independents 4%, other 7%; seats - - (205 total) NCP 110, CPN/UML 69, UPF 9, Terai Rights Sadbhavana Party 6, - NDP/Chand 3, Rohit 2, CPN (Democratic) 2, NDP/Thapa 1, independents 3; note - - the new Constitution of 9 November 1990 gives Nepal a multiparty democracy - system for the first time in 32 years - -:Nepal Government - -Communists: - Communist Party of Nepal (CPN) -Other political or pressure groups: - numerous small, left-leaning student groups in the capital; several small, - radical Nepalese antimonarchist groups -Member of: - AsDB, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, - INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, - UNIFIL, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Yog Prasad UPADHYAYA; Chancery at 2131 Leroy Place NW, - Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 667-4550; there is a Nepalese - Consulate General in New York - US: - Ambassador Julia Chang BLOCH; Embassy at Pani Pokhari, Kathmandu; telephone - [977] (1) 411179 or 412718, 411604, 411613, 413890; FAX [977] (1) 419963 -Flag: - red with a blue border around the unique shape of two overlapping right - triangles; the smaller, upper triangle bears a white stylized moon and the - larger, lower triangle bears a white 12-pointed sun - -:Nepal Economy - -Overview: - Nepal is among the poorest and least developed countries in the world. - Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy, providing a livelihood for over - 90% of the population and accounting for 60% of GDP. Industrial activity is - limited, mainly involving the processing of agricultural produce (jute, - sugarcane, tobacco, and grain). Production of textiles and carpets has - expanded recently and accounted for 87% of foreign exchange earnings in - FY89. Apart from agricultural land and forests, the only other exploitable - natural resources are mica, hydropower, and tourism. Agricultural production - in the late 1980s grew by about 5%, as compared with annual population - growth of 2.6%. Forty percent or more of the population is undernourished - partly because of poor distribution. Since May 1991, the government has been - encouraging privatization and foreign investment. It has introduced policies - to eliminate many business licenses and registration requirements in order - to simplify domestic and foreign investment procedures. Economic prospects - for the 1990s remain poor because the economy starts from such a low base. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $3.2 billion, per capita $165; real growth rate - 3.5% (FY91) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 15.0% (December 1991) -Unemployment rate: - 5%; underemployment estimated at 25-40% (1987) -Budget: - revenues $294.0 million; expenditures $624.0 million, including capital - expenditures of $396 (FY92 est.) -Exports: - $180 million (f.o.b., FY91) but does not include unrecorded border trade - with India - commodities: - clothing, carpets, leather goods, grain - partners: - US, India, Germany, UK -Imports: - $545 million (c.i.f., FY91 est.) - commodities: - petroleum products 20%, fertilizer 11%, machinery 10% - partners: - India, Singapore, Japan, Germany -External debt: - $2.5 billion (April 1990 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 6% (FY91 est.); accounts for 7% of GDP -Electricity: - 280,000 kW capacity; 540 million kWh produced, 30 kWh per capita (1990) -Industries: - small rice, jute, sugar, and oilseed mills; cigarette, textile, carpet, - cement, and brick production; tourism -Agriculture: - accounts for 60% of GDP and 90% of work force; farm products - rice, corn, - wheat, sugarcane, root crops, milk, buffalo meat; not self-sufficient in - food, particularly in drought years -Illicit drugs: - illicit producer of cannabis for the domestic and international drug markets -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $304 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-89), $2,230 million; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $30 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $286 - million - -:Nepal Economy - -Currency: - Nepalese rupee (plural - rupees); 1 Nepalese rupee (NR) = 100 paisa -Exchange rates: - Nepalese rupees (NRs) per US$1 - 42.7 (January 1992), 37.255 (1991), 29.370 - (1990), 27.189 (1989), 23.289 (1988), 21.819 (1987) -Fiscal year: - 16 July - 15 July - -:Nepal Communications - -Railroads: - 52 km (1990), all 0.762-meter narrow gauge; all in Terai close to Indian - border; 10 km from Raxaul to Birganj is government owned -Highways: - 7,080 km total (1990); 2,898 km paved, 1,660 km gravel or crushed stone; - also 2,522 km of seasonally motorable tracks -Civil air: - 5 major and 11 minor transport aircraft -Airports: - 37 total, 37 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways - over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 8 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - poor telephone and telegraph service; fair radio communication and broadcast - service; international radio communication service is poor; 50,000 - telephones (1990); broadcast stations - 88 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 1 Indian Ocean - INTELSAT earth station - -:Nepal Defense Forces - -Branches: - Royal Nepalese Army, Royal Nepalese Army Air Service, Nepalese Police Force -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 4,798,984; 2,488,749 fit for military service; 225,873 reach - military age (17) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $34 million, 2% of GDP (FY92) - -:Netherlands Geography - -Total area: - 37,330 km2 -Land area: - 33,920 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly less than twice the size of New Jersey -Land boundaries: - 1,027 km total; Belgium 450 km, Germany 577 km -Coastline: - 451 km -Maritime claims: - Continental shelf: - not specific - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - temperate; marine; cool summers and mild winters -Terrain: - mostly coastal lowland and reclaimed land (polders); some hills in southeast -Natural resources: - natural gas, crude oil, fertile soil -Land use: - arable land 26%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 32%; forest and - woodland 9%; other 32%; includes irrigated 16% -Environment: - 27% of the land area is below sea level and protected from the North Sea by - dikes -Note: - located at mouths of three major European rivers (Rhine, Maas or Meuse, - Schelde) - -:Netherlands People - -Population: - 15,112,064 (July 1992), growth rate 0.6% (1992) -Birth rate: - 13 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 75 years male, 81 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 1.6 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Dutchman(men), Dutchwoman(women); adjective - Dutch -Ethnic divisions: - Dutch 96%, Moroccans, Turks, and other 4% (1988) -Religions: - Roman Catholic 36%, Protestant 27%, other 6%, unaffiliated 31% (1988) -Languages: - Dutch -Literacy: - 99% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1979 est.) -Labor force: - 5,300,000; services 50.1%, manufacturing and construction 28.2%, government - 15.9%, agriculture 5.8% (1986) -Organized labor: - 29% of labor force - -:Netherlands Government - -Long-form name: - Kingdom of the Netherlands -Type: - constitutional monarchy -Capital: - Amsterdam; The Hague is the seat of government -Administrative divisions: - 12 provinces (provincien, singular - provincie); Drenthe, Flevoland, - Friesland, Gelderland, Groningen, Limburg, Noord-Brabant, Noord-Holland, - Overijssel, Utrecht, Zeeland, Zuid-Holland -Independence: - 1579 (from Spain) -Constitution: - 17 February 1983 -Dependent areas: - Aruba, Netherlands Antilles -Legal system: - civil law system incorporating French penal theory; judicial review in the - Supreme Court of legislation of lower order rather than Acts of the States - General; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations -National holiday: - Queen's Day, 30 April (1938) -Executive branch: - monarch, prime minister, vice prime minister, Cabinet, Cabinet of Ministers -Legislative branch: - bicameral legislature (Staten Generaal) consists of an upper chamber or - First Chamber (Eerste Kamer) and a lower chamber or Second Chamber (Tweede - Kamer) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court (De Hoge Raad) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen BEATRIX Wilhelmina Armgard (since 30 April 1980); Heir Apparent - WILLEM-ALEXANDER, Prince of Orange, son of Queen Beatrix (born 27 April - 1967) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Ruud (Rudolph) F. M. LUBBERS (since 4 November 1982); Vice - Prime Minister Wim KOK (since 2 November 1989) -Political parties and leaders: - Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA), Willem van VELZEN; Labor (PvdA), Wim KOK; - Liberal (VVD), Joris VOORHOEVE; Democrats '66 (D'66), Hans van MIERIO; a - host of minor parties -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - First Chamber: - last held on 9 June l991 (next to be held 9 June 1995); results - elected by - the country's 12 provincial councils; seats - (75 total) percent of seats by - party NA - Second Chamber: - last held on 6 September 1989 (next to be held by September 1993); results - - CDA 35.3%, PvdA 31. 9%, VVD 14.6%, D'66 7.9%, other 10.3%; seats - (150 - total) CDA 54, PvdA 49, VVD 22, D'66 12, other 13 -Communists: - about 6,000 - -:Netherlands Government - -Other political or pressure groups: - large multinational firms; Federation of Netherlands Trade Union Movement - (comprising Socialist and Catholic trade unions) and a Protestant trade - union; Federation of Catholic and Protestant Employers Associations; the - nondenominational Federation of Netherlands Enterprises; and IKV - - Interchurch Peace Council -Member of: - AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australia Group, Benelux, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, - COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, ECLAC, EIB, EMS, ESA, ESCAP, FAO, G-10, GATT, - IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, - INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NACC, NATO, - NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, - UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Johan Hendrick MEESMAN; Chancery at 4200 Linnean Avenue NW, - Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 244-5300; there are Dutch Consulates - General in Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, and San Francisco - US: - Ambassador C. Howard WILKINS, Jr.; Embassy at Lange Voorhout 102, The Hague - (mailing address PSC 71, Box 1000, APO AE 09715); telephone [31] (70) - 310-9209; FAX [31] (70) 361-4688; there is a US Consulate General in - Amsterdam -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue; similar to the - flag of Luxembourg, which uses a lighter blue and is longer - -:Netherlands Economy - -Overview: - This highly developed and affluent economy is based on private enterprise. - The government makes its presence felt, however, through many regulations, - permit requirements, and welfare programs affecting most aspects of economic - activity. The trade and financial services sector contributes over 50% of - GDP. Industrial activity provides about 25% of GDP and is led by the - food-processing, oil-refining, and metalworking industries. The highly - mechanized agricultural sector employs only 5% of the labor force, but - provides large surpluses for export and the domestic food-processing - industry. An unemployment rate of 6.2% and a sizable budget deficit are - currently the most serious economic problems. -GDP: - purchasing power equivalent - $249.6 billion, per capita $16,600; real - growth rate 2.2% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 3.6% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 6.2% (1991 est.) -Budget: - revenues $98.7 billion; expenditures $110.8 billion, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1991) -Exports: - $131.5 billion (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - agricultural products, processed foods and tobacco, natural gas, chemicals, - metal products, textiles, clothing - partners: - EC 74.9% (FRG 28.3%, Belgium-Luxembourg 14.2%, France 10.7%, UK 10.2%), US - 4.7% (1988) -Imports: - $125.9 billion (c.i.f., 1990) - commodities: - raw materials and semifinished products, consumer goods, transportation - equipment, crude oil, food products - partners: - EC 63.8% (FRG 26.5%, Belgium-Luxembourg 23.1%, UK 8.1%), US 7.9% (1988) -External debt: - none -Industrial production: - growth rate 1.7% (1991 est.); accounts for 25% of GDP -Electricity: - 22,216,000 kW capacity; 63,570 million kWh produced, 4,300 kWh per capita - (1991) -Industries: - agroindustries, metal and engineering products, electrical machinery and - equipment, chemicals, petroleum, fishing, construction, microelectronics -Agriculture: - accounts for 4% of GDP; animal production predominates; crops - grains, - potatoes, sugar beets, fruits, vegetables; shortages of grain, fats, and - oils -Illicit drugs: - European producer of illicit amphetamines and other synethic drugs -Economic aid: - donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $19.4 billion -Currency: - Netherlands guilder, gulden, or florin (plural - guilders, gulden, or - florins); 1 Netherlands guilder, gulden, or florin (f.) = 100 cents - -:Netherlands Economy - -Exchange rates: - Netherlands guilders, gulden, or florins (f.) per US$1 - 1.7753 (January - 1992), 1.8697 (1991), 1.8209 (1990), 2.1207 (1989), 1.9766 (1988), 2.0257 - (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Netherlands Communications - -Railroads: - 3,037 km track (includes 1,871 km electrified and 1,800 km double track); - 2,871 km 1.435-meter standard gauge operated by Netherlands Railways (NS); - 166 km privately owned -Highways: - 108,360 km total; 92,525 km paved (including 2,185 km of limited access, - divided highways); 15,835 km gravel, crushed stone -Inland waterways: - 6,340 km, of which 35% is usable by craft of 1,000 metric ton capacity or - larger -Pipelines: - crude oil 418 km; petroleum products 965 km; natural gas 10,230 km -Ports: - maritime - Amsterdam, Delfzijl, Den Helder, Dordrecht, Eemshaven, Ijmuiden, - Rotterdam, Scheveningen, Terneuzen, Vlissingen; inland - 29 ports -Merchant marine: - 345 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,630,962 GRT/3,687,598 DWT; includes - 3 short-sea passenger, 191 cargo, 30 refrigerated cargo, 24 container, 12 - roll-on/roll-off, 2 livestock carrier, 10 multifunction large-load carrier, - 22 oil tanker, 27 chemical tanker, 10 liquefied gas, 2 specialized tanker, 9 - bulk, 3 combination bulk; note - many Dutch-owned ships are also registered - on the captive Netherlands Antilles register -Civil air: - 98 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 28 total, 28 usable; 19 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways - over 3,659 m; 11 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 6 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - highly developed, well maintained, and integrated; extensive redundant - system of multiconductor cables, supplemented by radio relay links; - 9,418,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 3 (3 relays) AM, 12 (39 - repeaters) FM, 8 (7 repeaters) TV; 5 submarine cables; 1 communication - satellite earth station operating in INTELSAT (1 Indian Ocean and 2 Atlantic - Ocean antenna) and EUTELSAT systems; nationwide mobile phone system - -:Netherlands Defense Forces - -Branches: - Royal Netherlands Army, Royal Netherlands Navy (including Naval Air Service - and Marine Corps), Royal Netherlands Air Force, Royal Constabulary -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 4,144,477; 3,649,746 fit for military service; 111,952 reach - military age (20) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $7.2 billion, 2.9% of GDP (1991) - -:Netherlands Antilles Geography - -Total area: - 960 km2 -Land area: - 960 km2; includes Bonaire, Curacao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, and Sint Maarten - (Dutch part of the island of Saint Martin) -Comparative area: - slightly less than 5.5 times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 364 km -Maritime claims: - Exclusive fishing zone: - 12 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; ameliorated by northeast trade winds -Terrain: - generally hilly, volcanic interiors -Natural resources: - phosphates (Curacao only), salt (Bonaire only) -Land use: - arable land 8%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and - woodland 0%; other 92% -Environment: - Curacao and Bonaire are south of Caribbean hurricane belt, so rarely - threatened; Sint Maarten, Saba, and Sint Eustatius are subject to hurricanes - from July to October -Note: - consists of two island groups - Curacao and Bonaire are located off the - coast of Venezuela, and Sint Maarten, Saba, and Sint Eustatius lie 800 km to - the north - -:Netherlands Antilles People - -Population: - 184,325 (July 1992), growth rate 0.3% (1992) -Birth rate: - 18 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - -9 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 11 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 73 years male, 77 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 2.0 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Netherlands Antillean(s); adjective - Netherlands Antillean -Ethnic divisions: - mixed African 85%; remainder Carib Indian, European, Latin, and Oriental -Religions: - predominantly Roman Catholic; Protestant, Jewish, Seventh-Day Adventist -Languages: - Dutch (official); Papiamento, a Spanish-Portuguese-Dutch-English dialect - predominates; English widely spoken; Spanish -Literacy: - 94% (male 94%, female 93%) age 15 and over can read and write (1981) -Labor force: - 89,000; government 65%, industry and commerce 28% (1983) -Organized labor: - 60-70% of labor force - -:Netherlands Antilles Government - -Long-form name: - none -Digraph: - political parties are indigenous to each island *** -Type: - part of the Dutch realm - full autonomy in internal affairs granted in 1954 -Capital: - Willemstad -Administrative divisions: - none (part of the Dutch realm) -Independence: - none (part of the Dutch realm) -Constitution: - 29 December 1954, Statute of the Realm of the Netherlands, as amended -Legal system: - based on Dutch civil law system, with some English common law influence -National holiday: - Queen's Day, 30 April (1938) -Executive branch: - Dutch monarch, governor, prime minister, vice prime minister, Council of - Ministers (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - legislature (Staten) -Judicial branch: - Joint High Court of Justice -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen BEATRIX Wilhelmina Armgard (since 30 April 1980), represented by - Governor General Jaime SALEH (since October 1989) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Maria LIBERIA-PETERS (since 17 May 1988, previously served - from September 1984 to November 1985) -Political parties and leaders: - political parties are indigenous to each island - Bonaire: - Patriotic Union of Bonaire (UPB), Rudy ELLIS; Democratic Party of Bonaire - (PDB), Franklin CRESTIAN - Curacao: - National People's Party (PNP), Maria LIBERIA-PETERS; New Antilles Movement - (MAN), Domenico Felip Don MARTINA; Workers' Liberation Front (FOL), Wilson - (Papa) GODETT; Socialist Independent (SI), George HUECK and Nelson MONTE; - Democratic Party of Curacao (DP), Augustin DIAZ; Nos Patria, Chin BEHILIA - Saba: - Windward Islands People's Movement (WIPM Saba), Will JOHNSON; Saba - Democratic Labor Movement, Vernon HASSELL; Saba Unity Party, Carmen SIMMONDS - Sint Eustatius: - Democratic Party of Sint Eustatius (DP-St.E), K. Van PUTTEN; Windward - Islands People's Movement (WIPM); St. Eustatius Alliance (SEA), Ralph BERKEL - Sint Maarten: - Democratic Party of Sint Maarten (DP-St.M), Claude WATHEY; Patriotic - Movement of Sint Maarten (SPA), Vance JAMES -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 - -:Netherlands Antilles Government - -Elections: - Staten: - last held on 16 March 1990 (next to be held March 1994); results - percent - of vote by party NA; seats - (22 total) PNP 7, FOL-SI 3, UPB 3, MAN 2, - DP-St. M 2, DP 1, SPM 1, WIPM 1, DP-St. E 1, Nos Patria 1; note - the - government of Prime Minister Maria LIBERIA-PETERS is a coalition of several - parties -Member of: - CARICOM (observer), ECLAC (associate), ICFTU, INTERPOL, IOC, UNESCO - (associate), UPU, WCL, WMO, WTO (associate) -Diplomatic representation: - as an autonomous part of the Netherlands, Netherlands Antillean interests in - the US are represented by the Netherlands - US: - Consul General Sharon P. WILKINSON; Consulate General at Sint Anna Boulevard - 19, Willemstad, Curacao (mailing address P. O. Box 158, Willemstad, - Curacao); telephone [599] (9) 613066; FAX [599] (9) 616489 -Flag: - white with a horizontal blue stripe in the center superimposed on a vertical - red band also centered; five white five-pointed stars are arranged in an - oval pattern in the center of the blue band; the five stars represent the - five main islands of Bonaire, Curacao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, and Sint - Maarten - -:Netherlands Antilles Economy - -Overview: - Tourism, petroleum refining, and offshore finance are the mainstays of the - economy. The islands enjoy a high per capita income and a well-developed - infrastructure as compared with other countries in the region. Unlike many - Latin American countries, the Netherlands Antilles has avoided large - international debt. Almost all consumer and capital goods are imported, with - the US being the major supplier. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $1.4 billion, per capita $7,600; real growth rate - 1.5% (1990 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 5% (1990 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 21% (1991) -Budget: - revenues $454 million; expenditures $525 million, including capital - expenditures of $42 million (1989 est.) -Exports: - $1.1 billion (f.o.b., 1988) - commodities: - petroleum products 98% - partners: - US 40%, Italy 6%, The Bahamas 5% -Imports: - $1.4 billion (c.i.f., 1988) - commodities: - crude petroleum 64%, food, manufactures - partners: - Venezuela 42%, US 18%, Netherlands 6% -External debt: - $701.2 million (December 1987) -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 125,000 kW capacity; 365 million kWh produced, 1,985 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - tourism (Curacao and Sint Maarten), petroleum refining (Curacao), petroleum - transshipment facilities (Curacao and Bonaire), light manufacturing - (Curacao) -Agriculture: - hampered by poor soils and scarcity of water; chief products - aloes, - sorghum, peanuts, fresh vegetables, tropical fruit; not self-sufficient in - food -Economic aid: - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), - $513 million -Currency: - Netherlands Antillean guilder, gulden, or florin (plural - guilders, gulden, - or florins); 1 Netherlands Antillean guilder, gulden, or florin (NAf.) = 100 - cents -Exchange rates: - Netherlands Antillean guilders, gulden, or florins (NAf.) per US$1 - 1.79 - (fixed rate since 1989; 1.80 fixed rate 1971-88) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Netherlands Antilles Communications - -Highways: - 950 km total; 300 km paved, 650 km gravel and earth -Ports: - Willemstad, Philipsburg, Kralendijk -Merchant marine: - 80 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 607,010 GRT/695,864 DWT; includes 4 - passenger, 27 cargo, 13 refrigerated cargo, 7 container, 9 roll-on/roll-off, - 11 multifunction large-load carrier, 4 chemical tanker, 3 liquefied gas, 1 - bulk, 1 oil tanker; note - all but a few are foreign owned, mostly in the - Netherlands -Civil air: - 8 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 7 total, 6 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over - 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - generally adequate facilities; extensive interisland radio relay links; - broadcast stations - 9 AM, 4 FM, 1 TV; 2 submarine cables; 2 Atlantic Ocean - INTELSAT earth stations - -:Netherlands Antilles Defense Forces - -Branches: - Royal Netherlands Navy, Marine Corps, Royal Netherlands Air Force, National - Guard, Police Force -Manpower availability: - males 15-49 49,082; 27,656 fit for military service; 1,673 reach military - age (20) annually -Note: - defense is responsibility of the Netherlands - -:New Caledonia Geography - -Total area: - 19,060 km2 -Land area: - 18,760 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly smaller than New Jersey -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 2,254 km -Maritime claims: - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; modified by southeast trade winds; hot, humid -Terrain: - coastal plains with interior mountains -Natural resources: - nickel, chrome, iron, cobalt, manganese, silver, gold, lead, copper -Land use: - arable land NEGL%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 14%; forest - and woodland 51%; other 35% -Environment: - typhoons most frequent from November to March -Note: - located 1,750 km east of Australia in the South Pacific Ocean - -:New Caledonia People - -Population: - 174,805 (July 1992), growth rate 1.9% (1992) -Birth rate: - 23 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 17 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 70 years male, 76 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 2.7 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - New Caledonian(s); adjective - New Caledonian -Ethnic divisions: - Melanesian 42.5%, European 37.1%, Wallisian 8.4%, Polynesian 3.8%, - Indonesian 3.6%, Vietnamese 1.6%, other 3.0% -Religions: - Roman Catholic 60%, Protestant 30%, other 10% -Languages: - French; 28 Melanesian-Polynesian dialects -Literacy: - 91% (male 91%, female 90%) age 15 and over can read and write (1976) -Labor force: - 50,469; foreign workers for plantations and mines from Wallis and Futuna, - Vanuatu, and French Polynesia (1980 est.) -Organized labor: - NA - -:New Caledonia Government - -Long-form name: - Territory of New Caledonia and Dependencies -Type: - overseas territory of France since 1956 -Capital: - Noumea -Administrative divisions: - none (overseas territory of France); there are no first-order administrative - divisions as defined by the US Government, but there are 3 provinces named - Iles Loyaute, Nord, and Sud -Independence: - none (overseas territory of France); note - a referendum on independence - will be held in 1998, with a review of the issue in 1992 -Constitution: - 28 September 1958 (French Constitution) -Legal system: - the 1988 Matignon Accords grant substantial autonomy to the islands; - formerly under French law -National holiday: - Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789) -Executive branch: - French President, high commissioner, Consultative Committee (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral Territorial Assembly -Judicial branch: - Court of Appeal -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981) - Head of Government: - High Commissioner and President of the Council of Government Alain - CHRISTNACHT (since 15 January 1991) -Suffrage: - universal adult at age 18 -Elections: - Territorial Assembly: - last held 11 June 1989 (next to be held 1993); results - RPCR 44.5%, FLNKS - 28.5%, FN 7%, CD 5%, UO 4%, other 11%; seats - (54 total) RPCR 27, FLNKS 19, - FN 3, other 5; note - election boycotted by FULK - French Senate: - last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held September 1992); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) RPCR 1 - French National Assembly: - last held 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held June 1993); results - RPR - 83.5%, FN 13.5%, other 3%; seats - (2 total) RPCR 2 -Member of: - FZ, ICFTU, SPC, WMO -Diplomatic representation: - as an overseas territory of France, New Caledonian interests are represented - in the US by France -Flag: - the flag of France is used - -:New Caledonia Economy - -Overview: - New Caledonia has more than 25% of the world's known nickel resources. In - recent years the economy has suffered because of depressed international - demand for nickel, the principal source of export earnings. Only a - negligible amount of the land is suitable for cultivation, and food accounts - for about 25% of imports. -GNP: - exchange rate conversion - $1.0 billion, per capita $6,000 (1991 est.); real - growth rate 2.4% (1988) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 4.1% (1989) -Unemployment rate: - 16.0% (1989) -Budget: - revenues $224.0 million; expenditures $211.0 million, including capital - expenditures of NA (1985) -Exports: - $671 million (f.o.b., 1989) - commodities: - nickel metal 87%, nickel ore - partners: - France 52.3%, Japan 15.8%, US 6.4% -Imports: - $764 million (c.i.f., 1989) - commodities: - foods, fuels, minerals, machines, electrical equipment - partners: - France 44.0%, US 10%, Australia 9% -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 400,000 kW capacity; 2,200 million kWh produced, 12,790 kWh per capita - (1990) -Industries: - nickel mining -Agriculture: - large areas devoted to cattle grazing; coffee, corn, wheat, vegetables; 60% - self-sufficient in beef -Illicit drugs: - illicit cannabis cultivation is becoming a principal source of income for - some families -Economic aid: - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), - $4,185 million -Currency: - Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique franc (plural - francs); 1 CFP franc (CFPF) - = 100 centimes -Exchange rates: - Comptoirs Francais duPacifique francs (CFPF) per US$1 - 97.81 (January - 1992), 102.57 (1991), 99.00 (1990), 115.99 (1989), 108.30 (1988), 109.27 - (1987); note - linked at the rate of 18.18 to the French franc -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:New Caledonia Communications - -Highways: - 6,340 km total; only about 10% paved (1987) -Ports: - Noumea, Nepoui, Poro, Thio -Civil air: - 1 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 29 total, 27 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways - over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - 32,578 telephones (1987); broadcast stations - 5 AM, 3 FM, 7 TV; 1 Pacific - Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -:New Caledonia Defense Forces - -Branches: - Gendarmerie, Police Force -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 46,388; NA fit for military service -Note: - defense is the responsibility of France - -:New Zealand Geography - -Total area: - 268,680 km2 -Land area: - 268,670 km2; includes Antipodes Islands, Auckland Islands, Bounty Islands, - Campbell Island, Chatham Islands, and Kermadec Islands -Comparative area: - about the size of Colorado -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 15,134 km -Maritime claims: - Continental shelf: - edge of continental margin or 200 nm - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - territorial claim in Antarctica (Ross Dependency) -Climate: - temperate with sharp regional contrasts -Terrain: - predominately mountainous with some large coastal plains -Natural resources: - natural gas, iron ore, sand, coal, timber, hydropower, gold, limestone -Land use: - arable land 2%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 53%; forest and - woodland 38%; other 7%; includes irrigated 1% -Environment: - earthquakes are common, though usually not severe - -:New Zealand People - -Population: - 3,347,369 (July 1992), growth rate 0.7% (1992) -Birth rate: - 16 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - -2 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 9 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 72 years male, 80 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 2.1 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - New Zealander(s); adjective - New Zealand -Ethnic divisions: - European 88%, Maori 8.9%, Pacific Islander 2.9%, other 0.2% -Religions: - Anglican 24%, Presbyterian 18%, Roman Catholic 15%, Methodist 5%, Baptist - 2%, other Protestant 3%, unspecified or none 9% (1986) -Languages: - English (official), Maori -Literacy: - 99% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1970) -Labor force: - 1,603,500 (June 1991); services 67.4%, manufacturing 19.8%, primary - production 9.3% (1987) -Organized labor: - 681,000 members; 43% of labor force (1986) - -:New Zealand Government - -Long-form name: - none; abbreviated NZ -Type: - parliamentary democracy -Capital: - Wellington -Administrative divisions: - 93 counties, 9 districts*, and 3 town districts**; Akaroa, Amuri, Ashburton, - Bay of Islands, Bruce, Buller, Chatham Islands, Cheviot, Clifton, Clutha, - Cook, Dannevirke, Egmont, Eketahuna, Ellesmere, Eltham, Eyre, Featherston, - Franklin, Golden Bay, Great Barrier Island, Grey, Hauraki Plains, Hawera*, - Hawke's Bay, Heathcote, Hikurangi**, Hobson, Hokianga, Horowhenua, Hurunui, - Hutt, Inangahua, Inglewood, Kaikoura, Kairanga, Kiwitea, Lake, Mackenzie, - Malvern, Manaia**, Manawatu, Mangonui, Maniototo, Marlborough, Masterton, - Matamata, Mount Herbert, Ohinemuri, Opotiki, Oroua, Otamatea, Otorohanga*, - Oxford, Pahiatua, Paparua, Patea, Piako, Pohangina, Raglan, Rangiora*, - Rangitikei, Rodney, Rotorua*, Runanga, Saint Kilda, Silverpeaks, Southland, - Stewart Island, Stratford, Strathallan, Taranaki, Taumarunui, Taupo, - Tauranga, Thames-Coromandel*, Tuapeka, Vincent, Waiapu, Waiheke, Waihemo, - Waikato, Waikohu, Waimairi, Waimarino, Waimate, Waimate West, Waimea, Waipa, - Waipawa*, Waipukurau*, Wairarapa South, Wairewa, Wairoa, Waitaki, Waitomo*, - Waitotara, Wallace, Wanganui, Waverley**, Westland, Whakatane*, Whangarei, - Whangaroa, Woodville -Independence: - 26 September 1907 (from UK) -Constitution: - no formal, written constitution; consists of various documents, including - certain acts of the UK and New Zealand Parliaments; Constitution Act 1986 - was to have come into force 1 January 1987, but has not been enacted -Dependent areas: - Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau -Legal system: - based on English law, with special land legislation and land courts for - Maoris; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations -National holiday: - Waitangi Day (Treaty of Waitangi established British sovereignty), 6 - February (1840) -Executive branch: - British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister, - Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral House of Representatives (commonly called Parliament) -Judicial branch: - High Court, Court of Appeal -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General - Dame Catherine TIZARD (since 12 December 1990) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister James BOLGER (since 29 October 1990); Deputy Prime Minister - Donald McKINNON (since 2 November 1990) -Political parties and leaders: - National Party (NP; government), James BOLGER; New Zealand Labor Party - (NZLP; opposition), Michael MOORE; NewLabor Party (NLP), Jim ANDERTON; - Democratic Party, Dick RYAN; New Zealand Liberal Party, Hanmish MACINTYRE - and Gilbert MYLES; Green Party, no official leader; Mana Motuhake, Martin - RATA; Socialist Unity Party (SUP; pro-Soviet), Kenneth DOUGLAS; note - the - New Labor, Democratic, and Mana Motuhake parties formed a coalition in - September 1991; the Green Party joined the coalition in May 1992 - -:New Zealand Government - -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - House of Representatives: - last held on 27 October 1990 (next to be held October 1993); results - NP - 49%, NZLP 35%, Green Party 7%, NLP 5%; seats - (97 total) NP 67, NZLP 29, - NLP 1 -Member of: - ANZUS (US suspended security obligations to NZ on 11 August 1986), APEC, - AsDB, Australia Group, C, CCC, CP, COCOM, (cooperating country), EBRD, - ESCAP, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, - IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, - MTCR, OECD, PCA, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UNTSO, UPU, - WHO, WIPO, WMO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador - Denis Bazely Gordon McLEAN; Chancery at 37 Observatory Circle - NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 328-4800; there are New Zealand - Consulates General in Los Angeles and New York - US: - Ambassador Della M. NEWMAN; Embassy at 29 Fitzherbert Terrace, Thorndon, - Wellington (mailing address is P. O. Box 1190, Wellington; PSC 467, Box 1, - FPO AP 96531-1001); telephone [64] (4) 722-068; FAX [64] (4) 723-537; there - is a US Consulate General in Auckland -Flag: - blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant with four red - five-pointed stars edged in white centered in the outer half of the flag; - the stars represent the Southern Cross constellation - -:New Zealand Economy - -Overview: - Since 1984 the government has been reorienting an agrarian economy dependent - on a guaranteed British market to an open free market economy that can - compete on the global scene. The government has hoped that dynamic growth - would boost real incomes, reduce inflationary pressures, and permit the - expansion of welfare benefits. The results have been mixed: inflation is - down from double-digit levels, but growth has been sluggish and - unemployment, always a highly sensitive issue, has exceeded 10% since May - 1991. In 1988, GDP fell by 1%, in 1989 grew by a moderate 2.4%, and was flat - in 1990-91. -GDP: - purchasing power equivalent - $46.2 billion, per capita $14,000; real growth - rate - 0.4% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 1.0% (1991) -Unemployment rate: - 10.7% (September 1991) -Budget: - revenues $17.6 billion; expenditures $18.3 billion, including capital - expenditures of $NA (FY91 est.) -Exports: - $9.4 billion (f.o.b., FY91) - commodities: - wool, lamb, mutton, beef, fruit, fish, cheese, manufactures, chemicals, - forestry products - partners: - EC 18.3%, Japan 17.9%, Australia 17.5%, US 13.5%, China 3.6%, South Korea - 3.1% -Imports: - $8.4 billion (f.o.b., FY91) - commodities: - petroleum, consumer goods, motor vehicles, industrial equipment - partners: - Australia 19.7%, Japan 16.9%, EC 16.9%, US 15.3%, Taiwan 3.0% -External debt: - $17.4 billion (1989) -Industrial production: - growth rate 1.9% (1990); accounts for about 20% of GDP -Electricity: - 7,800,000 kW capacity; 28,000 million kWh produced, 8,500 kWh per capita - (1990) -Industries: - food processing, wood and paper products, textiles, machinery, - transportation equipment, banking and insurance, tourism, mining -Agriculture: - accounts for about 9% of GDP and 10% of the work force; livestock - predominates - wool, meat, dairy products all export earners; crops - wheat, - barley, potatoes, pulses, fruits, and vegetables; surplus producer of farm - products; fish catch reached a record 503,000 metric tons in 1988 -Economic aid: - donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $526 million -Currency: - New Zealand dollar (plural - dollars); 1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 - cents -Exchange rates: - New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1 - 1.8245 (March 1992), 1.7265 (1991), - 1.6750 (1990), 1.6711 (1989), 1.5244 (1988), 1.6886 (1987) -Fiscal year: - 1 July - 30 June - -:New Zealand Communications - -Railroads: - 4,716 km total; all 1.067-meter gauge; 274 km double track; 113 km - electrified; over 99% government owned -Highways: - 92,648 km total; 49,547 km paved, 43,101 km gravel or crushed stone -Inland waterways: - 1,609 km; of little importance to transportation -Pipelines: - natural gas 1,000 km; petroleum products 160 km; condensate 150 km -Ports: - Auckland, Christchurch, Dunedin, Wellington, Tauranga -Merchant marine: - 18 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 182,206 GRT/246,446 DWT; includes 2 - cargo, 5 roll-on/roll-off, 1 railcar carrier, 4 oil tanker, 1 liquefied gas, - 5 bulk -Civil air: - about 40 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 118 total, 118 usable; 34 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways - over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 43 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - excellent international and domestic systems; 2,110,000 telephones; - broadcast stations - 64 AM, 2 FM, 14 TV; submarine cables extend to - Australia and Fiji; 2 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth stations - -:New Zealand Defense Forces - -Branches: - New Zealand Army, Royal New Zealand Navy, Royal New Zealand Air Force -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 874,703; 739,923 fit for military service; 30,297 reach - military age (20) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $792 million, 2% of GDP (FY92) - -:Nicaragua Geography - -Total area: - 129,494 km2 -Land area: - 120,254 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly larger than New York State -Land boundaries: - 1,231 km total; Costa Rica 309 km, Honduras 922 km -Coastline: - 910 km -Maritime claims: - Contiguous zone: - 25 nm security zone (status of claim uncertain) - Continental shelf: - not specified - Territorial sea: - 200 nm -Disputes: - territorial disputes with Colombia over the Archipelago de San Andres y - Providencia and Quita Sueno Bank; unresolved maritime boundary in Golfo de - Fonseca -Climate: - tropical in lowlands, cooler in highlands -Terrain: - extensive Atlantic coastal plains rising to central interior mountains; - narrow Pacific coastal plain interrupted by volcanoes -Natural resources: - gold, silver, copper, tungsten, lead, zinc, timber, fish -Land use: - arable land 9%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 43%; forest and - woodland 35%; other 12%; including irrigated 1% -Environment: - subject to destructive earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, and occasional - severe hurricanes; deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution - -:Nicaragua People - -Population: - 3,878,150 (July 1992), growth rate 2.8% (1992) -Birth rate: - 37 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - -1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 57 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 60 years male, 66 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 4.6 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Nicaraguan(s); adjective - Nicaraguan -Ethnic divisions: - mestizo 69%, white 17%, black 9%, Indian 5% -Religions: - Roman Catholic 95%, Protestant 5% -Languages: - Spanish (official); English- and Indian-speaking minorities on Atlantic - coast -Literacy: - 57% (male 57%, female 57%) age 15 and over can read and write (1971) -Labor force: - 1,086,000; service 43%, agriculture 44%, industry 13% (1986) -Organized labor: - 35% of labor force - -:Nicaragua Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Nicaragua -Type: - republic -Capital: - Managua -Administrative divisions: - 9 administrative regions encompassing 17 departments (departamentos, - singular - departamento); Boaco, Carazo, Chinandega, Chontales, Esteli, - Granada, Jinotega, Leon, Madriz, Managua, Masaya, Matagalpa, North Atlantic - Coast Autonomous Zone (RAAN), Nueva Segovia, Rio San Juan, Rivas, South - Atlantic Coast Autonomous Zone (RAAS) -Independence: - 15 September 1821 (from Spain) -Constitution: - January 1987 -Legal system: - civil law system; Supreme Court may review administrative acts -National holiday: - Independence Day, 15 September (1821) -Executive branch: - president, vice president, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - National Assembly (Asamblea Nacional) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court (Corte Suprema) and municipal courts -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Violeta Barrios de CHAMORRO (since 25 April 1990); Vice President - Virgilio GODOY (since 25 April 1990) -Political parties and leaders: - ruling coalition: - National Opposition Union (UNO) is a 14-party alliance - National - Conservative Party (PNC), Silviano MATAMOROS; Conservative Popular Alliance - Party (PAPC), Myriam ARGUELLO; National Conservative Action Party (PANC), - Hernaldo ZUNIGA; National Democratic Confidence Party (PDCN), Augustin - JARQUIN; Independent Liberal Party (PLI), Wilfredo NAVARRO; Neo-Liberal - Party (PALI), Andres ZUNIGA; Liberal Constitutionalist Party (PLC), Jose - Ernesto SOMARRIBA; National Action Party (PAN), Eduardo RIVAS; Nicaraguan - Socialist Party (PSN), Gustavo TABLADA; Communist Party of Nicaragua - (PCdeN), Eli ALTIMIRANO; Popular Social Christian Party (PPSC), Luis - Humberto GUZMAN; Nicaraguan Democratic Movement (MDN), Roberto URROZ; Social - Democratic Party (PSD), Guillermo POTOY; Central American Integrationist - Party (PIAC), Alejandro PEREZ - opposition parties: - Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN), Daniel ORTEGA; Central American - Unionist Party (PUCA), Blanca ROJAS; Democratic Conservative Party of - Nicaragua (PCDN), Jose BRENES; Liberal Party of National Unity (PLUIN), - Eduardo CORONADO; Movement of Revolutionary Unity (MUR), Francisco SAMPER; - Social Christian Party (PSC), Erick RAMIREZ; Revolutionary Workers' Party - (PRT), Bonifacio MIRANDA; Social Conservative Party (PSOC), Fernando - AGUERRO; Popular Action Movement - Marxist-Leninist (MAP-ML), Isidro TELLEZ; - Popular Social Christian Party (PPSC), Mauricio DIAZ -Suffrage: - universal at age 16 - -:Nicaragua Government - -Elections: - President: - last held on 25 February 1990 (next to be held February 1996); results - - Violeta Barrios de CHAMORRO (UNO) 54.7%, Daniel ORTEGA Saavedra (FSLN) - 40.8%, other 4.5% - National Assembly: - last held on 25 February 1990 (next to be held February 1996); results - UNO - 53.9%, FSLN 40.8%, PSC 1.6%, MUR 1.0%; seats - (92 total) UNO 51, FSLN 39, - PSC 1, MUR 1 -Communists: - 15,000-20,000 -Other political or pressure groups: - National Workers Front (FNT) is a Sandinista umbrella group of eight labor - unions: Sandinista Workers' Central (CST), Farm Workers Association (ATC), - Health Workers Federation (FETASALUD), National Union of Employees (UNE), - National Association of Educators of Nicaragua (ANDEN), Union of Journalists - of Nicaragua (UPN), Heroes and Martyrs Confederation of Professional - Associations (CONAPRO), and the National Union of Farmers and Ranchers - (UNAG); Permanent Congress of Workers (CPT) is an umbrella group of four - non-Sandinista labor unions: Confederation of Labor Unification (CUS), - Autonomous Nicaraguan Workers' Central (CTN-A), Independent General - Confederation of Labor (CGT-I), and Labor Action and Unity Central (CAUS); - Nicaraguan Workers' Central (CTN) is an independent labor union; Superior - Council of Private Enterprise (COSEP) is a confederation of business groups -Member of: - BCIE, CACM, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, - IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LORCS, - NAM, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, - WHO, WIPO, WMO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Ernesto PALAZIO; Chancery at 1627 New Hampshire Avenue NW, - Washington, DC 20009; telephone (202) 939-6570 - US: - Ambassador Harry W. SHLAUDEMAN; Embassy at Kilometer 4.5 Carretera Sur., - Managua (mailing address is APO AA 34021); telephone [505] (2) 666010 or - 666013, 666015 through 18, 666026, 666027, 666032 through 34; FAX [505] (2) - 666046 -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and blue with the - national coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features - a triangle encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA on the top and - AMERICA CENTRAL on the bottom; similar to the flag of El Salvador, which - features a round emblem encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN - LA AMERICA CENTRAL centered in the white band; also similar to the flag of - Honduras, which has five blue stars arranged in an X pattern centered in the - white band - -:Nicaragua Economy - -Overview: - Government control of the economy historically has been extensive, although - the CHAMORRO government has pledged to greatly reduce intervention. Four - private banks have been licensed, and the government has liberalized foreign - trade and abolished price controls on most goods. Over 50% of the - agricultural and industrial firms remain state owned. Sandinista economic - policies and the war had produced a severe economic crisis. The foundation - of the economy continues to be the export of agricultural commodities, - largely coffee and cotton. Farm production fell by roughly 7% in 1989 and 4% - in 1990, and remained about even in 1991. The agricultural sector employs - 44% of the work force and accounts for 15% of GDP and 80% of export - earnings. Industry, which employs 13% of the work force and contributes - about 25% to GDP, showed a drop of 7% in 1989, fell slightly in 1990, and - remained flat in 1991; output still is below pre-1979 levels. External debt - is one of the highest in the world on a per capita basis. In 1991 the - inflation rate was 766%, down sharply from the 13,490% of 1990. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $1.6 billion, per capita $425; real growth rate - -1.0% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 766% (1991) -Unemployment rate: - 13%; underemployment 50% (1991) -Budget: - revenues $347 million; expenditures $499 million, including capital - expenditures of $NA million (1991) -Exports: - $342 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) - commodities: - coffee, cotton, sugar, bananas, seafood, meat, chemicals - partners: - OECD 75%, USSR and Eastern Europe 15%, other 10% -Imports: - $738 million (c.i.f., 1991 est.) - commodities: - petroleum, food, chemicals, machinery, clothing - partners: - Latin America 30%, US 25%, EC 20%, USSR and Eastern Europe 10%, other 15% - (1990 est.) -External debt: - $10 billion (December 1991) -Industrial production: - growth rate NA; accounts for about 25% of GDP -Electricity: - 423,000 kW capacity; 1,409 million kWh produced, 376 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - food processing, chemicals, metal products, textiles, clothing, petroleum - refining and distribution, beverages, footwear -Agriculture: - accounts for 15% of GDP and 44% of work force; cash crops - coffee, bananas, - sugarcane, cotton; food crops - rice, corn, cassava, citrus fruit, beans; - variety of animal products - beef, veal, pork, poultry, dairy; normally - self-sufficient in food -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $294 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1,381 million; - Communist countries (1970-89), $3.5 billion -Currency: - cordoba (plural - cordobas); 1 cordoba (C$) = 100 centavos - -:Nicaragua Economy - -Exchange rates: - cordobas (C$) per US$1 - 25,000,000 (March 1992), 21,354,000 (1991), 15,655 - (1989), 270 (1988), 102.60 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Nicaragua Communications - -Railroads: - 373 km 1.067-meter narrow gauge, government owned; majority of system not - operating; 3 km 1.435-meter gauge line at Puerto Cabezas (does not connect - with mainline) -Highways: - 25,930 km total; 4,000 km paved, 2,170 km gravel or crushed stone, 5,425 km - earth or graded earth, 14,335 km unimproved; Pan-American highway 368.5 km -Inland waterways: - 2,220 km, including 2 large lakes -Pipelines: - crude oil 56 km -Ports: - Corinto, El Bluff, Puerto Cabezas, Puerto Sandino, Rama -Merchant marine: - 2 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,161 GRT/2,500 DWT -Civil air: - 9 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 228 total, 155 usable; 11 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways - over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 12 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - low-capacity radio relay and wire system being expanded; connection into - Central American Microwave System; 60,000 telephones; broadcast stations - - 45 AM, no FM, 7 TV, 3 shortwave; earth stations - 1 Intersputnik and 1 - Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT - -:Nicaragua Defense Forces - -Branches: - Ground Forces, Navy, Air Force -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 878,066; 541,090 fit for military service; 42,997 reach - military age (18) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $70 million, 3.8% of GDP (1991 budget) - -:Niger Geography - -Total area: - 1,267,000 km2 -Land area: - 1,266,700 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly less than twice the size of Texas -Land boundaries: - 5,697 km total; Algeria 956 km, Benin 266 km, Burkina 628 km, Chad 1,175 km, - Libya 354 km, Mali 821 km, Nigeria 1,497 km -Coastline: - none - landlocked -Maritime claims: - none - landlocked -Disputes: - Libya claims about 19,400 km2 in northern Niger; demarcation of - international boundaries in Lake Chad, the lack of which has led to border - incidents in the past, is completed and awaiting ratification by Cameroon, - Chad, Niger, and Nigeria; Burkina and Mali are proceeding with boundary - demarcation, including the tripoint with Niger -Climate: - desert; mostly hot, dry, dusty; tropical in extreme south -Terrain: - predominately desert plains and sand dunes; flat to rolling plains in south; - hills in north -Natural resources: - uranium, coal, iron ore, tin, phosphates -Land use: - arable land 3%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 7%; forest and - woodland 2%; other 88%; includes irrigated NEGL% -Environment: - recurrent drought and desertification severely affecting marginal - agricultural activities; overgrazing; soil erosion -Note: - landlocked - -:Niger People - -Population: - 8,052,945 (July 1992), growth rate 3.5% (1992) -Birth rate: - 58 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 23 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 115 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 42 years male, 45 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 7.4 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Nigerien(s); adjective - Nigerien -Ethnic divisions: - Hausa 56%; Djerma 22%; Fula 8.5%; Tuareg 8%; Beri Beri (Kanouri) 4.3%; Arab, - Toubou, and Gourmantche 1.2%; about 4,000 French expatriates -Religions: - Muslim 80%, remainder indigenous beliefs and Christians -Languages: - French (official); Hausa, Djerma -Literacy: - 28% (male 40%, female 17%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 2,500,000 wage earners (1982); agriculture 90%, industry and commerce 6%, - government 4%; 51% of population of working age (1985) -Organized labor: - negligible - -:Niger Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Niger -Type: - as of November 1991, transition government appointed by national reform - conference; scheduled to turn over power to democratically elected - government in January 1993 -Capital: - Niamey -Administrative divisions: - 7 departments (departements, singular - departement); Agadez, Diffa, Dosso, - Maradi, Niamey, Tahoua, Zinder -Independence: - 3 August 1960 (from France) -Constitution: - December 1989 constitution revised November 1991 by National Democratic - Reform Conference -Legal system: - based on French civil law system and customary law; has not accepted - compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Republic Day, 18 December (1958) -Executive branch: - president (ceremonial), prime minister (interim), Cabinet -Legislative branch: - National Assembly -Judicial branch: - State Court (Cour d'Etat), Court of Appeal (Cour d'Apel) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Brig. Gen. Ali SAIBOU (since 14 November 1987); ceremonial post - since national conference (1991) - Head of Government: - Interim Prime Minister Amadou CHEIFFOU (since November 1991) -Political parties and leaders: - National Movement of the Development Society (MNSD-NASSARA), Tanda MAMADOU; - Niger Progressive Party - African Democratic Rally (PPN-RDA), Harou KOUKA; - Union of Popular Forces for Democracy and Progress (UDFP-SAWABA), Djibo - BAKARY; Niger Democratic Union (UDN-SAWABA), Mamoudou PASCAL; Union of - Patriots, Democrats, and Progressives (UPDP), Andre SALIFOU; Niger Social - Democrat Party (PSDN-ALHERI), Mallam Adji WAZIRI; Niger Party for Democracy - and Socialism (PNDS-TARAYA), Issoufou MAHAMADOU; Democratic and Social - Convention (CDS-RAHAMA), Mahamane OUSMANE; Union for Democracy and Progress - (UDP), Bello TCHIOUSSO; Union for Democracy and Social Progress - (UDPS-AMANA), Akoli DAOUEL; Masses Union for Democratic Action (UMAD-AIKI), - Belko GARBA; Worker's Liberation Party (PLT), Idi Ango OUMAROU; Convention - for Social Rehabilitation (CRS), Abdoul Karim SEYNI; Popular Movement for - Democracy in Niger (MPDN), Abdou SANDA; Popular Front for National - Liberation (FPLN), Diallo SABO; Republican Party for Freedom and Progress in - Niger (PRLPN), Alka ALMOU; other parties forming -Suffrage: - universal adult at age 18 -Elections: - President: - President Ali SAIBOU has been in office since December 1989, but the - presidency is now a largely ceremonial position - -:Niger Government - - National Assembly: - last held 10 December 1989 (next to be held NA); results - MNSD was the only - party; seats - (150 total) MNSD 150 (indirectly elected); note - Niger held - a national conference from July to November 1991 to decide upon a - transitional government and an agenda for multiparty elections -Member of: - ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IAEA, - IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, - LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL, WHO, WIPO, - WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Moumouni Adamou DJERMAKOYE; Chancery at 2204 R Street NW, - Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 483-4224 through 4227 - US: - Ambassador Jennifer C. WARD; Embassy at Avenue des Ambassades, Niamey - (mailing address is B. P. 11201, Niamey); telephone [227] 72-26-61 through - 64 -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of orange (top), white, and green with a small - orange disk (representing the sun) centered in the white band; similar to - the flag of India, which has a blue spoked wheel centered in the white band - -:Niger Economy - -Overview: - About 90% of the population is engaged in farming and stock raising, - activities that generate almost half the national income. The economy also - depends heavily on exploitation of large uranium deposits. Uranium - production grew rapidly in the mid-1970s, but tapered off in the early 1980s - when world prices declined. France is a major customer, while Germany, - Japan, and Spain also make regular purchases. The depressed demand for - uranium has contributed to an overall sluggishness in the economy, a severe - trade imbalance, and a mounting external debt. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $2.4 billion, per capita $300; real growth rate - -3.4% (1991) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - NA -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $220 million; expenditures $446 million, including capital - expenditures of $190 million (FY89 est.) -Exports: - $320 million (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - uranium 75%, livestock products, cowpeas, onions - partners: - France 65%, Nigeria 11%, Ivory Coast, Italy -Imports: - $439 million (c.i.f., 1990) - commodities: - petroleum products, primary materials, machinery, vehicles and parts, - electronic equipment, pharmaceuticals, chemical products, cereals, - foodstuffs - partners: - France 32%, Ivory Coast 11%, Germany 5%, Italy 4%, Nigeria 4% -External debt: - $1.8 billion (December 1990 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 0% (1989); accounts for 18% of GDP -Electricity: - 105,000 kW capacity; 230 million kWh produced, 30 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - cement, brick, textiles, food processing, chemicals, slaughterhouses, and a - few other small light industries; uranium production began in 1971 -Agriculture: - accounts for roughly 40% of GDP and 90% of labor force; cash crops - - cowpeas, cotton, peanuts; food crops - millet, sorghum, cassava, rice; - livestock - cattle, sheep, goats; self-sufficient in food except in drought - years -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $380 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $3,165 million; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $504 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $61 - million -Currency: - Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural - francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF) - = 100 centimes -Exchange rates: - Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 269.01 (January - 1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 - (1987) - -:Niger Economy - -Fiscal year: - 1 October - 30 September - -:Niger Communications - -Highways: - 39,970 km total; 3,170 km bituminous, 10,330 km gravel and laterite, 3,470 - km earthen, 23,000 km tracks -Inland waterways: - Niger River is navigable 300 km from Niamey to Gaya on the Benin frontier - from mid-December through March -Civil air: - 2 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 29 total, 27 usable; 8 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways - over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 13 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - small system of wire, radiocommunications, and radio relay links - concentrated in southwestern area; 14,260 telephones; broadcast stations - - 15 AM, 5 FM, 18 TV; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 - Indian Ocean INTELSAT, and 3 domestic, with 1 planned - -:Niger Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Air Force, Gendarmerie, Republican National Guard, National police -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 1,724,293; 928,177 fit for military service; 83,528 reach - military age (18) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $27 million, 1.3% of GDP (1989) - -:Nigeria Geography - -Total area: - 923,770 km2 -Land area: - 910,770 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly more than twice the size of California -Land boundaries: - 4,047 km total; Benin 773 km, Cameroon 1,690 km, Chad 87 km, Niger 1,497 km -Coastline: - 853 km -Maritime claims: - Continental shelf: - 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 30 nm -Disputes: - demarcation of international boundaries in Lake Chad, the lack of which has - led to border incidents in the past, is completed and awaiting ratification - by Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria; boundary commission created with - Cameroon to discuss unresolved land and maritime boundaries - has not yet - convened -Climate: - varies - equatorial in south, tropical in center, arid in north -Terrain: - southern lowlands merge into central hills and plateaus; mountains in - southeast, plains in north -Natural resources: - crude oil, tin, columbite, iron ore, coal, limestone, lead, zinc, natural - gas -Land use: - arable land 31%; permanent crops 3%; meadows and pastures 23%; forest and - woodland 15%; other 28%; includes irrigated NEGL% -Environment: - recent droughts in north severely affecting marginal agricultural - activities; desertification; soil degradation, rapid deforestation - -:Nigeria People - -Population: - 126,274,589 (July 1992), growth rate 3.0% (1992); note - a new population - figure of 88.5 million is in the process of being incorporated into revised - Census Bureau figures (April 1992) -Birth rate: - 46 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 16 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 110 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 48 years male, 50 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 6.5 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Nigerian(s); adjective - Nigerian -Ethnic divisions: - more than 250 tribal groups; Hausa and Fulani of the north, Yoruba of the - southwest, and Ibos of the southeast make up 65% of the population; about - 27,000 non-Africans -Religions: - Muslim 50%, Christian 40%, indigenous beliefs 10% -Languages: - English (official); Hausa, Yoruba, Ibo, Fulani, and several other languages - also widely used -Literacy: - 51% (male 62%, female 40%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 42,844,000; agriculture 54%, industry, commerce, and services 19%, - government 15%; 49% of population of working age (1985) -Organized labor: - 3,520,000 wage earners belong to 42 recognized trade unions, which come - under a single national labor federation - the Nigerian Labor Congress (NLC) - -:Nigeria Government - -Long-form name: - Federal Republic of Nigeria -Type: - military government since 31 December 1983 -Capital: - Abuja; note - on 12 December 1991 the capital was officially moved from - Lagos to Abuja; many government offices remain in Lagos pending completion - of facilities in Abuja -Administrative divisions: - 30 states and 1 territory*; Abia, Abuja Capital Territory*, Adamawa, Akwa - Ibom, Anambra, Bauchi, Benue, Borno, Cross River, Delta, Edo, Enugu, Imo, - Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Kogi, Kwara, Lagos, Niger, Ogun, Ondo, - Osun, Oyo, Plateau, Rivers, Sokoto, Taraba, Yobe -Independence: - 1 October 1960 (from UK) -Constitution: - 1 October 1979, amended 9 February 1984, revised 1989 -Legal system: - based on English common law, Islamic law, and tribal law -National holiday: - Independence Day, 1 October (1960) -Executive branch: - president of the Armed Forces Ruling Council, Armed Forces Ruling Council, - National Council of State, Council of Ministers (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - National Assembly was dissolved after the military coup of 31 December 1983 -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court, Federal Court of Appeal -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President and Commander in Chief of Armed Forces Gen. Ibrahim BABANGIDA - (since 27 August 1985) -Political parties and leaders: - two political parties established by the government in 1989 - Social - Democratic Party (SDP) and National Republican Convention (NRC) -Suffrage: - universal at age 21 -Elections: - President: - first presidential elections since the 31 December 1983 coup scheduled for - late 1992 - National Assembly: - first elections since it was dissolved after the 31 December 1983 coup - scheduled for 4 July 1992 -Communists: - the pro-Communist underground consists of a small fraction of the Nigerian - left; leftist leaders are prominent in the country's central labor - organization but have little influence on the government -Member of: - ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, - IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMO, IMF, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, - INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, - UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Zubair Mahmud KAZAURE; Chancery at 2201 M Street NW, Washington, - DC 20037; telephone (202) 822-1500; there is a Nigerian Consulate General in - New York - -:Nigeria Government - - US: - Ambassador Lannon WALKER; Embassy at 2 Eleke Crescent, Lagos (mailing - address is P. O. Box 554, Lagos); telephone [234] (1) 610097; FAX [234] (1) - 610257; there is a US Consulate General in Kaduna; note - the US Government - has requested Nigerian Government permission to open an Embassy Branch - Office in Abuja; the US Embassy will remain in Lagos until a later date, - when the Branch Office in Abuja will become the Embassy and the Embassy in - Lagos will become a Consulate General -Flag: - three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and green - -:Nigeria Economy - -Overview: - Although Nigeria is Africa's leading oil-producing country, it remains poor - with a $250 per capita GDP. In 1991 massive government spending, much of it - to help ensure a smooth transition to civilian rule, ballooned the budget - deficit and caused inflation and interest rates to rise. The lack of fiscal - discipline forced the IMF to declare Nigeria not in compliance with an - 18-month standby facility started in January 1991. Lagos has set ambitious - targets for expanding oil production capacity and is offering foreign - companies more attractive investment incentives. Government efforts to - reduce Nigeria's dependence on oil exports and to sustain noninflationary - growth, however, have fallen short because of inadequate new investment - funds and endemic corruption. Living standards continue to deteriorate from - the higher level of the early 1980s oil boom. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $30 billion, per capita $250; real growth rate - 5.2% (1990 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 40% (1991) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $10 billion; expenditures $10 billion, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1992 est.) -Exports: - $13.6 billion (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - oil 95%, cocoa, rubber - partners: - EC 51%, US 32% -Imports: - $6.9 billion (c.i.f., 1990) - commodities: - consumer goods, capital equipment, chemicals, raw materials - partners: - EC, US -External debt: - $32 billion (December 1991 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 7.2% (1990); accounts for 8.5% of GDP -Electricity: - 4,740,000 kW capacity; 11,280 million kWh produced, 90 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - crude oil and mining - coal, tin, columbite; primary processing industries - - palm oil, peanut, cotton, rubber, wood, hides and skins; manufacturing - industries - textiles, cement, building materials, food products, footwear, - chemical, printing, ceramics, steel -Agriculture: - accounts for 32% of GDP and half of labor force; inefficient small-scale - farming dominates; once a large net exporter of food and now an importer; - cash crops - cocoa, peanuts, palm oil, rubber; food crops - corn, rice, - sorghum, millet, cassava, yams; livestock - cattle, sheep, goats, pigs; - fishing and forestry resources extensively exploited -Illicit drugs: - illicit heroin and some cocaine trafficking; marijuana cultivation for - domestic consumption and export; major transit country for heroin en route - from southeast and southwest Asia via Africa to Western Europe and the US; - growing transit route for cocaine from South America via West Africa to - Western Europe and the US - -:Nigeria Economy - -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $705 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $3.0 billion; - Communist countries (1970-89), $2.2 billion -Currency: - naira (plural - naira); 1 naira (N) = 100 kobo -Exchange rates: - naira (N) per US$1 - 10.226 (February 1992), 9.909 (1991), 8.038 (1990), - 7.3647 (1989), 4.5370 (1988), 4.0160 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Nigeria Communications - -Railroads: - 3,505 km 1.067-meter gauge -Highways: - 107,990 km total 30,019 km paved (mostly bituminous-surface treatment); - 25,411 km laterite, gravel, crushed stone, improved earth; 52,560 km - unimproved -Inland waterways: - 8,575 km consisting of Niger and Benue Rivers and smaller rivers and creeks -Pipelines: - crude oil 2,042 km; natural gas 500 km; petroleum products 3,000 km -Ports: - Lagos, Port Harcourt, Calabar, Warri, Onne, Sapele -Merchant marine: - 28 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 418,046 GRT/664,949 DWT; includes 17 - cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off, 7 petroleum tanker, 1 - chemical tanker, 1 bulk -Civil air: - 57 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 76 total, 64 usable; 33 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over - 3,659 m; 15 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 22 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - above-average system limited by poor maintenance; major expansion in - progress; radio relay and cable routes; broadcast stations - 35 AM, 17 FM, - 28 TV; satellite earth stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean - INTELSAT, 20 domestic stations; 1 coaxial submarine cable - -:Nigeria Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary Police Force -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 28,778,532; 16,451,582 fit for military service; 1,256,440 - reach military age (18) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $300 million, 1% of GDP (1990 est.) -\ - -:Niue Geography - -Total area: - 260 km2 -Land area: - 260 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly less than 1.5 times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 64 km -Maritime claims: - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; modified by southeast trade winds -Terrain: - steep limestone cliffs along coast, central plateau -Natural resources: - fish, arable land -Land use: - arable land 61%; permanent crops 4%; meadows and pastures 4%; forest and - woodland 19%; other 12% -Environment: - subject to typhoons -Note: - one of world's largest coral islands; located about 460 km east of Tonga - -:Niue People - -Population: - 1,751 (July 1992), growth rate - 6.4% (1992) -Birth rate: - NA births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - NA deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - NA migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - NA deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - NA years male, NA years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - NA children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Niuean(s); adjective - Niuean -Ethnic divisions: - Polynesian, with some 200 Europeans, Samoans, and Tongans -Religions: - Ekalesia Nieue (Niuean Church) - a Protestant church closely related to the - London Missionary Society 75%, Mormon 10%, Roman Catholic, Jehovah's - Witnesses, Seventh-Day Adventist 5% -Languages: - Polynesian tongue closely related to Tongan and Samoan; English -Literacy: - NA% (male NA%, female NA%) but compulsory education age 5 to 14 -Labor force: - 1,000 (1981 est.); most work on family plantations; paid work exists only in - government service, small industry, and the Niue Development Board -Organized labor: - NA - -:Niue Government - -Long-form name: - none -Type: - self-governing territory in free association with New Zealand; Niue fully - responsible for internal affairs; New Zealand retains responsibility for - external affairs -Capital: - Alofi -Administrative divisions: - none -Independence: - became a self-governing territory in free association with New Zealand on 19 - October 1974 -Constitution: - 19 October 1974 (Niue Constitution Act) -Legal system: - English common law -National holiday: - Waitangi Day (Treaty of Waitangi established British sovereignty), 6 - February (1840) -Executive branch: - British monarch, premier, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - Legislative Assembly -Judicial branch: - Appeal Court of New Zealand, High Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by New Zealand - Representative John SPRINGFORD (since 1974) - Head of Government: - Premier Sir Robert R. REX (since October 1974) -Political parties and leaders: - Niue Island Party (NIP), Young VIVIAN -Suffrage: - universal adult at age 18 -Elections: - Legislative Assembly: - last held on 8 April 1990 (next to be held March 1993); results - percent of - vote NA; seats - (20 total, 6 elected) NIP 1, independents 5 -Member of: - ESCAP (associate), SPC, SPF -Diplomatic representation: - none (self-governing territory in free association with New Zealand) -Flag: - yellow with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant; the flag of - the UK bears five yellow five-pointed stars - a large one on a blue disk in - the center and a smaller one on each arm of the bold red cross - -:Niue Economy - -Overview: - The economy is heavily dependent on aid from New Zealand. Government - expenditures regularly exceed revenues, with the shortfall made up by grants - from New Zealand - the grants are used to pay wages to public employees. The - agricultural sector consists mainly of subsistence gardening, although some - cash crops are grown for export. Industry consists primarily of small - factories to process passion fruit, lime oil, honey, and coconut cream. The - sale of postage stamps to foreign collectors is an important source of - revenue. The island in recent years has suffered a serious loss of - population because of migration of Niueans to New Zealand. -GNP: - exchange rate conversion - $2.1 million, per capita $1,000; real growth rate - NA% (1989 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 9.6% (1984) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $5.5 million; expenditures $6.3 million, including capital - expenditures of $NA (FY85 est.) -Exports: - $175,274 (f.o.b., 1985) - commodities: - canned coconut cream, copra, honey, passion fruit products, pawpaw, root - crops, limes, footballs, stamps, handicrafts - partners: - NZ 89%, Fiji, Cook Islands, Australia -Imports: - $3.8 million (c.i.f., 1985) - commodities: - food, live animals, manufactured goods, machinery, fuels, lubricants, - chemicals, drugs - partners: - NZ 59%, Fiji 20%, Japan 13%, Western Samoa, Australia, US -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 1,500 kW capacity; 3 million kWh produced, 1,490 kWh per capita (1990) -Industries: - tourist, handicrafts -Agriculture: - copra, coconuts, passion fruit, honey, limes; subsistence crops - taro, - yams, cassava (tapioca), sweet potatoes; pigs, poultry, beef cattle -Economic aid: - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $62 - million -Currency: - New Zealand dollar (plural - dollars); 1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 - cents -Exchange rates: - New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1 - 1.8245 (March 1992), 1.7265 (1991), - 1.6750 (1990), 1.6711 (1989), 1.5244 (1988), 1.6886 (1987) -Fiscal year: - 1 April - 31 March - -:Niue Communications - -Highways: - 123 km all-weather roads, 106 km access and plantation roads -Ports: - none; offshore anchorage only -Airports: - 1 with permanent-surface runway of 1,650 m -Telecommunications: - single-line telephone system connects all villages on island; 383 - telephones; 1,000 radio receivers (1987 est.); broadcast stations - 1 AM, 1 - FM, no TV - -:Niue Defense Forces - -Branches: - Police Force -Note: - defense is the responsibility of New Zealand - -:Norfolk Island Geography - -Total area: - 34.6 km2 -Land area: - 34.6 km2 -Comparative area: - about 0.2 times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 32 km -Maritime claims: - Exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 3 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - subtropical, mild, little seasonal temperature variation -Terrain: - volcanic formation with mostly rolling plains -Natural resources: - fish -Land use: - arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 25%; forest and - woodland 0%; other 75% -Environment: - subject to typhoons (especially May to July) -Note: - located 1,575 km east of Australia in the South Pacific Ocean - -:Norfolk Island People - -Population: - 2,620 (July 1992), growth rate 1.7% (1992) -Birth rate: - NA births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - NA deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - NA migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - NA deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - NA years male, NA years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - NA children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Norfolk Islander(s); adjective - Norfolk Islander(s) -Ethnic divisions: - descendants of the Bounty mutiny; more recently, Australian and New Zealand - settlers -Religions: - Anglican 39%, Roman Catholic 11.7%, Uniting Church in Australia 16.4%, - Seventh-Day Adventist 4.4%, none 9.2%, unknown 16.9%, other 2.4% (1986) -Languages: - English (official) and Norfolk - a mixture of 18th century English and - ancient Tahitian -Literacy: - NA% (male NA%, female NA%) -Labor force: - NA -Organized labor: - NA - -:Norfolk Island Government - -Long-form name: - Territory of Norfolk Island -Type: - territory of Australia -Capital: - Kingston (administrative center), Burnt Pine (commercial center) -Administrative divisions: - none (territory of Australia) -Independence: - none (territory of Australia) -Constitution: - Norfolk Island Act of 1957 -Legal system: - wide legislative and executive responsibility under the Norfolk Island Act - of 1979; Supreme Court -National holiday: - Pitcairners Arrival Day Anniversary, 8 June (1856) -Executive branch: - British monarch, governor general of Australia, administrator, Executive - Council (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral Legislative Assembly -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Administrator H. - B. MACDONALD (since NA 1989), who is appointed by the Governor General of - Australia - Head of Government: - Assembly President and Chief Minister John Terence BROWN (since NA) -Political parties and leaders: - NA -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - Legislative Assembly: - last held 1989 (held every three years); results - percent of vote by party - NA; seats - (9 total) percent of seats by party NA -Member of: - none -Diplomatic representation: - none (territory of Australia) -Flag: - three vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and green with a large - green Norfolk Island pine tree centered in the slightly wider white band - -:Norfolk Island Economy - -Overview: - The primary economic activity is tourism, which has brought a level of - prosperity unusual among inhabitants of the Pacific Islands. The number of - visitors has increased steadily over the years and reached 29,000 in FY89. - Revenues from tourism have given the island a favorable balance of trade and - helped the agricultural sector to become self-sufficient in the production - of beef, poultry, and eggs. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate NA% -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - NA% -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $NA; expenditures $4.2 million, including capital expenditures of - $400,000 (FY89) -Exports: - $1.7 million (f.o.b., FY86) - commodities: - postage stamps, seeds of the Norfolk Island pine and Kentia Palm, small - quantities of avocados - partners: - Australia, Pacific Islands, NZ, Asia, Europe -Imports: - $15.6 million (c.i.f., FY86) - commodities: - NA - partners: - Australia, Pacific Islands, NZ, Asia, Europe -External debt: - NA -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 7,000 kW capacity; 8 million kWh produced, 3,160 kWh per capita (1990) -Industries: - tourism -Agriculture: - Norfolk Island pine seed, Kentia palm seed, cereals, vegetables, fruit, - cattle, poultry -Economic aid: - none -Currency: - Australian dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.3177 (March 1992), 1.2835 (1991), - 1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988), 1.4267 (1987) -Fiscal year: - 1 July - 30 June - -:Norfolk Island Communications - -Highways: - 80 km of roads, including 53 km paved; remainder are earth formed or coral - surfaced -Ports: - none; loading jetties at Kingston and Cascade -Airports: - 1 with permanent-surface runways 1,220-2,439 m (Australian owned) -Telecommunications: - 1,500 radio receivers (1982); radio link service with Sydney; 987 telephones - (1983); broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV - -:Norfolk Island Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of Australia - -:Northern Mariana Islands Geography - -Total area: - 477 km2 -Land area: - 477 km2; comprises 16 islands including Saipan, Rota, and Tinian -Comparative area: - slightly more than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 1,482 km -Maritime claims: - Contiguous zone: - 12 nm - Continental shelf: - 200 m (depth) - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 3 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical marine; moderated by northeast trade winds, little seasonal - temperature variation; dry season December to July, rainy season July to - October -Terrain: - southern islands are limestone with level terraces and fringing coral reefs; - northern islands are volcanic; highest elevation is 471 meters (Mt. Tagpochu - on Saipan) -Natural resources: - arable land, fish -Land use: - arable land 1%; permanent crops NA%; meadows and pastures 19%; forest and - woodland NA%; other NA% -Environment: - active volcanos on Pagan and Agrihan; subject to typhoons during the rainy - season -Note: - strategic location 5,635 km west-southwest of Honolulu in the North Pacific - Ocean, about three-quarters of the way between Hawaii and the Philippines - -:Northern Mariana Islands People - -Population: - 47,168 (July 1992), growth rate 3.0% (1992) -Birth rate: - 35 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 38 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 66 years male, 69 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 2.7 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - undetermined -Ethnic divisions: - Chamorro majority; Carolinians and other Micronesians; Spanish, German, - Japanese admixtures -Religions: - Christian with a Roman Catholic majority, although traditional beliefs and - taboos may still be found -Languages: - English, but Chamorro and Carolinian are also spoken in the home and taught - in school -Literacy: - 96% (male 97%, female 96%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980) -Labor force: - 12,788 local; 18,799 foreign workers (1990 est.) -Organized labor: - NA - -:Northern Mariana Islands Government - -Long-form name: - Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands -Type: - commonwealth in political union with the US and administered by the Office - of Territorial and International Affairs, US Department of the Interior -Capital: - Saipan -Administrative divisions: - none -Independence: - none (commonwealth in political union with the US) -Constitution: - Covenant Agreement effective 3 November 1986 -Legal system: - based on US system except for customs, wages, immigration laws, and taxation -National holiday: - Commonwealth Day, 8 January (1978) -Executive branch: - US President; governor, lieutenant governor -Legislative branch: - bicameral Legislature consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house - or House of Representatives -Judicial branch: - Commonwealth Court and the Federal District Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President George BUSH (since 20 January 1989); Vice President Dan QUAYLE - (since 20 January 1989) - Head of Government: - Governor Lorenzo I. DeLeon GUERRERO (since 9 January 1990); Lieutenant - Governor Benjamin T. MANGLONA (since 9 January 1990) -Political parties and leaders: - Republican Party, Alonzo IGISOMAR; Democratic Party, Felicidad OGUMORO -Suffrage: - universal at age 18; indigenous inhabitants are US citizens but do not vote - in US presidential elections -Elections: - Governor: - last held in November 1989 (next to be held November 1993); results - - Lorenzo I. DeLeon GUERRERO, Republican Party, was elected governor - Senate: - last held on November 1991 (next to be held November 1993); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (9 total) Republications 6, Democrats 3 - House of Representatives: - last held in November 1991 (next to be held November 1993); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (15 total) Republicans 5, Democrats 10 - US House of Representatives: - the Commonwealth does not have a nonvoting delegate in Congress; instead, it - has an elected official ``resident representative'' located in Washington, - DC; seats - (1 total) Republican (Juan N. BABAUTA) -Member of: - ESCAP (associate), SPC -Diplomatic representation: - none -Flag: - blue with a white five-pointed star superimposed on the gray silhouette of a - latte stone (a traditional foundation stone used in building) in the center - -:Northern Mariana Islands Economy - -Overview: - The economy benefits substantially from financial assistance from the US. An - agreement for the years 1986 to 1992 entitles the islands to $228 million - for capital development, government operations, and special programs. - Another major source of income is the tourist industry, which employs about - 10% of the work force. Japanese tourists predominate. The agricultural - sector is made up of cattle ranches and small farms producing coconuts, - breadfruit, tomatoes, and melons. Industry is small scale in nature - mostly - handicrafts and fish processing. -GNP: - purchasing power equivalent - $165 million, per capita $3,498; real growth - rate NA% (1982); note - GNP numbers reflect US spending -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - NA% -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $NA; expenditures $112.2 million, including capital expenditures of - $NA (February 1990) -Exports: - $153.9 million (1989) - commodities: - manufactured goods, garments, vegetables, beef, pork - partners: - NA -Imports: - $313.7 million, a 43% increase over previous year (1989) - commodities: - NA - partners: - NA -External debt: - none -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 25,000 kW capacity; 35 million kWh produced, 740 kWh per capita (1990) -Industries: - tourism, construction, light industry, handicrafts -Agriculture: - coffee, coconuts, fruits, tobacco, cattle -Economic aid: - none -Currency: - US currency is used -Exchange rates: - US currency is used -Fiscal year: - 1 October - 30 September - -:Northern Mariana Islands Communications - -Highways: - 381.5 km total (134.5 km first-grade primary, 55 km secondary, 192 km local) - (1991) -Ports: - Saipan, Rota, Tinian -Airports: - 6 total, 4 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over - 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - broadcast stations - 2 AM, 1 FM (1984), 1 TV; 2 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth - stations - -:Northern Mariana Islands Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of the US - -:Norway Geography - -Total area: - 324,220 km2 -Land area: - 307,860 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly larger than New Mexico -Land boundaries: - 2,515 km total; Finland 729 km, Sweden 1,619 km, Russia 167 km -Coastline: - 21,925 km; includes mainland 3,419 km, large islands 2,413 km, long fjords, - numerous small islands, and minor indentations 16,093 km -Maritime claims: - Contiguous zone: - 10 nm - Continental shelf: - to depth of exploitation - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 4 nm -Disputes: - territorial claim in Antarctica (Queen Maud Land); Denmark has challenged - Norway's maritime claims between Greenland and Jan Mayen; maritime boundary - dispute with Russia over portion of Barents Sea -Climate: - temperate along coast, modified by North Atlantic Current; colder interior; - rainy year-round on west coast -Terrain: - glaciated; mostly high plateaus and rugged mountains broken by fertile - valleys; small, scattered plains; coastline deeply indented by fjords; - arctic tundra in north -Natural resources: - crude oil, copper, natural gas, pyrites, nickel, iron ore, zinc, lead, fish, - timber, hydropower -Land use: - arable land 3%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures NEGL%; forest and - woodland 27%; other 70%; includes irrigated NEGL% -Environment: - air and water pollution; acid rain; note - strategic location adjacent to - sea lanes and air routes in North Atlantic; one of most rugged and longest - coastlines in world; Norway and Turkey only NATO members having a land - boundary with Russia - -:Norway People - -Population: - 4,294,876 (July 1992), growth rate 0.5% (1992) -Birth rate: - 14 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 10 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 2 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 74 years male, 81 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 1.8 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Norwegian(s); adjective - Norwegian -Ethnic divisions: - Germanic (Nordic, Alpine, Baltic) and racial-cultural minority of 20,000 - Lapps -Religions: - Evangelical Lutheran (state church) 87.8%, other Protestant and Roman - Catholic 3.8%, none 3.2%, unknown 5.2% (1980) -Languages: - Norwegian (official); small Lapp- and Finnish-speaking minorities -Literacy: - 99% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1976 est.) -Labor force: - 2,167,000 (September 1990); services 34.7%, commerce 18%, mining and - manufacturing 16.6%, banking and financial services 7.5%, transportation and - communications 7.2%, construction 7.2%, agriculture, forestry, and fishing - 6.4% (1989) -Organized labor: - 66% of labor force (1985) - -:Norway Government - -Long-form name: - Kingdom of Norway -Type: - constitutional monarchy -Capital: - Oslo -Administrative divisions: - 19 provinces (fylker, singular - fylke); Akershus, Aust-Agder, Buskerud, - Finnmark, Hedmark, Hordaland, More og Romsdal, Nordland, Nord-Trondelag, - Oppland, Oslo, OCstfold, Rogaland, Sogn og Fjordane, Sor-Trondelag, - Telemark, Troms, Vest-Agder, Vestfold -Independence: - 26 October 1905 (from Sweden) -Constitution: - 17 May 1814, modified in 1884 -Dependent areas: - Bouvet Island, Jan Mayen, Svalbard -Legal system: - mixture of customary law, civil law system, and common law traditions; - Supreme Court renders advisory opinions to legislature when asked; accepts - compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations -National holiday: - Constitution Day, 17 May (1814) -Executive branch: - monarch, prime minister, State Council (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral Parliament (Storting) with an Upper Chamber (Lagting) and a Lower - Chamber (Odelsting) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court (Hoiesterett) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - King HARALD V (since 17 January 1991); Heir Apparent Crown Prince HAAKON - MAGNUS (born 20 July 1973) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Gro Harlem BRUNDTLAND (since 3 November 1990) -Political parties and leaders: - Labor, Gro Harlem BRUNDTLAND; Conservative, Kaci Kullmann FIVE; Center - Party, Anne Enger LAHNSTEIN; Christian People's, Kjell Magne BONDEVIK; - Socialist Left, Erick SOLHEIM; Norwegian Communist, Kare Andre NILSEN; - Progress, Carl I. HAGEN; Liberal, Odd Einar DORUM; Finnmark List, leader NA -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - Storting: - last held on 11 September 1989 (next to be held 6 September 1993); results - - Labor 34.3%, Conservative 22.2%, Progress 13.0%, Socialist Left 10.1%, - Christian People's 8.5%, Center Party 6.6%, Finnmark List 0.3%, other 5%; - seats - (165 total) Labor 63, Conservative 37, Progress 22, Socialist Left - 17, Christian People's 14, Center Party 11, Finnmark List 1 -Communists: - 15,500 est.; 5,500 Norwegian Communist Party (NKP); 10,000 Workers Communist - Party Marxist-Leninist (AKP-ML, pro-Chinese) -Member of: - AfDB, AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, - EFTA, ESA, FAO, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, - IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, - MTCR, NACC, NATO, NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OECD, PCA, UN, UNAVEM, UNCTAD, UNESCO, - UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIIMOG, UNMOGIP, UNTSO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, ZC - -:Norway Government - -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Kjeld VIBE; Chancery at 2720 34th Street NW, Washington, DC - 20008; telephone (202) 333-6000; there are Norwegian Consulates General in - Houston, Los Angeles, Minneapolis, New York, and San Francisco, and - Consulates in Miami and New Orleans - US: - Ambassador Loret Miller RUPPE; Embassy at Drammensveien 18, 0244 Oslo 2 - (mailing address is APO AE 09707); telephone [47] (2) 44-85-50; FAX [47] (2) - 43-07-77 -Flag: - red with a blue cross outlined in white that extends to the edges of the - flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the - style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag) - -:Norway Economy - -Overview: - Norway has a mixed economy involving a combination of free market activity - and government intervention. The government controls key areas, such as the - vital petroleum sector, through large-scale state enterprises and - extensively subsidizes agricultural, fishing, and other sectors. Norway also - maintains an extensive welfare system that helps propel public-sector - expenditures to slightly more than 50% of the GDP and results in one of the - highest average tax burdens in the world (54%). A small country with a high - dependence on international trade, Norway is basically an exporter of raw - materials and semiprocessed goods, with an abundance of small- and - medium-sized firms, and is ranked among the major shipping nations. The - country is richly endowed with natural resources - petroleum, hydropower, - fish, forests, and minerals - and is highly dependent on its oil sector to - keep its economy afloat. Although one of the government's main priorities is - to reduce this dependency, this situation is not likely to improve for years - to come. The government also hopes to reduce unemployment and strengthen and - diversify the economy through tax reform and an expansionary 1992 budget. - Forecasters predict that economic growth will rise slightly in 1992 because - of public-sector expansion and moderate improvements in private investment - and demand. Inflation will remain about 3%, while unemployment continues at - record levels of over 5% because of the weakness of the economy outside the - oil sector. Oslo, a member of the European Free Trade Area, is continuing to - deregulate and harmonize with EC regulations to prepare for the European - Economic Area (EEA) - which creates a EC/EFTA market with free movement of - capital, goods, services, and labor - which takes effect in 1993. -GDP: - purchasing power equivalent - $72.9 billion, per capita $17,100; real growth - rate 4.1% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 3.5% (1991) -Unemployment rate: - 5.4% (1991, excluding people in job-training programs) -Budget: - revenues $47.9 billion; expenditures $52.7 billion, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1991) -Exports: - $34.2 billion (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - petroleum and petroleum products 36.5%, natural gas 7.5%, fish 7%, aluminum - 6%, ships 6.2%, pulp and paper - partners: - EC 66.5%, Nordic countries 19.5%, developing countries 7.8%, US 4.6%, Japan - 1.9% (1991) -Imports: - $25.1 billion (c.i.f., 1991) - commodities: - machinery, fuels and lubricants, transportation equipment, chemicals, - foodstuffs, clothing, ships - partners: - EC 46.8%, Nordic countries 26.1%, developing countries 12.3%, US 7.8%, Japan - 4.7% (1991) -External debt: - $10.2 billion (1991) -Industrial production: - growth rate 4.7% (1991) -Electricity: - 26,735,000 kW capacity; 121,685 million kWh produced, 28,950 kWh per capita - (1991) - -:Norway Economy - -Industries: - petroleum and gas, food processing, shipbuilding, pulp and paper products, - metals, chemicals, timber, mining, textiles, fishing -Agriculture: - accounts for 2.8% of GDP and 6.4% of labor force; among world's top 10 - fishing nations; livestock output exceeds value of crops; over half of food - needs imported; fish catch of 1.76 million metric tons in 1989 -Economic aid: - donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $4.4 billion -Currency: - Norwegian krone (plural - kroner); 1 Norwegian krone (NKr) = 100 re -Exchange rates: - Norwegian kroner (NKr) per US$1 - 6.1956 (January 1992), 6.4829 (1991), - 6.2597 (1990), 6.9045 (1989), 6.5170 (1988), 6.7375 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Norway Communications - -Railroads: - 4,223 km 1.435-meter standard gauge; Norwegian State Railways (NSB) operates - 4,219 km (2,450 km electrified and 96 km double track); 4 km other -Highways: - 79,540 km total; 38,580 km paved; 40,960 km gravel, crushed stone, and earth -Inland waterways: - 1,577 km along west coast; 2.4 m draft vessels maximum -Pipelines: - refined products 53 km -Ports: - Oslo, Bergen, Fredrikstad, Kristiansand, Stavanger, Trondheim -Merchant marine: - 864 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 22,978,202 GRT/40,128,177 DWT; - includes 12 passenger, 20 short-sea passenger, 118 cargo, 2 passenger-cargo, - 19 refrigerated cargo, 16 container, 49 roll-on/roll-off, 22 vehicle - carrier, 1 railcar carrier, 180 oil tanker, 93 chemical tanker, 83 liquefied - gas, 28 combination ore/oil, 211 bulk, 10 combination bulk; note - the - government has created a captive register, the Norwegian International Ship - Register (NIS), as a subset of the Norwegian register; ships on the NIS - enjoy many benefits of flags of convenience and do not have to be crewed by - Norwegians; the majority of ships (777) under the Norwegian flag are now - registered with the NIS -Civil air: - 76 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 103 total, 102 usable; 64 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways - over 3,659 m; 12 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 16 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - high-quality domestic and international telephone, telegraph, and telex - services; 2 buried coaxial cable systems; 3,102,000 telephones; broadcast - stations - 46 AM, 350 private and 143 government FM, 54 (2,100 repeaters) - TV; 4 coaxial submarine cables; 3 communications satellite earth stations - operating in the EUTELSAT, INTELSAT (1 Atlantic Ocean), MARISAT, and - domestic systems - -:Norway Defense Forces - -Branches: - Norwegian Army, Royal Norwegian Navy, Royal Norwegian Air Force, Home Guard -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 1,129,871; 944,290 fit for military service; 33,175 reach - military age (20) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $3.8 billion, 3.8% of GDP (1991) - -:Oman Geography - -Total area: - 212,460 km2 -Land area: - 212,460 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly smaller than Kansas -Land boundaries: - 1,374 km total; Saudi Arabia 676 km, UAE 410 km, Yemen 288 km -Coastline: - 2,092 km -Maritime claims: - Continental shelf: - to be defined - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - no defined boundary with most of UAE; Administrative Line with UAE in far - north; there is a proposed treaty with Yemen (which has not yet been - formally accepted) to settle the Omani-Yemeni boundary -Climate: - dry desert; hot, humid along coast; hot, dry interior; strong southwest - summer monsoon (May to September) in far south -Terrain: - vast central desert plain, rugged mountains in north and south -Natural resources: - crude oil, copper, asbestos, some marble, limestone, chromium, gypsum, - natural gas -Land use: - arable land NEGL%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 5%; forest - and woodland NEGL%; other 95%; includes irrigated NEGL% -Environment: - summer winds often raise large sandstorms and duststorms in interior; sparse - natural freshwater resources -Note: - strategic location with small foothold on Musandam Peninsula controlling - Strait of Hormuz (17% of world's oil production transits this point going - from Persian Gulf to Arabian Sea) - -:Oman People - -Population: - 1,587,581 (July 1992), growth rate 3.5% (1992) -Birth rate: - 41 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 40 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 65 years male, 69 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 6.6 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Omani(s); adjective - Omani -Ethnic divisions: - mostly Arab, with small Balochi, Zanzibari, and South Asian (Indian, - Pakistani, Bangladeshi) groups -Religions: - Ibadhi Muslim 75%; remainder Sunni Muslim, Shi`a Muslim, some Hindu -Languages: - Arabic (official); English, Balochi, Urdu, Indian dialects -Literacy: - NA% (male NA%, female NA%) -Labor force: - 430,000; agriculture 60% (est.); 58% are non-Omani -Organized labor: - trade unions are illegal - -:Oman Government - -Long-form name: - Sultanate of Oman -Type: - absolute monarchy; independent, with residual UK influence -Capital: - Muscat -Administrative divisions: - there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US - Government, but there are 3 governorates (muhafazah, singular - muhafazat); - Musqat, Musandam, Zufar -Independence: - 1650, expulsion of the Portuguese -Constitution: - none -Legal system: - based on English common law and Islamic law; ultimate appeal to the sultan; - has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - National Day, 18 November -Executive branch: - sultan, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - National Assembly -Judicial branch: - none; traditional Islamic judges and a nascent civil court system -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - Sultan and Prime Minister QABOOS bin Sa`id Al Sa`id (since 23 July 1970) -Suffrage: - none -Elections: - elections scheduled for October 1992 -Other political or pressure groups: - outlawed Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman (PFLO), based in Yemen -Member of: - ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, GCC, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, - IFC, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, - NAM, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Awadh bin Badr AL-SHANFARI; Chancery at 2342 Massachusetts Avenue - NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 387-1980 through 1982 - US: - Ambassador Richard W. BOEHM; Embassy at address NA, Muscat (mailing address - is P. O. Box 50202 Madinat Qaboos, Muscat); telephone [968] 698-989; FAX - [968] 604-316 -Flag: - three horizontal bands of white (top, double width), red, and green (double - width) with a broad, vertical, red band on the hoist side; the national - emblem (a khanjar dagger in its sheath superimposed on two crossed swords in - scabbards) in white is centered at the top of the vertical band - -:Oman Economy - -Overview: - Economic performance is closely tied to the fortunes of the oil industry. - Petroleum accounts for more than 90% of export earnings, about 80% of - government revenues, and roughly 40% of GDP. Oman has proved oil reserves of - 4 billion barrels, equivalent to about 20 years' supply at the current rate - of extraction. Although agriculture employs a majority of the population, - urban centers depend on imported food. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $10.6 billion, per capita $6,925 (1990); real - growth rate 0.5% (1989) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 1.3% (1989) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $4.9 billion; expenditures $4.9 billion, including capital - expenditures of $825 million (1990) -Exports: - $5.5 billion (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - petroleum, reexports, fish, processed copper, fruits and vegetables - partners: - Japan 35%, South Korea 21%, Singapore 7%, US 6% -Imports: - $2.5 billion (f.o.b, 1990) - commodities: - machinery, transportation equipment, manufactured goods, food, livestock, - lubricants - partners: - UK 20%, UAE 20%, Japan 17%, US 7% -External debt: - $3.1 billion (December 1989 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 10% (1989), including petroleum sector -Electricity: - 1,120,000 kW capacity; 5,000 million kWh produced, 3,800 kWh per capita - (1991) -Industries: - crude oil production and refining, natural gas production, construction, - cement, copper -Agriculture: - accounts for 6% of GDP and 60% of the labor force (including fishing); less - than 2% of land cultivated; largely subsistence farming (dates, limes, - bananas, alfalfa, vegetables, camels, cattle); not self-sufficient in food; - annual fish catch averages 100,000 metric tons -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $137 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $148 million; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $797 million -Currency: - Omani rial (plural - rials); 1 Omani rial (RO) = 1,000 baiza -Exchange rates: - Omani rials (RO) per US$1 - 0.3845 (fixed rate since 1986) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Oman Communications - -Highways: - 26,000 km total; 6,000 km paved, 20,000 km motorable track -Pipelines: - crude oil 1,300 km; natural gas 1,030 km -Ports: - Mina' Qabus, Mina' Raysut -Merchant marine: - 1 passenger ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,442 GRT/1,320 DWT -Civil air: - 19 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 134 total, 127 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over - 3,659 m; 8 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 73 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - fair system of open-wire, microwave, and radio communications stations; - limited coaxial cable 50,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 3 FM, 7 - TV; satellite earth stations - 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 ARABSAT, and 8 - domestic - -:Oman Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force, Royal Oman Police -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 359,394; 204,006 fit for military service -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $1.73 billion, 16% of GDP (1992 budget) - -:Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the Geography - -Total area: - 458 km2 -Land area: - 458 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly more than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 1,519 km -Maritime claims: - Contiguous zone: - 12 nm - Continental shelf: - 200 m (depth) - Exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 3 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - wet season May to November; hot and humid -Terrain: - about 200 islands varying geologically from the high, mountainous main - island of Babelthuap to low, coral islands usually fringed by large barrier - reefs -Natural resources: - forests, minerals (especially gold), marine products; deep-seabed minerals -Land use: - arable land NA%; permanent crops NA%; meadows and pastures NA%; forest and - woodland NA%; other NA% -Environment: - subject to typhoons from June to December; archipelago of six island groups - totaling over 200 islands in the Caroline chain -Note: - important location 850 km southeast of the Philippines; includes World War - II battleground of Peleliu and world-famous rock islands - -:Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the People - -Population: - 15,775 (July 1992), growth rate 1.9% (1992) -Birth rate: - 23 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 2 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 25 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 69 years male, 73 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 3.0 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Palauan(s); adjective - Palauan -Ethnic divisions: - Palauans are a composite of Polynesian, Malayan, and Melanesian races -Religions: - predominantly Christian, including Catholics, Seventh-Day Adventists, - Jehovah's Witnesses, the Assembly of God, the Liebenzell Mission, and - Latter-Day Saints; a third of the population observes the Modekngei - religion, indigenous to Palau -Languages: - English is an official language, though Palauan is also official in 13 of - Palau's 16 states, and Tobi and Sonsorolese are official in the 3 other - states -Literacy: - 92% (male 93%, female 91%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980) -Labor force: - NA -Organized labor: - NA - -:Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the Government - -Long-form name: - Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (no short-form name); may change to - Republic of Palau after independence; note - Belau, the native form of - Palau, is sometimes used -Type: - UN trusteeship administered by the US; constitutional government signed a - Compact of Free Association with the US on 10 January 1986, which was never - approved in a series of UN-observed plebiscites; until the UN trusteeship is - terminated with entry into force of the Compact, Palau remains under US - administration as the Palau District of the Trust Territory of the Pacific - Islands -Capital: - Koror; a new capital is being built about 20 km northeast in eastern - Babelthuap -Administrative divisions: - there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US - Government, but there are 16 states; Aimeliik, Airai, Angaur, Kayangel, - Koror, Melekeok, Ngaraard, Ngardmau, Ngaremlengui, Ngatpang, Ngchesar, - Ngerchelong, Ngiwal, Peleliu, Sonsorol, Tobi -Independence: - still part of the US-administered UN trusteeship (the last polity remaining - under the trusteeship; the Republic of the Marshall Islands, Federated - States of Micronesia, and Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas have left); - administered by the Office of Territorial and International Affairs, US - Department of Interior -Constitution: - 1 January 1981 -Legal system: - based on Trust Territory laws, acts of the legislature, municipal, common, - and customary laws -National holiday: - Constitution Day, 9 July (1979) -Executive branch: - US president, US vice president, national president, national vice president -Legislative branch: - bicameral Parliament (Olbiil Era Kelulau or OEK) consists of an upper house - or Senate and a lower house or House of Delegates -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court, National Court, and Court of Common Pleas -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President George BUSH (since 20 January 1989); represented by the Assistant - Secretary for Territorial Affairs, US Department of the Interior, Stella - GUERRA (since 21 July 1989) and J. Victor HOBSON Jr., Director (since 16 - December 1990) - Head of Government: - President Ngiratkel ETPISON (since 2 November 1988), Vice-President Kuniwo - NAKAMURA (since 2 November 1988) -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - House of Delegates: - last held 2 November 1988 (next to be held NA November 1992); results - - percent of vote NA; seats - (16 total); number of seats by party NA - President: - last held on 2 November 1988 (next to be held NA November 1992); results - - Ngiratkel ETPISON 26.3%, Roman TMETUCHL 25.9%, Thomas REMENGESAU 19.5%, - other 28.3% - -:Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the Government - - Senate: - last held 2 November 1988 (next to be held NA November 1992); results - - percent of vote NA; seats - (14 total); number of seats by party NA -Member of: - ESCAP (associate), SPC, SPF (observer) -Diplomatic representation: - none - US: - US Liaison Officer Lloyed W. MOSS; US Liaison Office at Top Side, Neeriyas, - Koror (mailing address: P. O. Box 6028, Koror, PW 96940); telephone (680) - 488-2920; (680) 488-2911 -Flag: - light blue with a large yellow disk (representing the moon) shifted slightly - to the hoist side - -:Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the Economy - -Overview: - The economy consists primarily of subsistence agriculture and fishing. - Tourism provides some foreign exchange, although the remote location of - Palau and a shortage of suitable facilities has hindered development. The - government is the major employer of the work force, relying heavily on - financial assistance from the US. -GDP: - purchasing power equivalent - $31.6 million, per capita $2,260; real growth - rate NA% (1986); note - GDP numbers reflect US spending -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - NA% -Unemployment rate: - 20% (1986) -Budget: - revenues $6.0 million; expenditures NA, including capital expenditures of NA - (1986) -Exports: - $0.5 million (f.o.b., 1986) - commodities: - NA - partners: - US, Japan -Imports: - $27.2 million (c.i.f., 1986) - commodities: - NA - partners: - US -External debt: - about $100 million (1989) -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 16,000 kW capacity; 22 million kWh produced, 1,540 kWh per capita (1990) -Industries: - tourism, craft items (shell, wood, pearl), some commercial fishing and - agriculture -Agriculture: - subsistence-level production of coconut, copra, cassava, sweet potatoes -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $2,560 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $92 million -Currency: - US currency is used -Exchange rates: - US currency is used -Fiscal year: - 1 October - 30 September - -:Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the Communications - -Highways: - 22.3 km paved, some stone-, coral-, or laterite-surfaced roads (1991) -Ports: - Koror -Airports: - 2 with permanent-surface runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - broadcast stations - 1 AM, 1 FM, 2 TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth - station - -:Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of the US and that will not change when the UN - trusteeship terminates if the Compact of Free Association with the US goes - into effect - -:Pacific Ocean Geography - -Total area: - 165,384,000 km2 -Land area: - 165,384,000 km2; includes Arafura Sea, Banda Sea, Bellingshausen Sea, Bering - Sea, Bering Strait, Coral Sea, East China Sea, Gulf of Alaska, Makassar - Strait, Philippine Sea, Ross Sea, Sea of Japan, Sea of Okhotsk, South China - Sea, Tasman Sea, and other tributary water bodies -Comparative area: - slightly less than 18 times the size of the US; the largest ocean (followed - by the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, and the Arctic Ocean); covers about - one-third of the global surface; larger than the total land area of the - world -Coastline: - 135,663 km -Disputes: - some maritime disputes (see littoral states) -Climate: - the western Pacific is monsoonal - a rainy season occurs during the summer - months, when moisture-laden winds blow from the ocean over the land, and a - dry season during the winter months, when dry winds blow from the Asian land - mass back to the ocean -Terrain: - surface in the northern Pacific dominated by a clockwise, warm-water gyre - (broad, circular system of currents) and in the southern Pacific by a - counterclockwise, cool-water gyre; sea ice occurs in the Bering Sea and Sea - of Okhotsk during winter and reaches maximum northern extent from Antarctica - in October; the ocean floor in the eastern Pacific is dominated by the East - Pacific Rise, while the western Pacific is dissected by deep trenches; the - world's greatest depth is 10,924 meters in the Marianas Trench -Natural resources: - oil and gas fields, polymetallic nodules, sand and gravel aggregates, placer - deposits, fish -Environment: - endangered marine species include the dugong, sea lion, sea otter, seals, - turtles, and whales; oil pollution in Philippine Sea and South China Sea; - dotted with low coral islands and rugged volcanic islands in the - southwestern Pacific Ocean; subject to tropical cyclones (typhoons) in - southeast and east Asia from May to December (most frequent from July to - October); tropical cyclones (hurricanes) may form south of Mexico and strike - Central America and Mexico from June to October (most common in August and - September); southern shipping lanes subject to icebergs from Antarctica; - occasional El Nino phenomenon occurs off the coast of Peru when the trade - winds slacken and the warm Equatorial Countercurrent moves south, killing - the plankton that is the primary food source for anchovies; consequently, - the anchovies move to better feeding grounds, causing resident marine birds - to starve by the thousands because of their lost food source -Note: - the major choke points are the Bering Strait, Panama Canal, Luzon Strait, - and the Singapore Strait; the Equator divides the Pacific Ocean into the - North Pacific Ocean and the South Pacific Ocean; ships subject to - superstructure icing in extreme north from October to May and in extreme - south from May to October; persistent fog in the northern Pacific from June - to December is a hazard to shipping; surrounded by a zone of violent - volcanic and earthquake activity sometimes referred to as the Pacific Ring - of Fire - -:Pacific Ocean Economy - -Overview: - The Pacific Ocean is a major contributor to the world economy and - particularly to those nations its waters directly touch. It provides cheap - sea transportation between East and West, extensive fishing grounds, - offshore oil and gas fields, minerals, and sand and gravel for the - construction industry. In 1985 over half (54%) of the world's total fish - catch came from the Pacific Ocean, which is the only ocean where the fish - catch has increased every year since 1978. Exploitation of offshore oil and - gas reserves is playing an ever-increasing role in the energy supplies of - Australia, New Zealand, China, US, and Peru. The high cost of recovering - offshore oil and gas, combined with the wide swings in world prices for oil - since 1985, has slowed but not stopped new drillings. -Industries: - fishing, oil and gas production - -:Pacific Ocean Communications - -Ports: - Bangkok (Thailand), Hong Kong, Los Angeles (US), Manila (Philippines), Pusan - (South Korea), San Francisco (US), Seattle (US), Shanghai (China), - Singapore, Sydney (Australia), Vladivostok (Russia), Wellington (NZ), - Yokohama (Japan) -Telecommunications: - several submarine cables with network focused on Guam and Hawaii - -:Pakistan Geography - -Total area: - 803,940 km2 -Land area: - 778,720 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly less than twice the size of California -Land boundaries: - 6,774 km total; Afghanistan 2,430 km, China 523 km, India 2,912 km, Iran 909 - km -Coastline: - 1,046 km -Maritime claims: - Contiguous zone: - 24 nm - Continental shelf: - edge of continental margin or 200 nm - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - boundary with India; border question (Durand line); water sharing problems - with upstream riparian India over the Indus -Climate: - mostly hot, dry desert; temperate in northwest; arctic in north -Terrain: - flat Indus plain in east; mountains in north and northwest; Balochistan - plateau in west -Natural resources: - land, extensive natural gas reserves, limited crude oil, poor quality coal, - iron ore, copper, salt, limestone -Land use: - arable land 26%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 6%; forest and - woodland 4%; other 64%; includes irrigated 19% -Environment: - frequent earthquakes, occasionally severe especially in north and west; - flooding along the Indus after heavy rains (July and August); deforestation; - soil erosion; desertification; water logging -Note: - controls Khyber Pass and Malakand Pass, traditional invasion routes between - Central Asia and the Indian Subcontinent - -:Pakistan People - -Population: - 121,664,539 (July 1992), growth rate 2.9% (1992) -Birth rate: - 43 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 13 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - -1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 105 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 56 years male, 57 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 6.6 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Pakistani(s); adjective - Pakistani -Ethnic divisions: - Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashtun (Pathan), Baloch, Muhajir (immigrants from India - and their descendents) -Religions: - Muslim 97% (Sunni 77%, Shi`a 20%), Christian, Hindu, and other 3% -Languages: - Urdu and English (both official); total spoken languages - Punjabi 64%, - Sindhi 12%, Pashtu 8%, Urdu 7%, Balochi and other 9%; English is lingua - franca of Pakistani elite and most government ministries, but official - policies are promoting its gradual replacement by Urdu -Literacy: - 35% (male 47%, female 21%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 28,900,000; agriculture 54%, mining and manufacturing 13%, services 33%; - extensive export of labor (1987 est.) -Organized labor: - about 10% of industrial work force - -:Pakistan Government - -Long-form name: - Islamic Republic of Pakistan -Type: - parliamentary with strong executive, federal republic -Capital: - Islamabad -Administrative divisions: - 4 provinces, 1 territory*, and 1 capital territory**; Balochistan, Federally - Administered Tribal Areas*, Islamabad Capital Territory**, North-West - Frontier, Punjab, Sindh; note - the Pakistani-administered portion of the - disputed Jammu and Kashmir region includes Azad Kashmir and the Northern - Areas -Independence: - 14 August 1947 (from UK; formerly West Pakistan) -Constitution: - 10 April 1973, suspended 5 July 1977, restored with amendments, 30 December - 1985 -Legal system: - based on English common law with provisions to accommodate Pakistan's - stature as an Islamic state; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with - reservations -National holiday: - Pakistan Day (proclamation of the republic), 23 March (1956) -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - bicameral Parliament (Majlis-e-Shoora) consists of an upper house or Senate - and a lower house or National Assembly -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court, Federal Islamic (Shari`at) Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President GHULAM ISHAQ Khan (since 13 December 1988) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Mian Nawaz SHARIF (since 6 November 1990) -Political parties and leaders: - Islamic Democratic Alliance (Islami Jamuri Ittehad or IJI) - the Pakistan - Muslim League (PML) led by Mohammed Khan JUNEJO is the main party in the - IJI; Pakistan People's Party (PPP), Benazir BHUTTO; note - in September 1990 - the PPP announced the formation of the People's Democratic Alliance (PDA), - an electoral alliance including the following four parties - PPP, Solidarity - Movement (Tehrik Istiqlal), Movement for the Implementation of Shi`a - Jurisprudence (Tehrik-i-Nifaz Fiqh Jafariya or TNFJ), and the PML (Malik - faction); Muhajir Qaumi Movement (MQM), Altaf HUSSAIN; Awami National Party - (ANP), Khan Abdul Wali KHAN; Jamiat-ul-Ulema-i-Islam (JUI), Fazlur RAHMAN; - Jamhoori Watan Party (JWP), Mohammad Akbar Khan BUGTI; Pakistan National - Party (PNP), Mir Ghaus Bakhsh BIZENJO; Pakistan Khawa Milli Party (PKMP), - leader NA; Assembly of Pakistani Clergy (Jamiat-ul-Ulema-e-Pakistan or JUP), - Maulana Shah Ahmed NOORANI; Jamaat-i-Islami (JI), Qazi Hussain AHMED -Suffrage: - universal at age 21 -Elections: - President: - last held on 12 December 1988 (next to be held NA December 1993); results - - Ghulam Ishaq KHAN was elected by Parliament and the four provincial - assemblies - -:Pakistan Government - - Senate: - last held March 1991 (next to be held NA March 1994); seats - (87 total) IJI - 57, Tribal Area Representatives (nonparty) 8, PPP 5, ANP 5, JWP 4, MQM 3, - PNP 2, PKMP 1, JUI 1, independent 1 -Elections: - National Assembly: - last held on 24 October 1990 (next to be held by NA October 1995); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (217 total) IJI 107, PDA 45, MQM 15, - ANP 6, JUI 2, JWP 2, PNP 2, PKMP 1, independents 14, religious minorities - 10, Tribal Area Representatives (nonparty) 8, vacant 1 -Communists: - the Communist party is officially banned but is allowed to operate openly -Other political or pressure groups: - military remains dominant political force; ulema (clergy), industrialists, - and small merchants also influential -Member of: - AsDB, C, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, - ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, - IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAS (observer), OIC, PCA, SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, - UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Abida HUSSAIN; Chancery at 2315 Massachusetts Avenue NW, - Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 939-6200; there is a Pakistani - Consulate General in New York - US: - Ambassador Nicholas PLATT; Embassy at Diplomatic Enclave, Ramna 5, Islamabad - (mailing address is P. O. Box 1048, PSC 1212, Box 2000, Islamabad or APO AE - 09812-2000); telephone [92] (51) 826161 through 79; FAX [92] (51) 822004; - there are US Consulates General in Karachi and Lahore and a Consulate in - Peshawar -Flag: - green with a vertical white band on the hoist side; a large white crescent - and star are centered in the green field; the crescent, star, and color - green are traditional symbols of Islam - -:Pakistan Economy - -Overview: - Pakistan is a poor Third World country faced with the usual problems of - rapidly increasing population, sizable government deficits, and heavy - dependence on foreign aid. In addition, the economy must support a large - military establishment and provide for the needs of 4 million Afghan - refugees. A real economic growth rate averaging 5-6% in recent years has - enabled the country to cope with these problems. Almost all agriculture and - small-scale industry is in private hands. In 1990, Pakistan embarked on a - sweeping economic liberalization program to boost foreign and domestic - private investment and lower foreign aid dependence. The SHARIF government - has denationalized several state-owned firms and has attracted some foreign - investment. Pakistan likely will have difficulty raising living standards - because of its rapidly expanding population. At the current rate of growth, - population would double in 25 years. -GNP: - exchange rate conversion - $45.4 billion, per capita $380; real growth rate - 4.8% (FY91 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 12.3% (FY91) -Unemployment rate: - 10% (FY91 est.) -Budget: - revenues $6.4 billion; expenditures $10 billion, including capital - expenditures of $2.6 billion (FY92 est.) -Exports: - $6.0 billion (f.o.b., FY91) - commodities: - cotton, textiles, clothing, rice - partners: - EC 31%, Japan 9%, US 13% (FY90) -Imports: - $7.9 billion (f.o.b., FY91) - commodities: - petroleum, petroleum products, machinery, transportation, equipment, - vegetable oils, animal fats, chemicals - partners: - EC 21%, US 14%, Japan 13% (FY90) -External debt: - $20.1 billion (1990 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 5.7% (FY91); accounts for almost 20% of GNP -Electricity: - 8,500,000 kW capacity; 35,000 million kWh produced, 300 kWh per capita - (1991) -Industries: - textiles, food processing, beverages, construction materials, clothing, - paper products, shrimp -Agriculture: - 25% of GNP, over 50% of labor force; world's largest contiguous irrigation - system; major crops - cotton, wheat, rice, sugarcane, fruits, and - vegetables; live-stock products - milk, beef, mutton, eggs; self-sufficient - in food grain -Illicit drugs: - illicit producer of opium and hashish for the international drug trade; - government eradication efforts on poppy cultivation of limited success - -:Pakistan Economy - -Economic aid: - (including Bangladesh only before 1972) US commitments, including Ex-Im - (FY70-89), $4.5 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral - commitments (1980-89), $9.1 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $2.3 - billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $3.2 billion -Currency: - Pakistani rupee (plural - rupees); 1 Pakistani rupee (PRe) = 100 paisa -Exchange rates: - Pakistani rupees (PRs) per US$1 - 24.980 (March 1992), 23.801 (1991), 21.707 - (1990), 20.541 (1989), 18.003 (1988), 17.399 (1987) -Fiscal year: - 1 July - 30 June - -:Pakistan Communications - -Railroads: - 8,773 km total; 7,718 km broad gauge, 445 km 1-meter gauge, and 610 km less - than 1-meter gauge; 1,037 km broad-gauge double track; 286 km electrified; - all government owned (1985) -Highways: - 101,315 km total (1987); 40,155 km paved, 23,000 km gravel, 29,000 km - improved earth, and 9,160 km unimproved earth or sand tracks (1985) -Pipelines: - crude oil 250 km; natural gas 4,044 km; petroleum products 885 km (1987) -Ports: - Gwadar, Karachi, Port Muhammad bin Qasim -Merchant marine: - 28 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 334,227 GRT/495,425 DWT; includes 3 - passenger-cargo, 24 cargo, 1 petroleum tanker -Civil air: - 40 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 112 total, 104 usable; 75 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways - over 3,659 m; 31 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 43 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - good international communication service over microwave and INTELSAT - satellite; domestic communications poor; 813,000 telephones (1990); - broadcast service good; broadcast stations - 19 AM, 8 FM, 29 TV; satellite - earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT - -:Pakistan Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force, Civil Armed Forces, National Guard -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 27,811,099; 17,064,073 fit for military service; 1,287,041 - reach military age (17) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $2.9 billion, 6% of GNP (1992 budget) - -:Palmyra Atoll Geography - -Total area: - 11.9 km2 -Land area: - 11.9 km2 -Comparative area: - about 20 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 14.5 km -Maritime claims: - Contiguous zone: - 12 nm - Continental shelf: - 200 m (depth) - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - equatorial, hot, and very rainy -Terrain: - low, with maximum elevations of about 2 meters -Natural resources: - none -Land use: - arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and - woodland 100%; other 0% -Environment: - about 50 islets covered with dense vegetation, coconut trees, and balsa-like - trees up to 30 meters tall -Note: - located 1,600 km south-southwest of Honolulu in the North Pacific Ocean, - almost halfway between Hawaii and American Samoa - -:Palmyra Atoll People - -Population: - uninhabited - -:Palmyra Atoll Government - -Long-form name: - none -Type: - unincorporated territory of the US; privately owned, but administered by the - Office of Territorial and International Affairs, US Department of the - Interior -Capital: - none; administered from Washington, DC - -:Palmyra Atoll Economy - -Overview: - no economic activity - -:Palmyra Atoll Communications - -Ports: - the main harbor is West Lagoon, which is entered by a channel on the - southwest side of the atoll; both the channel and harbor will accommodate - vessels drawing 4 meters of water; much of the road and many causeways built - during the war are unserviceable and overgrown -Airports: - 1 with permanent-surface runway 1,220-2,439 m - -:Palmyra Atoll Defense Forces - -Branches: - Note: - defense is the responsibility of the US - -:Panama Geography - -Total area: - 78,200 km2 -Land area: - 75,990 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly smaller than South Carolina -Land boundaries: - 555 km total; Colombia 225 km, Costa Rica 330 km -Coastline: - 2,490 km -Maritime claims: - Territorial sea: - 200 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; hot, humid, cloudy; prolonged rainy season (May to January), short - dry season (January to May) -Terrain: - interior mostly steep, rugged mountains and dissected, upland plains; - coastal areas largely plains and rolling hills -Natural resources: - copper, mahogany forests, shrimp -Land use: - arable land 6%; permanent crops 2%; meadows and pastures 15%; forest and - woodland 54%; other 23%; includes irrigated NEGL% -Environment: - dense tropical forest in east and northwest -Note: - strategic location on eastern end of isthmus forming land bridge connecting - North and South America; controls Panama Canal that links North Atlantic - Ocean via Caribbean Sea with North Pacific Ocean - -:Panama People - -Population: - 2,529,902 (July 1992), growth rate 2.0% (1992) -Birth rate: - 25 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 17 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 73 years male, 77 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 3.0 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Panamanian(s); adjective - Panamanian -Ethnic divisions: - mestizo (mixed Indian and European ancestry) 70%, West Indian 14%, white - 10%, Indian 6% -Religions: - Roman Catholic over 93%, Protestant 6% -Languages: - Spanish (official); English as native tongue 14%; many Panamanians bilingual -Literacy: - 88% (male 88%, female 88%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 770,472 (1987); government and community services 27.9%; agriculture, - hunting, and fishing 26.2%; commerce, restaurants, and hotels 16%; - manufacturing and mining 10.5%; construction 5.3%; transportation and - communications 5.3%; finance, insurance, and real estate 4.2%; Canal Zone - 2.4%; shortage of skilled labor, but an oversupply of unskilled labor -Organized labor: - 17% of labor force (1986) - -:Panama Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Panama -Type: - centralized republic -Capital: - Panama -Administrative divisions: - 9 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia) and 1 territory* (comarca); - Bocas del Toro, Chiriqui, Cocle, Colon, Darien, Herrera, Los Santos, Panama, - San Blas*, Veraguas -Independence: - 3 November 1903 (from Colombia; became independent from Spain 28 November - 1821) -Constitution: - 11 October 1972; major reforms adopted April 1983 -Legal system: - based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts in the - Supreme Court of Justice; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with - reservations -National holiday: - Independence Day, 3 November (1903) -Executive branch: - president, two vice presidents, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral Legislative Assembly (Asamblea Legislativa) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia) currently being - reorganized -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Guillermo ENDARA (since 20 December 1989, elected 7 May 1989); - First Vice President Ricardo ARIAS Calderon (since 20 December 1989, elected - 7 May 1989); Second Vice President Guillermo FORD Boyd (since 20 December - 1989, elected 7 May 1989) -Political parties and leaders: - government alliance: - Nationalist Republican Liberal Movement (MOLIRENA), Alfredo RAMIREZ; - Authentic Liberal Party (PLA), Arnulfo ESCALONA; Arnulfista Party (PA), - Mireya MOSCOSO DE GRUBER; - opposition parties: - Christian Democratic Party (PDC), Ricardo ARIAS Calderon; Democratic - Revolutionary Party (PRD, ex-official government party), Gerardo GONZALEZ; - Agrarian Labor Party (PALA), Carlos LOPEZ Guevara; Liberal Party (PL), - Roderick ESQUIVEL; Popular Action Party (PAPO); Socialist Workers Party - (PST, leftist), Jose CAMBRA; Revolutionary Workers Party (PRT, leftist), - Graciela DIXON -Suffrage: - universal and compulsory at age 18 -Elections: - President: - last held on 7 May 1989, annulled but later upheld (next to be held NA May - 1994); results - anti-NORIEGA coalition believed to have won about 75% of - the total votes cast - Legislative Assembly: - last held on 27 January 1991 (next to be held NA May 1994); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (67 total) - progovernment parties: - PDC 28, MOLIRENA 16, PA 7, PLA 4 - -:Panama Government - - opposition parties: - PRD 10, PALA 1, PL 1; note - the PDC went into opposition after President - Guillermo ENDARA ousted the PDC from the coalition government in April 1991 -Communists: - People's Party (PdP), mainline Communist party, did not obtain the necessary - 3% of the total vote in the 1984 election to retain its legal status; about - 3,000 members -Other political or pressure groups: - National Council of Organized Workers (CONATO); National Council of Private - Enterprise (CONEP); Panamanian Association of Business Executives (APEDE); - National Civic Crusade; National Committee for the Right to Life -Member of: - AG (associate), CG, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, - IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, - LAIA (observer), LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, - UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Jaime FORD; Chancery at 2862 McGill Terrace NW, Washington, DC - 20008; telephone (202) 483-1407; the status of the Consulates General and - Consulates has not yet been determined - US: - Ambassador Deane R. HINTON; Embassy at Avenida Balboa and Calle 38, Apartado - 6959, Panama City 5 (mailing address is Box E, APO AA 34002); telephone - (507) 27-1777; FAX (507) 27-1964 -Flag: - divided into four, equal rectangles; the top quadrants are white with a blue - five-pointed star in the center (hoist side) and plain red, the bottom - quadrants are plain blue (hoist side) and white with a red five-pointed star - in the center - -:Panama Economy - -Overview: - GDP expanded by roughly 9.3% in 1991, following growth of 4.6% in 1990 and a - 0.4% contraction in 1989. Delay in coming to terms with the international - financial institutions on policies to implement structural reform in Panama - generated uncertainty in the private sector and tempered the pace of - business expansion in 1991. Public investment was limited as the - administration kept the fiscal deficit below 3% of GDP. Unemployment and - economic reform are the two major issues the government must face in - 1992-93. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $5.0 billion, per capita $2,040; real growth rate - 9.3% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 2.0% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 17% (1991 est.) -Budget: - revenues $1.5 billion; expenditures $1.7 billion, including capital - expenditures of $140 million (1991 est.) -Exports: - $380 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) - commodities: - bananas 28%, shrimp 14%, sugar 12%, clothing 5%, coffee 4% - partners: - US 44%, Central America and Caribbean, EC (1991 est.) -Imports: - $1.5 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) - commodities: - capital goods 13%, crude oil 12%, foodstuffs 10%, consumer goods, chemicals - (1990) - partners: - US 37%, Japan, EC, Central America and Caribbean, Mexico, Venezuela (1989 - est.) -External debt: - $5.4 billion (December 1991 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 7.2% (1991 est.); accounts for almost 9.4% of GDP -Electricity: - 1,135,000 kW capacity; 3,397 million kWh produced, 1,372 kWh per capita - (1991) -Industries: - manufacturing and construction activities, petroleum refining, brewing, - cement and other construction material, sugar mills -Agriculture: - accounts for 12% of GDP (1991 est.), 25% of labor force (1989); crops - - bananas, rice, corn, coffee, sugarcane; livestock; fishing; importer of food - grain, vegetables -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $516 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $582 million; - Communist countries (1970-89), $4 million -Currency: - balboa (plural - balboas); 1 balboa (B) = 100 centesimos -Exchange rates: - balboas (B) per US$1 - 1.000 (fixed rate) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Panama Communications - -Railroads: - 238 km total; 78 km 1.524-meter gauge, 160 km 0.914-meter gauge -Highways: - 8,530 km total; 2,745 km paved, 3,270 km gravel or crushed stone, 2,515 km - improved and unimproved earth -Inland waterways: - 800 km navigable by shallow draft vessels; 82 km Panama Canal -Pipelines: - crude oil 130 km -Ports: - Cristobal, Balboa, Puerto de La Bahia de Las Minas -Merchant marine: - 3,004 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 41,314,623 GRT/73,325,176 DWT; - includes 20 passenger, 22 short-sea passenger, 3 passenger-cargo, 1,046 - cargo, 205 refrigerated cargo, 175 container, 65 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 111 - vehicle carrier, 9 livestock carrier, 4 multifunction large-load carrier, - 340 petroleum tanker, 177 chemical tanker, 23 combination ore/oil, 101 - liquefied gas, 8 specialized tanker, 659 bulk, 35 combination bulk, 1 barge - carrier; note - all but 5 are foreign owned and operated; the top 4 foreign - owners are Japan 36%, Greece 8%, Hong Kong 8%, and the US 7%; (China owns at - least 128 ships, Vietnam 4, former Yugoslavia 4, Cuba 4, Cyprus 5, and the - republics of the former USSR 12) -Civil air: - 5 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 112 total, 102 usable; 39 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways - over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 15 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - domestic and international facilities well developed; connection into - Central American Microwave System; 220,000 telephones; broadcast stations - - 91 AM, no FM, 23 TV; 1 coaxial submarine cable; satellite ground stations - - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT - -:Panama Defense Forces - -Branches: - note - the Panamanian Defense Forces (PDF) ceased to exist as a military - institution shortly after the United States invaded Panama on 20 December - 1989; President ENDARA has restructured the forces into a civilian police - service under the new name of Panamanian Public Forces (PPF); a Council of - Public Security and National Defense under Menalco SOLIS in the office of - the president coordinates the activities of the security forces; the - Institutional Protection Service under Carlos BARES is attached to the - presidency -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 661,101; 455,412 fit for military service; no conscription -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $75.5 million, 1.5% of GDP (1990) - -:Papua New Guinea Geography - -Total area: - 461,690 km2 -Land area: - 451,710 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly larger than California -Land boundaries: - 820 km; Indonesia 820 km -Coastline: - 5,152 km -Maritime claims: - (measured from claimed archipelagic baselines) - Continental shelf: - 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; northwest monsoon (December to March), southeast monsoon (May to - October); slight seasonal temperature variation -Terrain: - mostly mountains with coastal lowlands and rolling foothills -Natural resources: - gold, copper, silver, natural gas, timber, oil potential -Land use: - arable land NEGL%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures NEGL%; forest - and woodland 71%; other 28% -Environment: - one of world's largest swamps along southwest coast; some active volcanos; - frequent earthquakes -Note: - shares island of New Guinea with Indonesia - -:Papua New Guinea People - -Population: - 4,006,509 (July 1992), growth rate 2.3% (1992) -Birth rate: - 34 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 11 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 67 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 55 years male, 56 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 4.9 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Papua New Guinean(s); adjective - Papua New Guinean -Ethnic divisions: - predominantly Melanesian and Papuan; some Negrito, Micronesian, and - Polynesian -Religions: - Roman Catholic 22%, Lutheran 16%, Presbyterian/Methodist/London Missionary - Society 8%, Anglican 5%, Evangelical Alliance 4%, Seventh-Day Adventist 1%, - other Protestant sects 10%; indigenous beliefs 34% -Languages: - 715 indigenous languages; English spoken by 1-2%, pidgin English widespread, - Motu spoken in Papua region -Literacy: - 52% (male 65%, female 38%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - NA -Organized labor: - more than 50 trade unions, some with fewer than 20 members - -:Papua New Guinea Government - -Long-form name: - Independent State of Papua New Guinea -Type: - parliamentary democracy -Capital: - Port Moresby -Administrative divisions: - 20 provinces; Central, Chimbu, Eastern Highlands, East New Britain, East - Sepik, Enga, Gulf, Madang, Manus, Milne Bay, Morobe, National Capital, New - Ireland, Northern, North Solomons, Sandaun, Southern Highlands, Western, - Western Highlands, West New Britain -Independence: - 16 September 1975 (from UN trusteeship under Australian administration) -Constitution: - 16 September 1975 -Legal system: - based on English common law -National holiday: - Independence Day, 16 September (1975) -Executive branch: - British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister, - National Executive Council (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral National Parliament (sometimes referred to as the House of - Assembly) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen Elizabeth II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General - Wiwa KOROWI (since NA November 1991) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Paias WINGTI (since 17 July 1992) -Political parties and leaders: - Papua New Guinea United Party (Pangu Party), Rabbie NAMALIU; People's - Democratic Movement (PDM), Paias WINGTI; People's Action Party (PAP), Akoka - DOI; People's Progress Party (PPP), Sir Julius CHAN; United Party (UP), Paul - TORATO; Papua Party (PP), Galeva KWARARA; National Party (NP), Paul PORA; - Melanesian Alliance (MA), Fr. John MOMIS -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - National Parliament: - last held 13-26 June 1992 (next to be held NA 1997); results - percent by - party NA; seats - (109 total) Pangu Party 24, PDM 17, PPP 10, PAP 10, - independents 30, others 18 -Member of: - ACP, AsDB, ASEAN (observer), C, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, - IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM - (observer), SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WMO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Margaret TAYLOR; Chancery at 3rd floor, 1615 New Hampshire Avenue - NW, Washington, DC 20009; telephone (202) 745-3680 - US: - Ambassador Robert W. FARRAND; Embassy at Armit Street, Port Moresby (mailing - address is P. O. Box 1492, Port Moresby, or APO AE 96553); telephone [675] - 211-455 or 594, 654; FAX [675] 213-423 - -:Papua New Guinea Government - -Flag: - divided diagonally from upper hoist-side corner; the upper triangle is red - with a soaring yellow bird of paradise centered; the lower triangle is black - with five white five-pointed stars of the Southern Cross constellation - centered - -:Papua New Guinea Economy - -Overview: - Papua New Guinea is richly endowed with natural resources, but exploitation - has been hampered by the rugged terrain and the high cost of developing an - infrastructure. Agriculture provides a subsistence livelihood for 85% of the - population. Mining of numerous deposits, including copper and gold, accounts - for about 60% of export earnings. Budgetary support from Australia and - development aid under World Bank auspices have helped sustain the economy. - Robust growth in 1991 was led by the mining sector; the opening of a large - new gold mine featured in the advance. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $3.1 billion, per capita $800; real growth rate - 9% (1991) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 6.8% (first half 1991) -Unemployment rate: - 5% (1988) -Budget: - revenues $1.26 billion; expenditures $1.46 billion, including capital - expenditures of $273 million (1992 est.) -Exports: - $1.14 billion (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - copper ore, gold, coffee, logs, palm oil, cocoa, lobster - partners: - FRG, Japan, Australia, UK, Spain, US -Imports: - $1.18 billion (c.i.f., 1990) - commodities: - machinery and transport equipment, food, fuels, chemicals, consumer goods - partners: - Australia, Singapore, Japan, US, New Zealand, UK -External debt: - $2.2 billion (April 1991) -Industrial production: - growth rate 2.4% (1990 est.); accounts for 25% of GDP -Electricity: - 397,000 kW capacity; 1,510 million kWh produced, 400 kWh per capita (1990) -Industries: - copra crushing, oil palm processing, plywood processing, wood chip - production, gold, silver, copper, construction, tourism -Agriculture: - one-third of GDP; livelihood for 85% of population; fertile soils and - favorable climate permits cultivating a wide variety of crops; cash crops - - coffee, cocoa, coconuts, palm kernels; other products - tea, rubber, sweet - potatoes, fruit, vegetables, poultry, pork; net importer of food for urban - centers -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $40.6 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $6.5 billion; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $17 million -Currency: - kina (plural - kina); 1 kina (K) = 100 toea -Exchange rates: - kina (K) per US$1 - 1.0413 (March 1992), 1.0508 (1991), 1.0467 (1990), - 1.1685 (1989), 1.1538 (1988), 1.1012 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Papua New Guinea Communications - -Railroads: - none -Highways: - 19,200 km total; 640 km paved, 10,960 km gravel, crushed stone, or - stabilized-soil surface, 7,600 km unimproved earth -Inland waterways: - 10,940 km -Ports: - Anewa Bay, Lae, Madang, Port Moresby, Rabaul -Merchant marine: - 8 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 14,102 GRT/16,016 DWT; includes 2 - cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 combination ore/oil, 1 bulk, 1 container -Civil air: - about 15 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 503 total, 460 usable; 18 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways - over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 39 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - services are adequate and being improved; facilities provide radiobroadcast, - radiotelephone and telegraph, coastal radio, aeronautical radio, and - international radiocommunication services; submarine cables extend to - Australia and Guam; 51,700 telephones (1985); broadcast stations - 31 AM, 2 - FM, 2 TV (1987); 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -:Papua New Guinea Defense Forces - -Branches: - Papua New Guinea Defense Force (including Army, Navy, Air Force) -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 1,013,812; 564,081 fit for military service -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $42 million, 1.3% of GDP (1989 est.) - -:Paracel Islands Geography - -Total area: - NA -Land area: - undetermined -Comparative area: - undetermined -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 518 km -Maritime claims: - undetermined -Disputes: - occupied by China, but claimed by Taiwan and Vietnam -Climate: - tropical -Terrain: - undetermined -Natural resources: - none -Land use: - arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and - woodland 0%; other 100% -Environment: - subject to typhoons -Note: - located 400 km east of Vietnam in the South China Sea about one-third of the - way between Vietnam and the Philippines - -:Paracel Islands People - -Population: - no permanent inhabitants - -:Paracel Islands Government - -Long-form name: - none - -:Paracel Islands Economy - -Overview: - no economic activity - -:Paracel Islands Communications - -Ports: - small Chinese port facilities on Woody Island and Duncan Island currently - under expansion -Airports: - 1 on Woody Island - -:Paracel Islands Defense Forces - -Note: - occupied by China - -:Paraguay Geography - -Total area: - 406,750 km2 -Land area: - 397,300 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly smaller than California -Land boundaries: - 3,920 km total; Argentina 1,880 km, Bolivia 750 km, Brazil 1,290 km -Coastline: - none - landlocked -Maritime claims: - none - landlocked -Disputes: - short section of the boundary with Brazil (just west of Guaira Falls on the - Rio Parana) has not been determined -Climate: - varies from temperate in east to semiarid in far west -Terrain: - grassy plains and wooded hills east of Rio Paraguay; Gran Chaco region west - of Rio Paraguay mostly low, marshy plain near the river, and dry forest and - thorny scrub elsewhere -Natural resources: - iron ore, manganese, limestone, hydropower, timber -Land use: - arable land 20%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 39%; forest and - woodland 35%; other 5%; includes irrigated NEGL% -Environment: - local flooding in southeast (early September to June); poorly drained plains - may become boggy (early October to June) -Note: - landlocked; buffer between Argentina and Brazil - -:Paraguay People - -Population: - 4,929,446 (July 1992), growth rate 2.9% (1992) -Birth rate: - 33 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 28 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 71 years male, 74 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 4.4 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Paraguayan(s); adjective - Paraguayan -Ethnic divisions: - mestizo (Spanish and Indian) 95%, white and Indian 5% -Religions: - Roman Catholic 90%; Mennonite and other Protestant denominations -Languages: - Spanish (official) and Guarani -Literacy: - 90% (male 92%, female 88%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 1,418,000 (1991 est.); agriculture, industry and commerce, services, - government (1986) -Organized labor: - about 2% of labor force - -:Paraguay Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Paraguay -Type: - republic -Capital: - Asuncion -Administrative divisions: - 19 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Alto Paraguay, Alto - Parana, Amambay, Boqueron, Caaguazu, Caazapa, Canindeyu, Central, Chaco, - Concepcion, Cordillera, Guaira, Itapua, Misiones, Neembucu, Nueva Asuncion, - Paraguari, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro -Independence: - 14 May 1811 (from Spain) -Constitution: - 25 August 1967; Constituent Assembly rewrote the Constitution that was - promulgated on 20 June 1992 -Legal system: - based on Argentine codes, Roman law, and French codes; judicial review of - legislative acts in Supreme Court of Justice; does not accept compulsory ICJ - jurisdiction -National holiday: - Independence Days, 14-15 May (1811) -Executive branch: - president, Council of Ministers (cabinet), Council of State -Legislative branch: - bicameral Congress (Congreso) consists of an upper chamber or Chamber of - Senators (Camara de Senadores) and a lower chamber or Chamber of Deputies - (Camara de Diputados) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia) -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Gen. Andres RODRIGUEZ Pedotti (since 15 May 1989) -Political parties and leaders: - Colorado Party, Luis Maria ARGANA, acting president; Authentic Radical - Liberal Party (PLRA), Juan Manuel BENITEZ Florentin; Christian Democratic - Party (PDC), Jose Angel BURRO; Febrerista Revolutionary Party (PRF), Victor - BAREIRO; Popular Democratic Party (PDP), Hugo RICHER -Suffrage: - universal and compulsory at age 18 and up to age 60 -Elections: - President: - last held 1 May 1989 (next to be held NA February 1993); results - Gen. - RODRIGUEZ 75.8%, Domingo LAINO 19.4% - Chamber of Senators: - last held 1 May 1989 (next to be held by NA May 1993); results - percent of - vote by party NA; seats - (36 total) Colorado Party 24, PLRA 10, PLR 1, PRF - 1 - Chamber of Deputies: - last held on 1 May 1989 (next to be held by NA May 1994); results - percent - of vote by party NA; seats - (72 total) Colorado Party 48, PLRA 19, PRF 2, - PDC 1, other 2 -Communists: - Oscar CREYDT faction and Miguel Angel SOLER faction (both illegal); 3,000 to - 4,000 (est.) party members and sympathizers in Paraguay, very few are hard - core; party beginning to return from exile is small and deeply divided -Other political or pressure groups: - Confederation of Workers (CUT); Roman Catholic Church - -:Paraguay Government - -Member of: - AG (observer), CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, - IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, OAS, - OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Juan Esteban Aguirre MARTINEZ; Chancery at 2400 Massachusetts - Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 483-6960 through 6962; - there are Paraguayan Consulates General in New Orleans and New York, and a - Consulate in Houston - US: - Ambassador Jon D. GLASSMAN; Embassy at 1776 Avenida Mariscal Lopez, Asuncion - (mailing address is C. P. 402, Asuncion, or APO AA 34036-0001); telephone - [595] (21) 213-715; FAX [595] (21) 213-728 -Flag: - three equal, horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue with an emblem - centered in the white band; unusual flag in that the emblem is different on - each side; the obverse (hoist side at the left) bears the national coat of - arms (a yellow five-pointed star within a green wreath capped by the words - REPUBLICA DEL PARAGUAY, all within two circles); the reverse (hoist side at - the right) bears the seal of the treasury (a yellow lion below a red Cap of - Liberty and the words Paz y Justicia (Peace and Justice) capped by the words - REPUBLICA DEL PARAGUAY, all within two circles) - -:Paraguay Economy - -Overview: - Agriculture, including forestry, accounts for about 25% of GDP, employs - about 45% of the labor force, and provides the bulk of exports. Paraguay has - no known significant mineral or petroleum resources but does have a large - hydropower potential. Since 1981 economic performance has declined compared - with the boom period of 1976-81, when real GDP grew at an average annual - rate of nearly 11%. During the period 1982-86 real GDP fell in three of five - years, inflation jumped to an annual rate of 32%, and foreign debt rose. - Factors responsible for the erratic behavior of the economy were the - completion of the Itaipu hydroelectric dam, bad weather for crops, and weak - international commodity prices for agricultural exports. In 1987 the economy - experienced a minor recovery because of improved weather conditions and - stronger international prices for key agricultural exports. The recovery - continued through 1990, on the strength of bumper crops in 1988-89. In a - major step to increase its economic activity in the region, Paraguay in - March 1991 joined the Southern Cone Common Market (MERCOSUR), which includes - Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay. During 1991 the government began to more - seriously address its arrearages with international creditors and its - domestic fiscal problems. Inflation was cut in third, but the foreign trade - deficit widened to more than $1 billion. For the long run, the government - must press forward with general market-oriented economic reforms. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $7.0 billion, per capita $1,460; real growth rate - 3.0% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 15% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 14% (1991 est.) -Budget: - revenues $1.2 billion; expenditures $1.2 billion, including capital - expenditures of $487 million (1991) -Exports: - $642 million (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - cotton, soybean, timber, vegetable oils, coffee, tung oil, meat products - partners: - EC 37%, Brazil 25%, Argentina 10%, Chile 6%, US 6% -Imports: - $1.85 billion (c.i.f., 1991) - commodities: - capital goods 35%, consumer goods 20%, fuels and lubricants 19%, raw - materials 16%, foodstuffs, beverages, and tobacco 10% - partners: - Brazil 30%, EC 20%, US 18%, Argentina 8%, Japan 7% -External debt: - $1.7 billion (1991 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 5.9% (1989 est.); accounts for 16% of GDP -Electricity: - 5,578,000 kW capacity; 15,447 million kWh produced, 3,219 kWh per capita - (1991) -Industries: - meat packing, oilseed crushing, milling, brewing, textiles, other light - consumer goods, cement, construction -Agriculture: - accounts for 25% of GDP and 44% of labor force; cash crops - cotton, - sugarcane; other crops - corn, wheat, tobacco, soybeans, cassava, fruits, - and vegetables; animal products - beef, pork, eggs, milk; surplus producer - of timber; self-sufficient in most foods - -:Paraguay Economy - -Illicit drugs: - illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade; important - transshipment point for Bolivian cocaine headed for the US and Europe -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $172 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.1 billion -Currency: - guarani (plural - guaranies); 1 guarani (G) = 100 centimos -Exchange rates: - guaranies (G) per US$ - 1,447.5 (March 1992), 1,325.2 (1991), 1,229.8 - (1990), 1,056.2 (1989), 550.00 (fixed rate 1986-February 1989), -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Paraguay Communications - -Railroads: - 970 km total; 440 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 60 km 1.000-meter gauge, - 470 km various narrow gauge (privately owned) -Highways: - 21,960 km total; 1,788 km paved, 474 km gravel, and 19,698 km earth -Inland waterways: - 3,100 km -Ports: - Asuncion -Merchant marine: - 13 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 16,747 GRT/19,865 DWT; includes 11 - cargo, 2 petroleum tanker; note - 1 naval cargo ship is sometimes used - commercially -Civil air: - 9 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 845 total, 716 usable; 7 with permanent-surface runways; 0 with runways over - 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 66 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - principal center in Asuncion; fair intercity microwave net; 78,300 - telephones; broadcast stations - 40 AM, no FM, 5 TV, 7 shortwave; 1 Atlantic - Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -:Paraguay Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy (including Naval Air and Marines), Air Force -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 1,172,813; 853,129 fit for military service; 49,917 reach - military age (17) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $84 million, 1.4% of GDP (1988 est.) - -:Peru Geography - -Total area: - 1,285,220 km2 -Land area: - 1,280,000 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly smaller than Alaska -Land boundaries: - 6,940 km total; Bolivia 900 km, Brazil 1,560 km, Chile 160 km, Colombia - 2,900 km, Ecuador 1,420 km -Coastline: - 2,414 km -Maritime claims: - Territorial sea: - 200 nm -Disputes: - three sections of the boundary with Ecuador are in dispute -Climate: - varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west -Terrain: - western coastal plain (costa), high and rugged Andes in center (sierra), - eastern lowland jungle of Amazon Basin (selva) -Natural resources: - copper, silver, gold, petroleum, timber, fish, iron ore, coal, phosphate, - potash -Land use: - arable land 3%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 21%; forest and - woodland 55%; other 21%; includes irrigated 1% -Environment: - subject to earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides, mild volcanic activity; - deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; air pollution in - Lima -Note: - shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake, with - Bolivia - -:Peru People - -Population: - 22,767,543 (July 1992), growth rate 2.0% (1992) -Birth rate: - 27 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 59 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 63 years male, 67 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 3.3 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Peruvian(s); adjective - Peruvian -Ethnic divisions: - Indian 45%; mestizo (mixed Indian and European ancestry) 37%; white 15%; - black, Japanese, Chinese, and other 3% -Religions: - predominantly Roman Catholic -Languages: - Spanish and Quechua (both official), Aymara -Literacy: - 85% (male 92%, female 29%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 6,800,000 (1986); government and other services 44%, agriculture 37%, - industry 19% (1988 est.) -Organized labor: - about 40% of salaried workers (1983 est.) - -:Peru Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Peru -Type: - in transition, President FUJIMORI on 5 April 1992 suspended the constitution - and dissolved the legislative and judicial branches -Capital: - Lima -Administrative divisions: - 24 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento) and 1 constitutional - province* (provincia constitucional); Amazonas, Ancash, Apurimac, Arequipa, - Ayacucho, Cajamarca, Callao*, Cusco, Huancavelica, Huanuco, Ica, Junin, La - Libertad, Lambayeque, Lima, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Pasco, Piura, - Puno, San Martin, Tacna, Tumbes, Ucayali; note - the 1979 Constitution and - legislation enacted from 1987 to 1990 mandate the creation of regions - (regiones, singular - region) intended to function eventually as autonomous - economic and administrative entities; so far, 12 regions have been - constituted from 23 existing departments - Amazonas (from Loreto), Andres - Avelino Caceres (from Huanuco, Pasco, Junin), Arequipa (from Arequipa), - Chavin (from Ancash), Grau (from Tumbes, Piura), Inca (from Cusco, Madre de - Dios, Apurimac), La Libertad (from La Libertad), Los Libertadores-Huari - (from Ica, Ayacucho, Huancavelica), Mariategui (from Moquegua, Tacna, Puno), - Nor Oriental del Maranon (from Lambayeque, Cajamarca, Amazonas), San Martin - (from San Martin), Ucayali (from Ucayali); formation of another region has - been delayed by the reluctance of the constitutional province of Callao to - merge with the department of Lima; because of inadequate funding from the - central government, the regions have yet to assume their responsibilities - and at the moment coexist with the departmental structure -Independence: - 28 July 1821 (from Spain) -Constitution: - 28 July 1980 (often referred to as the 1979 Constitution because the - Constituent Assembly met in 1979, but the Constitution actually took effect - the following year); suspended 5 April 1992 -Legal system: - based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Independence Day, 28 July (1821) -Executive branch: - president, two vice presidents (vacant as of 19 May 1992), prime minister, - Council of Ministers (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - bicameral Congress (Congreso) consists of an upper chamber or Senate - (Senado) and a lower chamber or Chamber of Deputies (Camara de Diputados); - note - dissolved on 5 April 1992; being reconstituted -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Alberto FUJIMORI (since 28 July 1990); note - slots for first and - second Vice Presidents vacant as of 19 May 1992 - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Oscar DE LA PUENTE Raygada (since 6 April 1992) - -:Peru Government - -Political parties and leaders: - Change 90 (Cambio 90), Alberto FUJIMORI; Popular Christian Party (PPC), Luis - BEDOYA Reyes; Popular Action Party (AP), Eduardo CALMELL del Solar; Liberty - Movement (ML), Luis BUSTAMANTE; American Popular Revolutionary Alliance - (APRA), Luis ALVA Castro, Alan GARCIA; National Front of Workers and - Peasants (FNTC), Roger CACERES; United Left (IU), leader NA; Independent - Moralizing Front (FIM), Fernando OLIVERA Vega; Socialist Left (IS), leader - NA; note - Democratic Front (FREDEMO) was a loosely organized coalition of - the PPC, AP, and ML during the 8 April 1990 elections, but the parties no - longer maintain a formal alliance -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - President: - last held on 10 June 1990 (next to be held NA April 1995); results - Alberto - FUJIMORI 56.53%, Mario VARGAS Llosa 33.92%, other 9.55% - Senate: - last held on 8 April 1990; dissolved on 5 April 1992; because of suspension - of constitutional role, next election not yet scheduled; results - percent - of vote by party NA; seats - (62 total; 60 elected, 2 ex-presidents who are - senators for life) FREDEMO 20, APRA 16, Change 90 14, IU 6, IS 3, FNTC 1; - note - as a result of the dissolution of FREDEMO and defections and - expulsions from the various parties, the seats have been reallocated: APRA - 17, Change 90 13, AP 8, IU 6, PPC 5, ML 4, IS 3, FNTC 1, independents 4, - other 1 (January 1992) - Chamber of Deputies: - last held 8 April 1990 dissolved on 5 April 1992; because of suspension of - constitutional role, next election not yet scheduled; results - percent of - vote by party NA; seats - (180 total) FREDEMO 62, APRA 53, Change 90 32, IU - 16, IS 4, FNTC 3, other 10; note - as a result of the dissolution of FREDEMO - and defections and expulsions from the various parties, the seats have been - reallocated: APRA 53, AP 25, Change 90 25, PPC 23, IU 16, ML 7, FIM 3, IS 4, - FNTC 3, independents 15, other 4, and 2 currently nonvoting deputies -Communists: - Peruvian Communist Party-Unity (PCP-U), 2,000; other minor Communist parties -Other political or pressure groups: - leftist guerrilla groups: - Shining Path, Abimael GUZMAN; Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement, Nestor - SERPA and Victor POLAY -Member of: - AG, CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, - ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, - IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, - UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador vacant; Chancery at 1700 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC - 20036; telephone (202) 833-9860 through 9869); Peruvian Consulates General - are located in Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Paterson (New - Jersey), San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico) - US: - Ambassador Anthony C. E. QUAINTON; Embassy at the corner of Avenida Inca - Garcilaso de la Vega and Avenida Espana, Lima (mailing address is P. O. Box - 1991, Lima 1, or APO AA 34031); telephone [51] (14) 33-8000; FAX [51] (14) - 316682 -Flag: - three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), white, and red with the - coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a shield - bearing a llama, cinchona tree (the source of quinine), and a yellow - cornucopia spilling out gold coins, all framed by a green wreath - -:Peru Economy - -Overview: - The Peruvian economy is becoming increasingly market oriented, with a large - dose of government ownership remaining in mining, energy, and banking. In - the 1980s the economy suffered from hyperinflation, declining per capita - output, and mounting external debt. Peru was shut off from IMF and World - Bank support in the mid-1980s because of its huge debt arrears. An austerity - program implemented shortly after the FUJIMORI government took office in - July 1990 contributed to a third consecutive yearly contraction of economic - activity, but the slide halted late in the year, and output rose 2.4% in - 1991. After a burst of inflation as the austerity program eliminated - government price subsidies, monthly price increases eased to the - single-digit level and by December 1991 dropped to the lowest increase since - mid-1987. Lima obtained a financial rescue package from multilateral lenders - in September 1991, and, although it faces $14 billion in arrears on its - external debt, is working to pay some $1.8 billion of these to the IMF and - World Bank by 1993. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $20.6 billion, per capita $920; real growth rate - 2.4% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 139% (1991) -Unemployment rate: - 15.0%; underemployment 65% (1991 est.) -Budget: - revenues $1.7 billion; expenditures $1.8 billion, including capital - expenditures of $250 million (1991 est.) -Exports: - $3.3 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) - commodities: - copper, fishmeal, zinc, crude petroleum and byproducts, lead, refined - silver, coffee, cotton - partners: - EC 28%, US 22%, Japan 13%, Latin America 12%, former USSR 2% -Imports: - $3.5 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) - commodities: - foodstuffs, machinery, transport equipment, iron and steel semimanufactures, - chemicals, pharmaceuticals - partners: - US 32%, Latin America 22%, EC 17%, Switzerland 6%, Japan 3% -External debt: - $19.4 billion (December 1991 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 1.0% (1991 est.); accounts for almost 24% of GDP -Electricity: - 4,896,000 kW capacity; 15,851 million kWh produced, 709 kWh per capita - (1991) -Industries: - mining of metals, petroleum, fishing, textiles, clothing, food processing, - cement, auto assembly, steel, shipbuilding, metal fabrication -Agriculture: - accounts for 10% of GDP, about 35% of labor force; commercial crops - - coffee, cotton, sugarcane; other crops - rice, wheat, potatoes, plantains, - coca; animal products - poultry, red meats, dairy, wool; not self-sufficient - in grain or vegetable oil; fish catch of 6.9 million metric tons (1990) - -:Peru Economy - -Illicit drugs: - world's largest coca leaf producer with about 121,000 hectares under - cultivation; source of supply for most of the world's coca paste and cocaine - base; at least 85% of coca cultivation is for illicit production; most of - cocaine base is shipped to Colombian drug dealers for processing into - cocaine for the international drug market -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.7 billion; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $4.3 billion; - Communist countries (1970-89), $577 million -Currency: - (S/.) nuevo sol (plural - nuevos soles); 1 nuevo sol (S/.) = 100 centavos -Exchange rates: - nuevo sol (S/. per US$1 - 0.960 (March 1992), 0.772 (1991), 0.187 (1990), - 2.666 (1989), 0.129 (1988), 0.017 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Peru Communications - -Railroads: - 1,801 km total; 1,501 km 1.435-meter gauge, 300 km 0.914-meter gauge -Highways: - 69,942 km total; 7,459 km paved, 13,538 km improved, 48,945 km unimproved - earth -Inland waterways: - 8,600 km of navigable tributaries of Amazon system and 208 km Lago Titicaca -Pipelines: - crude oil 800 km, natural gas and natural gas liquids 64 km -Ports: - Callao, Ilo, Iquitos, Matarani, Talara -Merchant marine: - 26 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 286,313 GRT/461,233 DWT; includes 14 - cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 petroleum tanker, 7 - bulk; note - in addition, 8 naval tankers and 1 naval cargo are sometimes - used commercially -Civil air: - 44 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 221 total, 201 usable; 36 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways - over 3,659 m; 23 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 43 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - fairly adequate for most requirements; nationwide microwave system; 544,000 - telephones; broadcast stations - 273 AM, no FM, 140 TV, 144 shortwave; - satellite earth stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 12 domestic - -:Peru Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army (Ejercito Peruano), Navy (Marina de Guerra del Peru), Air Force (Fuerza - Aerea del Peru), National Police -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 5,863,227; 3,964,930 fit for military service; 236,484 reach - military age (20) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $430 million, 2.4% of GDP (1991) - -:Philippines Geography - -Total area: - 300,000 km2 -Land area: - 298,170 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly larger than Arizona -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 36,289 km -Maritime claims: - (measured from claimed archipelagic baselines) - Continental shelf: - to depth of exploitation - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - irregular polygon extending up to 100 nm from coastline as defined by 1898 - treaty; since late 1970s has also claimed polygonal-shaped area in South - China Sea up to 285 nm in breadth -Disputes: - involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with China, Malaysia, - Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; claims Malaysian state of Sabah -Climate: - tropical marine; northeast monsoon (November to April); southwest monsoon - (May to October) -Terrain: - mostly mountains with narrow to extensive coastal lowlands -Natural resources: - timber, crude oil, nickel, cobalt, silver, gold, salt, copper -Land use: - arable land 26%; permanent crops 11%; meadows and pastures 4%; forest and - woodland 40%; other 19%; includes irrigated 5% -Environment: - astride typhoon belt, usually affected by 15 and struck by five to six - cyclonic storms per year; subject to landslides, active volcanoes, - destructive earthquakes, tsunami; deforestation; soil erosion; water - pollution - -:Philippines People - -Population: - 67,114,060 (July 1992), growth rate 2.0% (1992) -Birth rate: - 28 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - -1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 53 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 62 years male, 68 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 3.5 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Filipino(s); adjective - Philippine -Ethnic divisions: - Christian Malay 91.5%, Muslim Malay 4%, Chinese 1.5%, other 3% -Religions: - Roman Catholic 83%, Protestant 9%, Muslim 5%, Buddhist and other 3% -Languages: - Pilipino (based on Tagalog) and English; both official -Literacy: - 90% (male 90%, female 90%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 24,120,000; agriculture 46%, industry and commerce 16%, services 18.5%, - government 10%, other 9.5% (1989) -Organized labor: - 3,945 registered unions; total membership 5.7 million (includes 2.8 million - members of the National Congress of Farmers Organizations) - -:Philippines Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of the Philippines -Type: - republic -Capital: - Manila -Administrative divisions: - 72 provinces and 61 chartered cities*; Abra, Agusan del Norte, Agusan del - Sur, Aklan, Albay, Angeles*, Antique, Aurora, Bacolod*, Bago*, Baguio*, - Bais*, Basilan, Basilan City*, Bataan, Batanes, Batangas, Batangas City*, - Benguet, Bohol, Bukidnon, Bulacan, Butuan*, Cabanatuan*, Cadiz*, Cagayan, - Cagayan de Oro*, Calbayog*, Caloocan*, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, - Camiguin, Canlaon*, Capiz, Catanduanes, Cavite, Cavite City*, Cebu, Cebu - City*, Cotabato*, Dagupan*, Danao*, Dapitan*, Davao City* Davao, Davao del - Sur, Davao Oriental, Dipolog*, Dumaguete*, Eastern Samar, General Santos*, - Gingoog*, Ifugao, Iligan*, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Iloilo, Iloilo City*, - Iriga*, Isabela, Kalinga-Apayao, La Carlota*, Laguna, Lanao del Norte, Lanao - del Sur, Laoag*, Lapu-Lapu*, La Union, Legaspi*, Leyte, Lipa*, Lucena*, - Maguindanao, Mandaue*, Manila*, Marawi*, Marinduque, Masbate, Mindoro - Occidental, Mindoro Oriental, Misamis Occidental, Misamis Oriental, - Mountain, Naga*, Negros Occidental, Negros Oriental, North Cotabato, - Northern Samar, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Olongapo*, Ormoc*, Oroquieta*, - Ozamis*, Pagadian*, Palawan, Palayan*, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Pasay*, Puerto - Princesa*, Quezon, Quezon City*, Quirino, Rizal, Romblon, Roxas*, Samar, San - Carlos* (in Negros Occidental), San Carlos* (in Pangasinan), San Jose*, San - Pablo*, Silay*, Siquijor, Sorsogon, South Cotabato, Southern Leyte, Sultan - Kudarat, Sulu, Surigao*, Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur, Tacloban*, - Tagaytay*, Tagbilaran*, Tangub*, Tarlac, Tawitawi, Toledo*, Trece Martires*, - Zambales, Zamboanga*, Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur -Independence: - 4 July 1946 (from US) -Constitution: - 2 February 1987, effective 11 February 1987 -Legal system: - based on Spanish and Anglo-American law; accepts compulsory ICJ - jurisdiction, with reservations -National holiday: - Independence Day (from Spain), 12 June (1898) -Executive branch: - president, vice president, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - bicameral Congress (Kongreso) consists of an upper house or Senate (Senado) - and a lower house or House of Representatives (Kapulungan Ng Mga Kinatawan) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Corazon C. AQUINO (since 25 February 1986); Vice President - Salvador H. LAUREL (since 25 February 1986) -Political parties and leaders: - Alliance of Philippine Democrats (LDP), Neptali GONZALES and Jose (Peping) - COJUANGCO; Nationalist People's Coalition (NPC), Fidel Valdes RAMOS; Liberal - Party, Jovito SALONGA; New Society Movement (KBL), Amelda MARCOS -Suffrage: - universal at age 15 -Elections: - President: - last held 11 May 1992 (next election to be held NA May 1998);results - Fidel - Valdes RAMOS won 23.6% of votes, a narrow plurality - -:Philippines Government - - Senate: - last held 11 May 1992 (next election to be held NA May 1998); results - LDP - 66%, NPC 20%, Lakas-NUCD 8%, Liberal 6%; seats - (24 total) LDP 24, NPC 5, - Lakas-NUCD 2, Liberal 1 -Elections: - House of Representatives: - last held 11 May 1992 (next election to be held NA May 1998); results - LDP - 43.5%; Lakas-NUCD 25%, NPC 23.5%, Liberal 5%, KBL 3%;seats - (200 total) LDP - 87, Lakas-NUCD 51, NPC 47, Liberal 10, KBL 5 -Communists: - the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP) controls about 15,500-16,500 - full-time insurgents and is not recognized as a legal party; a second - Communist party, Philippine Communist Party (PKP), has quasi-legal status -Member of: - APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, - ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, - IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, - WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Emmanuel PELAEZ; Chancery at 1617 Massachusetts Avenue NW, - Washington, DC 20036; telephone (202) 483-1414; there are Philippine - Consulates General in Agana (Guam), Chicago, Honolulu, Houston, Los Angeles, - New York, San Francisco, and Seattle - US: - Ambassador Frank G. WISNER II; Embassy at 1201 Roxas Boulevard, Manila - (mailing address is APO AP 96440); telephone [63] (2) 521-7116; FAX [63] (2) - 522-4361; there is a US Consulate in Cebu -Flag: - two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a white equilateral - triangle based on the hoist side; in the center of the triangle is a yellow - sun with eight primary rays (each containing three individual rays) and in - each corner of the triangle is a small yellow five-pointed star - -:Philippines Economy - -Overview: - Following the recession of 1984-85, the Philippine economy grew on the - average of 5.0% per year during 1986-89. It slowed again during the period - 1990-91. The agricultural sector together with forestry and fishing, plays - an important role in the economy, employing about 45% of the work force and - providing almost 30% of GDP. The Philippines is the world's largest exporter - of coconuts and coconut products. Manufacturing contributes about 35% of - GDP. Major industries include food processing, chemicals, and textiles. -GNP: - exchange rate conversion - $47 billion, per capita $720; real growth rate - 0.1% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 17.6% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 10.0% (1991 est.) -Budget: - $8.4 billion; expenditures $9.36 billion, including capital expenditures of - $1.8 billion (1991 est.) -Exports: - $8.7 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) - commodities: - electrical equipment 19%, textiles 16%, minerals and ores 11%, farm products - 10%, coconut 10%, chemicals 5%, fish 5%, forest products 4% - partners: - US 36%, EC 19%, Japan 18%, ESCAP 9%, ASEAN 7% -Imports: - $12.3 billion (c.i.f., 1991) - commodities: - raw materials 53%, capital goods 17%, petroleum products 17% - partners: - US 25%, Japan 17%, ESCAP 13%, EC 11%, ASEAN 10%, Middle East 10% -External debt: - $28.9 billion (1991) -Industrial production: - growth rate - 5% (1991 est.); accounts for 35% of GNP -Electricity: - 7,500,000 kW capacity; 31,000 million kWh produced, 470 kWh per capita - (1991) -Industries: - textiles, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, wood products, food processing, - electronics assembly, petroleum refining, fishing -Agriculture: - accounts for about one-third of GNP and 45% of labor force; major crops - - rice, coconut, corn, sugarcane, bananas, pineapple, mango; animal products - - pork, eggs, beef; net exporter of farm products; fish catch of 2 million - metric tons annually -Illicit drugs: - illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade; growers are - producing more and better quality cannabis despite government eradication - efforts -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $3.6 billion; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $7.9 billion; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $5 million; Communist countries (1975-89), $123 - million -Currency: - Philippine peso (plural - pesos); 1 Philippine peso (P) = 100 centavos - -:Philippines Economy - -Exchange rates: - Philippine pesos (P) per US$1 - 25.810 (March 1992), 27.479 (1991), 24.311 - (1990), 21.737 (1989), 21.095 (1988), 20.568 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Philippines Communications - -Railroads: - 378 km operable on Luzon, 34% government owned (1982) -Highways: - 156,000 km total (1984); 29,000 km paved; 77,000 km gravel, crushed-stone, - or stabilized-soil surface; 50,000 km unimproved earth -Inland waterways: - 3,219 km; limited to shallow-draft (less than 1.5 m) vessels -Pipelines: - petroleum products 357 km -Ports: - Cagayan de Oro, Cebu, Davao, Guimaras, Iloilo, Legaspi, Manila, Subic Bay -Merchant marine: - 552 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 8,150,425 GRT/13,624,527 DWT; - includes 1 passenger, 11 short-sea passenger, 13 passenger-cargo, 155 cargo, - 22 refrigerated cargo, 23 vehicle carrier, 8 livestock carrier, 13 - roll-on/roll-off cargo, 8 container, 35 petroleum tanker, 1 chemical tanker, - 6 liquefied gas, 2 combination ore/oil, 247 bulk, 7 combination bulk; note - - many Philippine flag ships are foreign owned and are on the register for the - purpose of long-term bare-boat charter back to their original owners who are - principally in Japan and Germany -Civil air: - 53 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 278 total, 244 usable; 72 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways - over 3,659 m; 9 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 53 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - good international radio and submarine cable services; domestic and - interisland service adequate; 872,900 telephones; broadcast stations - 267 - AM (including 6 US), 55 FM, 33 TV (including 4 US); submarine cables - extended to Hong Kong, Guam, Singapore, Taiwan, and Japan; satellite earth - stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 2 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT, and 11 - domestic - -:Philippines Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy (including Coast Guard and Marine Corps), Air Force -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 16,719,421; 11,816,366 fit for military service; 698,683 reach - military age (20) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $915 million, 1.9% of GNP (1991) - -:Pitcairn Islands Geography - -Total area: - 47 km2 -Land area: - 47 km2 -Comparative area: - about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 51 km -Maritime claims: - Exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 3 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical, hot, humid, modified by southeast trade winds; rainy season - (November to March) -Terrain: - rugged volcanic formation; rocky coastline with cliffs -Natural resources: - miro trees (used for handicrafts), fish -Land use: - arable land NA%; permanent crops NA%; meadows and pastures NA%; forest and - woodland NA%; other NA% -Environment: - subject to typhoons (especially November to March) -Note: - located in the South Pacific Ocean about halfway between Peru and New - Zealand - -:Pitcairn Islands People - -Population: - 52 (July 1992), growth rate 0.0% (1992) -Birth rate: - NA births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - NA deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - NA migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - NA deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - NA years male, NA years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - NA children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Pitcairn Islander(s); adjective - Pitcairn Islander -Ethnic divisions: - descendants of Bounty mutineers -Religions: - Seventh-Day Adventist 100% -Languages: - English (official); also a Tahitian/English dialect -Literacy: - NA% (male NA%, female NA%) -Labor force: - NA; no business community in the usual sense; some public works; subsistence - farming and fishing -Organized labor: - NA - -:Pitcairn Islands Government - -Long-form name: - Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie, and Oeno Islands -Type: - dependent territory of the UK -Capital: - Adamstown -Administrative divisions: - none (dependent territory of the UK) -Independence: - none (dependent territory of the UK) -Constitution: - Local Government Ordinance of 1964 -Legal system: - local island by-laws -National holiday: - Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen (second Saturday in June), 10 June - 1989 -Executive branch: - British monarch, governor, island magistrate -Legislative branch: - unicameral Island Council -Judicial branch: - Island Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by the Governor and - UK High Commissioner to New Zealand David Joseph MOSS (since NA 1990) - Head of Government: - Island Magistrate and Chairman of the Island Council Brian YOUNG (since NA - 1985) -Political parties and leaders: - NA -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 with three years residency -Elections: - Island Council: - last held NA (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; - seats - (11 total, 5 elected) number of seats by party NA -Other political or pressure groups: - NA -Member of: - SPC -Diplomatic representation: - none (dependent territory of the UK) -Flag: - blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the - Pitcairn Islander coat of arms centered on the outer half of the flag; the - coat of arms is yellow, green, and light blue with a shield featuring a - yellow anchor - -:Pitcairn Islands Economy - -Overview: - The inhabitants exist on fishing and subsistence farming. The fertile soil - of the valleys produces a wide variety of fruits and vegetables, including - citrus, sugarcane, watermelons, bananas, yams, and beans. Bartering is an - important part of the economy. The major sources of revenue are the sale of - postage stamps to collectors and the sale of handicrafts to passing ships. -GDP: - $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate NA% -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - NA% -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $430,440; expenditures $429,983, including capital expenditures of - $NA (FY87 est.) -Exports: - $NA - commodities: - fruits, vegetables, curios - partners: - NA -Imports: - $NA - commodities: - fuel oil, machinery, building materials, flour, sugar, other foodstuffs - partners: - NA -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 110 kW capacity; 0.30 million kWh produced, 5,360 kWh per capita (1990) -Industries: - postage stamp sales, handicrafts -Agriculture: - based on subsistence fishing and farming; wide variety of fruits and - vegetables grown; must import grain products -Economic aid: - none -Currency: - New Zealand dollar (plural - dollars); 1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 - cents -Exchange rates: - New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1 - 1.8245 (March 1992), 1.7265 (1991), - 1.6750 (1990), 1.6711 (1989), 1.5244 (1988), 1.6866 (1987) -Fiscal year: - 1 April - 31 March - -:Pitcairn Islands Communications - -Railroads: - none -Highways: - 6.4 km dirt roads -Ports: - Bounty Bay -Airports: - none -Telecommunications: - 24 telephones; party line telephone service on the island; broadcast - stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; diesel generator provides electricity - -:Pitcairn Islands Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of the UK - -:Poland Geography - -Total area: - 312,680 km2 -Land area: - 304,510 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly smaller than New Mexico -Land boundaries: - 3,321 km total; Belarus 605 km, Czechoslovakia 1,309 km, Germany 456 km, - Lithuania 91 km, Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast) 432 km, Ukraine 428 km -Coastline: - 491 km -Maritime claims: - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - temperate with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters with frequent - precipitation; mild summers with frequent showers and thundershowers -Terrain: - mostly flat plain; mountains along southern border -Natural resources: - coal, sulfur, copper, natural gas, silver, lead, salt -Land use: - arable land 46%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 13%; forest and - woodland 28%; other 12%; includes irrigated NEGL% -Environment: - plain crossed by a few north flowing, meandering streams; severe air and - water pollution in south -Note: - historically, an area of conflict because of flat terrain and the lack of - natural barriers on the North European Plain - -:Poland People - -Population: - 38,385,617 (July 1992), growth rate 0.4% (1992) -Birth rate: - 14 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 10 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - -1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 14 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 68 years male, 76 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 2.0 children born/woman(1992) -Nationality: - noun - Pole(s); adjective - Polish -Ethnic divisions: - Polish 97.6%, German 1.3%, Ukrainian 0.6%, Belorussian 0.5% (1990 est.) -Religions: - Roman Catholic 95% (about 75% practicing), Russian Orthodox, Protestant, and - other 5% -Languages: - Polish -Literacy: - 98% (male 99%, female 98%) age 15 and over can read and write (1978) -Labor force: - 17,104,000; industry and construction 36.1%; agriculture 27.3%; trade, - transport, and communications 14.8%; government and other 21.8% (1989) -Organized labor: - trade union pluralism - -:Poland Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Poland -Type: - democratic state -Capital: - Warsaw -Administrative divisions: - 49 provinces (wojewodztwa, singular - wojewodztwo); Biaa Podlaska, Biaystok, - Bielsko, Bydgoszcz, Chem, Ciechanow, Czestochowa, Elblag, Gdansk, Gorzow, - Jelenia Gora, Kalisz, Katowice, Kielce, Konin, Koszalin, Krakow, Krosno, - Legnica, Leszno, odz, omza, Lublin, Nowy Sacz, Olsztyn, Opole, Ostroteka, - Pia, Piotrkow, Pock, Poznan, Przemysl, Radom, Rzeszow, Siedlce, Sieradz, - Skierniewice, Supsk, Suwaki, Szczecin, Tarnobrzeg, Tarnow, Torun, Wabrzych, - Warszawa, Wocawek, Wrocaw, Zamosc, Zielona Gora -Independence: - 11 November 1918, independent republic proclaimed -Constitution: - Communist-imposed Constitution of 22 July 1952; developing a democratic - Constitution -Legal system: - mixture of Continental (Napoleonic) civil law and holdover Communist legal - theory; changes being gradually introduced as part of broader - democratization process; no judicial review of legislative acts; has not - accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Constitution Day, 3 May (1794) -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - bicameral National Assembly (Zgromadzenie Narodowe) consists of an upper - house or Senate (Senat) and a lower house or Diet (Sejm) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Lech WALESA (since 22 December 1990) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Hanna SUCHOCKA (since 10 July 1992) -Political parties and leaders: - Solidarity Bloc: - Democratic Union (UD), Tadeusz MAZOWIECKI; Christian-National Union (ZCHN), - Wieslaw CHRZANOWSKI; Centrum (PC), Jaroslaw KACZYNSKI; Liberal-Democratic - Congress, Donald TUSK; Peasant Alliance (PL), Gabriel JANOWSKI; Solidarity - Trade Union (NSZZ), Marian KRZAKLEWSKI; Solidarity Labor (SP), Ryszard - BUGAJ; Christian-Democratic Party (PCHD), Pawel LACZKOWSKI; - Democratic-Social Movement (RDS), Zbigniew BUJAK; Kracow Coalition in - Solidarity with the President, Mieczyslaw GIL; Solidarity 80, Marian JURCZYK - Non-Communist, Non-Solidarity: - Confederation for an Independent Poland (KPN), Leszek MOCZULSKI; Beer - Lovers' Party (PPPP), Janusz REWINSKI; Christian Democrats (CHD), Andrzej - OWSINSKI; German Minority (MN), Henryk KROL; Western Union (KPN Front), - Damian JAKUBOWSKI; RealPolitik (UPR), Janusz KORWIN-MIKKE; Democratic Party - (SD), Antoni MACKIEWICZ - Communist origin or linked: - Social Democracy (SDRP, or SLD), Wlodzimierz Cimoszewicz; Polish Peasants' - Party (PSL), Waldermar PAWLAK; Party X, Stanislaw Tyminski -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 - -:Poland Government - -Elections: - President: - first round held 25 November 1990, second round held 9 December 1990 (next - to be held NA November 1995); results - second round Lech WALESA 74.7%, - Stanislaw TYMINSKI 25.3% - Senate: - last held 27 October 1991 (next to be held no later than NA October 1995); - results - - Solidarity Bloc: - UD 21%, NSZZ 11%, ZCHN 9%, PC 9%, Liberal-Democratic Congress 6%, PL 7%, - PCHD 3%, other local candidates 11% - Non-Communist, Non-Solidarity: - KPN 4%, CHD 1%, MN 1%, local candidates 5% - Communist origin or linked: - PSL 8%, SLD 4%; seats - (100 total) - Solidarity Bloc: - UD 21, NSZZ 11, ZCHN 9, Liberal-Democratic Congress 6, PL 7, PCHD 3, other - local candidates 11; - Non-Communist, Non-Solidarity: - KPN 4, CHD 1, MN 1 local candidates 5 - Communist origin or linked: - PSL 8, SLD 4 - Sejm: - last held 27 October 1991 (next to be held no later than NA October 1995); - results - - Solidarity Bloc: - UD 12.31%, ZCHN 8.73%, PL 8.71%, Liberal-Democratic Congress 7.48%, PL - 5.46%, NSZZ 5.05%, SP 2.05%, PCHD 1.11% - Non-Communist, Non-Solidarity: - KPN 7.50%, PPPP 3.27%, CHD 2.36%, UPR 2.25%, MN 1.70% - Communist origin or linked: - SLD 11.98%, PSL 8.67%; seats - (460 total) - Solidarity Bloc: - UD 62, ZCHN 9, PC 44, Liberal-Democratic Congress 37, PL 28, NSZZ 27, SP 4, - PCHD 4, RDS 1, Krackow Coalition in Solidarity with the President 1, Piast - Agreement 1, Bydgoszcz Peasant List 1, Solidarity 80 1 - Non-Communist, Non-Solidarity: - KPN 46, PPPP 16, MN 7, CHD 5, Western Union 4, UPR 3, Autonomous Silesia 2, - SD 1, Orthodox Election Committee 1, Committee of Women Against Hardships 1, - Podhale Union 1, Wielkopolska Group 1, Wielkopolska and Lubuski Inhabitants - 1 - Communist origin or linked: - SLD 60, PSL 48, Party X 3 -Communists: - 70,000 members in the Communist successor parties (1990) -Other political or pressure groups: - powerful Roman Catholic Church; Confederation for an Independent Poland - (KPN), a nationalist group; Solidarity (trade union); All Poland Trade Union - Alliance (OPZZ), populist program; Clubs of Catholic Intellectuals (KIKs) -Member of: - BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, CSCE, ECE, FAO, GATT, Hexagonale, IAEA, IBEC, IBRD, - ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IIB, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, PCA, - UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNDOF, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Kazimierz DZIEWANOWSKI; Chancery at 2640 16th Street NW, - Washington, DC 20009; telephone (202) 234-3800 through 3802; there are - Polish Consulates General in Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York - -:Poland Government - - US: - Ambassador Thomas W. SIMONS, Jr.; Embassy at Aleje Ujazdowskie 29/31, Warsaw - (mailing address is American Embassy Warsaw, Box 5010, or APO AE - 09213-5010); telephone [48] (2) 628-8298; FAX [48] (2) 628-9326; there is a - US Consulate General in Krakow and a Consulate in Poznan -Flag: - two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; similar to the flags of - Indonesia and Monaco which are red (top) and white - -:Poland Economy - -Overview: - Poland is undergoing a difficult transition from a Soviet-style economy - - with state ownership and control of productive assets - to a market economy. - On January 1, 1990, the new Solidarity-led government implemented shock - therapy by slashing subsidies, decontrolling prices, tightening the money - supply, stabilizing the foreign exchange rate, lowering import barriers, and - restraining state sector wages. As a result, consumer goods shortages and - lines disappeared, and inflation fell from 640% in 1989 to 60% in 1991. - Western governments, which hold two-thirds of Poland's $48 billion external - debt, pledged in 1991 to forgive half of Poland's official debt by 1994, and - the private sector grew, accounting for 22% of industrial production and 40% - of nonagricultural output by 1991. Production fell in state enterprises, - however, and the unemployment rate climbed steadily from virtually nothing - in 1989 to 11.4% in December 1991. Poland fell out of compliance with its - IMF program by mid-1991, and talks with commercial creditors stalled. The - increase in unemployment and the decline in living standards led to popular - discontent and a change in government in January 1991 and again in December. - The new government has promised selective industrial intervention, some - relaxation in monetary policy, and an improved social safety net, but will - be constrained by the decline in output and the growing budget deficit. -GDP: - purchasing power equivalent - $162.7 billion, per capita $4,300; real growth - rate -5% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 60% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 11.4% (end December 1991) -Budget: - revenues $19.5 billion; expenditures $22.4 billion, including capital - expenditures of $1.5 billion (1991 est.) -Exports: - $12.8 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) - commodities: - machinery 23%, metals 17%, chemicals 13%, fuels 11%, food 10% (1991 est.) - partners: - FRG 25.1%, former USSR 15.3%, UK 7.1%, Switzerland 4.7% (1990) -Imports: - $12.9 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) - commodities: - machinery 35%, fuels 20%, chemicals 13%, food 11%, light industry 7% (1991 - est.) - partners: - FRG 20.1%, former USSR 19.8%, Italy 7.5%, Switzerland 6.4% (1990) -External debt: - $48.5 billion (January 1992); note - Poland's Western government creditors - promised in 1991 to forgive 30% of Warsaw's official debt - currently $33 - billion - immediately and to forgive another 20% by 1994, if Poland adheres - to its IMF program -Industrial production: - growth rate -14% (State sector 1991 est.) -Electricity: - 31,530,000 kW capacity; 136,300 million kWh produced, 3,610 kWh per capita - (1990) -Industries: - machine building, iron and steel, extractive industries, chemicals, - shipbuilding, food processing, glass, beverages, textiles - -:Poland Economy - -Agriculture: - accounts for 15% of GDP and 27% of labor force; 75% of output from private - farms, 25% from state farms; productivity remains low by European standards; - leading European producer of rye, rapeseed, and potatoes; wide variety of - other crops and livestock; major exporter of pork products; normally - self-sufficient in food -Illicit drugs: - illicit producers of opium for domestic consumption and amphetamines for the - international market; emerging as a transshipment point for illicit drugs to - Western Europe -Economic aid: - donor - bilateral aid to non-Communist less developed countries, $2.2 - billion (1954-89); note - the G-24 has pledged $8 billion in grants and - credit guarantees to Poland -Currency: - Zoty (plural - Zotych); 1 Zoty (Z) = 100 groszy -Exchange rates: - Zotych (z) per US$1 - 13,443 (March 1992), 10,576 (1991), 9,500 (1990), - 1,439.18 (1989), 430.55 (1988), 265.08 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Poland Communications - -Railroads: - 27,041 km total; 24,287 km 1.435-meter gauge, 397 km 1.520-meter gauge, - 2,357 km narrow gauge; 8,987 km double track; 11,016 km electrified; - government owned (1989) -Highways: - 299,887 km total; 130,000 km improved hard surface (concrete, asphalt, stone - block); 24,000 km unimproved hard surface (crushed stone, gravel); 100,000 - km earth; 45,887 km other urban roads (1985) -Inland waterways: - 3,997 km navigable rivers and canals (1989) -Pipelines: - natural gas 4,500 km, crude oil 1,986 km, petroleum products 360 km (1987) -Ports: - Gdansk, Gdynia, Szczecin, Swinoujscie; principal inland ports are Gliwice on - Kana Gliwice, Wrocaw on the Oder, and Warsaw on the Vistula -Merchant marine: - 222 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,851,016 GRT/4,019,531 DWT; includes - 5 short-sea passenger, 79 cargo, 4 refrigerated cargo, 14 roll-on/roll-off - cargo, 12 container, 1 petroleum tanker, 4 chemical tanker, 102 bulk, 1 - passenger; Poland owns 1 ship of 6,333 DWT operating under Liberian registry -Civil air: - 48 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 160 total, 160 usable; 85 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway over - 3,659 m; 35 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 65 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - severely underdeveloped and outmoded system; cable, open wire and microwave; - phone density is 10.5 phones per 100 residents (October 1990); 3.1 million - subscribers; exchanges are 86% automatic (February 1990); broadcast stations - - 27 AM, 27 FM, 40 (5 Soviet repeaters) TV; 9.6 million TVs; 1 satellite - earth station using INTELSAT, EUTELSAT, INMARSAT and Intersputnik - -:Poland Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Force -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 9,785,823; 7,696,425 fit for military service; 294,191 reach - military age (19) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - 19.2 trillion zotych, NA% of GDP (1991); note - - conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the current - exchange rate could produce misleading results - -:Portugal Geography - -Total area: - 92,080 km2 -Land area: - 91,640 km2; includes Azores and Madeira Islands -Comparative area: - slightly smaller than Indiana -Land boundaries: - 1,214 km; Spain 1,214 km -Coastline: - 1,793 km -Maritime claims: - Continental shelf: - 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - sovereignty over Timor Timur (East Timor Province) disputed with Indonesia -Climate: - maritime temperate; cool and rainy in north, warmer and drier in south -Terrain: - mountainous north of the Tagus, rolling plains in south -Natural resources: - fish, forests (cork), tungsten, iron ore, uranium ore, marble -Land use: - arable land 32%; permanent crops 6%; meadows and pastures 6%; forest and - woodland 40%; other 16%; includes irrigated 7% -Environment: - Azores subject to severe earthquakes -Note: - Azores and Madeira Islands occupy strategic locations along western sea - approaches to Strait of Gibraltar - -:Portugal People - -Population: - 10,448,509 (July 1992), growth rate 0.4% (1992) -Birth rate: - 12 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 10 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 2 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 10 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 71 years male, 78 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 1.4 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Portuguese (singular and plural); adjective - Portuguese -Ethnic divisions: - homogeneous Mediterranean stock in mainland, Azores, Madeira Islands; - citizens of black African descent who immigrated to mainland during - decolonization number less than 100,000 -Religions: - Roman Catholic 97%, Protestant denominations 1%, other 2% -Languages: - Portuguese -Literacy: - 85% (male 89%, female 82%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 4,605,700; services 45%, industry 35%, agriculture 20% (1988) -Organized labor: - about 55% of the labor force; the Communist-dominated General Confederation - of Portuguese Workers - Intersindical (CGTP-IN) represents more than half of - the unionized labor force; its main competition, the General Workers Union - (UGT), is organized by the Socialists and Social Democrats and represents - less than half of unionized labor - -:Portugal Government - -Long-form name: - Portuguese Republic -Type: - republic -Capital: - Lisbon -Administrative divisions: - 18 districts (distritos, singular - distrito) and 2 autonomous regions* - (regioes autonomas, singular - regiao autonoma); Aveiro, Acores (Azores)*, - Beja, Braga, Braganca, Castelo Branco, Coimbra, Evora, Faro, Guarda, Leiria, - Lisboa, Madeira*, Portalegre, Porto, Santarem, Setubal, Viana do Castelo, - Vila Real, Viseu -Independence: - 1140; independent republic proclaimed 5 October 1910 -Constitution: - 25 April 1976, revised 30 October 1982 and 1 June 1989 -Legal system: - civil law system; the Constitutional Tribunal reviews the constitutionality - of legislation; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations -National holiday: - Day of Portugal, 10 June -Executive branch: - president, Council of State, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council - of Ministers (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral Assembly of the Republic (Assembleia da Republica) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Tribunal of Justice (Supremo Tribunal de Justica) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Dr. Mario Alberto Nobre Lopes SOARES (since 9 March 1986) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Anibal CAVACO SILVA (since 6 November 1985) -Political parties and leaders: - Social Democratic Party (PSD), Anibal CAVACO Silva; Portuguese Socialist - Party (PS), Jorge SAMPAIO; Party of Democratic Renewal (PRD), Herminio - MARTINHO; Portuguese Communist Party (PCP), Alvaro CUNHAL; Social Democratic - Center (CDS), Andriano MORREIRA (interim); National Solidarity Party, Manuel - SERGIO; Center Democratic Party; United Democratic Coalition (CDU; - Communists) -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - President: - last held 13 February 1991 (next to be held NA February 1996); results - Dr. - Mario Lopes SOARES 70%, Basilio HORTA 14%, Carlos CARVALHAS 13%, Carlos - MARQUES 3% - Assembly of the Republic: - last held 6 October 1991 (next to be held NA October 1995); results - PSD - 50.4%, PS 29.3%, CDU 8.8%, Center Democrats 4.4%, National Solidarity Party - 1.7%, PRD 0.6%, other 4.8%; seats - (230 total) PSD 135, PS 72, CDU 17, - Center Democrats 5, National Solidarity Party 1 -Communists: - Portuguese Communist Party claims membership of 200,753 (December 1983) - -:Portugal Government - -Member of: - AfDB, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, ECLAC, EIB, FAO, GATT, - IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, - INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAIA (observer), LORCS, NAM (guest), - NATO, NEA, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, - WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Joao Eduardo M. PEREIRA BASTOS; Chancery at 2125 Kalorama Road - NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 328-8610; there are Portuguese - Consulates General in Boston, New York, and San Francisco, and Consulates in - Los Angeles, Newark (New Jersey), New Bedford (Massachusetts), and - Providence (Rhode Island) - US: - Ambassador Everett E. BRIGGS; Embassy at Avenida das Forcas Armadas, 1600 - Lisbon (mailing address is PSC 83, APO AE 09726); telephone [351] (1) - 726-6600 or 6659, 8670, 8880; FAX [351] (1) 726-9109; there is a US - Consulate in Oporto and Ponta Delgada (Azores) -Flag: - two vertical bands of green (hoist side, two-fifths) and red (three-fifths) - with the Portuguese coat of arms centered on the dividing line - -:Portugal Economy - -Overview: - Although Portugal has experienced strong growth since joining the EC in 1986 - - at least 4% each year through 1990 - it remains one of the poorest - members. To prepare for the European single market, the government is - restructuring and modernizing the economy and in 1989 embarked on a major - privatization program. The global slowdown and tight monetary policies to - counter inflation caused growth to slow in 1991, but it is likely to recover - in 1992. -GDP: - purchasing power equivalent - $87.3 billion, per capita $8,400; real growth - rate 2.7% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 12.0% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 4.0% (1991 est.) -Budget: - revenues $27.0 billion; expenditures $33.9 billion, including capital - expenditures of $6.7 billion (1991 est.) -Exports: - $16.4 billion (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - cotton textiles, cork and paper products, canned fish, wine, timber and - timber products, resin, machinery, appliances - partners: - EC 74%, other developed countries 13.2%, US 4.8% -Imports: - $25.1 billion (c.i.f., 1990) - commodities: - machinery and transport equipment, agricultural products, chemicals, - petroleum, textiles - partners: - EC 69.1%, other developed countries 11.4% less developed countries 15.1%, US - 3.9% -External debt: - $15.0 billion (1991 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 9.1% (1990); accounts for 40% of GDP -Electricity: - 6,729,000 kW capacity; 16,000 million kWh produced, 1,530 kWh per capita - (1991) -Industries: - textiles and footwear; wood pulp, paper, and cork; metalworking; oil - refining; chemicals; fish canning; wine; tourism -Agriculture: - accounts for 6.1% of GDP and about 20% of labor force; small, inefficient - farms; imports more than half of food needs; major crops - grain, potatoes, - olives, grapes; livestock sector - sheep, cattle, goats, poultry, meat, - dairy products -Illicit drugs: - increasingly import gateway country for Latin American cocaine entering the - European market -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.8 billion; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.2 billion -Currency: - Portuguese escudo (plural - escudos); 1 Portuguese escudo (Esc) = 100 - centavos - -:Portugal Economy - -Exchange rates: - Portuguese escudos (Esc) per US$1 - 143.09 (March 1992), 144.48 (1991), - 142.55 (1990), 157.46 (1989), 143.95 (1988), 140.88 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Portugal Communications - -Railroads: - 3,613 km total; state-owned Portuguese Railroad Co. (CP) operates 2,858 km - 1.665-meter gauge (434 km electrified and 426 km double track), 755 km - 1.000-meter gauge; 12 km (1.435-meter gauge) electrified, double track, - privately owned -Highways: - 73,661 km total; 61,599 km surfaced (bituminous, gravel, and crushed stone), - including 140 km of limited-access divided highway; 7,962 km improved earth; - 4,100 km unimproved earth (motorable tracks) -Inland waterways: - 820 km navigable; relatively unimportant to national economy, used by - shallow-draft craft limited to 300-metric-ton cargo capacity -Pipelines: - crude oil 11 km; petroleum products 58 km -Ports: - Leixoes, Lisbon, Porto, Ponta Delgada (Azores), Velas (Azores), Setubal, - Sines -Merchant marine: - 53 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 738,774 GRT/1,300,787 DWT; includes 1 - short-sea passenger, 20 cargo, 3 refrigerated cargo, 3 container, 1 - roll-on/roll-off cargo, 13 petroleum tanker, 2 chemical tanker, 8 bulk, 2 - vehicle carrier; note - Portugal has created a captive register on Madeira - (MAR) for Portuguese-owned ships that will have the taxation and crewing - benefits of a flag of convenience; although only one ship currently is known - to fly the Portuguese flag on the MAR register, it is likely that a majority - of Portuguese flag ships will transfer to this subregister in a few years -Civil air: - 43 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 65 total, 62 usable; 36 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over - 3,659 m; 12 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 8 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - generally adequate integrated network of coaxial cables, open wire and radio - relay; 2,690,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 57 AM, 66 (22 repeaters) - FM, 66 (23 repeaters) TV; 6 submarine cables; 3 INTELSAT earth stations (2 - Atlantic Ocean, 1 Indian Ocean), EUTELSAT, domestic satellite systems - (mainland and Azores); tropospheric link to Azores - -:Portugal Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy (including Marines), Air Force, National Republican Guard, Fiscal - Guard, Public Security Police -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 2,666,450; 2,166,341 fit for military service; 88,826 reach - military age (20) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $1.7 billion, 2.8% of GDP (1991) - -:Puerto Rico Geography - -Total area: - 9,104 km2 -Land area: - 8,959 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly less than three times the size of Rhode Island -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 501 km -Maritime claims: - Contiguous zone: - 12 nm - Continental shelf: - 200 m (depth) - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical marine, mild, little seasonal temperature variation -Terrain: - mostly mountains with coastal plain belt in north; mountains precipitous to - sea on west coast -Natural resources: - some copper and nickel; potential for onshore and offshore crude oil -Land use: - arable land 8%; permanent crops 9%; meadows and pastures 41%; forest and - woodland 20%; other 22% -Environment: - many small rivers and high central mountains ensure land is well watered; - south coast relatively dry; fertile coastal plain belt in north -Note: - important location between the Dominican Republic and the Virgin Islands - group along the Mona Passage - a key shipping lane to the Panama Canal; San - Juan is one of the biggest and best natural harbors in the Caribbean - -:Puerto Rico People - -Population: - 3,776,654 (July 1992), growth rate 1.0% (1992) -Birth rate: - 17 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 14 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 70 years male, 78 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 2.1 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Puerto Rican(s); adjective - Puerto Rican -Ethnic divisions: - almost entirely Hispanic -Religions: - Roman Catholic 85%, Protestant denominations and other 15% -Languages: - Spanish (official); English is widely understood -Literacy: - 89% (male 90%, female 88%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980) -Labor force: - 1,068,000; government 28%, manufacturing 15%, trade 14%, agriculture 3%, - other 40% (1990) -Organized labor: - 115,000 members in 4 unions; the largest is the General Confederation of - Puerto Rican Workers with 35,000 members (1983) - -:Puerto Rico Government - -Long-form name: - Commonwealth of Puerto Rico -Type: - commonwealth associated with the US -Capital: - San Juan -Administrative divisions: - none (commonwealth associated with the US) -Independence: - none (commonwealth associated with the US) -Constitution: - ratified 3 March 1952; approved by US Congress 3 July 1952; effective 25 - July 1952 -Legal system: - based on Spanish civil code -National holiday: - Constitution Day, 25 July (1952) -Executive branch: - US president, US vice president, governor -Legislative branch: - bicameral Legislative Assembly consists of an upper house or Senate and a - lower house or House of Representatives -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President George BUSH (since 20 January 1989); Vice President Dan QUAYLE - (since 20 January 1989) - Head of Government: - Governor Rafael HERNANDEZ Colon (since 2 January 1989) -Political parties and leaders: - National Republican Party of Puerto Rico, Freddy VALENTIN; Popular - Democratic Party (PPD), Rafael HERNANDEZ Colon; New Progressive Party (PNP), - Carlos ROMERO Barcelo; Puerto Rican Socialist Party (PSP), Juan MARI Bras - and Carlos GALLISA; Puerto Rican Independence Party (PIP), Ruben BERRIOS - Martinez; Puerto Rican Communist Party (PCP), leader(s) unknown; Puerto - Rican Renewal Party (PRP, breakaway group from PNP), leader (vacant); Puerto - Rico Democratic Party, Richard MACHADO -Suffrage: - universal at age 18; citizens of Puerto Rico are also US citizens, but do - not vote in US presidential elections -Elections: - Governor: - last held 8 November 1988 (next to be held 3 November 1992); results - - Rafael HERNANDEZ Colon (PPD) 48.7%, Baltasar CORRADA Del Rio (PNP) 45.8%, - Ruben BERRIOS Martinez (PIP) 5.5% - Senate: - last held 8 November 1988 (next to be held 3 November 1992); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (27 total) PPD 18, PNP 8, PIP 1 - US House of Representatives: - last held 8 November 1988 (next to be held 3 November 1992); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) seats by party NA; note - - Puerto Rico elects one nonvoting representative to the US House of - Representatives, Jaime B. FUSTER - House of Representatives: - last held 8 November 1988 (next to be held 3 November 1992); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (53 total) PPD 36, PNP 15, PIP 2 - -:Puerto Rico Government - -Other political or pressure groups: - all have engaged in terrorist activities - Armed Forces for National - Liberation (FALN), Volunteers of the Puerto Rican Revolution, Boricua - Popular Army (also known as the Macheteros), Armed Forces of Popular - Resistance -Member of: - CARICOM (observer), ECLAC, ICFTU, IOC, WCL, WFTU, WTO (associate) -Diplomatic representation: - none (commonwealth associated with the US) -Flag: - five equal horizontal bands of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; - a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bears a large white - five-pointed star in the center; design based on the US flag - -:Puerto Rico Economy - -Overview: - Puerto Rico has one of the most dynamic economies in the Caribbean region. - Industry has surpassed agriculture as the primary sector of economic - activity and income. Encouraged by duty free access to the US and by tax - incentives, US firms have invested heavily in Puerto Rico since the 1950s. - Important new industries include pharmaceuticals, electronics, textiles, - petrochemicals, and processed foods. Sugar production has lost out to dairy - production and other livestock products as the main source of income in the - agricultural sector. Tourism has traditionally been an important source of - income for the island. The economy has largely recovered from the - disruptions caused by Hurricane Hugo in September 1989. The tourism - infrastructure has been especially hard hit. -GNP: - purchasing power equivalent - $21.6 billion, per capita $6,600; real growth - rate 2.2% (FY90) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 1.3% (October 1990-91) -Unemployment rate: - 15.5% (October 1991) -Budget: - revenues $5.8 billion; expenditures $5.8 billion, including capital - expenditures of $258 million (FY89) -Exports: - NA - commodities: - pharmaceuticals, electronics, apparel, canned tuna, rum, beverage - concentrates, medical equipment, instruments - partners: - US 87% (FY90) -Imports: - NA - commodities: - chemicals, clothing, food, fish, petroleum products - partners: - US 68% (FY90) -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate 3.8% (FY90) -Electricity: - 4,149,000 kW capacity; 14,844 million kWh produced, 4,510 kWh per capita - (1990) -Industries: - manufacturing of pharmaceuticals, electronics, apparel, food products, - instruments; tourism -Agriculture: - accounts for 3% of labor force; crops - sugarcane, coffee, pineapples, - plantains, bananas; livestock - cattle, chickens; imports a large share of - food needs -Economic aid: - none -Currency: - US currency is used -Exchange rates: - US currency is used -Fiscal year: - 1 July - 30 June - -:Puerto Rico Communications - -Railroads: - 96 km rural narrow-gauge system for hauling sugarcane; no passenger - railroads -Highways: - 13,762 km paved (1982) -Ports: - San Juan, Ponce, Mayaguez, Arecibo -Airports: - 30 total; 24 usable; 19 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways - over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - 900,000 or 99% of total households have TV; 1,067,787 telephones (1988); - broadcast stations - 50 AM, 63 FM, 9 TV (1990) - -:Puerto Rico Defense Forces - -Branches: - paramilitary National Guard, Police Force -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 830,133; NA fit for military service -Note: - defense is the responsibility of the US - -:Qatar Geography - -Total area: - 11,000 km2 -Land area: - 11,000 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly smaller than Connecticut -Land boundaries: - 60 km total; Saudi Arabia 40 km, UAE 20 km -Coastline: - 563 km -Maritime claims: - *** No entry for this item *** - Continental shelf: - not specific - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - location and status of Qatar's southern boundaries with Saudi Arabia and UAE - are unresolved; territorial dispute with Bahrain over the Hawar Islands; - maritime boundary with Bahrain -Climate: - desert; hot, dry; humid and sultry in summer -Terrain: - mostly flat and barren desert covered with loose sand and gravel -Natural resources: - crude oil, natural gas, fish -Land use: - arable land NEGL%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 5%; forest and - woodland 0%; other 95% -Environment: - haze, duststorms, sandstorms common; limited freshwater resources mean - increasing dependence on large-scale desalination facilities -Note: - strategic location in central Persian Gulf near major crude oil sources - -:Qatar People - -Population: - 484,387 (July 1992), growth rate 3.2% (1992) -Birth rate: - 21 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 4 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 15 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 24 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 69 years male, 74 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 4.0 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Qatari(s); adjective - Qatari -Ethnic divisions: - Arab 40%, Pakistani 18%, Indian 18%, Iranian 10%, other 14% -Religions: - Muslim 95% -Languages: - Arabic (official); English is commonly used as second language -Literacy: - 76% (male 77%, female 72%) age 15 and over can read and write (1986) -Labor force: - 104,000; 85% non-Qatari in private sector (1983) -Organized labor: - trade unions are illegal - -:Qatar Government - -Long-form name: - State of Qatar -Type: - traditional monarchy -Capital: - Doha -Administrative divisions: - there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US - Government, but there are 9 municipalities (baladiyat, singular - - baladiyah); Ad Dawhah, Al Ghuwayriyah, Al Jumayliyah, Al Khawr, Al Rayyan, - Al Wakrah, Ash Shamal, Jarayan al Batnah, Umm Salal -Independence: - 3 September 1971 (from UK) -Constitution: - provisional constitution enacted 2 April 1970 -Legal system: - discretionary system of law controlled by the amir, although civil codes are - being implemented; Islamic law is significant in personal matters -National holiday: - Independence Day, 3 September (1971) -Executive branch: - amir, Council of Ministers (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral Advisory Council (Majlis al-Shura) -Judicial branch: - Court of Appeal -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - Amir and Prime Minister KHALIFA bin Hamad Al Thani (since 22 February 1972); - Heir Apparent HAMAD bin Khalifa Al Thani (appointed 31 May 1977; son of - Amir) -Political parties and leaders: - none -Suffrage: - none -Elections: - Advisory Council: - constitution calls for elections for part of this consultative body, but no - elections have been held; seats - (30 total) -Member of: - ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDB, IFAD, - ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, - OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Hamad `Abd al-`Aziz AL-KAWARI, Chancery at Suite 1180, 600 New - Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037; telephone (202) 338-0111 - US: - Ambassador Kenton W. KEITH; Embassy at 149 Ali Bin Ahmed St., Farig Bin - Omran (opposite the television station), Doha (mailing address is P. O. Box - 2399, Doha); telephone (0974) 864701 through 864703; FAX (0974) 861669 -Flag: - maroon with a broad white serrated band (nine white points) on the hoist - side - -:Qatar Economy - -Overview: - Oil is the backbone of the economy and accounts for more than 85% of export - earnings and roughly 75% of government revenues. Proved oil reserves of 3.3 - billion barrels should ensure continued output at current levels for about - 25 years. Oil has given Qatar a per capita GDP of about $15,000, comparable - to the leading industrial countries. Production and export of natural gas is - becoming increasingly important. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $7.4 billion, per capita $15,000; real growth - rate NA (1990) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 4.9% (1988 est.) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $2.1 billion; expenditures $3.2 billion, including capital - expenditures of $490 million (FY91 est.) -Exports: - $3.2 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.) - commodities: - petroleum products 85%, steel, fertilizers - partners: - Japan 61%, Brazil 9%, UAE 3%, Singapore 3% -Imports: - $1.5 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.) - commodities: - foodstuffs, beverages, animal and vegetable oils, chemicals, machinery and - equipment - partners: - UK 13%, Japan 11%, US 8%, Italy 8% -External debt: - $1.1 billion (December 1989 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 0.6% (1987); accounts for 64% of GDP, including oil -Electricity: - 1,520,000 kW capacity; 4,200 million kWh produced, 8,080 kWh per capita - (1991) -Industries: - crude oil production and refining, fertilizers, petrochemicals, steel, - cement -Agriculture: - farming and grazing on small scale, less than 2% of GDP; commercial fishing - increasing in importance; most food imported -Economic aid: - donor - pledged $2.7 billion in ODA to less developed countries (1979-88) -Currency: - Qatari riyal (plural - riyals); 1 Qatari riyal (QR) = 100 dirhams -Exchange rates: - Qatari riyals (QR) per US$1 - 3.6400 riyals (fixed rate) -Fiscal year: - 1 April - 31 March - -:Qatar Communications - -Highways: - 1,500 km total; 1,000 km paved, 500 km gravel or natural surface (est.) -Pipelines: - crude oil 235 km, natural gas 400 km -Ports: - Doha, Umm Sa'id, Halul Island -Merchant marine: - 23 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 473,042 GRT/716,039 DWT; includes 14 - cargo, 5 container, 3 petroleum tanker, 1 refrigerated cargo -Civil air: - 3 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 4 total, 4 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over - 3,659 m; none with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - modern system centered in Doha; 110,000 telephones; tropospheric scatter to - Bahrain; radio relay to Saudi Arabia and UAE; submarine cable to Bahrain and - UAE; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 3 FM, 3 TV; satellite earth stations - 1 - Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 ARABSAT - -:Qatar Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force, Public Security -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 211,812; 112,250 fit for military service; 3,414 reach military - age (18) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA%, of GDP - -:Reunion Geography - -Total area: - 2,510 km2 -Land area: - 2,500 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly smaller than Rhode Island -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 201 km -Maritime claims: - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical, but moderates with elevation; cool and dry from May to November, - hot and rainy from November to April -Terrain: - mostly rugged and mountainous; fertile lowlands along coast -Natural resources: - fish, arable land -Land use: - arable land 20%; permanent crops 2%; meadows and pastures 4%; forest and - woodland 35%; other 39%; includes irrigated 2% -Environment: - periodic devastating cyclones -Note: - located 750 km east of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean - -:Reunion People - -Population: - 626,414 (July 1992), growth rate 2.1% (1992) -Birth rate: - 26 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 8 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 70 years male, 77 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 2.8 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Reunionese (singular and plural); adjective - Reunionese -Ethnic divisions: - most of the population is of intermixed French, African, Malagasy, Chinese, - Pakistani, and Indian ancestry -Religions: - Roman Catholic 94% -Languages: - French (official); Creole widely used -Literacy: - 69% (male 67%, female 74%) age 15 and over can read and write (1982) -Labor force: - NA; agriculture 30%, industry 21%, services 49% (1981); 63% of population of - working age (1983) -Organized labor: - General Confederation of Workers of Reunion (CGTR) - -:Reunion Government - -Long-form name: - Department of Reunion -Type: - overseas department of France -Capital: - Saint-Denis -Administrative divisions: - none (overseas department of France) -Independence: - none (overseas department of France) -Constitution: - 28 September 1958 (French Constitution) -Legal system: - French law -National holiday: - Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789) -Executive branch: - French president, commissioner of the Republic -Legislative branch: - General Council, Regional Council -Judicial branch: - Court of Appeals (Cour d'Appel) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981) - Head of Government: - Commissioner of the Republic Jacques DEWATRE (since July 1991) -Political parties and leaders: - Rally for the Republic (RPR), Francois MAS; Union for French Democracy - (UDF), Gilbert GERARD; Communist Party of Reunion (PCR), Paul VERGES; - France-Reunion Future (FRA), Andre THIEN AH KOON; Socialist Party (PS), - Jean-Claude FRUTEAU; Social Democrats (CDS); other small parties -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - General Council: - last held September/October 1988 (next to be held NA 1994); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (44 total) PCR 9, PS 4, UDF 6, other - left-wing 2, RPR 4, right-wing 19 - Regional Council: - last held 16 March 1986 (next to be held NA March 1992); results - RPR/UDF - 36.8%, PCR 28.2%, FRA and other right wing 17.3%, PS 14.1%, other 3.6%; - seats - (45 total) RPR/UDF 18, PCR 13, FRA and other right wing 8, PS 6 - French Senate: - last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held NA September 1992); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (3 total) RPR-UDF 1, PS 1, independent - 1 - French National Assembly: - last held 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held NA June 1993); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (5 total) PCR 2, RPR 1, UDF-CDS 1, FRA - 1; note - Reunion elects 3 members to the French Senate and 5 members to the - French National Assembly who are voting members -Communists: - Communist party small but has support among sugarcane cutters, the minuscule - Popular Movement for the Liberation of Reunion (MPLR), and in the district - of Le Port -Member of: - FZ, WFTU - -:Reunion Government - -Diplomatic representation: - as an overseas department of France, Reunionese interests are represented in - the US by France -Flag: - the flag of France is used - -:Reunion Economy - -Overview: - The economy has traditionally been based on agriculture. Sugarcane has been - the primary crop for more than a century, and in some years it accounts for - 85% of exports. The government has been pushing the development of a tourist - industry to relieve high unemployment, which recently amounted to one-third - of the labor force. The gap in Reunion between the well-off and the poor is - extraordinary and accounts for the persistent social tensions. The white and - Indian communities are substantially better off than other segments of the - population, often approaching European standards, whereas indigenous groups - suffer the poverty and unemployment typical of the poorer nations of the - African continent. The outbreak of severe rioting in February 1991 - illustrates the seriousness of socioeconomic tensions. The economic - well-being of Reunion depends heavily on continued financial assistance from - France. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $3.37 billion, per capita $6,000 (1987 est.); - real growth rate 9% (1987 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 1.3% (1988) -Unemployment rate: - 35% (February 1991) -Budget: - revenues $358 million; expenditures $914 million, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1986) -Exports: - $166 million (f.o.b., 1988) - commodities: - sugar 75%, rum and molasses 4%, perfume essences 4%, lobster 3%, vanilla and - tea 1% - partners: - France, Mauritius, Bahrain, South Africa, Italy -Imports: - $1.7 billion (c.i.f., 1988) - commodities: - manufactured goods, food, beverages, tobacco, machinery and transportation - equipment, raw materials, and petroleum products - partners: - France, Mauritius, Bahrain, South Africa, Italy -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate NA%; about 25% of GDP -Electricity: - 245,000 kW capacity; 546 million kWh produced, 965 kWh per capita (1989) -Industries: - sugar, rum, cigarettes, several small shops producing handicraft items -Agriculture: - accounts for 30% of labor force; dominant sector of economy; cash crops - - sugarcane, vanilla, tobacco; food crops - tropical fruits, vegetables, corn; - imports large share of food needs -Economic aid: - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), - $14.8 billion -Currency: - French franc (plural - francs); 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes -Exchange rates: - French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.6397 (March 1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453 - (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988), 6.0107 (1987) - -:Reunion Economy - -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Reunion Communications - -Highways: - 2,800 km total; 2,200 km paved, 600 km gravel, crushed stone, or stabilized - earth -Ports: - Pointe des Galets -Civil air: - 3 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over - 3,659 m; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m; 1 with runway 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - adequate system; modern open-wire and microwave network; principal center - Saint-Denis; radiocommunication to Comoros, France, Madagascar; new - microwave route to Mauritius; 85,900 telephones; broadcast stations - 3 AM, - 13 FM, 1 (18 repeaters) TV; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -:Reunion Defense Forces - -Branches: - French Forces (including Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie) -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 164,974; 85,370 fit for military service; 6,083 reach military - age (18) annually -Note: - defense is the responsibility of France - -:Romania Geography - -Total area: - 237,500 km2 -Land area: - 230,340 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly smaller than Oregon -Land boundaries: - 2,508 km total; Bulgaria 608 km, Hungary 443 km, Moldova 450 km, Serbia and - Montenegro 476 km, Ukraine (north) 362 km, Ukraine (south) 169 km -Coastline: - 225 km -Maritime claims: - Continental shelf: - 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers - with frequent showers and thunderstorms -Terrain: - central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the plain of Moldavia on the - east by the Carpathian Mountains and separated from the Walachian Plain on - the south by the Transylvanian Alps -Natural resources: - crude oil (reserves being exhausted), timber, natural gas, coal, iron ore, - salt -Land use: - arable land 43%; permanent crops 3%; meadows and pastures 19%; forest and - woodland 28%; other 7%; includes irrigated 11% -Environment: - frequent earthquakes most severe in south and southwest; geologic structure - and climate promote landslides; air pollution in south -Note: - controls most easily traversable land route between the Balkans, Moldova, - and the Ukraine - -:Romania People - -Population: - 23,169,914 (July 1992), growth rate 0.0% (1992) -Birth rate: - 14 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 10 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - -3 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 22 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 68 years male, 74 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 1.8 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Romanian(s); adjective - Romanian -Ethnic divisions: - Romanian 89.1%, Hungarian 8.9%, German 0.4%, Ukrainian, Serb, Croat, - Russian, Turk, and Gypsy 1.6% -Religions: - Romanian Orthodox 70%, Roman Catholic 6%, Greek Catholic (Uniate) 3%, - Protestant 6%, unaffiliated 15% -Languages: - Romanian, Hungarian, German -Literacy: - 96% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1970 est.) -Labor force: - 10,945,700; industry 38%, agriculture 28%, other 34% (1989) -Organized labor: - until December 1989, a single trade union system organized by the General - Confederation of Romanian Trade Unions (UGSR) under control of the Communist - Party; since CEAUSESCU'S overthrow, newly created trade and professional - trade unions are joining umbrella organizations, including the Organization - of Free Trade Unions, Fratia (Brotherhood), and the Alfa Cartel; many other - trade unions have been formed - -:Romania Government - -Long-form name: - none -Type: - republic -Capital: - Bucharest -Administrative divisions: - 40 counties (judete, singular - judet) and 1 municipality* (municipiu); - Alba, Arad, Arges, Bacau, Bihor, Bistrita-Nasaud, Botosani, Braila, Brasov, - Bucuresti*, Buzau, Calarasi, Caras-Severin, Cluj, Constanta, Covasna, - Dimbovita, Dolj, Galati, Gorj, Giurgiu, Harghita, Hunedoara, Ialomita, Iasi, - Maramures, Mehedinti, Mures, Neamt, Olt, Prahova, Salaj, Satu Mare, Sibiu, - Suceava, Teleorman, Timis, Tulcea, Vaslui, Vilcea, Vrancea -Independence: - 1881 (from Turkey); republic proclaimed 30 December 1947 -Constitution: - 8 December 1991 -Legal system: - former mixture of civil law system and Communist legal theory that - increasingly reflected Romanian traditions is being revised -National holiday: - National Day of Romania, 1 December (1990) -Executive branch: - *** No entry for this item *** - president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate (Senat) and a - lower house or House of Deputies (Adunarea Deputatilor) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court of Justice -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Ion ILIESCU (since 20 June 1990, previously President of - Provisional Council of National Unity since 23 December 1989) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Teodor STOLOJAN (since 2 October 1991) -Political parties and leaders: - National Salvation Front (FSN), Petre ROMAN; Democratuc National Salvation - Front (DNSF), Olivia GHERMAN; Magyar Democratic Union (UDMR), Geza DOMOKOS; - National Liberal Party (PNL), Radu CAMPEANU; National Peasants' Christian - and Democratic Party (PNTCD), Corneliu COPOSU; Ecology Movement (MER), Toma - Gheorghe MAIORESCU; Romanian National Unity Party (PUNR), Radu CEONTEA; - there are now more than 100 other parties; note - although the Communist - Party has ceased to exist, small proto-Communist parties, notably the - Socialist Labor Party, have been formed -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - President: - last held 20 May 1990 (next to be held NA 1992); results - Ion ILIESCU 85%, - Radu CAMPEANU 10.5%, Ion RATIU 3.8% - Senate: - last held 20 May 1990 (next to be held NA 1992); results - FSN 67%, other - 33%; seats - (118 total) FSN 92, UDMR 12, PNL 9, PUNR 2, PNTCD 1, MER 1, - other 1 - House of Deputies: - last held 20 May 1990 (next to be held NA 1992); results - FSN 66%, UDMR 7%, - PNL 6%, MER 2%, PNTCD 2%, PUNR 2%, other 15%; seats - (387 total) FSN 263, - UDMR 29, PNL 29, PNTCD 12, MER 12, PUNR 9, other 33 - -:Romania Government - -Member of: - BIS, CCC, CSCE, ECE, FAO, G-9, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBEC, IBRD, ICAO, IFAD, - IFC, IIB, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM (guest), PCA, UN, - UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Aurel MUNTEANU; Chancery at 1607 23rd Street NW, Washington, DC - 20008; telephone (202) 232-4747 - US: - Ambassador John R. DAVIS; Embassy at Strada Tudor Arghezi 7-9, Bucharest - (mailing address is APO AE 09213-5260); telephone [40] (0) 10-40-40; FAX - [40] (0) 12-03-95 -Flag: - three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; the - national coat of arms that used to be centered in the yellow band has been - removed; now similar to the flags of Andorra and Chad - -:Romania Economy - -Overview: - Industry, which accounts for about one-third of the labor force and - generates over half the GDP, suffers from an aging capital plant and - persistent shortages of energy. The year 1991 witnessed about a 17% drop in - industrial production because of energy and input shortages and labor - unrest. In recent years the agricultural sector has had to contend with - flooding, mismanagement, shortages of inputs, and disarray caused by the - dismantling of cooperatives. A shortage of fuel and equipment in 1991 - contributed to a lackluster harvest, a problem compounded by corruption and - a poor distribution system. The new government is loosening the tight - central controls of CEAUSESCU'S command economy. It has instituted moderate - land reforms, with more than one-half of cropland now in private hands, and - it has liberalized private agricultural output. Also, the new regime is - permitting the establishment of private enterprises, largely in services, - handicrafts, and small-scale industry. A law providing for the privatization - of large state firms has been passed. Most of the large state firms have - been converted into joint-stock companies, but the selling of shares and - assets to private owners has been delayed. While the government has halted - the old policy of diverting food from domestic consumption to hard currency - export markets, supplies remain scarce in some areas. Furthermore, real - wages in Romania fell about 20% in 1991, contributing to the unrest which - forced the resignation of ROMAN in September. The new government continues - to impose price ceilings on key consumer items. -GDP: - purchasing power equivalent - $71.9 billion, per capita $3,100; real growth - rate - 12% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 215% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 4% (1991 est.) -Budget: - revenues $19 billion; expenditures $20 billion, including capital - expenditures of $2.1 billion (1991 est.) -Exports: - $4.0 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) - commodities: - machinery and equipment 29.3%, fuels, minerals and metals 32.1%, - manufactured consumer goods 18.1%, agricultural materials and forestry - products 9.0%, other 11.5% (1989) - partners: - USSR 27%, Eastern Europe 23%, EC 15%, US 5%, China 4% (1987) -Imports: - $5.4 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) - commodities: - fuels, minerals, and metals 56.0%, machinery and equipment 25.5%, - agricultural and forestry products 8.6%, manufactured consumer goods 3.4%, - other 6.5% (1989) - partners: - Communist countries 60%, non-Communist countries 40% (1987) -External debt: - $2 billion (1991) -Industrial production: - growth rate -17% (1991 est.) -Electricity: - 22,700,000 kW capacity; 64,200 million kWh produced, 2,760 kWh per capita - (1990) -Industries: - mining, timber, construction materials, metallurgy, chemicals, machine - building, food processing, petroleum - -:Romania Economy - -Agriculture: - accounts for 15% of GDP and 28% of labor force; major wheat and corn - producer; other products - sugar beets, sunflower seed, potatoes, milk, - eggs, meat, grapes -Illicit drugs: - transshipment point for southwest Asian heroin transiting the Balkan route -Economic aid: - donor - $4.4 billion in bilateral aid to non-Communist less developed - countries (1956-89) -Currency: - leu (plural - lei); 1 leu (L) = 100 bani -Exchange rates: - lei (L) per US$1 - 198.00 (March 1992), 76.39 (1991), 22.432 (1990), 14.922 - (1989), 14.277 (1988), 14.557 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Romania Communications - -Railroads: - 11,275 km total; 10,860 km 1.435-meter gauge, 370 km narrow gauge, 45 km - broad gauge; 3,411 km electrified, 3,060 km double track; government owned - (1987) -Highways: - 72,799 km total; 35,970 km paved; 27,729 km gravel, crushed stone, and other - stabilized surfaces; 9,100 km unsurfaced roads (1985) -Inland waterways: - 1,724 km (1984) -Pipelines: - crude oil 2,800 km, petroleum products 1,429 km, natural gas 6,400 km -Ports: - Constanta, Galati, Braila, Mangalia; inland ports are Giurgiu, Drobeta-Turnu - Severin, Orsova -Merchant marine: - 262 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,320,373 GRT/5,207,580 DWT; includes - 1 passenger-cargo, 174 cargo, 2 container, 1 rail-car carrier, 9 - roll-on/roll-off cargo, 13 petroleum tanker, 60 bulk, 2 combination ore/oil -Civil air: - 59 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 165 total, 165 usable; 25 with permanent-surface runways; 15 with runways - 2,440-3,659 m; 15 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - poor service; about 2.3 million telephone customers; 89% of phone network is - automatic; cable and open wire; trunk network is microwave; present phone - density is 9.85 per 100 residents; roughly 3,300 villages with no service - (February 1990); broadcast stations - 12 AM, 5 FM, 13 TV (1990); 1 satellite - ground station using INTELSAT - -:Romania Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces, Paramilitary Forces, Civil Defense -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 5,799,837; 4,909,642 fit for military service; 184,913 reach - military age (20) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - 50 billion lei (unofficial), NA% of GDP (1991); - note - conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the current - exchange rate could produce misleading results - -:Russia Geography - -Total area: - 17,075,200 km2 -Land area: - 16,995,800 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly more than 1.8 times the size of the US -Land boundaries: - 20,139 km total; Azerbaijan 284 km, Belarus 959 km, China (southeast) 3,605 - km, China (south) 40 km, Estonia 290 km, Finland 1,313 km, Georgia 723 km, - Kazakhstan 6,846 km, North Korea 19 km, Latvia 217 km, Lithuania - (Kaliningrad Oblast) 227 km, Mongolia 3,441 km, Norway 167 km, Poland - (Kaliningrad Oblast) 432 km, Ukraine 1,576 km -Coastline: - 37,653 km -Maritime claims: - Contiguous zone: - NA nm - Continental shelf: - 200-meter depth or to depth of exploitation - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Exclusive fishing zone: - NA nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - inherited disputes from former USSR including: sections of the boundary with - China, a section of the boundary with Tajikistan; boundary with Latvia, - Lithuania, and Estonia; Etorofu, Kunashiri, and Shikotan Islands and the - Habomai island group occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, claimed by Japan; - maritime dispute with Norway over portion of the Barents Sea; has made no - territorial claim in Antarctica (but has reserved the right to do so) and - does not recognize the claims of any other nation -Climate: - ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of - European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north; - winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia; summers - vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coast -Terrain: - broad plain with low hills west of Urals; vast coniferous forest and tundra - in Siberia; uplands and mountains along southern border regions -Natural resources: - wide natural resource base including major deposits of oil, natural gas, - coal, and many strategic minerals; timber; note - formidable obstacles of - climate, terrain, and distance hinder exploitation of natural resources -Land use: - NA% arable land; NA% permanent crops; NA% meadows and pastures; NA% forest - and woodland; NA% other; includes NA% irrigated -Environment: - despite its size, only a small percentage of land is arable and much is too - far north; permafrost over much of Siberia is a major impediment to - development; catastrophic pollution of land, air, water, including both - inland waterways and sea coasts -Note: - largest country in the world in terms of area but unfavorably located in - relation to major sea lanes of the world - -:Russia People - -Population: - 149,527,479 (July 1992), growth rate 0.4% (1992) -Birth rate: - 15 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 11 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 31 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 63 years male, 74 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 2.1 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Russian(s); adjective - Russian -Ethnic divisions: - Estonian NA%, Latvian NA%, Lithuanian NA%, Russian NA%, other NA% -Religions: - Russian Orthodox NA%, unknown NA%, none NA%, other NA% -Languages: - Estonian NA%, Latvian NA%, Lithuanian NA%, Russian NA%, other NA% -Literacy: - NA% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write -Labor force: - 78,682,000 (1989); industry and construction 43.0%, agriculture and forestry - 13.0%, transport and communication 7.9%, trade and distribution 7.9%, other - 28.2% -Organized labor: - NA - -:Russia Government - -Long-form name: - Russian Federation -Type: - federation -Capital: - Moscow -Administrative divisions: - 20 autonomous republics (avtomnykh respublik, singular - automnaya - respublika); Adygea (Maykop), Bashkortostan (Ufa), Buryatia (Ulan-Ude), - Checheno-Ingushetia (Groznyy), Chuvashia (Cheboksary), Dagestan - (Makhachkala), Gorno-Altay (Gorno-Altaysk), Kabardino-Balkaria (Nal`chik), - Kalmykia (Elista), Karachay-Cherkessia (Cherkessk), Karelia (Petrozavodsk), - Khakassia (Abakan), Komi (Syktyvkar), Mari El (Yoshkar-Ola), Mordvinia - (Saransk), North Ossetia (Vladikavkaz; formerly Ordzhonikidze), Tatarstan - (Kazan'), Tuva (Kyzyl), Udmurtia (Izhevsk), Yakutia (Yakutsk); 49 oblasts - (oblastey, singular - oblast'); Amur (Blagoveshchensk), Arkhangel'sk, - Astrakhan', Belgorod, Bryansk, Chelyabinsk, Chita, Irkutsk, Ivanovo, - Kaliningrad, Kaluga, Kamchata (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy), Kemerovo, Kirov, - Kostroma, Kurgan, Kursk, Leningrad (St. Petersburg), Lipetsk, Magadan, - Moscow, Murmansk, Nizhegorod (Nizhniy Novgorod; formerly Gor'kiy), Novgorod, - Novosibirsk, Omsk, Orel, Orenburg, Penza, Perm', Pskov, Rostov, Ryazan', - Sakhalin (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk), Samara (formerly Kuybyshev), Saratov, - Smolensk, Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg), Tambov, Tomsk, Tula, Tver' (formerly - Kalinin), Tyumen', Ul'yanovsk, Vladmir, Volgograd, Vologda, Voronezh, - Yaroslavl'; 6 krays (krayer, singular - kray); Altay (Barnaul), Khabarovsk, - Krasnodar, Krasnoyarsk, Primorskiy (Vladivostok), Stavropol; note - the - cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg have oblast status; an administrative - division has the same name as its administrative center (exceptions have the - administrative center name following in parentheses); it is possible that 4 - more administrative divisions will be added -Independence: - 24 August 1991, declared by Supreme Council (from Soviet Union; formerly - Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic); 1 December 1991 referendum on - independence passed -Constitution: - a new constitution is in the process of being drafted -Legal system: - based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts; does not - accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - NA -Executive branch: - president, vice president, Security Council, President's Administration, - Council of Ministers -Legislative branch: - Congress of People's Deputies, Supreme Soviet -Judicial branch: - Constitutional Court -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - *** No entry for this item *** - President Boris YEL'TSIN (since 12 June 1991), Vice President Aleksandr - RUTSKOY (since 12 June 1991), State Secretary Gennadiy BURBULIS (since July - 1991); 1st Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers Yegor GAYDAR (since - March 1992), 2nd Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers Aleksandr - SHOKHIN (since 7 November 1991) - -:Russia Government - -Political parties and leaders: - Democratic Russia, A. Lev PONOMAREV and Gleb YAKUNIN, cochairmen; Democratic - Party of Russia, Nikolay TRAVKIN, chairman; People's Party of Free Russia, - Aleksandr RUTSKOY, chairman; Russian Movement for Democratic Reforms, - Gavriil POPOV, chairman -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - President: - last held 12 June 1991 (next to be held 1996); results - percent of vote by - party NA% - Congress of People's Deputies: - last held March 1990 (next to be held 1995); results - percent of vote by - party NA%; seats - (1,063 total) number of seats by party NA - Supreme Soviet: - last held May 1990 (next to be held 1995); results - percent of vote by - party NA%; seats - (252 total) number of seats by party NA -Communists: - NA -Other political or pressure groups: - NA -Member of: - CIS, CSCE, ESCAP, ECE, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IMF, INTERPOL, IMO, - INMARSAT, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NACC, NSG, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNTSO, - UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZG -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador LUKIN; Chancery at 1125 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20036; - telephone (202) 628-7551 - US: - Ambassador Robert S. STRAUSS; Embassy at Ulitsa Chaykovskogo 19/21/23, - Moscow (mailing address is APO AE 09721); telephone [7] (095) 252-2450 - through 59; there is a consulate at St. Petersburg (formerly Leningrad); - future consulates will be in Yekaterinburg and Vladivostok -Flag: - tricolor; three equal bands of white (top), blue, red (bottom) - -:Russia Economy - -Overview: - Russia, one of the world's largest economies, possesses a wealth of natural - resources and a diverse industrial base. Within the now-dismantled USSR, it - had produced 60% of total output, with 55% of the total labor force and 60% - of the total capital stock. Russia depends on its world-class deposits of - oil and gas not only for its own needs but also for vital hard currency - earnings. Self-sufficient in coal and iron ore, it has a crude steel - production capacity of about 95 million tons, second only to Japan. Russia's - machine-building sector - 60% of the old USSR's - lags behind world - standards of efficiency and quality of product. Other major industrial - sectors - chemicals, construction materials, light industry, and food - processing - also suffer from quality problems, obsolescent capital - equipment, and pollution. Consumer goods have had lower priority, and the - product mix has not mirrored household preferences. Furthermore, the - transition to a more market-oriented economy has disrupted channels of - supply to factories and distribution outlets; substantial imports of foods - and medical supplies have helped maintain minimum standards of consumption. - Russia inherited 70% of the former USSR's defense production facilities and - is experiencing major social problems during conversion of many of these - plants to civilian production. Russia produces almost half of the old USSR's - farm products, but most warm-climate crops must be imported. Under the old - USSR, production of industrial and agricultural goods often was concentrated - in a single firm or a single republic. Today, producing units often have - lost their major customers and their major sources of supply, and the market - institutions and incentives for adjusting to the new political and economic - situations are only slowly emerging. Rank-and-file Russians will continue to - suffer major deprivations in 1992 and beyond before the country begins to - realize its great economic potential. The comprehensive economic reform - program enacted in January 1992 faces many economic and political hurdles - before it will lead to sustained economic growth. -GDP: - purchasing power equivalent - $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate - 9% - (1991) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 89% (1991) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - NA -Exports: - $58.7 billion (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas, wood and wood products, coal, - nonferrous metals, chemicals, and a wide variety of civilian and military - manufactures - partners: - Western Europe, Japan, Eastern Europe -Imports: - $43.5 billion (c.i.f., 1991) - commodities: - machinery and equipment, chemicals, consumer goods, grain, meat, - semifinished metal products - partners: - Western and Eastern Europe, Japan, Third World countries, Cuba -External debt: - $40 billion (end of 1991 est.) -Industrial production: - -8% after adjustment for inflation due to shift to more expensive products, - -2% before this adjustment (1991) - -:Russia Economy - -Electricity: - 42,500 MW capacity; 1,100 billion kWh produced, 7,430 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - complete range of mining and extractive industries producing coal, oil, gas, - chemicals, and metals; all forms of machine building from rolling mills to - high-performance aircraft and space vehicles; ship- building; road and rail - transportation equipment; communications equipment; agricultural machinery, - tractors, and construction equipment; electric power generating and - transmitting equipment; medical and scientific instruments; consumer - durables -Agriculture: - grain, meat, milk, vegetables, fruits; because of its northern location - Russia does not grow citrus, cotton, tea, and other warm climate products -Illicit drugs: - illicit producers of cannabis and opium; mostly for domestic consumption; - government has active eradication program; used as transshipment point for - illicit drugs to Western Europe -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $NA; Western (non-US) countries, - ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-86), $NA; Communist countries - (1971-86), $NA million -Currency: - ruble (plural - rubles); 1 ruble (R) = 100 kopeks -Exchange rates: - 150 rubles per US$1 (20 July 1992) but subject to wide fluctuations -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Russia Communications - -Railroads: - 87,180 km all 1.520-meter broad gauge (includes NA km electrified); does not - include industrial lines (1990) -Highways: - 879,100 km total (1990); 652,500 km hard-surfaced, 226,600 km earth -Inland waterways: - NA km perennially navigable -Pipelines: - crude oil and petroleum products 68,400 km, natural gas NA km -Ports: - maritime - St. Petersburg (Leningrad), Kaliningrad, Murmansk, Arkhangel'sk, - Novorossiysk, Vladivostok, Nakhodka, Kholmsk, Korsakov, Magadan, Tiksi, - Tuapse, Vanino, Vostochnyy, Vyborg; inland - Astrakhan', Nizhniy Novgorod - (Gor'kiy), Kazan', Khabarovsk, Krasnoyarsk, Samara (Kuybyshev), Moscow, - Rostov, Volgograd -Merchant marine: - 842 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 8,151,393 GRT/11,308,812 DWT; - includes 494 cargo, 39 container, 2 barge carrier, 3 roll-on/float-off, 69 - roll-on/roll-off, 131 petroleum tanker, 53 bulk cargo, 9 chemical tanker, 2 - specialized liquid carriers, 17 combination ore/oil, 23 passenger -Civil air: - NA major transport aircraft -Airports: - NA total, NA usable; NA with permanent-surface runways; NA with runways over - 3,659 m; NA with runways 2,440-3,659 m; NA with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - the telephone system is inadequate for a large industrial country, - consisting of about 36 million lines of which only about 3% are switched - automatically; as of 31 January 1990, 10.8 million applications for - telephones for household use could not be satisfied; telephone density is 11 - per 100 persons; international connections are made via satellite, land - line, microwave, and outdated submarine cables, and are generally - unsatisfactory; the international gateway switch in Moscow handles - international traffic for the other former Soviet republics as well as for - Russia; broadcast stations - 1,050 AM/FM/SW (reach 98.6% of population), 310 - TV (580 repeaters) (reach 98% of population); satellite ground stations - - INTELSAT, Intersputnik, INMARSAT, Orbita - -:Russia Defense Forces - -Branches: - Russian defence forces will be comprised of those ground-, air-, and - sea-based conventional assets currently on Russian soil and those scheduled - to be withdrawn from other countries; strategic forces will remain under CIS - control -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 36,288,000; 27,216,000 fit for military service; 1,020,341 - reach military age (18) annually -Defense expenditures: - $NA, NA% of GDP - -:Rwanda Geography - -Total area: - 26,340 km2 -Land area: - 24,950 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly smaller than Maryland -Land boundaries: - 893 km total; Burundi 290 km, Tanzania 217 km, Uganda 169 km, Zaire 217 km -Coastline: - none - landlocked -Maritime claims: - none - landlocked -Disputes: - none -Climate: - temperate; two rainy seasons (February to April, November to January); mild - in mountains with frost and snow possible -Terrain: - mostly grassy uplands and hills; mountains in west -Natural resources: - gold, cassiterite (tin ore), wolframite (tungsten ore), natural gas, - hydropower -Land use: - arable land 29%; permanent crops 11%; meadows and pastures 18%; forest and - woodland 10%; other 32%; includes irrigated NEGL% -Environment: - deforestation; overgrazing; soil exhaustion; soil erosion; periodic droughts -Note: - landlocked - -:Rwanda People - -Population: - 8,206,446 (July 1992), growth rate 3.8% (1992) -Birth rate: - 52 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 14 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 108 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 51 years male, 55 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 8.3 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Rwandan(s); adjective - Rwandan -Ethnic divisions: - Hutu 90%, Tutsi 9%, Twa (Pygmoid) 1% -Religions: - Roman Catholic 65%, Protestant 9%, Muslim 1%, indigenous beliefs and other - 25% -Languages: - Kinyarwanda, French (official); Kiswahili used in commercial centers -Literacy: - 50% (male 64%, female 37%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 3,600,000; agriculture 93%, government and services 5%, industry and - commerce 2%; 49% of population of working age (1985) -Organized labor: - NA - -:Rwanda Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Rwanda -Type: - republic; presidential system in which military leaders hold key offices; on - 31 December 1990, the government announced a National Political Charter to - serve as a basis for transition to a presidential/parliamentary political - system; the 1978 constitution was replaced in June 1991 via popular - referendum by a new constitution creating a multiparty system with a - president and prime minister -Capital: - Kigali -Administrative divisions: - 10 prefectures (prefectures, singular - prefecture in French; plural - NA, - singular - prefegitura in Kinyarwanda); Butare, Byumba, Cyangugu, Gikongoro, - Gisenyi, Gitarama, Kibungo, Kibuye, Rigali, Ruhengeri -Independence: - 1 July 1962 (from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration) -Constitution: - 18 June 1991 -Legal system: - based on German and Belgian civil law systems and customary law; judicial - review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory - ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Independence Day, 1 July (1962) -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral National Development Council (Conseil National de Developpement) -Judicial branch: - Constitutional Court (consists of the Court of Cassation and the Council of - State in joint session) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Maj. Gen. Juvenal HABYARIMANA (since 5 July 1973) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Sylvestre NSANZIMANA (since NA October 1991) -Political parties and leaders: - Republican Revolutionary Movement for Democracy and Development (MRND), Maj. - Gen. Juvenal HABYARIMANA; formerly a one-party state, Rwanda legalized - independent parties in mid-1991; since then, at least 10 new political - parties have registered; President HABYARIMANA's political movement - the - National Revolutionary Movement for Development (MRND) - reorganized itself - as a political party and changed its name to the Republican National - Movement for Democracy and Development (but kept the same initials - MRND); - significant independent parties include: Democratic Republican Movement - (MDR), leader NA; Liberal Party (PL), leader NA; Democratic and Socialist - Party (PSD), leader NA; note - since October 1990, Rwanda has been involved - in a low-intensity conflict with the Rwandan Patriotic Front/Rwandan - Patriotic Army (RPF/RPA); the RPF/RPA is primarily an ethnically based - organization -Suffrage: - universal adult, exact age NA -Elections: - President: - last held 19 December 1988 (next to be held NA December 1993); results - - President Maj. Gen. Juvenal HABYARIMANA reelected - -:Rwanda Government - - National Development Council: - last held 19 December 1988 (next to be held NA December 1993); results - - MRND is the only party; seats - (70 total) MRND 70 -Member of: - ACCT, ACP, AfDB, ECA, CCC, CEEAC, CEPGL, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, - IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, - UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Aloys UWIMANA; Chancery at 1714 New Hampshire Avenue NW, - Washington, DC 20009; telephone (202) 232-2882 - US: - Ambassador Robert A. FLATEN; Embassy at Boulevard de la Revolution, Kigali - (mailing address is B. P. 28, Kigali); telephone [250] 75601 through 75603; - FAX [250] 72128 -Flag: - three equal vertical bands of red (hoist side), yellow, and green with a - large black letter R - centered in the yellow band; uses the popular pan-African colors of - Ethiopia; similar to the flag of Guinea, which has a plain yellow band - -:Rwanda Economy - -Overview: - Almost 50% of GDP comes from the agricultural sector; coffee and tea make up - 80-90% of total exports. The amount of fertile land is limited, however, and - deforestation and soil erosion have created problems. The industrial sector - in Rwanda is small, contributing only 17% to GDP. Manufacturing focuses - mainly on the processing of agricultural products. The Rwandan economy - remains dependent on coffee exports and foreign aid. Weak international - prices since 1986 have caused the economy to contract and per capita GDP to - decline. A structural adjustment program with the World Bank began in - October 1990. An outbreak of insurgency, also in October, has dampened any - prospects for economic improvement. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $2.1 billion, per capita $300; real growth rate - -6.8% (1990 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 4.2% (1990) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $391 million; expenditures $491 million, including capital - expenditures of $225 million (1989 est.) -Exports: - $111.7 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) - commodities: - coffee 85%, tea, tin, cassiterite, wolframite, pyrethrum - partners: - Germany, Belgium, Italy, Uganda, UK, France, US -Imports: - $279.2 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) - commodities: - textiles, foodstuffs, machines and equipment, capital goods, steel, - petroleum products, cement and construction material - partners: - US, Belgium, Germany, Kenya, Japan -External debt: - $911 million (1990 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 1.2% (1988); accounts for 17% of GDP -Electricity: - 30,000 kW capacity; 130 million kWh produced, 15 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - mining of cassiterite (tin ore) and wolframite (tungsten ore), tin, cement, - agricultural processing, small-scale beverage production, soap, furniture, - shoes, plastic goods, textiles, cigarettes -Agriculture: - accounts for almost 50% of GDP and about 90% of the labor force; cash crops - - coffee, tea, pyrethrum (insecticide made from chrysanthemums); main food - crops - bananas, beans, sorghum, potatoes; stock raising; self-sufficiency - declining; country imports foodstuffs as farm production fails to keep up - with a 3.8% annual growth in population -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $128 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.0 billion; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $45 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $58 - million; note - in October 1990 Rwanda launched a Structural Adjustment - Program with the IMF; since September 1991, the EC has given $46 million and - the US $25 million in support of this program -Currency: - Rwandan franc (plural - francs); 1 Rwandan franc (RF) = 100 centimes - -:Rwanda Economy - -Exchange rates: - Rwandan francs (RF) per US$1 - 121.40 (January 1992), 125.14 (1991), 82.60 - (1990), 79.98 (1989), 76.45 (1988), 79.67 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Rwanda Communications - -Highways: - 4,885 km total; 460 km paved, 1,725 km gravel and/or improved earth, 2,700 - km unimproved -Inland waterways: - Lac Kivu navigable by shallow-draft barges and native craft -Civil air: - 2 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 8 total, 8 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over - 3,659 m; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m;2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - fair system with low-capacity radio relay system centered on Kigali; - broadcast stations - 2 AM, 1 (7 repeaters) FM, no TV; satellite earth - stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 SYMPHONIE - -:Rwanda Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army (including Air Wing), Gendarmerie -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 1,719,936; 876,659 fit for military service; no conscription -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $37 million, 1.6% of GDP (1988 est.) - -:Saint Helena Geography - -Total area: - 410 km2 -Land area: - 410 km2; includes Ascension, Gough Island, Inaccessible Island, Nightingale - Island, and Tristan da Cunha -Comparative area: - slightly more than 2.3 times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 60 km -Maritime claims: - Exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; marine; mild, tempered by trade winds -Terrain: - rugged, volcanic; small scattered plateaus and plains -Natural resources: - fish; Ascension is a breeding ground for sea turtles and sooty terns; no - minerals -Land use: - arable land 7%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 7%; forest and - woodland 3%; other 83% -Environment: - very few perennial streams -Note: - located 1,920 km west of Angola, about two-thirds of the way between South - America and Africa; Napoleon Bonaparte's place of exile and burial; the - remains were taken to Paris in 1840 - -:Saint Helena People - -Population: - 6,698 (July 1992), growth rate 0.3% (1992) -Birth rate: - 10 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 40 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 72 years male, 76 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 1.2 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Saint Helenian(s); adjective - Saint Helenian -Ethnic divisions: - NA -Religions: - Anglican majority; also Baptist, Seventh-Day Adventist, and Roman Catholic -Languages: - English -Literacy: - 98% (male 97%, female 98%) age 15 and over can read and write (1987) -Labor force: - NA -Organized labor: - Saint Helena General Workers' Union, 472 members; crafts 17%, professional - and technical 10%, service 10%, management and clerical 9%, farming and - fishing 9%, transport 6%, sales 5%, and other 34% - -:Saint Helena Government - -Long-form name: - none -Type: - dependent territory of the UK -Capital: - Jamestown -Administrative divisions: - 1 administrative area and 2 dependencies*; Ascension*, Saint Helena, Tristan - da Cunha* -Independence: - none (dependent territory of the UK) -Constitution: - 1 January 1967 -Legal system: - NA -National holiday: - Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen (second Saturday in June), 10 June - 1989 -Executive branch: - British monarch, governor, Executive Council (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral Legislative Council -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) - Head of Government: - Governor A. N. HOOLE -Political parties and leaders: - Saint Helena Labor Party, leader NA; Saint Helena Progressive Party, leader - NA; note - both political parties inactive since 1976 -Suffrage: - NA -Elections: - Legislative Council: - last held October 1984 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by - party NA; seats - (15 total, 12 elected) number of seats by party NA -Member of: - ICFTU -Diplomatic representation: - none (dependent territory of the UK) -Flag: - blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Saint - Helenian shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the shield features - a rocky coastline and three-masted sailing ship - -:Saint Helena Economy - -Overview: - The economy depends primarily on financial assistance from the UK. The local - population earns some income from fishing, the rearing of livestock, and - sales of handicrafts. Because there are few jobs, a large proportion of the - work force has left to seek employment overseas. -GDP: - $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate NA% -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - -1.1% (1986) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $3.2 million; expenditures $2.9 million, including capital - expenditures of NA (1984) -Exports: - $23.9 thousand (f.o.b., 1984) - commodities: - fish (frozen and salt-dried skipjack, tuna), handicrafts - partners: - South Africa, UK -Imports: - $2.4 million (c.i.f., 1984) - commodities: - food, beverages, tobacco, fuel oils, animal feed, building materials, motor - vehicles and parts, machinery and parts - partners: - UK, South Africa -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 9,800 kW capacity; 10 million kWh produced, 1,390 kWh per capita (1989) -Industries: - crafts (furniture, lacework, fancy woodwork), fish -Agriculture: - maize, potatoes, vegetables; timber production being developed; crawfishing - on Tristan da Cunha -Economic aid: - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), - $198 million -Currency: - Saint Helenian pound (plural - pounds); 1 Saint Helenian pound (#S) = 100 - pence -Exchange rates: - Saint Helenian pounds (#S) per US$1 - 0.5799 (March 1992), 0.5652 (1991), - 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988), 0.6102 (1987); note - the Saint Helenian pound - is at par with the British pound -Fiscal year: - 1 April - 31 March - -:Saint Helena Communications - -Highways: - 87 km paved roads, 20 km earth roads on Saint Helena; 80 km paved roads on - Ascension; 2.7 km paved roads on Tristan da Cunha -Ports: - Jamestown (Saint Helena), Georgetown (Ascension) -Airports: - 1 with permanent-surface runway 2,440-3,659 m on Ascension -Telecommunications: - 1,500 radio receivers; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; 550 - telephones in automatic network; HF radio links to Ascension, then into - worldwide submarine cable and satellite networks; major coaxial submarine - cable relay point between South Africa, Portugal, and UK at Ascension; 2 - Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations - -:Saint Helena Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of the UK - -:Saint Kitts and Nevis Geography - -Total area: - 269 km2 -Land area: - 269 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly more than 1.5 times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 135 km -Maritime claims: - Contiguous zone: - 24 nm - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - subtropical tempered by constant sea breezes; little seasonal temperature - variation; rainy season (May to November) -Terrain: - volcanic with mountainous interiors -Natural resources: - negligible -Land use: - arable land 22%; permanent crops 17%; meadows and pastures 3%; forest and - woodland 17%; other 41% -Environment: - subject to hurricanes (July to October) -Note: - located 320 km east-southeast of Puerto Rico - -:Saint Kitts and Nevis People - -Population: - 40,061 (July 1992), growth rate 0.3% (1992) -Birth rate: - 22 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 10 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - -9 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 22 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 63 years male, 69 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 2.4 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Kittsian(s), Nevisian(s); adjective - Kittsian, Nevisian -Ethnic divisions: - mainly of black African descent -Religions: - Anglican, other Protestant sects, Roman Catholic -Languages: - English -Literacy: - 98% (male 98%, female 98%) age 15 and over having ever attended school - (1970) -Labor force: - 20,000 (1981) -Organized labor: - 6,700 - -:Saint Kitts and Nevis Government - -Long-form name: - Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis; formerly Federation of Saint - Christopher and Nevis -Type: - constitutional monarchy -Capital: - Basseterre -Administrative divisions: - 14 parishs; Christ Church Nichola Town, Saint Anne Sandy Point, Saint George - Basseterre, Saint George Gingerland, Saint James Windward, Saint John - Capisterre, Saint John Figtree, Saint Mary Cayon, Saint Paul Capisterre, - Saint Paul Charlestown, Saint Peter Basseterre, Saint Thomas Lowland, Saint - Thomas Middle Island, Trinity Palmetto Point -Independence: - 19 September 1983 (from UK) -Constitution: - 19 September 1983 -Legal system: - based on English common law -National holiday: - Independence Day, 19 September (1983) -Executive branch: - British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister, - Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral House of Assembly -Judicial branch: - Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General - Sir Clement Athelston ARRINDELL (since 19 September 1983, previously - Governor General of the Associated State since NA November 1981) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Dr. Kennedy Alphonse SIMMONDS (since 19 September 1983, - previously Premier of the Associated State since NA February 1980); Deputy - Prime Minister Michael Oliver POWELL (since NA) -Political parties and leaders: - People's Action Movement (PAM), Kennedy SIMMONDS; Saint Kitts and Nevis - Labor Party (SKNLP), Dr. Denzil DOUGLAS; Nevis Reformation Party (NRP), - Simeon DANIEL; Concerned Citizens Movement (CCM), Vance AMORY -Suffrage: - universal adult at age NA -Elections: - House of Assembly: - last held 21 March 1989 (next to be held by 21 March 1994); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (14 total, 11 elected) PAM 6, SKNLP 2, - NRP 2, CCM 1 -Member of: - ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, IBRD, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IMF, INTERPOL, - OAS, OECS, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO -Diplomatic representation: - Minister-Counselor (Deputy Chief of Mission), Charge d'Affaires ad interim - Aubrey Eric HART; Chancery at Suite 608, 2100 M Street NW, Washington, DC - 20037; telephone (202) 833-3550 - US: - no official presence since the Charge resides in Saint John's (Antigua and - Barbuda) - -:Saint Kitts and Nevis Government - -Flag: - divided diagonally from the lower hoist side by a broad black band bearing - two white five-pointed stars; the black band is edged in yellow; the upper - triangle is green, the lower triangle is red - -:Saint Kitts and Nevis Economy - -Overview: - The economy has historically depended on the growing and processing of - sugarcane and on remittances from overseas workers. In recent years, tourism - and export-oriented manufacturing have assumed larger roles. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $146.6 million, per capita $3,650; real growth - rate 2.1% (1990) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 4.2% (1990) -Unemployment rate: - 15% (1989) -Budget: - revenues $38.1 million; expenditures $68 million, including capital - expenditures of $31.5 million (1991) -Exports: - $24.6 million (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - sugar, clothing, electronics, postage stamps - partners: - US 53%, UK 22%, Trinidad and Tobago 5%, OECS 5% (1988) -Imports: - $103.2 million (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - foodstuffs, intermediate manufactures, machinery, fuels - partners: - US 36%, UK 17%, Trinidad and Tobago 6%, Canada 3%, Japan 3%, OECS 4% (1988) -External debt: - $26.4 million (1988) -Industrial production: - growth rate 11.8% (1988 est.); accounts for 17% of GDP -Electricity: - 15,800 kW capacity; 45 million kWh produced, 1,117 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - sugar processing, tourism, cotton, salt, copra, clothing, footwear, - beverages -Agriculture: - cash crop - sugarcane; subsistence crops - rice, yams, vegetables, bananas; - fishing potential not fully exploited; most food imported -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY85-88), $10.7 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $67 million -Currency: - East Caribbean dollar (plural - dollars); 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Saint Kitts and Nevis Communications - -Railroads: - 58 km 0.760-meter gauge on Saint Kitts for sugarcane -Highways: - 300 km total; 125 km paved, 125 km otherwise improved, 50 km unimproved - earth -Ports: - Basseterre (Saint Kitts), Charlestown (Nevis) -Civil air: - no major transport aircraft -Airports: - 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over - 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; none with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - good interisland VHF/UHF/SHF radio connections and international link via - Antigua and Barbuda and Saint Martin; 2,400 telephones; broadcast stations - - 2 AM, no FM, 4 TV - -:Saint Kitts and Nevis Defense Forces - -Branches: - Royal Saint Kitts and Nevis Police Force, Coast Guard -Manpower availability: - NA -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP - -:Saint Lucia Geography - -Total area: - 620 km2 -Land area: - 610 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 158 km -Maritime claims: - Contiguous zone: - 24 nm - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical, moderated by northeast trade winds; dry season from January to - April, rainy season from May to August -Terrain: - volcanic and mountainous with some broad, fertile valleys -Natural resources: - forests, sandy beaches, minerals (pumice), mineral springs, geothermal - potential -Land use: - arable land 8%; permanent crops 20%; meadows and pastures 5%; forest and - woodland 13%; other 54%; includes irrigated 2% -Environment: - subject to hurricanes and volcanic activity; deforestation; soil erosion -Note: - located 700 km southeast of Puerto Rico - -:Saint Lucia People - -Population: - 151,774 (July 1992), growth rate 1.7% (1992) -Birth rate: - 26 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - -4 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 18 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 70 years male, 75 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 2.8 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Saint Lucian(s); adjective - Saint Lucian -Ethnic divisions: - African descent 90.3%, mixed 5.5%, East Indian 3.2%, Caucasian 0.8% -Religions: - Roman Catholic 90%, Protestant 7%, Anglican 3% -Languages: - English (official), French patois -Literacy: - 67% (male 65%, female 69%) age 15 and over having ever attended school - (1980) -Labor force: - 43,800; agriculture 43.4%, services 38.9%, industry and commerce 17.7% (1983 - est.) -Organized labor: - 20% of labor force - -:Saint Lucia Government - -Long-form name: - none -Type: - parliamentary democracy -Capital: - Castries -Administrative divisions: - 11 quarters; Anse-la-Raye, Castries, Choiseul, Dauphin, Dennery, Gros-Islet, - Laborie, Micoud, Praslin, Soufriere, Vieux-Fort -Independence: - 22 February 1979 (from UK) -Constitution: - 22 February 1979 -Legal system: - based on English common law -National holiday: - Independence Day, 22 February (1979) -Executive branch: - British monarch, governor general, prime minister, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house - or House of Assembly -Judicial branch: - Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Acting Governor - General Sir Stanislaus Anthony JAMES (since 10 October 1988) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister John George Melvin COMPTON (since 3 May 1982) -Political parties and leaders: - United Workers' Party (UWP), John COMPTON; Saint Lucia Labor Party (SLP), - Julian HUNTE; Progressive Labor Party (PLP), George ODLUM -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - House of Assembly: - last held 6 April 1987 (next to be held by 27 April 1992); results - percent - of vote by party NA; seats - (17 total) UWP 10, SLP 7 -Member of: - ACCT (associate), ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, - IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OECS, UN, UNCTAD, - UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Dr. Joseph Edsel EDMUNDS; Chancery at Suite 309, 2100 M Street - NW, Washington, DC 30037; telephone (202) 463-7378 or 7379; there is a Saint - Lucian Consulate General in New York - US: - no official presence since the Ambassador resides in Bridgetown (Barbados) -Flag: - blue with a gold isosceles triangle below a black arrowhead; the upper edges - of the arrowhead have a white border - -:Saint Lucia Economy - -Overview: - Since 1983 the economy has shown an impressive average annual growth rate of - almost 5% because of strong agricultural and tourist sectors. Saint Lucia - also possesses an expanding industrial base supported by foreign investment - in manufacturing and other activities, such as in data processing. The - economy, however, remains vulnerable because the important agricultural - sector is dominated by banana production. Saint Lucia is subject to periodic - droughts and/or tropical storms, and its protected market agreement with the - UK for bananas may end in 1992. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $295 million, per capita $1,930; real growth rate - 4.0% (1990 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 4.2% (1990) -Unemployment rate: - 16.0% (1988) -Budget: - revenues $131 million; expenditures $149 million, including capital - expenditures of $71 million (FY90 est.) -Exports: - $127 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) - commodities: - bananas 54%, clothing 17%, cocoa, vegetables, fruits, coconut oil - partners: - UK 51%, CARICOM 20%, US 19%, other 10% -Imports: - $270 million (c.i.f., 1990) - commodities: - manufactured goods 23%, machinery and transportation equipment 27%, food and - live animals 18%, chemicals 10%, fuels 6% - partners: - US 35%, CARICOM 16%, UK 15%, Japan 7%, Canada 4%, other 23% -External debt: - $54.5 million (1989) -Industrial production: - growth rate 3.5% (1990 est.); accounts for 7% of GDP -Electricity: - 32,500 kW capacity; 112 million kWh produced, 732 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - clothing, assembly of electronic components, beverages, corrugated boxes, - tourism, lime processing, coconut processing -Agriculture: - accounts for 16% of GDP and 43% of labor force; crops - bananas, coconuts, - vegetables, citrus fruit, root crops, cocoa; imports food for the tourist - industry -Economic aid: - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), - $120 million -Currency: - East Caribbean dollar (plural - dollars); 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976) - -:Saint Lucia Communications - -Highways: - 760 km total; 500 km paved; 260 km otherwise improved -Ports: - Castries -Civil air: - no major transport aircraft -Airports: - 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over - 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 -Telecommunications: - fully automatic telephone system; 9,500 telephones; direct microwave link - with Martinique and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; interisland - troposcatter link to Barbados; broadcast stations - 4 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV (cable) - -:Saint Lucia Defense Forces - -Branches: - Royal Saint Lucia Police Force, Coast Guard -Manpower availability: - NA -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP - -:Saint Pierre and Miquelon Geography - -Total area: - 242 km2 -Land area: - 242 km2; includes eight small islands in the Saint Pierre and the Miquelon - groups -Comparative area: - slightly less than 1.5 times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 120 km -Maritime claims: - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - focus of maritime boundary dispute between Canada and France -Climate: - cold and wet, with much mist and fog; spring and autumn are windy -Terrain: - mostly barren rock -Natural resources: - fish, deepwater ports -Land use: - arable land 13%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and - woodland 4%; other 83% -Environment: - vegetation scanty -Note: - located 25 km south of Newfoundland, Canada, in the North Atlantic Ocean - -:Saint Pierre and Miquelon People - -Population: - 6,513 (July 1992), growth rate 0.4% (1992) -Birth rate: - 9 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 10 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 75 years male, 78 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 1.2 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Frenchman(men), Frenchwoman(women); adjective - French -Ethnic divisions: - originally Basques and Bretons (French fishermen) -Religions: - Roman Catholic 98% -Languages: - French -Literacy: - 99% (male 99%, female 99%) age 15 and over can read and write (1982) -Labor force: - 2,850 (1988) -Organized labor: - Workers' Force trade union - -:Saint Pierre and Miquelon Government - -Long-form name: - Territorial Collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon -Type: - territorial collectivity of France -Capital: - Saint-Pierre -Administrative divisions: - none (territorial collectivity of France) -Independence: - none (territorial collectivity of France); note - has been under French - control since 1763 -Constitution: - 28 September 1958 (French Constitution) -Legal system: - French law -National holiday: - National Day, 14 July (Taking of the Bastille) -Executive branch: - French president, commissioner of the Republic -Legislative branch: - unicameral General Council -Judicial branch: - Superior Tribunal of Appeals (Tribunal Superieur d'Appel) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981) - Head of Government: - Commissioner of the Republic Jean-Pierre MARQUIE (since February 1989); - President of the General Council Marc PLANTEGENET (since NA) -Political parties and leaders: - Socialist Party (PS); Union for French Democracy (UDF/CDS), Gerard GRIGNON -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - General Council: - last held September-October 1988 (next to be held NA September 1994); - results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (19 total) Socialist and - other left-wing parties 13, UDF and right-wing parties 6 - French President: - last held 8 May 1988 (next to be held NA May 1995); results - (second - ballot) Jacques CHIRAC 56%, Francois MITTERRAND 44% - French Senate: - last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held NA September 1992); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) PS 1 - French National Assembly: - last held 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held NA June 1993); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) UDF/CDS 1; note - Saint - Pierre and Miquelon elects 1 member each to the French Senate and the French - National Assembly who are voting members -Member of: - FZ, WFTU -Diplomatic representation: - as a territorial collectivity of France, local interests are represented in - the US by France -Flag: - the flag of France is used - -:Saint Pierre and Miquelon Economy - -Overview: - The inhabitants have traditionally earned their livelihood by fishing and by - servicing fishing fleets operating off the coast of Newfoundland. The - economy has been declining, however, because the number of ships stopping at - Saint Pierre has dropped steadily over the years. In March 1989, an - agreement between France and Canada set fish quotas for Saint Pierre's - trawlers fishing in Canadian and Canadian-claimed waters for three years. - The agreement settles a longstanding dispute that had virtually brought fish - exports to a halt. The islands are heavily subsidized by France. Imports - come primarily from Canada and France. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $60 million, per capita $9,500; real growth rate - NA% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - NA% -Unemployment rate: - 9.6% (1990) -Budget: - revenues $18.3 million; expenditures $18.3 million, including capital - expenditures of $5.5 million (1989) -Exports: - $25.5 million (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - fish and fish products, fox and mink pelts - partners: - US 58%, France 17%, UK 11%, Canada, Portugal -Imports: - $87.2 million (c.i.f., 1990) - commodities: - meat, clothing, fuel, electrical equipment, machinery, building materials - partners: - Canada, France, US, Netherlands, UK -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 10,000 kW capacity; 25 million kWh produced, 3,970 kWh per capita (1989) -Industries: - fish processing and supply base for fishing fleets; tourism -Agriculture: - vegetables, cattle, sheep and pigs for local consumption; fish catch, 20,500 - metric tons (1989) -Economic aid: - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), - $500 million -Currency: - French franc (plural - francs); 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes -Exchange rates: - French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.6397 (March 1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453 - (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988), 6.0107 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Saint Pierre and Miquelon Communications - -Highways: - 120 km total; 60 km paved (1985) -Ports: - Saint Pierre -Civil air: - no major transport aircraft -Airports: - 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways, none with runways over - 2,439 m; 1 with runway 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - 3,601 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 3 FM, no TV; radio - communication with most countries in the world; 1 earth station in French - domestic satellite system - -:Saint Pierre and Miquelon Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of France - -:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Geography - -Total area: - 340 km2 -Land area: - 340 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly less than twice the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 84 km -Maritime claims: - Contiguous zone: - 24 nm - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season (May to - November) -Terrain: - volcanic, mountainous; Soufriere volcano on the island of Saint Vincent -Natural resources: - negligible -Land use: - arable land 38%; permanent crops 12%; meadows and pastures 6%; forest and - woodland 41%; other 3%; includes irrigated 3% -Environment: - subject to hurricanes; Soufriere volcano is a constant threat -Note: - some islands of the Grenadines group are administered by Grenada - -:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines People - -Population: - 115,339 (July 1992), growth rate 1.1% (1992) -Birth rate: - 23 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - -7 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 19 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 71 years male, 74 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 2.4 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Saint Vincentian(s) or Vincentian(s); adjectives - Saint Vincentian - or Vincentian -Ethnic divisions: - mainly of black African descent; remainder mixed, with some white, East - Indian, Carib Indian -Religions: - Anglican, Methodist, Roman Catholic, Seventh-Day Adventist -Languages: - English, some French patois -Literacy: - 96% (male 96%, female 96%) age 15 and over having ever attended school - (1970) -Labor force: - 67,000 (1984 est.) -Organized labor: - 10% of labor force - -:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Government - -Long-form name: - none -Type: - constitutional monarchy -Capital: - Kingstown -Administrative divisions: - 6 parishes; Charlotte, Grenadines, Saint Andrew, Saint David, Saint George, - Saint Patrick -Independence: - 27 October 1979 (from UK) -Constitution: - 27 October 1979 -Legal system: - based on English common law -National holiday: - Independence Day, 27 October (1979) -Executive branch: - British monarch, governor general, prime minister, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral House of Assembly -Judicial branch: - Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General - David JACK (since 29 September 1989) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister James F. MITCHELL (since 30 July 1984) -Political parties and leaders: - New Democratic Party (NDP), James (Son) MITCHELL; Saint Vincent Labor Party - (SVLP), Vincent BEACHE; United People's Movement (UPM), Adrian SAUNDERS; - Movement for National Unity (MNU), Ralph GONSALVES; National Reform Party - (NRP), Joel MIGUEL -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - House of Assembly: - last held 16 May 1989 (next to be held NA July 1994); results - percent of - vote by party NA; seats - (21 total; 15 elected representatives and 6 - appointed senators) NDP 15 -Member of: - ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IMF, - IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, OAS, OECS, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, - WCL, WFTU, WHO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Kingsley LAYNE; 1717 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Suite 102, - Washington, DC 20036; telephone NA - US: - no official presence since the Ambassador resides in Bridgetown (Barbados) -Flag: - three vertical bands of blue (hoist side), gold (double width), and green; - the gold band bears three green diamonds arranged in a V pattern - *** No entry for this item *** - -:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Economy - -Overview: - Agriculture, dominated by banana production, is the most important sector of - the economy. The services sector, based mostly on a growing tourist - industry, is also important. The economy continues to have a high - unemployment rate of 30% because of an overdependence on the weather-plagued - banana crop as a major export earner. Government progress toward - diversifying into new industries has been relatively unsuccessful. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $146 million, per capita $1,300; real growth rate - 5.9% (1989) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 3.0% (1990) -Unemployment rate: - 30% (1989 est.) -Budget: - revenues $62 million; expenditures $67 million, including capital - expenditures of $21 million (FY90 est.) -Exports: - $75 million (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - bananas, eddoes and dasheen (taro), arrowroot starch, tennis racquets, flour - partners: - UK 43%, CARICOM 37%, US 15% -Imports: - $130 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) - commodities: - foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, chemicals and fertilizers, minerals and - fuels - partners: - US 42%, CARICOM 19%, UK 15% -External debt: - $50.9 million (1989) -Industrial production: - growth rate 0% (1989); accounts for 14% of GDP -Electricity: - 16,594 kW capacity; 64 million kWh produced, 560 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - food processing (sugar, flour), cement, furniture, clothing, starch, sheet - metal, beverage -Agriculture: - accounts for 15% of GDP and 60% of labor force; provides bulk of exports; - products - bananas, coconuts, sweet potatoes, spices; small numbers of - cattle, sheep, hogs, goats; small fish catch used locally -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $11 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $81 million -Currency: - East Caribbean dollar (plural - dollars); 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976) -Fiscal year: - calendar year (as of January 1991); previously 1 July - 30 June - -:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Communications - -Highways: - about 1,000 km total; 300 km paved; 400 km improved; 300 km unimproved -Ports: - Kingstown -Merchant marine: - 407 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,388,427 GRT/5,511,325 DWT; includes - 3 passenger, 2 passenger-cargo, 222 cargo, 22 container, 19 roll-on/roll-off - cargo, 14 refrigerated cargo, 24 petroleum tanker, 7 chemical tanker, 4 - liquefied gas, 73 bulk, 13 combination bulk, 2 vehicle carrier, 1 livestock - carrier, 1 specialized tanker; note - China owns 3 ships; a flag of - convenience registry -Civil air: - no major transport aircraft -Airports: - 6 total, 6 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over - 2,439 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - islandwide fully automatic telephone system; 6,500 telephones; VHF/UHF - interisland links from Saint Vincent to Barbados and the Grenadines; new SHF - links to Grenada and Saint Lucia; broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, 1 TV - (cable) - -:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Defense Forces - -Branches: - Royal Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Police Force, Coast Guard -Manpower availability: - NA -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP - -:San Marino Geography - -Total area: - 60 km2 -Land area: - 60 km2 -Comparative area: - about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - 39 km; Italy 39 km -Coastline: - none - landlocked -Maritime claims: - none - landlocked -Disputes: - none -Climate: - Mediterranean; mild to cool winters; warm, sunny summers -Terrain: - rugged mountains -Natural resources: - building stones -Land use: - arable land 17%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and - woodland 0%; other 83% -Environment: - dominated by the Appenines -Note: - landlocked; world's smallest republic; enclave of Italy - -:San Marino People - -Population: - 23,404 (July 1992), growth rate 0.6% (1992) -Birth rate: - 8 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 5 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 8 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 74 years male, 79 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 1.3 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Sanmarinese (singular and plural); adjective - Sanmarinese -Ethnic divisions: - Sanmarinese, Italian -Religions: - Roman Catholic -Languages: - Italian -Literacy: - 96% (male 96%, female 95%) age 14 and over can read and write (1976) -Labor force: - about 4,300 -Organized labor: - Democratic Federation of Sanmarinese Workers (affiliated with ICFTU) has - about 1,800 members; Communist-dominated General Federation of Labor, 1,400 - members - -:San Marino Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of San Marino -Type: - republic -Capital: - San Marino -Administrative divisions: - 9 municipalities (castelli, singular - castello); Acquaviva, Borgo Maggiore, - Chiesanuova, Domagnano, Faetano, Fiorentino, Monte Giardino, San Marino, - Serravalle -Independence: - 301 AD (by tradition) -Constitution: - 8 October 1600; electoral law of 1926 serves some of the functions of a - constitution -Legal system: - based on civil law system with Italian law influences; has not accepted - compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Anniversary of the Foundation of the Republic, 3 September -Executive branch: - two captains regent, Congress of State (cabinet); real executive power is - wielded by the secretary of state for foreign affairs and the secretary of - state for internal affairs -Legislative branch: - unicameral Great and General Council (Consiglio Grande e Generale) -Judicial branch: - Council of Twelve (Consiglio dei XII) -Leaders: - Co-Chiefs of State: - Captain Regent Edda CETCOLI and Captain Regent Marino RICCARDI (since 1 - October 1991) - Head of Government: - Secretary of State Gabriele GATTI (since July 1986) -Political parties and leaders: - Christian Democratic Party (DCS), Piermarino MENICUCCI; San Marino - Democratic Progressive Party (PPDS) formerly San Marino Communist Party - (PCS), Gilberto GHIOTTI; San Marino Socialist Party (PSS), Remy GIACOMINI; - Unitary Socialst Party (PSU); Democratic Movement (MD), Emilio Della BALDA; - San Marino Social Democratic Party (PSDS), Augusto CASALI; San Marino - Republican Party (PRS), Cristoforo BUSCARINI -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - Great and General Council: - last held 29 May 1988 (next to be held by NA May 1993); results - percent of - vote by party NA; seats - (60 total) DCS 27, PCS 18, PSU 8, PSS 7 -Communists: - about 300 members -Member of: - CE, CSCE, ICAO, ICFTU, ILO, IMF (observer), IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, LORCS, - NAM (guest), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - San Marino maintains honorary Consulates General in Washington and New York - and an honorary Consulate in Detroit - -:San Marino Government - - US: - no mission in San Marino, but the Consul General in Florence (Italy) is - accredited to San Marino; Consulate General at Lungarno Amerigo Vespucci, - 38, 50123 Firenze, Italy (mailing address is APO AE 09613; telephone [39] - (55) 239-8276 through 8279 and 217-605; FAX [39] (55) 284-088 -Flag: - two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and light blue with the national - coat of arms superimposed in the center; the coat of arms has a shield - (featuring three towers on three peaks) flanked by a wreath, below a crown - and above a scroll bearing the word -Flag: - AS (Liberty) - -:San Marino Economy - -Overview: - More than 2 million tourists visit each year, contributing about 60% to GDP. - The sale of postage stamps to foreign collectors is another important income - producer. The manufacturing sector employs nearly 40% of the labor force and - agriculture less than 4%. The per capita level of output and standard of - living are comparable to northern Italy. -GDP: - purchasing power equivalent - $400 million, per capita $17,000; real growth - rate NA% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 6% (1990) -Unemployment rate: - 6.5% (1985) -Budget: - revenues $99.2 million; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of - $NA (1983) -Exports: - *** No entry for this item *** - trade data are included with the statistics for Italy; commodity trade - consists primarily of exchanging building stone, lime, wood, chestnuts, - wheat, wine, baked goods, hides, and ceramics for a wide variety of consumer - manufactures -Imports: - see -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - supplied by Italy -Industries: - wine, olive oil, cement, leather, textile, tourism -Agriculture: - employs less than 4% of labor force; products - wheat, grapes, corn, olives, - meat, cheese, hides; small numbers of cattle, pigs, horses; depends on Italy - for food imports -Economic aid: - NA -Currency: - Italian lira (plural - lire); 1 Italian lira (Lit) = 100 centesimi; also - mints its own coins -Exchange rates: - Italian lire (Lit) per US$1 - 1,248.4 (March 1992), 1,240.6 (1991), 1,198.1 - (1990), 1,372.1 (1989), 1,301.6 (1988), 1,296.1 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:San Marino Communications - -Highways: - 104 km -Telecommunications: - automatic telephone system completely integrated into Italian system; 11,700 - telephones; broadcast services from Italy; microwave and cable links into - Italian networks; no communication satellite facilities - -:San Marino Defense Forces - -Branches: - public security or police force of less than 50 people -Manpower availability: - all fit men ages 16-60 constitute a militia that can serve as an army -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP - -:Sao Tome and Principe Geography - -Total area: - 960 km2 -Land area: - 960 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly less than 5.5 times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 209 km -Maritime claims: - (measured from claimed archipelagic baselines) - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; hot, humid; one rainy season (October to May) -Terrain: - volcanic, mountainous -Natural resources: - fish -Land use: - arable land 1%; permanent crops 20%; meadows and pastures 1%; forest and - woodland 75%; other 3% -Environment: - deforestation; soil erosion -Note: - located south of Nigeria and west of Gabon near the Equator in the North - Atlantic Ocean - -:Sao Tome and Principe People - -Population: - 132,338 (July 1992), growth rate 2.9% (1992) -Birth rate: - 38 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 58 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 64 years male, 68 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 5.2 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Sao Tomean(s); adjective - Sao Tomean -Ethnic divisions: - mestico, angolares (descendents of Angolan slaves), forros (descendents of - freed slaves), servicais (contract laborers from Angola, Mozambique, and - Cape Verde), tongas (children of servicais born on the islands), and - Europeans (primarily Portuguese) -Religions: - Roman Catholic, Evangelical Protestant, Seventh-Day Adventist -Languages: - Portuguese (official) -Literacy: - 57% (male 73%, female 42%) age 15 and over can read and write (1981) -Labor force: - 21,096 (1981); most of population engaged in subsistence agriculture and - fishing; labor shortages on plantations and of skilled workers; 56% of - population of working age (1983) -Organized labor: - NA - -:Sao Tome and Principe Government - -Long-form name: - Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe -Type: - republic -Capital: - Sao Tome -Administrative divisions: - 2 districts (concelhos, singular - concelho); Principe, Sao Tome -Independence: - 12 July 1975 (from Portugal) -Constitution: - 5 November 1975, approved 15 December 1982 -Legal system: - based on Portuguese law system and customary law; has not accepted - compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Independence Day, 12 July (1975) -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral National People's Assembly (Assembleia Popular Nacional) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Miguel TROVOADA (since 4 April 1991) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Noberto COSTA ALEGRE (since 16 May 1992) -Political parties and leaders: - Party for Democratic Convergence-Reflection Group (PCD-GR), Prime Minister - Daniel Lima Dos Santos DAIO, secretary general; Movement for the Liberation - of Sao Tome and Principe (MLSTP), Carlos da GRACA; Christian Democratic - Front (FDC), Alphonse Dos SANTOS; Democratic Opposition Coalition (CODO), - leader NA; other small parties -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - President: - last held 3 March 1991 (next to be held NA March 1996); results - Miguel - TROVOADA was elected without opposition in Sao Tome's first multiparty - presidential election - National People's Assembly: - last held 20 January 1991 (next to be held NA January 1996); results - - PCD-GR 54.4%, MLSTP 30.5%, CODO 5.2%, FDC 1.5%, other 8.3%; seats - (55 - total) PCD-GR 33, MLSTP 21, CODO 1; note - this was the first multiparty - election in Sao Tome and Principe -Member of: - ACP, AfDB, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, - ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Joaquim Rafael BRANCO; Chancery (temporary) at 801 Second Avenue, - Suite 603, New York, NY 10017; telephone (212) 697-4211 - US: - Ambassador to Gabon is accredited to Sao Tome and Principe on a nonresident - basis and makes periodic visits to the islands - -:Sao Tome and Principe Government - -Flag: - three horizontal bands of green (top), yellow (double width), and green with - two black five-pointed stars placed side by side in the center of the yellow - band and a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; uses the popular - pan-African colors of Ethiopia - -:Sao Tome and Principe Economy - -Overview: - The economy has remained dependent on cocoa since the country gained - independence nearly 15 years ago. Since then, however, cocoa production has - gradually deteriorated because of drought and mismanagement, so that by 1987 - output had fallen to less than 50% of its former levels. As a result, a - shortage of cocoa for export has created a serious balance-of-payments - problem. Production of less important crops, such as coffee, copra, and palm - kernels, has also declined. The value of imports generally exceeds that of - exports by a ratio of 4:1. The emphasis on cocoa production at the expense - of other food crops has meant that Sao Tome has to import 90% of food needs. - It also has to import all fuels and most manufactured goods. Over the years, - Sao Tome has been unable to service its external debt, which amounts to - roughly 80% of export earnings. Considerable potential exists for - development of a tourist industry, and the government has taken steps to - expand facilities in recent years. The government also implemented a - Five-Year Plan covering 1986-90 to restructure the economy and reschedule - external debt service payments in cooperation with the International - Development Association and Western lenders. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $46.0 million, per capita $400; real growth rate - 1.5% (1989) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 36% (1989) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $10.2 million; expenditures $36.8 million, including capital - expenditures of $22.5 million (1989) -Exports: - $4.4 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) - commodities: - cocoa 85%, copra, coffee, palm oil - partners: - FRG, GDR, Netherlands, China -Imports: - $21.3 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) - commodities: - machinery and electrical equipment 54%, food products 23%, other 23% - partners: - Portugal, GDR, Angola, China -External debt: - $147 million (1990 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 7.1% (1986) -Electricity: - 5,000 kW capacity; 10 million kWh produced, 80 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - light construction, shirts, soap, beer, fisheries, shrimp processing -Agriculture: - dominant sector of economy, primary source of exports; cash crops - cocoa - (85%), coconuts, palm kernels, coffee; food products - bananas, papaya, - beans, poultry, fish; not self-sufficient in food grain and meat -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $8 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $89 million -Currency: - dobra (plural - dobras); 1 dobra (Db) = 100 centimos - -:Sao Tome and Principe Economy - -Exchange rates: - dobras (Db) per US$1 - 260.0 (November 1991), 122.48 (December 1988), 72.827 - (1987), 36.993 (1986) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Sao Tome and Principe Communications - -Highways: - 300 km (two-thirds are paved); roads on Principe are mostly unpaved and in - need of repair -Ports: - Sao Tome, Santo Antonio -Civil air: - 10 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - minimal system; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 2 FM, no TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean - INTELSAT earth station - -:Sao Tome and Principe Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, National Police -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 30,188; 15,918 fit for military service -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP - -:Saudi Arabia Geography - -Total area: - 1,945,000 km2 -Land area: - 1,945,000 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly less than one-fourth the size of the US -Land boundaries: - 4,532 km total; Iraq 808 km, Jordan 742 km, Kuwait 222 km, Oman 676 km, - Qatar 40 km, UAE 586 km, Yemen 1,458 km -Coastline: - 2,510 km -Maritime claims: - Contiguous zone: - 18 nm - Continental shelf: - not specific - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - no defined boundaries with Yemen; location and status of Saudi Arabia's - boundaries with Qatar and UAE are unresolved; Kuwaiti ownership of Qaruh and - Umm al Maradim Islands is disputed by Saudi Arabia -Climate: - harsh, dry desert with great extremes of temperature -Terrain: - mostly uninhabited, sandy desert -Natural resources: - crude oil, natural gas, iron ore, gold, copper -Land use: - arable land 1%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 39%; forest and - woodland 1%; other 59%; includes irrigated NEGL% -Environment: - no perennial rivers or permanent water bodies; developing extensive coastal - seawater desalination facilities; desertification -Note: - extensive coastlines on Persian Gulf and Red Sea provide great leverage on - shipping (especially crude oil) through Persian Gulf and Suez Canal - -:Saudi Arabia People - -Population: - 17,050,934 (July 1992), growth rate 3.3% (1992); note - the population - figure is based on growth since the last official Saudi census of 1974 that - reported a total of 7 million persons and included foreign workers; - estimates from other sources may be 15-30% lower -Birth rate: - 39 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 59 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 65 years male, 68 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 6.7 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Saudi(s); adjective - Saudi or Saudi Arabian -Ethnic divisions: - Arab 90%, Afro-Asian 10% -Religions: - Muslim 100% -Languages: - Arabic -Literacy: - 62% (male 73%, female 48%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 5,000,000; about 60% are foreign workers; government 34%, industry and oil - 28%, services 22%, and agriculture 16% -Organized labor: - trade unions are illegal - -:Saudi Arabia Government - -Long-form name: - Kingdom of Saudi Arabia -Type: - monarchy -Capital: - Riyadh -Administrative divisions: - 14 emirates (imarat, singular - imarah); Al Bahah, Al Hudud ash Shamaliyah, - Al Jawf, Al Madinah, Al Qasim, Al Qurayyat, Ar Riyad, Ash Sharqiyah, `Asir, - Ha'il, Jizan, Makkah, Najran, Tabuk -Independence: - 23 September 1932 (unification) -Constitution: - none; governed according to Shari`a (Islamic law) -Legal system: - based on Islamic law, several secular codes have been introduced; commercial - disputes handled by special committees; has not accepted compulsory ICJ - jurisdiction -National holiday: - Unification of the Kingdom, 23 September (1932) -Executive branch: - monarch and prime minister, crown prince and deputy prime minister, Council - of Ministers -Legislative branch: - none -Judicial branch: - Supreme Council of Justice -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - King and Prime Minister FAHD bin `Abd al-`Aziz Al Sa`ud (since 13 June - 1982); Crown Prince and Deputy Prime Minister `ABDALLAH bin `Abd al-`Aziz Al - Sa`ud (half-brother to the King, appointed heir to the throne 13 June 1982) -Suffrage: - none -Elections: - none -Member of: - ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-19, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, - ICAO, ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, - IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, - UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador BANDAR Bin Sultan; Chancery at 601 New Hampshire Avenue NW, - Washington, DC 20037; telephone (202) 342-3800; there are Saudi Arabian - Consulates General in Houston, Los Angeles, and New York - US: - Ambassador Charles W. FREEMAN, Jr.; Embassy at Collector Road M, Diplomatic - Quarter, Riyadh (mailing address is American Embassy, Unit 61307, Riyadh; - International Mail: P. O. Box 94309, Riyadh 11693; or APO AE 09803-1307); - telephone [966] (1) 488-3800; Telex 406866; there are US Consulates General - in Dhahran and Jiddah (Jeddah) -Flag: - green with large white Arabic script (that may be translated as There is no - God but God; Muhammad is the Messenger of God) above a white horizontal - saber (the tip points to the hoist side); green is the traditional color of - Islam - -:Saudi Arabia Economy - -Overview: - The petroleum sector accounts for roughly 70% of budget revenues, 37% of - GDP, and almost all export earnings. Saudi Arabia has the largest reserves - of petroleum in the world, ranks as the largest exporter of petroleum, and - plays a leading role in OPEC. For the 1990s the government intends to - encourage private economic activity and to foster the gradual process of - turning Saudi Arabia into a modern industrial state that retains traditional - Islamic values. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $104 billion, per capita $5,800; real growth rate - 1.5% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 3% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 0% (1989 est.) -Budget: - revenues $40.3 billion; expenditures $48.3 billion, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1992) -Exports: - $44.3 billion (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - petroleum and petroleum products 85% - partners: - US 22%, Japan 22%, Singapore 7%, France 6% -Imports: - $21.5 billion (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - manufactured goods, transportation equipment, construction materials, - processed food products - partners: - US 16%, UK 14%, Japan 14%, FRG 7% -External debt: - $18.9 billion (December 1989 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate -1.1% (1989 est.); accounts for 37% of GDP, including petroleum -Electricity: - 30,000,000 kW capacity; 60,000 million kWh produced, 3,300 kWh per capita - (1991) -Industries: - crude oil production, petroleum refining, basic petrochemicals, cement, - small steel-rolling mill, construction, fertilizer, plastic -Agriculture: - accounts for about 10% of GDP, 16% of labor force; fastest growing economic - sector; subsidized by government; products - wheat, barley, tomatoes, - melons, dates, citrus fruit, mutton, chickens, eggs, milk; approaching - self-sufficiency in food -Economic aid: - donor - pledged $64.7 billion in bilateral aid (1979-89) -Currency: - Saudi riyal (plural - riyals); 1 Saudi riyal (SR) = 100 halalas -Exchange rates: - Saudi riyals (SR) per US$1 - 3.7450 (fixed rate since late 1986), 3.7033 - (1986) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Saudi Arabia Communications - -Railroads: - 886 km 1.435-meter standard gauge -Highways: - 74,000 km total; 35,000 km paved, 39,000 km gravel and improved earth -Pipelines: - crude oil 6,400 km, petroleum products 150 km, natural gas 2,200 km, - includes natural gas liquids 1,600 km -Ports: - Jiddah, Ad Dammam, Ras Tanura, Jizan, Al Jubayl, Yanbu al Bahr, Yanbu al - Sinaiyah -Merchant marine: - 8l ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 884,470 GRT/1,254,882 DWT; includes 1 - passenger, 7 short-sea passenger, 11 cargo, 14 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 - container, 6 refrigerated cargo, 5 livestock carrier, 24 petroleum tanker, 7 - chemical tanker, 1 liquefied gas, 1 specialized tanker, 1 bulk -Civil air: - 104 major transport aircraft available -Airports: - 211 total, 191 usable; 70 with permanent-surface runways; 14 with runways - over 3,659 m; 37 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 105 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - good system with extensive microwave and coaxial and fiber optic cable - systems; 1,624,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 43 AM, 13 FM, 80 TV; - radio relay to Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait, Qatar, UAE, Yemen, and Sudan; - coaxial cable to Kuwait and Jordan; submarine cable to Djibouti, Egypt and - Bahrain; earth stations - 3 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 2 Indian Ocean - INTELSAT, 1 ARABSAT, 1 INMARSAT - -:Saudi Arabia Defense Forces - -Branches: - Land Force (Army), Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Force, National Guard, Coast - Guard, Frontier Forces, Special Security Force, Public Security Force -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 5,619,147; 3,118,261 fit for military service; 133,314 reach - military age (17) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $14.5 billion, 13% of GDP (1992 budget) - -:Senegal Geography - -Total area: - 196,190 km2 -Land area: - 192,000 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly smaller than South Dakota -Land boundaries: - 2,640 km total; The Gambia 740 km, Guinea 330 km, Guinea-Bissau 338 km, Mali - 419 km, Mauritania 813 km -Coastline: - 531 km -Maritime claims: - Contiguous zone: - 24 nm - Continental shelf: - edge of continental margin or 200 nm - Exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - short section of the boundary with The Gambia is indefinite; the - International Court of Justice (ICJ) on 12 November 1991 rendered its - decision on the Guinea-Bissau/ Senegal maritime boundary in favor of Senegal - - that decision has been rejected by Guinea-Bissau; boundary with Mauritania -Climate: - tropical; hot, humid; rainy season (December to April) has strong southeast - winds; dry season (May to November) dominated by hot, dry harmattan wind -Terrain: - generally low, rolling, plains rising to foothills in southeast -Natural resources: - fish, phosphates, iron ore -Land use: - arable land 27%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 30%; forest and - woodland 31%; other 12%; includes irrigated 1% -Environment: - lowlands seasonally flooded; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; - desertification -Note: - The Gambia is almost an enclave - -:Senegal People - -Population: - 8,205,058 (July 1992), growth rate 3.1% (1992) -Birth rate: - 44 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 13 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 80 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 54 years male, 57 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 6.2 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Senegalese (singular and plural); adjective - Senegalese -Ethnic divisions: - Wolof 36%, Fulani 17%, Serer 17%, Toucouleur 9%, Diola 9%, Mandingo 9%, - European and Lebanese 1%, other 2% -Religions: - Muslim 92%, indigenous beliefs 6%, Christian 2% (mostly Roman Catholic) -Languages: - French (official); Wolof, Pulaar, Diola, Mandingo -Literacy: - 38% (male 52%, female 25%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 2,509,000; 77% subsistence agricultural workers; 175,000 wage earners - - private sector 40%, government and parapublic 60%; 52% of population of - working age (1985) -Organized labor: - majority of wage-labor force represented by unions; however, dues-paying - membership very limited; major confederation is National Confederation of - Senegalese Labor (CNTS), an affiliate of the governing party - -:Senegal Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Senegal -Type: - republic under multiparty democratic rule -Capital: - Dakar -Administrative divisions: - 10 regions (regions, singular - region); Dakar, Diourbel, Fatick, Kaolack, - Kolda, Louga, Saint-Louis, Tambacounda, Thies, Ziguinchor -Independence: - 20 August 1960 (from France); The Gambia and Senegal signed an agreement on - 12 December 1981 (effective 1 February 1982) that called for the creation of - a loose confederation to be known as Senegambia, but the agreement was - dissolved on 30 September 1989 -Constitution: - 3 March 1963, last revised in 1991 -Legal system: - based on French civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts in - Supreme Court, which also audits the government's accounting office; has not - accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Independence Day, 4 April (1960) -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Abdou DIOUF (since 1 January 1981) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Habib THIAM (since 7 April 1991) -Political parties and leaders: - Socialist Party (PS), President Abdou DIOUF; Senegalese Democratic Party - (PDS), Abdoulaye WADE; 13 other small uninfluential parties -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - President: - last held 28 February 1988 (next to be held NA February 1993); results - - Abdou DIOUF (PS) 73%, Abdoulaye WADE (PDS) 26%, other 1% - National Assembly: - last held 28 February 1988 (next to be held NA February 1993); results - PS - 71%, PDS 25%, other 4%; seats - (120 total) PS 103, PDS 17 -Other political or pressure groups: - students, teachers, labor, Muslim Brotherhoods -Member of: - ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, - ICAO, ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO - (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, - UNIIMOG, UPU, WADB, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Ibra Deguene KA; Chancery at 2112 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, - DC 20008; telephone (202) 234-0540 or 0541 - US: - Ambassador Katherine SHIRLEY; Embassy on Avenue Jean XXIII at the corner of - Avenue Kleber, Dakar (mailing address is B. P. 49, Dakar); telephone [221] - 23-42-96 or 23-34-24; FAX [221] 22-29-91 - -:Senegal Government - -Flag: - three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red with a - small green five-pointed star centered in the yellow band; uses the popular - pan-African colors of Ethiopia - -:Senegal Economy - -Overview: - The agricultural sector accounts for about 20% of GDP and provides - employment for about 75% of the labor force. About 40% of the total - cultivated land is used to grow peanuts, an important export crop. The - principal economic resource is fishing, which brought in about $200 million - or about 25% of total foreign exchange earnings in 1987. Mining is dominated - by the extraction of phosphate, but production has faltered because of - reduced worldwide demand for fertilizers in recent years. Over the past 10 - years tourism has become increasingly important to the economy. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $5.0 billion, per capita $615; real growth rate - 3.6% (1990) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 2.0% (1990) -Unemployment rate: - 3.5% (1987) -Budget: - revenues $921 million; expenditures $1,024 million; including capital - expenditures of $14 million (FY89 est.) -Exports: - $814 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) - commodities: - manufactures 30%, fish products 27%, peanuts 11%, petroleum products 11%, - phosphates 10% - partners: - France, other EC members, Mali, Ivory Coast, India -Imports: - $1.05 billion (c.i.f., 1990 est.) - commodities: - semimanufactures 30%, food 27%, durable consumer goods 17%, petroleum 12%, - capital goods 14% - partners: - France, other EC, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Algeria, China, Japan -External debt: - $2.9 billion (1990) -Industrial production: - growth rate 4.7% (1989); accounts for 15% of GDP -Electricity: - 215,000 kW capacity; 760 million kWh produced, 100 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - agricultural and fish processing, phosphate mining, petroleum refining, - building materials -Agriculture: - including fishing, accounts for 20% of GDP and more than 75% of labor force; - major products - peanuts (cash crop), millet, corn, sorghum, rice, cotton, - tomatoes, green vegetables; estimated two-thirds self-sufficient in food; - fish catch of 299,000 metric tons in 1987 -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $551 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $5.23 billion; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $589 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $295 - million -Currency: - Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural - francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF) - = 100 centimes -Exchange rates: - Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 269.01 (January - 1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 - (1987) - -:Senegal Economy - -Fiscal year: - 1 July - 30 June; note - in January 1993, Senegal will switch to a calendar - year - -:Senegal Communications - -Railroads: - 1,034 km 1.000-meter gauge; all single track except 70 km double track Dakar - to Thies -Highways: - 14,007 km total; 3,777 km paved, 10,230 km laterite or improved earth -Inland waterways: - 897 km total; 785 km on the Senegal, 112 km on the Saloum -Ports: - Dakar, Kaolack, Foundiougne, Ziguinchor -Merchant marine: - 2 ships (1,000 GRT and over) totaling 7,676 GRT/12,310 DWT; includes 1 - cargo, 1 bulk -Civil air: - 3 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 25 total, 19 usable; 10 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways - over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 15 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - above-average urban system, using microwave and cable; broadcast stations - - 8 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 3 submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth - station - -:Senegal Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie, National Police -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 1,814,452; 947,723 fit for military service; 88,271 reach - military age (18) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $100 million, 2% of GDP (1989 est.) - -:Serbia and Montenegro Geography - -Total area: - 102,350 km2 -Land area: - 102,136 km2: note - Serbia has a total area and a land area of 88,412 km2 - while Montenegro has a total area of 13,938 km2 and a land area of 13,724 - km2 -Comparative area: - slightly larger than Kentucky; note - Serbia is slightly larger than Maine - while Montenegro is slightly larger than Connecticut -Land boundaries: - 2,234 km total; Albania 287 km (114 km with Serbia, 173 km with Montenegro), - Bosnia and Hercegovina 527 km (312 km with Serbia, 215 km with Montenegro), - Bulgaria 318 km, Croatia (north) 239 km, Croatia (south) 15 km, Hungary 151 - km, Macedonia 221 km, Romania 476 km; note - the internal boundary between - Montenegro and Serbia is 211 km -Coastline: - 199 km; Montenegro 199 km, Serbia 0 km -Maritime claims: - none - landlocked - Contiguous zone: - NA nm - Continental shelf: - NA meter depth - Exclusive fishing zone: - NA nm - Exclusive economic zone: - NA nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - Sandzak region bordering northern Montenegro and southeastern Serbia - - Muslims seeking autonomy; Vojvodina taken from Hungary and awarded to the - former Yugoslavia (Serbia) by Treaty of Trianon in 1920; disputes with - Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia over Serbian populated areas; Albanian - minority in Kosovo seeks independence from Serbian Republic -Climate: - in the north, continental climate - cold winter and hot, humid summers with - well distributed rainfall; central portion, continental and Mediterranean - climate; to the south, Adriatic climate along the coast, hot, dry summers - and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall inland -Terrain: - extremely varied; to the north, rich fertile plains; to the east, limestone - ranges and basins; to the southeast, ancient mountain and hills; to the - southwest, extremely high shoreline with no islands off the coast; home of - largest lake in former Yugoslavia, Lake Scutari -Natural resources: - oil, gas, coal, antimony, copper, lead, zinc, nickel, gold, pyrite, chrome -Land use: - arable land 30%; permanent crops 5%; meadows and pastures 20%; forest and - woodland 25%; other 20%; includes irrigated 5% -Environment: - coastal water pollution from sewage outlets, especially in tourist related - areas such as Kotor; air pollution around Belgrade and other industrial - cities; water pollution along Danube from industrial waste dump into the - Sava which drains into the Danube; subject to destructive earthquakes -Note: - controls one of the major land routes from Western Europe to Turkey and the - Near East; strategic location along the Adriatic coast - -:Serbia and Montenegro People - -Population: - 10,642,000 (July 1992), growth rate NA% (1991) -Birth rate: - NA births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - NA deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - NA migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - NA deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - Serbia - 70.11 years male, 75.21 years female (1992); Montenegro - 76.33 - years male, 82.27 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - NA children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Serbian(s) and Montenegrin(s); adjective - Serbian and Montenegrin -Ethnic divisions: - Serbs 63%, Albanians 14%, Montenegrins 6%, Hungarians 4% -Religions: - Orthodox 65%, Muslim 19%, Roman Catholic 4%, Protestant 1%, other 11% -Languages: - Serbo-Croatian 100% -Literacy: - 89% (male 95%, female 83%) age 10 and over can read and write (1991 est.) -Labor force: - 2,640,909; industry, mining 40%, agriculture 5% (1990) -Organized labor: - NA - -:Serbia and Montenegro Government - -Long-form name: - none -Type: - republic -Capital: - Belgrade -Administrative divisions: - 2 provinces (pokajine, singular - pokajina); and 2 automous provinces*; - Kosovo*, Montenegro, Serbia, Vojvodina* -Independence: - NA April 1992 -Constitution: - NA April 1992 -Legal system: - based on civil law system -National holiday: - NA -Executive branch: - president, vice president, prime minister, deputy prime minister -Legislative branch: - Parliament -Judicial branch: - NA -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Dobric COSIC (since NA), Vice President Branko KOSTIC (since July - 1991); note - Slobodan MILOSEVIC is president of Serbia - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Milan PANIC (since 14 July 1992), Deputy Prime Minister - Aleksandr MITROVIC (since March 1989) -Political parties and leaders: - former Communisty Party, Slobodan MILOSEVIC; Serbian Radical Party, Vojislav - SESELJ; Serbian Renewal Party, Vok DRASKOVIC -Suffrage: - at age 16 if employed, universal at age 18 -Elections: - President: - NA - Parliament: - last held 4 June 1992 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by - party NA; seats - (138 total) former Community Party 73, Radical Party 33, - other 32 -Communists: - NA -Other political or pressure groups: - NA -Member of: - CSCE, UN -Diplomatic representation: - none; US does not recognize Serbia and Montenegro -Flag: - NA - -:Serbia and Montenegro Economy - -Overview: - The swift collapse of the Yugoslav federation has been accompanied by bloody - ethnic warfare, the destabilization of republic boundaries, and the breakup - of important interrepublic trade flows. The situation in Serbia and - Montenegro remains fluid in view of the extensive political and military - strife. This new state faces major economic problems. First, like the other - former Yugoslav republics, Serbia and Montenegro depended on their sister - republics for large amounts of foodstuffs, energy supplies, and - manufactures. Wide varieties in climate, mineral resources, and levels of - technology among the six republics accentuated this interdependence, as did - the Communist practice of concentrating much industrial output in a small - number of giant plants. The breakup of many of the trade links, the sharp - drop in output as industrial plants lost suppliers and markets, and the - destruction of physical assets in the fighting all have contributed to the - economic difficulties of the republics. One singular factor in the economic - situation of Serbia and Montenegro is the continuation in office of a - Communist government that is primarily interested in political and military - mastery, not economic reform. A further complication is the major economic - sanctions by the leading industrial nations. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $44 billion, per capita $4,200; real growth rate - NA% (1990) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 60% per month -Unemployment rate: - 25-40% -Budget: - NA -Exports: - $4.4 billion (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - machinery and transport equipment 29%, manufactured goods 28.5%, - miscellaneous manufactured articles 13.5%, chemicals 11%, food and live - animals 9%, raw materials 6%, fuels and lubricants 2%, beverages and tobacco - 1% - partners: - principally the other former Yugoslav republics; Italy, Germany, other EC, - the former USSR, East European countries, US -Imports: - $6.4 billion (c.i.f., 1990) - commodities: - machinery and transport equipment 26%, fuels and lubricants 18%, - manufactured goods 16%, chemicals 12.5%, food and live animals 11%, - miscellaneous manufactured items 8%, raw materials, including coking coal - for the steel industry, 7%, beverages, tobacco, and edible oils 1.5% - partners: - principally the other former Yugoslav republics; the former USSR, EC - countries (mainly Italy and Germany), East European countries, US -External debt: - $4.2 billion (may assume some part of foreign debt of former Yugoslavia) -Industrial production: - growth rate -20% or greater (1991 est.) -Electricity: - 8,633,000 kW capacity; 34,600 million kWh produced, 3,496 kWh per capita - (1991) - -:Serbia and Montenegro Economy - -Industries: - machine building (aircraft, trucks, and automobiles; armored vehicles and - weapons; electrical equipment; agricultural machinery), metallurgy (steel, - aluminum, copper, lead, zinc, chromium, antimony, bismuth, cadmium), mining - (coal, bauxite, nonferrous ore, iron ore, limestone), consumer goods - (textiles, footwear, foodstuffs, appliances), electronics, petroleum - products, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals -Agriculture: - the fertile plains of Vojvodina produce 80% of the cereal production of the - former Yugoslavia and most of the cotton, oilseeds, and chicory; Vojvodina - also produces fodder crops to support intensive beef and dairy production; - Serbia proper, although hilly, has a well-distributed rainfall and a long - growing season; produces fruit, grapes, and cereals; in this area, livestock - production (sheep and cattle) and dairy farming prosper; Kosovo province - produces fruits, vegetables, tobacco, and a small amount of cereals; the - mountainous pastures of Kosovo and Montenegro support sheep and goat - husbandry; Montenegro has only a small agriculture sector, mostly near the - coast where a Mediterranean climate permits the culture of olives, citrus, - grapes, and rice -Illicit drugs: - NA -Economic aid: - NA -Currency: - Yugoslav New Dinar (plural - New Dinars); 1 Yugo New Dinar (YD) = 100 paras -Exchange rates: - Yugoslav New Dinars (YD) per US $1 - 28.230 (December 1991), 15.162 (1990), - 15.528 (1989), 0.701 (1988), 0.176 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Serbia and Montenegro Communications - -Railroads: - NA -Highways: - 46,019 km total (1990); 26,949 km paved, 10,373 km gravel, 8,697 km earth -Inland waterways: - NA km -Pipelines: - crude oil 415 km, petroleum products 130 km, natural gas 2,110 km -Ports: - maritime - Bar; inland - Belgrade -Merchant marine: - 43 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 866,915 GRT/1,449,094 DWT; includes 19 - cargo, 5 container, 16 bulk carriers, 2 combination/ore carrier and 1 - passenger ship, under Serbian and Montenegrin flag; note - Montenegro also - operates 3 bulk carriers under the flags of Panama and Saint Vincent and the - Grenadines -Civil air: - NA -Airports: - NA -Telecommunications: - 700,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 26 AM, 9 FM, 18 TV; 2,015,000 - radios; 1,000,000 TVs; satellite ground stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT - -:Serbia and Montenegro Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, and Air Forces -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 2,545,357; NA fit for military service; 96,832 reach military - age (18) annually (est.) -Defense expenditures: - $NA, NA% of GDP - -:Seychelles Geography - -Total area: - 455 km2 -Land area: - 455 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly more than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 491 km -Maritime claims: - Continental shelf: - edge of continental margin or 200 nm - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - claims Tromelin Island -Climate: - tropical marine; humid; cooler season during southeast monsoon (late May to - September); warmer season during northwest monsoon (March to May) -Terrain: - Mahe Group is granitic, narrow coastal strip, rocky, hilly; others are - coral, flat, elevated reefs -Natural resources: - fish, copra, cinnamon trees -Land use: - arable land 4%; permanent crops 18%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and - woodland 18%; other 60% -Environment: - lies outside the cyclone belt, so severe storms are rare; short droughts - possible; no fresh water - catchments collect rain; 40 granitic and about 50 - coralline islands -Note: - located north-northeast of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean - -:Seychelles People - -Population: - 69,519 (July 1992), growth rate 0.8% (1992) -Birth rate: - 23 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - -8 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 15 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 65 years male, 75 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 2.4 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Seychellois (singular and plural); adjective - Seychelles -Ethnic divisions: - Seychellois (mixture of Asians, Africans, Europeans) -Religions: - Roman Catholic 90%, Anglican 8%, other 2% -Languages: - English and French (official); Creole -Literacy: - 85% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990) -Labor force: - 27,700; industry and commerce 31%, services 21%, government 20%, - agriculture, forestry, and fishing 12%, other 16% (1985); 57% of population - of working age (1983) -Organized labor: - three major trade unions - -:Seychelles Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Seychelles -Type: - republic -Capital: - Victoria -Administrative divisions: - 23 administrative districts; Anse aux Pins, Anse Boileau, Anse Etoile, Anse - Louis, Anse Royale, Baie Lazare, Baie Sainte Anne, Beau Vallon, Bel Air, Bel - Ombre, Cascade, Glacis, Grand' Anse (on Mahe Island), Grand' Anse (on - Praslin Island), La Digue, La Riviere Anglaise, Mont Buxton, Mont Fleuri, - Plaisance, Pointe La Rue, Port Glaud, Saint Louis, Takamaka -Independence: - 29 June 1976 (from UK) -Constitution: - 5 June 1979 -Legal system: - based on English common law, French civil law, and customary law -National holiday: - Liberation Day (anniversary of coup), 5 June (1977) -Executive branch: - president, Council of Ministers -Legislative branch: - unicameral People's Assembly (Assemblee du Peuple) -Judicial branch: - Court of Appeal, Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President France Albert RENE (since 5 June 1977) -Political parties and leaders: - ruling party - Seychelles People's Progressive Front (SPPF), France Albert - RENE; note - in December 1991, President RENE announced that the Seychelles - would begin an immediate transition to a multiparty political system; - registration of new political parties was scheduled to begin in January 1992 -Suffrage: - universal at age 17 -Elections: - election of delegates to a multiparty constitutional conference is scheduled - for June 1992 - President: - last held 9-11 June 1989 (next to be held NA June 1994); results - President - France Albert RENE reelected without opposition - People's Assembly: - last held 5 December 1987 (next to be held NA December 1992); results - SPPF - was the only legal party; seats - (25 total, 23 elected) SPPF 23 -Other political or pressure groups: - trade unions, Roman Catholic Church -Member of: - ACCT, ACP, AfDB, C, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, - IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO -Diplomatic representation: - Second Secretary, Charge d'Affaires ad interim Marc R. MARENGO; Chancery - (temporary) at 820 Second Avenue, Suite 900F, New York, NY 10017; telephone - (212) 687-9766 - US: - Ambassador Richard W. CARLSON; Embassy at 4th Floor, Victoria House, - Victoria (mailing address is Box 148, Victoria, and Victoria House, Box 251, - Victoria, Mahe, Seychelles, or APO AE 09815-2501); telephone (248) 25256; - FAX (248) 25189 - -:Seychelles Government - -Flag: - three horizontal bands of red (top), white (wavy), and green; the white band - is the thinnest, the red band is the thickest - -:Seychelles Economy - -Overview: - In this small, open, tropical island economy, the tourist industry employs - about 30% of the labor force and provides more than 70% of hard currency - earnings. In recent years the government has encouraged foreign investment - in order to upgrade hotels and other services. At the same time, the - government has moved to reduce the high dependence on tourism by promoting - the development of farming, fishing, and small-scale manufacturing. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $350 million, per capita $5,200; real growth rate - -4.5% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 1.8% (1990 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 9% (1987) -Budget: - revenues $180 million; expenditures $202 million, including capital - expenditures of $32 million (1989) -Exports: - $40 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) - commodities: - fish, copra, cinnamon bark, petroleum products (reexports) - partners: - France 63%, Pakistan 12%, Reunion 10%, UK 7% (1987) -Imports: - $186 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) - commodities: - manufactured goods, food, tobacco, beverages, machinery and transportation - equipment, petroleum products - partners: - UK 20%, France 14%, South Africa 13%, PDRY 13%, Singapore 8%, Japan 6% - (1987) -External debt: - $189 million (1991 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 7% (1987); accounts for 10% of GDP -Electricity: - 30,000 kW capacity; 80 million kWh produced, 1,160 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - tourism, processing of coconut and vanilla, fishing, coir rope factory, boat - building, printing, furniture, beverage -Agriculture: - accounts for 7% of GDP, mostly subsistence farming; cash crops - coconuts, - cinnamon, vanilla; other products - sweet potatoes, cassava, bananas; - broiler chickens; large share of food needs imported; expansion of tuna - fishing under way -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY78-89), $26 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1978-89), $315 million; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $5 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $60 - million -Currency: - Seychelles rupee (plural - rupees); 1 Seychelles rupee (SRe) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - Seychelles rupees (SRe) per US$1 - 5.2946 (March 1992), 5.2893 (1991), - 5.3369 (1990), 5.6457 (1989), 5.3836 (1988), 5.6000 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Seychelles Communications - -Highways: - 260 km total; 160 km paved, 100 km crushed stone or earth -Ports: - Victoria -Merchant marine: - 1 refrigerated cargo totaling 1,827 GRT/2,170 DWT -Civil air: - 1 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 14 total, 14 usable; 8 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways - over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; none with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - direct radio communications with adjacent islands and African coastal - countries; 13,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, 2 TV; 1 - Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station; USAF tracking station - -:Seychelles Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force, Presidential Protection Unit, Police Force, Militia -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 17,739; 9,096 fit for military service -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $12 million, 4% of GDP (1990 est.) - -:Sierra Leone Geography - -Total area: - 71,740 km2 -Land area: - 71,620 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly smaller than South Carolina -Land boundaries: - 958 km total; Guinea 652 km, Liberia 306 km -Coastline: - 402 km -Maritime claims: - Territorial sea: - 200 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; hot, humid; summer rainy season (May to December); winter dry - season (December to April) -Terrain: - coastal belt of mangrove swamps, wooded hill country, upland plateau, - mountains in east -Natural resources: - diamonds, titanium ore, bauxite, iron ore, gold, chromite -Land use: - arable land 25%; permanent crops 2%; meadows and pastures 31%; forest and - woodland 29%; other 13%; includes irrigated NEGL% -Environment: - extensive mangrove swamps hinder access to sea; deforestation; soil - degradation - -:Sierra Leone People - -Population: - 4,456,737 (July 1992), growth rate -0.2% (1992) -Birth rate: - 46 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 20 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - -28 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 148 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 43 years male, 48 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 6.1 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Sierra Leonean(s); adjective - Sierra Leonean -Ethnic divisions: - native African 99% (Temne 30%, Mende 30%); Creole, European, Lebanese, and - Asian 1%; 13 tribes -Religions: - Muslim 30%, indigenous beliefs 30%, Christian 10%, other or none 30% -Languages: - English (official); regular use limited to literate minority; principal - vernaculars are Mende in south and Temne in north; Krio is the language of - the resettled ex-slave population of the Freetown area and is lingua franca -Literacy: - 21% (male 31%, female 11%) age 15 and over can read and write English, - Mende, Temne, or Arabic (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 1,369,000 (est.); agriculture 65%, industry 19%, services 16% (1981); only - about 65,000 earn wages (1985); 55% of population of working age -Organized labor: - 35% of wage earners - -:Sierra Leone Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Sierra Leone -Type: - military government -Capital: - Freetown -Administrative divisions: - Western Area and 3 provinces; Eastern, Northern, Southern -Independence: - 27 April 1961 (from UK) -Constitution: - 1 October 1991; amended September 1991 -Legal system: - based on English law and customary laws indigenous to local tribes; has not - accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Republic Day, 27 April (1961) -Executive branch: - National Provisional Ruling Council -Legislative branch: - unicameral House of Representatives (suspended after coup of 29 April 1992) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court (suspended after coup of 29 April 1992) -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Gen. Joseph Saidu MOMOH was ousted in coup of 29 April 1992; - succeeded by Chairman of the National Provisional Ruling Council Valentine - STRASSER (since 29 April 1992) -Political parties and leaders: - status of existing political parties are unknown following 29 April 1992 - coup -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - suspended after 29 April 1992 coup; Chairman STRASSER promises multi-party - elections sometime in the future -Member of: - ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, - IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, - OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador (vacant); Chancery at 1701 19th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009; - telephone (202) 939-9261 - US: - Ambassador Johnny YOUNG; Embassy at the corner of Walpole and Siaka Stevens - Street, Freetown; telephone [232] (22) 226-481; FAX [232] (22) 225471 -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of light green (top), white, and light blue - -:Sierra Leone Economy - -Overview: - The economic and social infrastructure is not well developed. Subsistence - agriculture dominates the economy, generating about one-third of GDP and - employing about two-thirds of the working population. Manufacturing, which - accounts for roughly 10% of GDP, consists mainly of the processing of raw - materials and of light manufacturing for the domestic market. Diamond mining - provides an important source of hard currency. The economy suffers from high - unemployment, rising inflation, large trade deficits, and a growing - dependency on foreign assistance. The government in 1990 was attempting to - get the budget deficit under control and, in general, to bring economic - policy in line with the recommendations of the IMF and the World Bank. Since - March 1991, however, military incursions by Liberian rebels in southern and - eastern Sierra Leone have severely strained the economy and have undermined - efforts to institute economic reforms. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $1.4 billion, per capita $330; real growth rate - 3% (FY91 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 110% (1990) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $134 million; expenditures $187 million, including capital - expenditures of $32 million (FY91 est.) -Exports: - $138 million (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - rutile 50%, bauxite 17%, cocoa 11%, diamonds 3%, coffee 3% - partners: - US, UK, Belgium, FRG, other Western Europe -Imports: - $146 million (c.i.f., 1990) - commodities: - capital goods 40%, food 32%, petroleum 12%, consumer goods 7%, light - industrial goods - partners: - US, EC, Japan, China, Nigeria -External debt: - $572 million (1990) -Industrial production: - NA -Electricity: - 85,000 kW capacity; 185 million kWh produced, 45 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - mining (diamonds, bauxite, rutile), small-scale manufacturing (beverages, - textiles, cigarettes, footwear), petroleum refinery -Agriculture: - accounts for over 30% of GDP and two-thirds of the labor force; largely - subsistence farming; cash crops - coffee, cocoa, palm kernels; harvests of - food staple rice meets 80% of domestic needs; annual fish catch averages - 53,000 metric tons -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $161 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $848 million; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $18 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $101 - million -Currency: - leone (plural - leones); 1 leone (Le) = 100 cents - -:Sierra Leone Economy - -Exchange rates: - leones (Le) per US$1 - 476.74 (March 1992), 295.34 (1991), 144.9275 (1990), - 58.1395 (1989), 31.2500 (1988), 30.7692 (1987) -Fiscal year: - 1 July - 30 June - -:Sierra Leone Communications - -Railroads: - 84 km 1.067-meter narrow-gauge mineral line is used on a limited basis - because the mine at Marampa is closed -Highways: - 7,400 km total; 1,150 km paved, 490 km laterite (some gravel), remainder - improved earth -Inland waterways: - 800 km; 600 km navigable year round -Ports: - Freetown, Pepel, Bonthe -Merchant marine: - 1 cargo ship totaling 5,592 GRT/9,107 DWT -Civil air: - no major transport aircraft -Airports: - 12 total, 7 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over - 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - marginal telephone and telegraph service; national microwave system - unserviceable at present; 23,650 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 1 - FM, 1 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -:Sierra Leone Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, National Police Force, Special Security Detachment -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 976,147; 472,112 fit for military service; no conscription -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $6 million, 0.7% of GDP (1988 est.) - -:Singapore Geography - -Total area: - 632.6 km2 -Land area: - 622.6 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 193 km -Maritime claims: - Exclusive fishing zone: - 12 nm - Territorial sea: - 3 nm -Disputes: - two islands in dispute with Malaysia -Climate: - tropical; hot, humid, rainy; no pronounced rainy or dry seasons; - thunderstorms occur on 40% of all days (67% of days in April) -Terrain: - lowland; gently undulating central plateau contains water catchment area and - nature preserve -Natural resources: - fish, deepwater ports -Land use: - arable land 4%; permanent crops 7%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and - woodland 5%; other 84% -Environment: - mostly urban and industrialized -Note: - focal point for Southeast Asian sea routes - -:Singapore People - -Population: - 2,792,092 (July 1992), growth rate 1.3% (1992) -Birth rate: - 18 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 6 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 73 years male, 78 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 1.9 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Singaporean(s); adjective - Singapore -Ethnic divisions: - Chinese 76.4%, Malay 14.9%, Indian 6.4%, other 2.3% -Religions: - majority of Chinese are Buddhists or atheists; Malays are nearly all Muslim - (minorities include Christians, Hindus, Sikhs, Taoists, Confucianists) -Languages: - Chinese, Malay, Tamil, and English (all official); Malay (national) -Literacy: - 88% (male 93%, female 84%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 1,485,800; financial, business, and other services 30.2%, manufacturing - 28.4%, commerce 22.0%, construction 9.0%, other 10.4% (1990) -Organized labor: - 210,000; 16.1% of labor force (1989) - -:Singapore Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Singapore -Type: - republic within Commonwealth -Capital: - Singapore -Administrative divisions: - none -Independence: - 9 August 1965 (from Malaysia) -Constitution: - 3 June 1959, amended 1965; based on preindependence State of Singapore - Constitution -Legal system: - based on English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - National Day, 9 August (1965) -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, two deputy prime ministers, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral Parliament -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President WEE Kim Wee (since 3 September 1985) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister GOH Chok Tong (since 28 November 1990); Deputy Prime Minister - LEE Hsien Loong (since 28 November 1990); Deputy Prime Ministers ONG Teng - Cheong (since 2 January 1985) and LEE Hsien Loong -Political parties and leaders: - government: - People's Action Party (PAP), LEE Kuan Yew, secretary general; - opposition: - Workers' Party (WP), J. B. JEYARETNAM; Singapore Democratic Party (SDP), - CHIAM See Tong; National Solidarity Party (NSP), leader NA; Barisan Sosialis - (BS, Socialist Front), leader NA -Suffrage: - universal and compulsory at age 20 -Elections: - President: - last held 31 August 1989 (next to be held NA August 1993); results - - President WEE Kim Wee was reelected by Parliament without opposition - Parliament: - last held 31 August 1991 (next to be held 31 August 1996); results - percent - of vote by party NA; seats - (81 total) PAP 77, SDP 3, WP 1 -Communists: - 200-500; Barisan Sosialis infiltrated by Communists; note - Communist party - illegal -Member of: - APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, C, CCC, CP, ESCAP, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, - ICFTU, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, - LORCS, NAM, UN, UNCTAD, UPU, WHO, WMO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador S. R. NATHAN; Chancery at 1824 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20009; - telephone (202) 667-7555 - US: - Ambassador Robert D. ORR; Embassy at 30 Hill Street, Singapore 0617 (mailing - address is FPO AP 96534); telephone [65] 338-0251; FAX [65] 338-4550 - -:Singapore Government - -Flag: - two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; near the hoist side of - the red band, there is a vertical, white crescent (closed portion is toward - the hoist side) partially enclosing five white five-pointed stars arranged - in a circle - -:Singapore Economy - -Overview: - Singapore has an open entrepreneurial economy with strong service and - manufacturing sectors and excellent international trading links derived from - its entrepot history. During the 1970s and early 1980s, the economy expanded - rapidly, achieving an average annual growth rate of 9%. Per capita GDP is - among the highest in Asia. The economy grew at a respectable 6.5% in 1991, - down from 8.3% in 1990, in part because of a slowdown in overseas demand and - lower growth in the financial and business services sector. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $38.3 billion, per capita $13,900; real growth - rate 6.5% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 3.4% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 1.5% (1991 est.) -Budget: - revenues $9.8 billion; expenditures $9.0 billion, including capital - expenditures of $2.8 billion (FY91 est.) -Exports: - $57.8 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) - commodities: - includes transshipments to Malaysia - petroleum products, rubber, - electronics, manufactured goods - partners: - US 20%, Malaysia 15%, Japan 9%, Hong Kong 7%, Thailand 6% -Imports: - $65.8 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.) - commodities: - includes transshipments from Malaysia - capital equipment, petroleum, - chemicals, manufactured goods, foodstuffs - partners: - Japan 21%, US 16%, Malaysia 15%, Taiwan 4% -External debt: - $3.8 billion (1991 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 9% (1991 est.); accounts for 29% of GDP (1990) -Electricity: - 4,000,000 kW capacity; 14,400 million kWh produced, 5,300 kWh per capita - (1990) -Industries: - petroleum refining, electronics, oil drilling equipment, rubber processing - and rubber products, processed food and beverages, ship repair, entrepot - trade, financial services, biotechnology -Agriculture: - occupies a position of minor importance in the economy; self-sufficient in - poultry and eggs; must import much of other food; major crops - rubber, - copra, fruit, vegetables -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-83), $590 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.0 billion -Currency: - Singapore dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Singapore dollar (S$) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - Singapore dollars (S$) per US$1 - 1.6596 (March 1992), 1.7276 (1991), 1.8125 - (1990), 1.9503 (1989), 2.0124 (1988), 2.1060 (1987) -Fiscal year: - 1 April - 31 March - -:Singapore Communications - -Railroads: - 38 km of 1.000-meter gauge -Highways: - 2,597 km total (1984) -Ports: - Singapore -Merchant marine: - 468 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 8,751,619 GRT/14,195,718 DWT; - includes 1 passenger-cargo, 126 cargo, 74 container, 7 roll-on/roll-off - cargo, 5 refrigerated cargo, 18 vehicle carrier, 1 livestock carrier, 144 - petroleum tanker, 5 chemical tanker, 4 combination ore/oil, 1 specialized - tanker, 5 liquefied gas, 74 bulk, 2 combination bulk, 1 short-sea passenger; - note - many Singapore flag ships are foreign owned -Civil air: - 38 major transport aircraft (est.) -Airports: - 10 total, 10 usable; 10 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over - 3,659 m; 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - good domestic facilities; good international service; good radio and - television broadcast coverage; 1,110,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 13 - AM, 4 FM, 2 TV; submarine cables extend to Malaysia (Sabah and peninsular - Malaysia), Indonesia, and the Philippines; satellite earth stations - 1 - Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT - -:Singapore Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force, People's Defense Force, Police Force -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 847,435; 626,914 fit for military service -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $1.7 billion, 4% of GDP (1990 est.) - -:Slovenia Geography - -Total area: - 20,296 km2 -Land area: - 20,296 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly larger than New Jersey -Land boundaries: - 998 km total; Austria 262 km, Croatia 455 km, Italy 199 km, Hungary 83 km -Coastline: - 32 km -Maritime claims: - Contiguous zone: - NA nm - Continental shelf: - 200 m or to depth of exploitation - Exclusive economic zone: - NA nm - Exclusive fishing zone: - NA nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - dispute with Croatia over fishing rights in the Adriatic; small vocal - minority in northern Italy seeks the return of parts of southwestern - Slovenia -Climate: - Mediterranean climate on the coast, continental climate with mild to hot - summers and cold winters in the plateaus and valleys to the east -Terrain: - a short coastal strip on the Adriatic, an alpine mountain region adjacent to - Italy, mixed mountain and valleys with numerous rivers to the east -Natural resources: - lignite coal, lead, zinc, mercury, uranium, silver -Land use: - arable land 10%; permanent crops 2%; meadows and pastures 20%; forest and - woodland 45%; other 23%; includes irrigated 1% -Environment: - Sava River polluted with domestic and industrial waste; heavy metals and - toxic chemicals along coastal waters; near Koper, forest damage from air - pollutants originating at metallurgical and chemical plants; subject to - flooding and earthquakes - -:Slovenia People - -Population: - 1,963,000 (July 1992), growth rate 0.2% (1992) -Birth rate: - NA births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - NA deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - NA migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - NA deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 70 years male, 78 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - NA children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Slovene(s); adjective - Slovenia -Ethnic divisions: - Slovene 91%, Croat 3%, Serb 2%, Muslim 1%, other 3% -Religions: - Roman Catholic 94%, Orthodox Catholic 2%, Muslim 1%, other 3% -Languages: - Slovenian 91%, Serbo-Croatian 7%, other 2% -Literacy: - 99.2% (male 99.3%, female 99.1%) age 10 and over can read and write -Labor force: - 786,036; 2% agriculture, manufacturing and mining 46% -Organized labor: - NA - -:Slovenia Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Slovenia -Type: - emerging democracy -Capital: - Ljubljana -Administrative divisions: - 62 provinces (pokajine, singular - pokajina) -Independence: - 25 June 1991; 15 January 1992 from Yugoslavia -Constitution: - adopted 23 December 1991, effective 23 December 1991 -Legal system: - based on civil law system -National holiday: - NA -Executive branch: - president, 4 vice presidents -Legislative branch: - bicameral; consists of the State Assembly and the State Council; note - will - take effect after next election -Judicial branch: - NA -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Milan KUCAN (since 22 April 1990); Vice President Matjaz KMECL - (since 11 April 1990); Vice President Ivan OMAN (since 11 April 1990); Vice - President Dusan PLUT (since 11 April 1990); Vice President Ciril ZLOBEC - (since 11 April 1990) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Janez DRNOVSEK (since 14 May 1992) -Political parties and leaders: - Christian Democratic, Lozje PETERLE, chairman; Liberal Democratic, Janez - DRNOVSEK, chairman; Social Democratic, Joze PUNIK, chairman; Socialist, - Viktor ZAKELJ, chairman; Greens, Dusan PLUT, chairman; National Democratic, - Rajko PIRNAT, chairman; Democratic Peoples Party, Marjan PODOBNIK, chairman; - Reformed Socialists (former Communist Party), Ciril RIBICIC, chairman -Suffrage: - at age 16 if employed, universal at age 18 -Elections: - President: - last held NA (next to be held NA) - State Assembly: - last held NA (next to be held NA); - State Council: - last held NA (next to be held NA) -Communists: - NA -Other political or pressure groups: - NA -Member of: - CSCE, IMF, UN -Diplomatic representation: - Representative Ernest PETRIC; Chancery at 1300 19th Street NW, Washington, - DC 20036; telephone (202) 828-1650 - US: - Ambassador Ignac GOLOB, Embassy at NA (mailing address is APO AE 09862); - telephone NA - -:Slovenia Government - -Flag: - a three color flag, white (hoist side), blue, and red of equal width with - the Slovenian seal (a shield with the image of Triglav in white against a - blue background at the center; beneath it are two wavy blue lines depicting - seas and rivers; around it, there are three six-sided stars arranged in an - inverted triangle); the seal is located in the upper hoist side of the flag - centered in the white and blue band - -:Slovenia Economy - -Overview: - Slovenia was by far the most prosperous of the old Yugoslav republics, with - a per capita income more than twice the Yugoslav average, indeed not far - below the levels in neighboring Austria and Italy. Because of its strong - ties to Western Europe and the small scale of damage during internecine - fighting in Yugoslavia, Slovenia has the brightest prospects among the - former Yugoslav republics for economic reform and recovery over the next few - years. The political and economic disintegration of Yugoslavia, however, has - led to severe short-term dislocations in production, employment, and trade - ties. For example, overall industrial production fell 10% in 1991; - particularly hard hit were the iron and steel, machine-building, chemical, - and textile industries. Meanwhile, fighting has continued in other republics - leading to further destruction of long-established trade channels and to an - influx of tens of thousands of Croatian refugees. As in other former - Communist areas in Eastern Europe, economic reform has often sputtered not - only because of the vested interests of old bosses in retaining old rules of - the game but also because of the tangible losses experienced by - rank-and-file people in the transition to a more market-oriented system. The - key program for breaking up and privatizing major industrial firms has not - yet begun. Bright spots for encouraging Western investors are Slovenia's - comparatively well-educated work force, its developed infrastructure, and - its Western business attitudes. Slovenia in absolute terms is a small - economy, and a little Western investment would go a long way. -GDP: - $21 billion, per capita $10,700; real growth rate -10% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 15-20% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 10% (April 1992) -Budget: - revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA -Exports: - $4,120 million (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - machinery and transport equipment 38%, other manufactured goods 44%, - chemicals 9%, food and live animals 4.6%, raw materials 3%, beverages and - tobacco less than 1% - partners: - principally the other former Yugoslav republics, Austria, and Italy -Imports: - $4,679 million (c.i.f., 1990) - commodities: - machinery and transport equipment 35%, other manufactured goods 26.7%, - chemicals 14.5%, raw materials 9.4%, fuels and lubricants 7%, food and live - animals 6% - partners: - principally the other former Yugoslav republics, Germany, former USSR, US, - Hungary, Italy, and Austria -External debt: - $2.5 billion -Industrial production: - industrial production has been declining at a rate of about 1% per month - (1991-92), mostly because of lost markets in the other former Yugoslav - republics -Electricity: - 2,900,000 kW capacity; 12,250 million kWh produced, 6,447 kWh per capita - (1991) - -:Slovenia Economy - -Industries: - ferrous metallurgy and rolling mill products, aluminum reduction and rolled - products, lead and zinc smelting, electronics (including military - electronics), trucks, electric power equipment, wood products, textiles, - chemicals, machine tools -Agriculture: - dominated by stock breeding (sheep and cattle) and dairy farming; main crops - are potatoes, hops, hemp, and flax; although self-sufficient and having an - export surplus in these commodities, Slovenia must import many other - agricultural products and has a negative overall trade balance in this - sector -Illicit drugs: - NA -Economic aid: - NA -Currency: - Slovene Tolar (plural - Tolars); 1 Tolar (SLT) = 100 NA -Exchange rates: - Tolars (SLT) per US$1 - 28 (January 1992) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Slovenia Communications - -Railroads: - NA -Highways: - 14,553 km total; 10,525 km paved, 4,028 km gravel -Inland waterways: - NA -Pipelines: - crude oil 290 km, natural gas 305 km -Ports: - maritime - Koper -Merchant marine: - 0 ships (1,000 GRT or over) are under Slovenian flag; note - Slovenian - owners control 21 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 334,995 GRT/558,621 - DWT; includes 14 bulk carriers and 7 general cargo ships all under Saint - Vincent and the Grenadines flag -Civil air: - NA major transport aircraft -Airports: - 3 main airports -Telecommunications: - 130,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 6 AM, 5 FM, 7 TV; 370,000 radios; - 330,000 TVs - -:Slovenia Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 444,030; NA fit for military service; 18,219 reach military age - (18) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - 13.5 billion Slovene Tolars, 4.5% of GDP (1992); - note - conversion of the military budget into US dollars using the current - exchange rate could produce misleading results - -:Solomon Islands Geography - -Total area: - 28,450 km2 -Land area: - 27,540 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly larger than Maryland -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 5,313 km -Maritime claims: - (measured from claimed archipelagic baselines) - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical monsoon; few extremes of temperature and weather -Terrain: - mostly rugged mountains with some low coral atolls -Natural resources: - fish, forests, gold, bauxite, phosphates -Land use: - arable land 1%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 1%; forest and - woodland 93%; other 4% -Environment: - subject to typhoons, which are rarely destructive; geologically active - region with frequent earth tremors -Note: - located just east of Papua New Guinea in the South Pacific Ocean - -:Solomon Islands People - -Population: - 360,010 (July 1992), growth rate 3.5% (1992) -Birth rate: - 40 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 30 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 67 years male, 72 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 6.0 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Solomon Islander(s); adjective - Solomon Islander -Ethnic divisions: - Melanesian 93.0%, Polynesian 4.0%, Micronesian 1.5%, European 0.8%, Chinese - 0.3%, other 0.4% -Religions: - almost all at least nominally Christian; Anglican 34%, Roman Catholic 19%, - Baptist 17%, United (Methodist/Presbyterian) 11%, Seventh-Day Adventist 10%, - other Protestant 5% -Languages: - 120 indigenous languages; Melanesian pidgin in much of the country is lingua - franca; English spoken by 1-2% of population -Literacy: - NA% (male NA%, female NA%) -Labor force: - 23,448 economically active; agriculture, forestry, and fishing 32.4%; - services 25%; construction, manufacturing, and mining 7.0%; commerce, - transport, and finance 4.7% (1984) -Organized labor: - NA, but most of the cash-economy workers have trade union representation - -:Solomon Islands Government - -Long-form name: - none -Type: - parliamentary democracy -Capital: - Honiara -Administrative divisions: - 7 provinces and 1 town*; Central, Guadalcanal, Honiara*, Isabel, Makira, - Malaita, Temotu, Western -Independence: - 7 July 1978 (from UK; formerly British Solomon Islands) -Constitution: - 7 July 1978 -Legal system: - common law -National holiday: - Independence Day, 7 July (1978) -Executive branch: - British monarch, governor general, prime minister, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral National Parliament -Judicial branch: - High Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General - Sir George LEPPING (since 27 June 1989, previously acted as governor general - since 7 July 1988) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Solomon MAMALONI (since 28 March 1989); Deputy Prime Minister - Sir Baddeley DEVESI (since NA October 1990) -Political parties and leaders: - People's Alliance Party (PAP); United Party (UP), leader NA; Solomon Islands - Liberal Party (SILP), Bartholemew ULUFA'ALU; Nationalist Front for Progress - (NFP), Andrew NORI; Labor Party (LP), Joses TUHANUKU -Suffrage: - universal at age 21 -Elections: - National Parliament: - last held 22 February 1989 (next to be held NA February 1993); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (38 total) PAP 13, UP 6, NFP 4, SILP 4, - LP 2, independents 9 -Member of: - ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, - IOC, ITU, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador (vacant) resides in Honiara (Solomon Islands) - US: - the ambassador in Papua New Guinea is accredited to the Solomon Islands; - Embassy at Mud Alley, Honiara (mailing address is American Embassy, P. O. - Box 561, Honiara); telephone (677) 23890; FAX (677) 23488 -Flag: - divided diagonally by a thin yellow stripe from the lower hoist-side corner; - the upper triangle (hoist side) is blue with five white five-pointed stars - arranged in an X pattern; the lower triangle is green - -:Solomon Islands Economy - -Overview: - About 90% of the population depend on subsistence agriculture, fishing, and - forestry for at least part of their livelihood. Agriculture, fishing, and - forestry contribute about 70% to GDP, with the fishing and forestry sectors - being important export earners. The service sector contributes about 25% to - GDP. Most manufactured goods and petroleum products must be imported. The - islands are rich in undeveloped mineral resources such as lead, zinc, - nickel, and gold. The economy suffered from a severe cyclone in mid-1986 - that caused widespread damage to the infrastructure. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $200 million, per capita $600; real growth rate - 6.0% (1990 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 10.2% (1990) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $44 million; expenditures $45 million, including capital - expenditures of $22 million (1989 est.) -Exports: - $67.3 million (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - fish 46%, timber 31%, copra 5%, palm oil 5% - partners: - Japan 51%, UK 12%, Thailand 9%, Netherlands 8%, Australia 2%, US 2% (1985) -Imports: - $86.0 million (c.i.f., 1990) - commodities: - plant and machinery 30%, fuel 19%, food 16% - partners: - Japan 36%, US 23%, Singapore 9%, UK 9%, NZ 9%, Australia 4%, Hong Kong 4%, - China 3% (1985) -External debt: - $128 million (1988 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 0% (1987); accounts for 5% of GDP -Electricity: - 21,000 kW capacity; 39 million kWh produced, 115 kWh per capita (1990) -Industries: - copra, fish (tuna) -Agriculture: - including fishing and forestry, accounts for about 70% of GDP; mostly - subsistence farming; cash crops - cocoa, beans, coconuts, palm kernels, - timber; other products - rice, potatoes, vegetables, fruit, cattle, pigs; - not self-sufficient in food grains; 90% of the total fish catch of 44,500 - metric tons was exported (1988) -Economic aid: - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-89), - $250 million -Currency: - Solomon Islands dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Solomon Islands dollar (SI$) = - 100 cents -Exchange rates: - Solomon Islands dollars (SI$) per US$1 - 2.8740 (March 1992), 2.7148 (1991), - 2.5288 (1990), 2.2932 (1989), 2.0825 (1988), 2.0033 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Solomon Islands Communications - -Highways: - about 2,100 km total (1982); 30 km paved, 290 km gravel, 980 km earth, 800 - private logging and plantation roads of varied construction -Ports: - Honiara, Ringi Cove -Civil air: - no major transport aircraft -Airports: - 33 total, 30 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways - over 2,439 m; 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - 3,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 4 AM, no FM, no TV; 1 Pacific Ocean - INTELSAT earth station - -:Solomon Islands Defense Forces - -Branches: - Police Force -Manpower availability: - NA -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP - -:Somalia Geography - -Total area: - 637,660 km2 -Land area: - 627,340 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly smaller than Texas -Land boundaries: - 2,340 km total; Djibouti 58 km, Ethiopia 1,600 km, Kenya 682 km -Coastline: - 3,025 km -Maritime claims: - Territorial sea: - 200 nm -Disputes: - southern half of boundary with Ethiopia is a Provisional Administrative - Line; territorial dispute with Ethiopia over the Ogaden; possible claims to - Djibouti and parts of Ethiopia and Kenya based on unification of ethnic - Somalis -Climate: - desert; northeast monsoon (December to February), cooler southwest monsoon - (May to October); irregular rainfall; hot, humid periods (tangambili) - between monsoons -Terrain: - mostly flat to undulating plateau rising to hills in north -Natural resources: - uranium and largely unexploited reserves of iron ore, tin, gypsum, bauxite, - copper, salt -Land use: - arable land 2%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 46%; forest and - woodland 14%; other 38%; includes irrigated 3% -Environment: - recurring droughts; frequent dust storms over eastern plains in summer; - deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification -Note: - strategic location on Horn of Africa along southern approaches to Bab el - Mandeb and route through Red Sea and Suez Canal - -:Somalia People - -Population: - 7,235,226 (July 1992), growth rate 2.1% (1992) -Birth rate: - 46 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 13 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - -12 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 115 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 56 years male, 57 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 7.1 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Somali(s); adjective - Somali -Ethnic divisions: - Somali 85%, rest mainly Bantu; Arabs 30,000, Europeans 3,000, Asians 800 -Religions: - almost entirely Sunni Muslim -Languages: - Somali (official); Arabic, Italian, English -Literacy: - 24% (male 36%, female 14%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 2,200,000; very few are skilled laborers; pastoral nomad 70%, agriculture, - government, trading, fishing, handicrafts, and other 30%; 53% of population - of working age (1985) -Organized labor: - General Federation of Somali Trade Unions was controlled by the government - prior to January 1991; the fall of SIAD regime may have led to collapse of - Trade Union organization - -:Somalia Government - -Long-form name: - none -Type: - none -Capital: - Mogadishu -Administrative divisions: - 16 regions (plural - NA, singular - gobolka); Bakool, Banaadir, Bari, Bay, - Galguduud, Gedo, Hiiraan, Jubbada Dhexe, Jubbada Hoose, Mudug, Nugaal, - Sanaag, Shabeellaha Dhexe, Shabeellaha Hoose, Togdheer, Woqooyi Galbeed -Independence: - 1 July 1960 (from a merger of British Somaliland, which became independent - from the UK on 26 June 1960, and Italian Somaliland, which became - independent from the Italian-administered UN trusteeship on 1 July 1960, to - form the Somali Republic) -Constitution: - 25 August 1979, presidential approval 23 September 1979 -National holiday: - NA -Executive branch: - president, two vice presidents, prime minister, Council of Ministers - (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral People's Assembly (Golaha Shacbiga) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Interim President ALI Mahdi Mohamed (since 27 January 1991) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister OMAR Arteh Ghalib (since 27 January 1991) -Political parties and leaders: - the United Somali Congress (USC) ousted the former regime on 27 January - 1991; note - formerly the only party was the Somali Revolutionary Socialist - Party (SRSP), headed by former President and Commander in Chief of the Army - Maj. Gen. Mohamed SIAD Barre -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - President: - last held 23 December 1986 (next to be held NA); results - President SIAD - was reelected without opposition - People's Assembly: - last held 31 December 1984 (next to be held NA); results - SRSP was the only - party; seats - (177 total, 171 elected) SRSP 171; note - the United Somali - Congress (USC) ousted the regime of Maj. Gen. Mohamed SIAD Barre on 27 - January 1991; the provisional government has promised that a democratically - elected government will be established -Member of: - ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, - IFC, IGADD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, - LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador (vacant); Chancery at Suite 710, 600 New Hampshire Avenue NW, - Washington, DC 20037; telephone (202) 342-1575; there is a Somali Consulate - General in New York; note - Somalian Embassy ceased operations on 8 May 1991 - -:Somalia Government - - US: - Ambassador (vacant); Embassy at K-7, AFGOI Road, Mogadishu (mailing address - is P. O. Box 574, Mogadishu); telephone [252] (01) 39971; note - US Embassy - evacuated and closed indefinitely in January 1991 -Flag: - light blue with a large white five-pointed star in the center; design based - on the flag of the UN (Italian Somaliland was a UN trust territory) - -:Somalia Economy - -Overview: - One of the world's poorest and least developed countries, Somalia has few - resources. Agriculture is the most important sector of the economy, with the - livestock sector accounting for about 40% of GDP and about 65% of export - earnings. Nomads and seminomads who are dependent upon livestock for their - livelihoods make up more than half of the population. Crop production - generates only 10% of GDP and employs about 20% of the work force. The main - export crop is bananas; sugar, sorghum, and corn are grown for the domestic - market. The small industrial sector is based on the processing of - agricultural products and accounts for less than 10% of GDP. Greatly - increased political turmoil in 1991-92 has resulted in a substantial drop in - output, with widespread famine a grim fact of life. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $1.7 billion, per capita $210; real growth rate - -1.4% (1988) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 210% (1989) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $190 million; expenditures $195 million, including capital - expenditures of $111 million (1989 est.) -Exports: - $58.0 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) - commodities: - bananas, livestock, fish, hides, skins - partners: - US 0.5%, Saudi Arabia, Italy, FRG (1986) -Imports: - $249 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.) - commodities: - petroleum products, foodstuffs, construction materials - partners: - US 13%, Italy, FRG, Kenya, UK, Saudi Arabia (1986) -External debt: - $1.9 billion (1989) -Industrial production: - growth rate -5.0% (1988); accounts for 5% of GDP -Electricity: - 75,000 kW capacity; 60 million kWh produced, 10 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - a few small industries, including sugar refining, textiles, petroleum - refining -Agriculture: - dominant sector, led by livestock raising (cattle, sheep, goats); crops - - bananas, sorghum, corn, mangoes, sugarcane; not self-sufficient in food; - fishing potential largely unexploited -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $639 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $3.8 billion; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $1.1 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $336 - million -Currency: - Somali shilling (plural - shillings); 1 Somali shilling (So. Sh.) = 100 - centesimi -Exchange rates: - Somali shillings (So. Sh.) per US$1 - 3,800.00 (December 1990), 490.7 - (1989), 170.45 (1988), 105.18 (1987), 72.00 (1986) - -:Somalia Economy - -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Somalia Communications - -Highways: - 15,215 km total; including 2,335 km paved, 2,880 km gravel, and 10,000 km - improved earth or stabilized soil (1983) -Pipelines: - crude oil 15 km -Ports: - Mogadishu, Berbera, Chisimayu, Bosaso -Merchant marine: - 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,913 GRT/8,718 DWT; includes 2 cargo, - 1 refrigerated cargo -Civil air: - 1 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 53 total, 40 usable; 7 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over - 3,659 m; 6 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 15 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - minimal telephone and telegraph service; microwave and troposcatter system - centered on Mogadishu connects a few towns; 6,000 telephones; broadcast - stations - 2 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station; - scheduled to receive an ARABSAT ground station - -:Somalia Defense Forces - -Branches: - NA -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 1,673,542; 942,153 fit for military service -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP - -:South Africa Geography - -Total area: - 1,221,040 km2 -Land area: - 1,221,040 km2; includes Walvis Bay, Marion Island, and Prince Edward Island -Comparative area: - slightly less than twice the size of Texas -Land boundaries: - 4,973 km total; Botswana 1,840 km, Lesotho 909 km, Mozambique 491 km, - Namibia 1,078 km, Swaziland 430 km, Zimbabwe 225 km -Coastline: - 2,881 km -Maritime claims: - Continental shelf: - 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation - Exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - claim by Namibia to Walvis Bay exclave and 12 offshore islands administered - by South Africa; South Africa and Namibia have agreed to jointly administer - the area for an interim period; the terms and dates to be covered by joint - administration arrangements have not been established at this time; and - Namibia will continue to maintain a claim to sovereignty over the entire - area -Climate: - mostly semiarid; subtropical along coast; sunny days, cool nights -Terrain: - vast interior plateau rimmed by rugged hills and narrow coastal plain -Natural resources: - gold, chromium, antimony, coal, iron ore, manganese, nickel, phosphates, - tin, uranium, gem diamonds, platinum, copper, vanadium, salt, natural gas -Land use: - arable land 10%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 65%; forest and - woodland 3%; other 21%; includes irrigated 1% -Environment: - lack of important arterial rivers or lakes requires extensive water - conservation and control measures -Note: - Walvis Bay is an exclave of South Africa in Namibia; South Africa completely - surrounds Lesotho and almost completely surrounds Swaziland - -:South Africa People - -Population: - 41,688,360 (July 1992), growth rate 2.6% (1992); includes the 10 so-called - homelands, which are not recognized by the US -Population: - four independent homelands: - Bophuthatswana 2,489,347, growth rate 2.86%; Ciskei 1,088,476, growth rate - 2.99%; Transkei 4,746,796, growth rate 4.13%; Venda 718,207, growth rate - 3.81% - six other homelands: - Gazankulu 803,806, growth rate 3.96%; Kangwane 597,783, growth rate 3.60%; - KwaNdebele 373,012, growth rate 3.40%; KwaZulu 5,748,950, growth rate 3.58%; - Lebowa 2,924,584, growth rate 3.90%; QwaQwa 288,155, growth rate 3.60% -Birth rate: - 34 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 50 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 62 years male, 67 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 4.4 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - South African(s); adjective - South African -Ethnic divisions: - black 75.2%, white 13.6%, Colored 8.6%, Indian 2.6% -Religions: - most whites and Coloreds and about 60% of blacks are Christian; about 60% of - Indians are Hindu; Muslim 20% -Languages: - Afrikaans, English (both official); many vernacular languages, including - Zulu, Xhosa, North and South Sotho, Tswana -Literacy: - 76% (male 78%, female 75%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980) -Labor force: - 11,000,000 economically active (1989); services 34%, agriculture 30%, - industry and commerce 29%, mining 7% (1985) -Organized labor: - about 17% of total labor force belongs to a registered trade union (1989); - African unions represent 15% of black labor force - -:South Africa Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of South Africa; abbreviated RSA -Type: - republic -Capital: - Pretoria (administrative); Cape Town (legislative); Bloemfontein (judicial) -Administrative divisions: - 4 provinces; Cape, Natal, Orange Free State, Transvaal; there are 10 - homelands not recognized by the US - 4 independent (Bophuthatswana, Ciskei, - Transkei, Venda) and 6 other (Gazankulu, Kangwane, KwaNdebele, KwaZulu, - Lebowa, QwaQwa) -Independence: - 31 May 1910 (from UK) -Constitution: - 3 September 1984 -Legal system: - based on Roman-Dutch law and English common law; accepts compulsory ICJ - jurisdiction, with reservations -National holiday: - Republic Day, 31 May (1910) -Executive branch: - state president, Executive Council (cabinet), Ministers' Councils (from the - three houses of Parliament) -Legislative branch: - tricameral Parliament (Parlement) consists of the House of Assembly - (Volksraad; whites), House of Representatives (Raad van Verteenwoordigers; - Coloreds), and House of Delegates (Raad van Afgevaardigdes; Indians) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - State President Frederik W. DE KLERK (since 13 September 1989) -Political parties and leaders: - white political parties and leaders: - National Party (NP), Frederik W. DE KLERK (majority party); Conservative - Party (CP), Dr. Andries P. TREURNICHT (official opposition party); - Democratic Party (DP), Zach DE BEER - Colored political parties and leaders: - Labor Party (LP), Allan HENDRICKSE (majority party); Freedom Party; note - - the Democratic Reform Party (DRP) and the United Democratic Party (UDP) were - disbanded in May 1991 - Indian political parties and leaders: - Solidarity, J. N. REDDY (majority party); National People's Party (NPP), - Amichand RAJBANSI; Merit People's Party -Suffrage: - universal at age 18, but voting rights are racially based -Elections: - House of Assembly (whites): - last held 6 September 1989 (next to be held by NA March 1995); results - NP - 58%, CP 23%, DP 19%; seats - (178 total, 166 elected) NP 103, CP 41, DP 34; - note - by February 1992 because of byelections, changes in number of seats - held by parties were as follows: NP 102, CP 42, DP 33, vacant 1 - House of Representatives (Coloreds): - last held 6 September 1989 (next to be held no later than March 1995); - results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (85 total, 80 elected) LP 69, - DRP 5, UDP 3, Freedom Party 1, independents 2; note - since the National - Party became multiracial, by February 1992 many representatives from other - parties have changed their allegiance causing the following changes in - seating: LP 39, NP 38, Freedom Party 1, independents 7 - -:South Africa Government - - House of Delegates (Indians): - last held 6 September 1989 (next to be held no later than March 1995); - results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (45 total, 40 elected) - Solidarity 16, NPP 9, Merit People's Party 3, independents 6, other 6; note - - due to delegates changing party affiliation, seating as of February 1992 - is as follows: Solidarity 25, NPP 7, Merit People's Party 2, other 5, - independents 5, vacancy 1 -Communists: - South African Communist Party, Chris HANI, secretary general, and Joe SLOVO, - national chairman -Other political or pressure groups: - African National Congress (ANC), Nelson MANDELA, president; Inkatha Freedom - Party (IFP), Mangosuthu BUTHELEZI, president; Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC), - Clarence MAKWETU, president -Member of: - BIS, CCC, ECA, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO (suspended), ICC, IDA, IFC, IMF, - INTELSAT, ISO, ITU (suspended), LORCS, SACU, UN, UNCTAD, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, - WMO (suspended) -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Harry SCHWARZ; Chancery at 3051 Massachusetts Avenue NW, - Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 232-4400; there are South African - Consulates General in Beverly Hills (California), Chicago, Houston, and New - York - US: - Ambassador William L. SWING; Embassy at Thibault House, 225 Pretorius - Street, Pretoria; telephone [27] (12) 28-4266, FAX [27] (12) 21-92-78; there - are US Consulates General in Cape Town, Durban, and Johannesburg -Flag: - actually four flags in one - three miniature flags reproduced in the center - of the white band of the former flag of the Netherlands, which has three - equal horizontal bands of orange (top), white, and blue; the miniature flags - are a vertically hanging flag of the old Orange Free State with a horizontal - flag of the UK adjoining on the hoist side and a horizontal flag of the old - Transvaal Republic adjoining on the other side - -:South Africa Economy - -Overview: - Many of the white one-seventh of the South African population enjoy incomes, - material comforts, and health and educational standards equal to those of - Western Europe. In contrast, most of the remaining population suffers from - the poverty patterns of the Third World, including unemployment, lack of job - skills, and barriers to movement into higher-paying fields. Inputs and - outputs thus do not move smoothly into the most productive employments, and - the effectiveness of the market is further lowered by international - constraints on dealings with South Africa. The main strength of the economy - lies in its rich mineral resources, which provide two-thirds of exports. - Average growth of less than 2% in output in recent years falls far short of - the 5% to 6% level needed to absorb some 300,000 new entrants to the labor - force annually. Economic developments in the 1990s will be driven partly by - the changing relations among the various ethnic groups. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $104 billion, per capita $2,600; real growth rate - - 0.5% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 15.7% (March 1992) -Unemployment rate: - 40% (1991); well over 50% in some homeland areas (1991 est.) -Budget: - revenues $29.4 billion; expenditures $35.0 billion, including capital - expenditures of $1.1 billion (FY93 est.) -Exports: - $24.0 billion (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - gold 25-30%, minerals and metals 20-25%, food 5%, chemicals 3% - partners: - Italy, Japan, US, FRG, UK, other EC members, Hong Kong -Imports: - $18.8 billion (c.i.f., 1991) - commodities: - machinery 32%, transport equipment 15%, chemicals 11%, oil, textiles, - scientific instruments, base metals - partners: - FRG, Japan, UK, US, Italy -External debt: - $19.0 billion (December 1991) -Industrial production: - growth rate NA%; accounts for about 40% of GDP -Electricity: - 46,000,000 kW capacity; 180,000 million kWh produced, 4,100 kWh per capita - (1991) -Industries: - mining (world's largest producer of platinum, gold, chromium), automobile - assembly, metalworking, machinery, textile, iron and steel, chemical, - fertilizer, foodstuffs -Agriculture: - accounts for about 5% of GDP and 30% of labor force; diversified - agriculture, with emphasis on livestock; products - cattle, poultry, sheep, - wool, milk, beef, corn, wheat, sugarcane, fruits, vegetables; - self-sufficient in food -Economic aid: - NA -Currency: - rand (plural - rand); 1 rand (R) = 100 cents - -:South Africa Economy - -Exchange rates: - rand (R) per US$1 - 2.7814 (January 1992), 2.7563 (1991), 2.5863 (1990), - 2.6166 (1989), 2.2611 (1988), 2.0350 (1987) -Fiscal year: - 1 April - 31 March - -:South Africa Communications - -Railroads: - 20,638 km route distance total; 35,079 km of 1.067-meter gauge trackage - (counts double and multiple tracking as single track); 314 km of 610 mm - gauge -Highways: - 188,309 km total; 54,013 km paved, 134,296 km crushed stone, gravel, or - improved earth -Pipelines: - crude oil 931 km, petroleum products 1,748 km, natural gas 322 km -Ports: - Durban, Cape Town, Port Elizabeth, Richard's Bay, Saldanha, Mosselbaai, - Walvis Bay -Merchant marine: - 5 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 213,708 GRT/201,043 DWT; includes 4 - container, 1 vehicle carrier -Civil air: - 90 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 901 total, 732 usable; 132 with permanent-surface runways; 5 with runways - over 3,659 m; 10 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 224 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - the system is the best developed, most modern, and has the highest capacity - in Africa; it consists of carrier-equipped open-wire lines, coaxial cables, - radio relay links, fiber optic cable, and radiocommunication stations; key - centers are Bloemfontein, Cape Town, Durban, Johannesburg, Port Elizabeth, - and Pretoria; over 4,500,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 14 AM, 286 FM, - 67 TV; 1 submarine cable; satellite earth stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT - and 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT - -:South Africa Defense Forces - -Branches: - South African Defense Force (SADF; including Army, Navy, Air Force, Medical - Services), South African Police (SAP) -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 10,051,202; 6,133,484 fit for military service; 420,275 reach - military age (18) annually; obligation for service in Citizen Force or - Commandos begins at 18; volunteers for service in permanent force must be - 17; national service obligation is one year; figures include the so-called - homelands not recognized by the US -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $3.5 billion, about 3% of GDP (FY92) - -:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Geography - -Total area: - 4,066 km2 -Land area: - 4,066 km2; includes Shag and Clerke Rocks, South Georgia, Bird Island, South - Sandwich Islands -Comparative area: - slightly larger than Rhode Island -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - undetermined -Maritime claims: - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - administered by the UK, claimed by Argentina -Climate: - variable, with mostly westerly winds throughout the year, interspersed with - periods of calm; nearly all precipitation falls as snow -Terrain: - most of the islands, rising steeply from the sea, are rugged and - mountainous; South Georgia is largely barren and has steep, glacier-covered - mountains; the South Sandwich Islands are of volcanic origin with some - active volcanoes -Natural resources: - fish -Land use: - arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and - woodland 0%; other 100%; largely covered by permanent ice and snow with some - sparse vegetation consisting of grass, moss, and lichen -Environment: - reindeer, introduced early in this century, live on South Georgia; weather - conditions generally make it difficult to approach the South Sandwich - Islands; the South Sandwich Islands are subject to active volcanism -Note: - the north coast of South Georgia has several large bays, which provide good - anchorage - -:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands People - -Population: - no permanent population; there is a small military garrison on South - Georgia, and the British Antarctic Survey has a biological station on Bird - Island; the South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited - -:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Government - -Long-form name: - South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (no short-form name) -Type: - dependent territory of the UK -Capital: - none; Grytviken on South Georgia is the garrison town -Administrative divisions: - none (dependent territory of the UK) -Independence: - none (dependent territory of the UK) -Constitution: - 3 October 1985 -Legal system: - English common law -National holiday: - Liberation Day, 14 June (1982) -Executive branch: - British monarch, commissioner -Legislative branch: - none -Judicial branch: - none -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Commissioner - William Hugh FULLERTON (since 1988; resident at Stanley, Falkland Islands) - -:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Economy - -Overview: - Some fishing takes place in adjacent waters. There is a potential source of - income from harvesting fin fish and krill. The islands receive income from - postage stamps produced in the UK. -Budget: - revenues $291,777; expenditures $451,011, including capital expenditures of - $NA (FY88 est.) -Electricity: - 900 kW capacity; 2 million kWh produced, NA kWh per capita (1990) - -:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Communications - -Highways: - NA -Ports: - Grytviken on South Georgia -Airports: - 5 total, 5 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway - 2,440-3,659 m -Telecommunications: - coastal radio station at Grytviken; no broadcast stations - -:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of the UK - -:Spain Geography - -Total area: - 504,750 km2 -Land area: - 499,400 km2; includes Balearic Islands, Canary Islands, and five places of - sovereignty (plazas de soberania) on and off the coast of Morocco - Ceuta, - Mellila, Islas Chafarinas, Penon de Alhucemas, and Penon de Velez de la - Gomera -Comparative area: - slightly more than twice the size of Oregon -Land boundaries: - 1,903.2 km total; Andorra 65 km, France 623 km, Gibraltar 1.2 km, Portugal - 1,214 km -Coastline: - 4,964 km -Maritime claims: - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - Gibraltar question with UK; Spain controls five places of sovereignty - (plazas de soberania) on and off the coast of Morocco - the coastal enclaves - of Ceuta and Melilla, which Morocco contests, as well as the islands of - Penon de Alhucemas, Penon de Velez de la Gomera, and Islas Chafarinas -Climate: - temperate; clear, hot summers in interior, more moderate and cloudy along - coast; cloudy, cold winters in interior, partly cloudy and cool along coast -Terrain: - large, flat to dissected plateau surrounded by rugged hills; Pyrenees in - north -Natural resources: - coal, lignite, iron ore, uranium, mercury, pyrites, fluorspar, gypsum, zinc, - lead, tungsten, copper, kaolin, potash, hydropower -Land use: - arable land 31%; permanent crops 10%; meadows and pastures 21%; forest and - woodland 31%; other 7%; includes irrigated 6% -Environment: - deforestation; air pollution -Note: - strategic location along approaches to Strait of Gibraltar - -:Spain People - -Population: - 39,118,399 (July 1992), growth rate 0.2% (1992) -Birth rate: - 11 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 9 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 74 years male, 81 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 1.4 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Spaniard(s); adjective - Spanish -Ethnic divisions: - composite of Mediterranean and Nordic types -Religions: - Roman Catholic 99%, other sects 1% -Languages: - Castilian Spanish; second languages include Catalan 17%, Galician 7%, Basque - 2% -Literacy: - 95% (male 97%, female 93%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 14,621,000; services 53%, industry 24%, agriculture 14%, construction 9% - (1988) -Organized labor: - less 10% of labor force (1988) - -:Spain Government - -Long-form name: - Kingdom of Spain -Type: - parliamentary monarchy -Capital: - Madrid -Administrative divisions: - 17 autonomous communities (comunidades autonomas, singular - comunidad - autonoma); Andalucia, Aragon, Asturias, Canarias, Cantabria, Castilla-La - Mancha, Castilla y Leon, Cataluna, Communidad Valencia, Extremadura, - Galicia, Islas Baleares, La Rioja, Madrid, Murcia, Navarra, Pais Vasco; note - - there are five places of sovereignty on and off the coast of Morocco - (Ceuta, Mellila, Islas Chafarinas, Penon de Alhucemas, and Penon de Velez de - la Gomera) with administrative status unknown -Independence: - 1492 (expulsion of the Moors and unification) -Constitution: - 6 December 1978, effective 29 December 1978 -Legal system: - civil law system, with regional applications; does not accept compulsory ICJ - jurisdiction -National holiday: - National Day, 12 October -Executive branch: - monarch, president of the government (prime minister), deputy prime - minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet), Council of State -Legislative branch: - bicameral The General Courts or National Assembly (Las Cortes Generales) - consists of an upper house or Senate (Senado) and a lower house or Congress - of Deputies (Congreso de los Diputados) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court (Tribunal Supremo) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - King JUAN CARLOS I (since 22 November 1975) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Felipe GONZALEZ Marquez (since 2 December 1982); Deputy Prime - Minister Narcis SERRA (since 13 March 1991) -Political parties and leaders: - principal national parties, from right to left - Popular Party (PP), Jose - Maria AZNAR; Popular Democratic Party (PDP), Luis DE GRANDES; Social - Democratic Center (CDS), Rafael Calvo ORTEGA; Spanish Socialist Workers - Party (PSOE), Felipe GONZALEZ Marquez; Socialist Democracy Party (DS), - Ricardo Garcia DAMBORENEA; Spanish Communist Party (PCE), Julio ANGUITA; - chief regional parties - Convergence and Unity (CiU), Jordi PUJOL Saley, in - Catalonia; Basque Nationalist Party (PNV), Xabier ARZALLUS; Basque - Solidarity (EA), Carlos GARAICOETXEA Urizza; Basque Popular Unity (HB), Jon - IDIGORAS; Basque Left (EE), Kepa AULESTIA; Andalusian Party (PA), Pedro - PACHECO; Independent Canary Group (AIC); Aragon Regional Party (PAR); - Valencian Union (UV) -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - Senate: - last held 29 October 1989 (next to be held NA October 1993); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (208 total) PSOE 106, PP 79, CiU 10, - PNV 4, HB 3, AIC 1, other 5 - -:Spain Government - - Congress of Deputies: - last held 29 October 1989 (next to be held NA October 1993); results - PSOE - 39.6%, PP 25.8%, CDS 9%, Communist-led coalition (IU) 9%, CiU 5%, PNV 1.2%, - HB 1%, PA 1%, other 8.4%; seats - (350 total) PSOE 175, PP 106, CiU 18, IU - 17, CDS 14, PNV 5, HB 4, other 11 -Communists: - PCE membership declined from a possible high of 160,000 in 1977 to roughly - 60,000 in 1987; the party gained almost 1 million voters and 10 deputies in - the 1989 election; voters came mostly from the disgruntled socialist left; - remaining strength is in labor, where it dominates the Workers Commissions - trade union (one of the country's two major labor centrals), which claims a - membership of about 1 million; experienced a modest recovery in 1986 - national election, nearly doubling the share of the vote it received in 1982 -Other political or pressure groups: - on the extreme left, the Basque Fatherland and Liberty (ETA) and the First - of October Antifascist Resistance Group (GRAPO) use terrorism to oppose the - government; free labor unions (authorized in April 1977) include the - Communist-dominated Workers Commissions (CCOO); the Socialist General Union - of Workers (UGT), and the smaller independent Workers Syndical Union (USO); - the Catholic Church; business and landowning interests; Opus Dei; university - students -Member of: - AG (observer), AsDB, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, ECLAC, - EIB, ESA, FAO, G-8, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, - IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), - ISO, ITU, LAIA (observer), LORCS, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, OAS (observer), - OECD, PCA, UN, UNAVEM, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, - WTO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Jaime de OJEDA; Chancery at 2700 15th Street NW, Washington, DC - 20009; telephone (202) 265-0190 or 0191; there are Spanish Consulates - General in Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New - York, San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico) - US: - Ambassador Joseph ZAPPALA; Embassy at Serrano 75, 28006 Madrid (mailing - address is APO AE 09642); telephone [34] (1) 577-4000, FAX [34] (1) - 577-5735; there is a US Consulate General in Barcelona and a Consulate in - Bilbao -Flag: - three horizontal bands of red (top), yellow (double width), and red with the - national coat of arms on the hoist side of the yellow band; the coat of arms - includes the royal seal framed by the Pillars of Hercules, which are the two - promontories (Gibraltar and Ceuta) on either side of the eastern end of the - Strait of Gibraltar - -:Spain Economy - -Overview: - Spain has done well since joining the EC in 1986. In accordance with its - accession treaty, Spain has almost wholly liberalized trade and capital - markets. Foreign and domestic investment has spurred average growth of 4% - per year. Beginning in 1989, Madrid implemented a tight monetary policy to - fight inflation - around 7% in 1989 and 1990. As a result growth slowed to - 2.5% in 1991. Spanish policymakers remain concerned with inflation - still - hovering at 6%. Government officials also are worried about 16% - unemployment, although many people listed as unemployed work in the - underground economy. Spanish economists believe that structural adjustments - due to the ongoing integration of the European market are likely to lead to - more displaced workers. -GDP: - purchasing power equivalent - $487.5 billion, per capita $12,400; real - growth rate 2.5% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 5.9% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 16.0% (1991 est.) -Budget: - revenues $111.0 billion; expenditures $115.9 billion, including capital - expenditures of $20.8 billion (1991 est.) -Exports: - $60.1 billion (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - cars and trucks, semifinished manufactured goods, foodstuffs, machinery - partners: - EC 71.0%, US 4.9%, other developed countries 7.9% -Imports: - $93.1 billion (c.i.f., 1990) - commodities: - machinery, transport equipment, fuels, semifinished goods, foodstuffs, - consumer goods, chemicals - partners: - EC 60.0%, US 8.0%, other developed countries 11.5%, Middle East 2.6% -External debt: - $45 billion (1991 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 2.0% (1991 est.) -Electricity: - 46,589,000 kW capacity; 157,040 million kWh produced, 3,980 kWh per capita - (1991) -Industries: - textiles and apparel (including footwear), food and beverages, metals and - metal manufactures, chemicals, shipbuilding, automobiles, machine tools, - tourism -Agriculture: - accounts for about 5% of GDP and 14% of labor force; major products - grain, - vegetables, olives, wine grapes, sugar beets, citrus fruit, beef, pork, - poultry, dairy; largely self-sufficient in food; fish catch of 1.4 million - metric tons is among top 20 nations -Illicit drugs: - key European gateway country for Latin American cocaine entering the - European market -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $1.9 billion; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-79), $545.0 million; not - currently a recipient - -:Spain Economy - -Currency: - peseta (plural - pesetas); 1 peseta (Pta) = 100 centimos -Exchange rates: - pesetas (Ptas) per US$1 - 104.79 (March 1992), 103.91 (1991), 101.93 (1990), - 118.38 (1989), 116.49 (1988), 123.48 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Spain Communications - -Railroads: - 15,430 km total; Spanish National Railways (RENFE) operates 12,691 km - 1.668-meter gauge, 6,184 km electrified, and 2,295 km double track; FEVE - (government-owned narrow-gauge railways) operates 1,821 km of predominantly - 1.000-meter gauge and 441 km electrified; privately owned railways operate - 918 km of predominantly 1.000-meter gauge, 512 km electrified, and 56 km - double track -Highways: - 150,839 km total; 82,513 km national (includes 2,433 km limited-access - divided highway, 63,042 km bituminous treated, 17,038 km intermediate - bituminous, concrete, or stone block) and 68,326 km provincial or local - roads (bituminous treated, intermediate bituminous, or stone block) -Inland waterways: - 1,045 km, but of minor economic importance -Pipelines: - crude oil 265 km, petroleum products 1,794 km, natural gas 1,666 km -Ports: - Algeciras, Alicante, Almeria, Barcelona, Bilbao, Cadiz, Cartagena, Castellon - de la Plana, Ceuta, El Ferrol del Caudillo, Puerto de Gijon, Huelva, La - Coruna, Las Palmas (Canary Islands), Mahon, Malaga, Melilla, Rota, Santa - Cruz de Tenerife, Sagunto, Tarragona, Valencia, Vigo, and 175 minor ports -Merchant marine: - 278 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,915,409 GRT/5,228,378 DWT; includes - 2 passenger, 9 short-sea passenger, 86 cargo, 13 refrigerated cargo, 15 - container, 32 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 4 vehicle carrier, 48 petroleum - tanker, 14 chemical tanker, 7 liquefied gas, 3 specialized tanker, 45 bulk -Civil air: - 210 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 105 total, 99 usable; 60 with permanent-surface runways; 4 with runways over - 3,659 m; 22 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 25 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - generally adequate, modern facilities; 15,350,464 telephones; broadcast - stations - 190 AM, 406 (134 repeaters) FM, 100 (1,297 repeaters) TV; 22 - coaxial submarine cables; 2 communications satellite earth stations - operating in INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean); MARECS, INMARSAT, - and EUTELSAT systems; tropospheric links - -:Spain Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines, Civil Guard, National Police, Coastal Civil - Guard -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 10,205,741; 8,271,151 fit for military service; 337,407 reach - military age (20) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $8.7 billion, 2% of GDP (1991) - -:Spratly Islands Geography - -Total area: - NA but less than 5 km2 -Land area: - less than 5 km2; includes 100 or so islets, coral reefs, and sea mounts - scattered over the South China Sea -Comparative area: - undetermined -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 926 km -Maritime claims: - undetermined -Disputes: - all of the Spratly Islands are claimed by China, Taiwan, and Vietnam; parts - of them are claimed by Malaysia and the Philippines; in 1984, Brunei - established an exclusive economic zone, which encompasses Louisa Reef, but - has not publicly claimed the island -Climate: - tropical -Terrain: - flat -Natural resources: - fish, guano; undetermined oil and natural gas potential -Land use: - arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and - woodland 0%; other 100% -Environment: - subject to typhoons; includes numerous small islands, atolls, shoals, and - coral reefs -Note: - strategically located near several primary shipping lanes in the central - South China Sea; serious navigational hazard - -:Spratly Islands People - -Population: - no permanent inhabitants; garrisons - -:Spratly Islands Government - -Long-form name: - none - -:Spratly Islands Economy - -Overview: - Economic activity is limited to commercial fishing, proximity to nearby oil- - and gas-producing sedimentary basins suggests the potential for oil and gas - deposits, but the Spratlys region is largely unexplored, and there are no - reliable estimates of potential reserves; commercial exploitation has yet to - be developed. -Industries: - none - -:Spratly Islands Communications - -Ports: - no natural harbors -Airports: - 2 total, 2 usable; none with runways over 2,439 m; 1 with runways - 1,220-2,439 m - -:Spratly Islands Defense Forces - -Note: - 44 small islands or reefs are occupied by China, Malaysia, the Philippines, - Taiwan, and Vietnam - -:Sri Lanka Geography - -Total area: - 65,610 km2 -Land area: - 64,740 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly larger than West Virginia -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 1,340 km -Maritime claims: - Contiguous zone: - 24 nm - Continental shelf: - edge of continental margin or 200 nm - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; monsoonal; northeast monsoon (December to March); southwest - monsoon (June to October) -Terrain: - mostly low, flat to rolling plain; mountains in south-central interior -Natural resources: - limestone, graphite, mineral sands, gems, phosphates, clay -Land use: - arable land 16%; permanent crops 17%; meadows and pastures 7%; forest and - woodland 37%; other 23%; includes irrigated 8% -Environment: - occasional cyclones, tornados; deforestation; soil erosion -Note: - only 29 km from India across the Palk Strait; near major Indian Ocean sea - lanes - -:Sri Lanka People - -Population: - 17,631,528 (July 1992), growth rate 1.2% (1992); note - about 120,000 people - fled to India in 1991 because of fighting between government forces and - Tamil insurgents; about 200,000 Tamils will be repatriated in 1992 -Birth rate: - 20 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - -2 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 21 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 69 years male, 74 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 2.2 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Sri Lankan(s); adjective - Sri Lankan -Ethnic divisions: - Sinhalese 74%; Tamil 18%; Moor 7%; Burgher, Malay, and Veddha 1% -Religions: - Buddhist 69%, Hindu 15%, Christian 8%, Muslim 8% -Languages: - Sinhala (official); Sinhala and Tamil listed as national languages; Sinhala - spoken by about 74% of population, Tamil spoken by about 18%; English - commonly used in government and spoken by about 10% of the population -Literacy: - 86% (male 91%, female 81%) age 15 and over can read and write (1981) -Labor force: - 6,600,000; agriculture 45.9%, mining and manufacturing 13.3%, trade and - transport 12.4%, services and other 28.4% (1985 est.) -Organized labor: - about 30% of labor force, over 50% of which are employed on tea, rubber, and - coconut estates - -:Sri Lanka Government - -Long-form name: - Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka -Type: - republic -Capital: - Colombo -Administrative divisions: - the administrative structure now includes 9 provinces - Central, Eastern, - North, North Central, North Western, Sabaragamuwa, Southern, Uva, and - Western and 24 districts - Amparai, Anuradhapura, Badulla, Batticaloa, - Colombo, Galle, Gampaha, Hambantota, Jaffna, Kalutara, Kandy, Kegalla, - Kurunegala, Mannar, Matale, Matara, Moneragala, Mullaittivu, Nuwara Eliya, - Polonnaruwa, Puttalam, Ratnapura, Trincomalee, Vavuniya; note - in the - future there may be only 8 provinces (combining the two provinces of North - and Eastern into one province of North Eastern) and 25 districts (adding - Kilinochchi to the existing districts) -Independence: - 4 February 1948 (from UK; formerly Ceylon) -Constitution: - 31 August 1978 -Legal system: - a highly complex mixture of English common law, Roman-Dutch, Muslim, - Sinhalese, and customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Independence and National Day, 4 February (1948) -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral Parliament -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Ranasinghe PREMADASA (since 2 January 1989) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Dingiri Banda WIJETUNGE (since 6 March 1989) -Political parties and leaders: - United National Party (UNP), Ranasinghe PREMADASA; Sri Lanka Freedom Party - (SLFP), Sirimavo BANDARANAIKE; Sri Lanka Muslim Congress (SLMC), M. H. M. - ASHRAFF; All Ceylon Tamil Congress (ACTC), Kumar PONNAMBALAM; People's - United Front (MEP, or Mahajana Eksath Peramuna), Dinesh GUNAWARDENE; Eelam - Democratic Front (EDF), Edward Sebastian PILLAI; Tamil United Liberation - Front (TULF), leader (vacant); Eelam Revolutionary Organization of Students - (EROS), Velupillai BALAKUMARAN; New Socialist Party (NSSP, or Nava Sama - Samaja Party), Vasudeva NANAYAKKARA; Lanka Socialist Party/Trotskyite (LSSP, - or Lanka Sama Samaja Party), Colin R. de SILVA; Sri Lanka People's Party - (SLMP, or Sri Lanka Mahajana Party), Ossie ABEYGUNASEKERA; Communist Party, - K. P. SILVA; Communist Party/Beijing (CP/B), N. SHANMUGATHASAN; note - the - United Socialist Alliance (USA) includes the NSSP, LSSP, SLMP, CP/M, and - CP/B -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - President: - last held 19 December 1988 (next to be held NA December 1994); results - - Ranasinghe PREMADASA (UNP) 50%, Sirimavo BANDARANAIKE (SLFP) 45%, other 5% - -:Sri Lanka Government - - Parliament: - last held 15 February 1989 (next to be held by NA February 1995); results - - UNP 51%, SLFP 32%, SLMC 4%, TULF 3%, USA 3%, EROS 3%, MEP 1%, other 3%; - seats - (225 total) UNP 125, SLFP 67, other 33 -Other political or pressure groups: - Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) and other smaller Tamil separatist - groups; Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP or People's Liberation Front); - Buddhist clergy; Sinhalese Buddhist lay groups; labor unions -Member of: - AsDB, C, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, - ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, - ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, PCA, SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, - WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador W. Susanta De ALWIS; Chancery at 2148 Wyoming Avenue NW, - Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 483-4025 through 4028; there is a Sri - Lankan Consulate in New York - US: - Ambassador Marion V. CREEKMORE, Jr.; Embassy at 210 Galle Road, Colombo 3 - (mailing address is P. O. Box 106, Colombo); telephone [94] (1) 44180107, - FAX [94] (1) 43-73-45 -Flag: - yellow with two panels; the smaller hoist-side panel has two equal vertical - bands of green (hoist side) and orange; the other panel is a large dark red - rectangle with a yellow lion holding a sword, and there is a yellow bo leaf - in each corner; the yellow field appears as a border that goes around the - entire flag and extends between the two panels - -:Sri Lanka Economy - -Overview: - Agriculture, forestry, and fishing dominate the economy, employing half of - the labor force and accounting for one quarter of GDP. The plantation crops - of tea, rubber, and coconuts provide about one-third of export earnings. The - economy has been plagued by high rates of unemployment since the late 1970s. - Economic growth, which has been depressed by ethnic unrest, accelerated in - 1991 as domestic conditions began to improve. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $7.2 billion, per capita $410; real growth rate - 5.0% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 10% (1991) -Unemployment rate: - 14% (1991 est.) -Budget: - revenues $2.0 billion; expenditures $3.7 billion, including capital - expenditures of $500 million (1992) -Exports: - $2.3 billion (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - textiles and garment, teas, petroleum products, coconut, rubber, - agricultural products, gems and jewelry, marine products - partners: - US 25%, FRG, Japan, UK, Belgium, Taiwan, Hong Kong, China -Imports: - $3.0 billion (c.i.f., 1991) - commodities: - food and beverages, textiles and textile materials, petroleum, machinery and - equipment - partners: - Japan, Iran, US 7.7%, India, Taiwan, Singapore, FRG, UK -External debt: - $5.8 billion (1990) -Industrial production: - growth rate 8% (1991 est.); accounts for 20% of GDP -Electricity: - 1,300,000 kW capacity; 4,200 million kWh produced, 240 kWh per capita (1990) -Industries: - processing of rubber, tea, coconuts, and other agricultural commodities; - cement, petroleum refining, textiles, tobacco, clothing -Agriculture: - accounts for 26% of GDP and nearly half of labor force; most important - staple crop is paddy rice; other field crops - sugarcane, grains, pulses, - oilseeds, roots, spices; cash crops - tea, rubber, coconuts; animal products - - milk, eggs, hides, meat; not self-sufficient in rice production -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.0 billion; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-89), $5.1 billion; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $169 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $369 - million -Currency: - Sri Lankan rupee (plural - rupees); 1 Sri Lankan rupee (SLRe) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - Sri Lankan rupees (SLRes) per US$1 - 43.112 (March 1992), 41.372 (1991), - 40.063 (1990), 36.047 (1989), 31.807 (1988), 29.445 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Sri Lanka Communications - -Railroads: - 1,948 km total (1990); all 1.868-meter broad gauge; 102 km double track; no - electrification; government owned -Highways: - 75,749 km total (1990); 27,637 km paved (mostly bituminous treated), 32,887 - km crushed stone or gravel, 14,739 km improved earth or unimproved earth; - several thousand km of mostly unmotorable tracks (1988 est.) -Inland waterways: - 430 km; navigable by shallow-draft craft -Pipelines: - crude oil and petroleum products 62 km (1987) -Ports: - Colombo, Trincomalee -Merchant marine: - 30 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 310,173 GRT/489,378 DWT; includes 13 - cargo, 6 refrigerated cargo, 5 container, 3 petroleum tanker, 3 bulk -Civil air: - 8 major transport (including 1 leased) -Airports: - 14 total, 13 usable; 12 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways - over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 7 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - good international service; 114,000 telephones (1982); broadcast stations - - 12 AM, 5 FM, 5 TV; submarine cables extend to Indonesia and Djibouti; 2 - Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth stations - -:Sri Lanka Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force, Police Force -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 4,709,203; 3,678,952 fit for military service; 177,554 reach - military age (18) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $432 million, 6% of GDP (1991) -\ - -:Sudan Geography - -Total area: - 2,505,810 km2 -Land area: - 2,376,000 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly more than one-quarter the size of the US -Land boundaries: - 7,697 km total; Central African Republic 1,165 km, Chad 1,360 km, Egypt - 1,273 km, Ethiopia 2,221 km, Kenya 232 km, Libya 383 km, Uganda 435 km, - Zaire 628 km -Coastline: - 853 km -Maritime claims: - Contiguous zone: - 18 nm - Continental shelf: - 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - administrative boundary with Kenya does not coincide with international - boundary; administrative boundary with Egypt does not coincide with - international boundary -Climate: - tropical in south; arid desert in north; rainy season (April to October) -Terrain: - generally flat, featureless plain; mountains in east and west -Natural resources: - small reserves of crude oil, iron ore, copper, chromium ore, zinc, tungsten, - mica, silver, crude oil -Land use: - arable land 5%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 24%; forest and - woodland 20%; other 51%; includes irrigated 1% -Environment: - dominated by the Nile and its tributaries; dust storms; desertification -Note: - largest country in Africa - -:Sudan People - -Population: - 28,305,046 (July 1992), growth rate 3.1% (1992) -Birth rate: - 44 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 13 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 83 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 53 years male, 54 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 6.3 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Sudanese (singular and plural); adjective - Sudanese -Ethnic divisions: - black 52%, Arab 39%, Beja 6%, foreigners 2%, other 1% -Religions: - Sunni Muslim (in north) 70%, indigenous beliefs 20%, Christian (mostly in - south and Khartoum) 5% -Languages: - Arabic (official), Nubian, Ta Bedawie, diverse dialects of Nilotic, - Nilo-Hamitic, and Sudanic languages, English; program of Arabization in - process -Literacy: - 27% (male 43%, female 12%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 6,500,000; agriculture 80%, industry and commerce 10%, government 6%; labor - shortages for almost all categories of skilled employment (1983 est.); 52% - of population of working age (1985) -Organized labor: - trade unions suspended following 30 June 1989 coup; now in process of being - legalized anew - -:Sudan Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of the Sudan -Type: - military; civilian government suspended and martial law imposed after 30 - June 1989 coup -Capital: - Khartoum -Administrative divisions: - 9 states (wilayat, singular - wilayat or wilayah*); A'ali an Nil, Al Wusta*, - Al Istiwa'iyah*, Al Khartum, Ash Shamaliyah*, Ash Sharqiyah*, Bahr al - Ghazal, Darfur, Kurdufan -Independence: - 1 January 1956 (from Egypt and UK; formerly Anglo-Egyptian Sudan) -Constitution: - 12 April 1973, suspended following coup of 6 April 1985; interim - constitution of 10 October 1985 suspended following coup of 30 June 1989 -Legal system: - based on English common law and Islamic law; as of 20 January 1991, the - Revolutionary Command Council imposed Islamic law in the six northern states - of Al Wusta, Al Khartum, Ash Shamaliyah, Ash Sharqiyah, Darfur, and - Kurdufan; the council is still studying criminal provisions under Islamic - law; Islamic law will apply to all residents of the six northern states - regardless of their religion; some separate religious courts; accepts - compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations -National holiday: - Independence Day, 1 January (1956) -Executive branch: - executive and legislative authority vested in a 12-member Revolutionary - Command Council (RCC); chairman of the RCC acts as prime minister; in July - 1989, RCC appointed a predominately civilian 22-member cabinet to function - as advisers -Legislative branch: - appointed 300-member Transitional National Assembly; note - as announced 1 - January 1992 by RCC Chairman BASHIR, the Assembly assumes all legislative - authority for Sudan until the eventual, unspecified resumption of national - elections -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court, Special Revolutionary Courts -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - Revolutionary Command Council Chairman and Prime Minister Lt. Gen. Umar - Hasan Ahmad al-BASHIR (since 30 June 1989); Deputy Chairman of the Command - Council and Deputy Prime Minister Maj. Gen. al-Zubayr Muhammad SALIH Ahmed - (since 9 July 1989) -Political parties and leaders: - none; banned following 30 June 1989 coup -Suffrage: - none -Elections: - none -Member of: - ABEDA, ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, - ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IGADD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, - ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, - WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador `Abdallah Ahmad `ABDALLAH; Chancery at 2210 Massachusetts Avenue - NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 338-8565 through 8570; there is a - Sudanese Consulate General in New York - -:Sudan Government - - US: - Ambassador James R. CHEEK (will be replaced summer of 1992); Embassy at - Shar'ia Ali Abdul Latif, Khartoum (mailing address is P. O. Box 699, - Khartoum, or APO AE 09829); telephone 74700 or 74611; Telex 22619 -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with a green - isosceles triangle based on the hoist side - -:Sudan Economy - -Overview: - Sudan is buffeted by civil war, chronic political instability, adverse - weather, high inflation, and counterproductive economic policies. The - economy is dominated by governmental entities that account for more than 70% - of new investment. The private sector's main areas of activity are - agriculture and trading, with most private industrial investment predating - 1980. The economy's base is agriculture, which employs 80% of the work - force. Industry mainly processes agricultural items. Sluggish economic - performance over the past decade, attributable largely to declining annual - rainfall, has reduced levels of per capita income and consumption. A high - foreign debt and huge arrearages continue to cause difficulties. In 1990 the - International Monetary Fund took the unusual step of declaring Sudan - noncooperative because of its nonpayment of arrearages to the Fund. Despite - subsequent government efforts to implement reforms urged by the IMF and the - World Bank, the economy remained stagnant in FY91 as entrepreneurs lack the - incentive to take economic risks. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $12.1 billion, per capita $450; real growth rate - 0% (FY91 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 95% (FY91 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 15% (FY91 est.) -Budget: - revenues $1.3 billion; expenditures $2.1 billion, including capital - expenditures of $505 million (FY91 est.) -Exports: - $325 million (f.o.b., FY91 est.) - commodities: - cotton 52%, sesame, gum arabic, peanuts - partners: - Western Europe 46%, Saudi Arabia 14%, Eastern Europe 9%, Japan 9%, US 3% - (FY88) -Imports: - $1.40 billion (c.i.f., FY91 est.) - commodities: - foodstuffs, petroleum products, manufactured goods, machinery and equipment, - medicines and chemicals, textiles - partners: - Western Europe 32%, Africa and Asia 15%, US 13%, Eastern Europe 3% (FY88) -External debt: - $14.6 billion (June 1991 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate NA%; accounts for 11% of GDP (FY89) -Electricity: - 610,000 kW capacity; 905 million kWh produced, 40 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - cotton ginning, textiles, cement, edible oils, sugar, soap distilling, - shoes, petroleum refining -Agriculture: - accounts for 35% of GDP and 80% of labor force; water shortages; two-thirds - of land area suitable for raising crops and livestock; major products - - cotton, oilseeds, sorghum, millet, wheat, gum arabic, sheep; marginally - self-sufficient in most foods -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.5 billion; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $5.1 billion; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $3.1 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $588 - million - -:Sudan Economy - -Currency: - Sudanese pound (plural - pounds); 1 Sudanese pound (#Sd) = 100 piasters -Exchange rates: - official rate - Sudanese pounds (#Sd) per US$1 - 90.1 (March 1992), 5.4288 - (1991), 4.5004 (fixed rate since 1987), 2.8121 (1987); note - free market - rate 83 (December 1991) -Fiscal year: - 1 July - 30 June - -:Sudan Communications - -Railroads: - 5,500 km total; 4,784 km 1.067-meter gauge, 716 km 1.6096-meter-gauge - plantation line -Highways: - 20,000 km total; 1,600 km bituminous treated, 3,700 km gravel, 2,301 km - improved earth, 12,399 km unimproved earth and track -Inland waterways: - 5,310 km navigable -Pipelines: - refined products 815 km -Ports: - Port Sudan, Swakin -Merchant marine: - 5 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 42,277 GRT/59,588 DWT; includes 3 - cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo -Civil air: - 18 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 72 total, 57 usable; 8 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways - over 3,659 m; 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 31 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - large, well-equipped system by African standards, but barely adequate and - poorly maintained by modern standards; consists of microwave, cable, radio - communications, and troposcatter; domestic satellite system with 14 - stations; broadcast stations - 11 AM, 3 TV; satellite earth stations - 1 - Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 ARABSAT - -:Sudan Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Force -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 6,432,270; 3,949,518 fit for military service; 302,696 reach - military age (18) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $610 million, 7.2% of GDP (1989 est.) - -:Suriname Geography - -Total area: - 163,270 km2 -Land area: - 161,470 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly larger than Georgia -Land boundaries: - 1,707 km total; Brazil 597 km, French Guiana 510 km, Guyana 600 km -Coastline: - 386 km -Maritime claims: - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - claims area in French Guiana between Litani Rivier and Riviere Marouini - (both headwaters of the Lawa); claims area in Guyana between New (Upper - Courantyne) and Courantyne/Kutari Rivers (all headwaters of the Courantyne) -Climate: - tropical; moderated by trade winds -Terrain: - mostly rolling hills; narrow coastal plain with swamps -Natural resources: - timber, hydropower potential, fish, shrimp, bauxite, iron ore, and small - amounts of nickel, copper, platinum, gold -Land use: - arable land NEGL%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures NEGL%; forest - and woodland 97%; other 3%; includes irrigated NEGL% -Environment: - mostly tropical rain forest - -:Suriname People - -Population: - 410,016 (July 1992), growth rate 1.5% (1992) -Birth rate: - 26 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - -5 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 34 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 66 years male, 71 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 2.9 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Surinamer(s); adjective - Surinamese -Ethnic divisions: - Hindustani (East Indian) 37.0%, Creole (black and mixed) 31.0%, Javanese - 15.3%, Bush black 10.3%, Amerindian 2.6%, Chinese 1.7%, Europeans 1.0%, - other 1.1% -Religions: - Hindu 27.4%, Muslim 19.6%, Roman Catholic 22.8%, Protestant (predominantly - Moravian) 25.2%, indigenous beliefs about 5% -Languages: - Dutch (official); English widely spoken; Sranan Tongo (Surinamese, sometimes - called Taki-Taki) is native language of Creoles and much of the younger - population and is lingua franca among others; also Hindi Suriname Hindustani - (a variant of Bhoqpuri) and Javanese -Literacy: - 95% (male 95%, female 95%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 104,000 (1984) -Organized labor: - 49,000 members of labor force - -:Suriname Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Suriname -Type: - republic -Capital: - Paramaribo -Administrative divisions: - 10 districts (distrikten, singular - distrikt); Brokopondo, Commewijne, - Coronie, Marowijne, Nickerie, Para, Paramaribo, Saramacca, Sipaliwini, - Wanica -Independence: - 25 November 1975 (from Netherlands; formerly Netherlands Guiana or Dutch - Guiana) -Constitution: - ratified 30 September 1987 -Legal system: - NA -National holiday: - Independence Day, 25 November (1975) -Executive branch: - president, vice president and prime minister, Cabinet of Ministers, Council - of State; note - Commander in Chief of the National Army maintains - significant power -Legislative branch: - unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Ronald VENETIAAN (since 16 September 1991); Vice President and - Prime Minister Jules AJODHIA (since 16 September 1991) -Political parties and leaders: - traditional ethnic-based parties: - The New Front (NF), a coalition formed of four parties following the 24 - December 1990 military coup - Progressive Reform Party (VHP), Jaggernath - LACHMON; National Party of Suriname (NPS), Henck ARRON; Indonesian Peasants - Party (KTPI), Willie SOEMITA; and Suriname Labor Party (SPA) Fred DERBY; - promilitary: - National Democratic Party (NDP), Orlando VAN AMSON; Democratic Alternative - '91 (DA '91), Winston JESSURUN, a coalition of five parties formed in - January 1991 - Alternative Forum (AF), Gerard BRUNINGS, Winston JESSURUN; - Reformed Progressive Party (HPP), Panalal PARMESSAR; Party for Brotherhood - and Unity in Politics (BEP), Cipriano ALLENDY; Pendawalima, Marsha JAMIN; - and Independent Progressive Group, Karam RAMSUNDERSINGH; - leftists: - Revolutionary People's Party (RVP), Michael NAARENDORP; Progressive Workers - and Farmers (PALU), Iwan KROLIS -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - President: - last held 6 September 1991 (next to be held NA May 1996); results - elected - by the National Assembly - Ronald VENETIAAN (NF) 80% (645 votes), Jules - WIJDENBOSCH (NDP) 14% (115 votes), Hans PRADE (DA '91) 6% (49 votes) - National Assembly: - last held 25 May 1991 (next to be held NA May 1996); results - percent of - vote NA; seats - (51 total) NF 30, NDP 12, DA '91 9 - -:Suriname Government - -Member of: - ACP, CARICOM (observer), ECLAC, FAO, GATT, G-77, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, - IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LAES, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, UN, - UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Willem A. UDENHOUT; Chancery at Suite 108, 4301 Connecticut - Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 244-7488 or 7490 through - 7492; there is a Surinamese Consulate General in Miami - US: - Ambassador John (Jack) P. LEONARD; Embassy at Dr. Sophie Redmonstraat 129, - Paramaribo (mailing address is P. O. Box 1821, Paramaribo); telephone [597] - 472900, 477881, or 476459; FAX [597] 410025 -Flag: - five horizontal bands of green (top, double width), white, red (quadruple - width), white, and green (double width); there is a large yellow - five-pointed star centered in the red band - -:Suriname Economy - -Overview: - The economy is dominated by the bauxite industry, which accounts for about - 70% of export earnings and 40% of tax revenues. The economy has been in - trouble since the Dutch ended development aid in 1982. A drop in world - bauxite prices which started in the late 1970s and continued until late 1986 - was followed by the outbreak of a guerrilla insurgency in the interior that - crippled the important bauxite sector. Although the insurgency has since - ebbed and the bauxite sector recovered, a military coup in December 1990 - reflected continued political instability and deterred investment and - economic reform. High inflation, high unemployment, widespread black market - activity, and hard currency shortfalls continue to mark the economy. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $1.4 billion, per capita $3,400; real growth rate - 0% (1989 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 50% (1989 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 33% (1990) -Budget: - revenues $466 million; expenditures $716 million, including capital - expenditures of $123 million (1989 est.) -Exports: - $549 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.) - commodities: - alumina, bauxite, aluminum, rice, wood and wood products, shrimp and fish, - bananas - partners: - Norway 33%, Netherlands 20%, US 15%, FRG 9%, Brazil 5%, UK 5%, Japan 3%, - other 10% -Imports: - $331 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.) - commodities: - capital equipment, petroleum, foodstuffs, cotton, consumer goods - partners: - US 37%, Netherlands 15%, Netherlands Antilles 11%, Trinidad and Tobago 9%, - Brazil 5%, UK 3%, other 20% -External debt: - $138 million (1990 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate NA; accounts for 22% of GDP -Electricity: - 458,000 kW capacity; 2,018 million kWh produced, 5,015 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - bauxite mining, alumina and aluminum production, lumbering, food processing, - fishing -Agriculture: - accounts for 11% of GDP; paddy rice planted on 85% of arable land and - represents 60% of total farm output; other products - bananas, palm kernels, - coconuts, plantains, peanuts, beef, chicken; shrimp and forestry products of - increasing importance; self-sufficient in most foods -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-83), $2.5 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.5 billion -Currency: - Surinamese guilder, gulden, or florin (plural - guilders, gulden, or - florins); 1 Surinamese guilder, gulden, or florin (Sf.) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - Surinamese guilders, gulden, or florins (Sf.) per US$1 - 1.7850 (fixed rate) - -:Suriname Economy - -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Suriname Communications - -Railroads: - 166 km total; 86 km 1.000-meter gauge, government owned, and 80 km - 1.435-meter standard gauge; all single track -Highways: - 8,300 km total; 500 km paved; 5,400 km bauxite gravel, crushed stone, or - improved earth; 2,400 km sand or clay -Inland waterways: - 1,200 km; most important means of transport; oceangoing vessels with drafts - ranging up to 7 m can navigate many of the principal waterways -Ports: - Paramaribo, Moengo -Merchant marine: - 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,472 GRT/8,914 DWT; includes 2 cargo, - 1 container -Civil air: - 1 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 46 total, 40 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways - over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - international facilities good; domestic microwave system; 27,500 telephones; - broadcast stations - 5 AM, 14 FM, 6 TV, 1 shortwave; 2 Atlantic Ocean - INTELSAT earth stations - -:Suriname Defense Forces - -Branches: - National Army (including Navy which is company-size, small Air Force - element), Civil Police, People's Militia -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 109,551; 65,250 fit for military service -Defense expenditures: - $NA, NA% of GDP - -:Svalbard Geography - -Total area: - 62,049 km2 -Land area: - 62,049 km2; includes Spitsbergen and Bjornoya (Bear Island) -Comparative area: - slightly smaller than West Virginia -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 3,587 km -Maritime claims: - Exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm unilaterally claimed by Norway, not recognized by Russia - Territorial sea: - 4 nm -Disputes: - focus of maritime boundary dispute in the Barents Sea between Norway and - Russia -Climate: - arctic, tempered by warm North Atlantic Current; cool summers, cold winters; - North Atlantic Current flows along west and north coasts of Spitsbergen, - keeping water open and navigable most of the year -Terrain: - wild, rugged mountains; much of high land ice covered; west coast clear of - ice about half the year; fjords along west and north coasts -Natural resources: - coal, copper, iron ore, phosphate, zinc, wildlife, fish -Land use: - arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and - woodland 0%; other 100%; there are no trees and the only bushes are - crowberry and cloudberry -Environment: - great calving glaciers descend to the sea -Note: - located 445 km north of Norway where the Arctic Ocean, Barents Sea, - Greenland Sea, and Norwegian Sea meet - -:Svalbard People - -Population: - 3,181 (July 1992), growth rate -3.9% (1992); about one-third of the - population resides in the Norwegian areas (Longyearbyen and Svea on - Vestspitsbergen) and two-thirds in the Russian areas (Barentsburg and - Pyramiden on Vestspitsbergen); about 9 persons live at the Polish research - station -Birth rate: - NA births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - NA deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - NA migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - NA deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - NA years male, NA years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - NA children born/woman (1992) -Ethnic divisions: - Russian 64%, Norwegian 35%, other 1% (1981) -Languages: - Russian, Norwegian -Literacy: - NA% (male NA%, female NA%) -Labor force: - NA -Organized labor: - none - -:Svalbard Government - -Long-form name: - none -Type: - territory of Norway administered by the Ministry of Industry, Oslo, through - a governor (sysselmann) residing in Longyearbyen, Spitsbergen; by treaty (9 - February 1920) sovereignty was given to Norway -Capital: - Longyearbyen -Leaders: - Chief of State: - King HARALD V (since 17 January 1991) - Head of Government: - Governor Leif ELDRING (since NA) -Member of: - none -Flag: - the flag of Norway is used - -:Svalbard Economy - -Overview: - Coal mining is the major economic activity on Svalbard. By treaty (9 - February 1920), the nationals of the treaty powers have equal rights to - exploit mineral deposits, subject to Norwegian regulation. Although US, UK, - Dutch, and Swedish coal companies have mined in the past, the only companies - still mining are Norwegian and Russian. The settlements on Svalbard are - essentially company towns. The Norwegian state-owned coal company employs - nearly 60% of the Norwegian population on the island, runs many of the local - services, and provides most of the local infrastructure. There is also some - trapping of seal, polar bear, fox, and walrus. -Budget: - revenues $13.3 million, expenditures $13.3 million, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1990) -Electricity: - 21,000 kW capacity; 45 million kWh produced, 11,420 kWh per capita (1989) -Currency: - Norwegian krone (plural - kroner); 1 Norwegian krone (NKr) = 100 ore -Exchange rates: - Norwegian kroner (NKr) per US$1 - 6.5189 (March 1992), 6.4829 (1991), 6.2597 - (1990), 6.9045 (1989), 6.5170 (1988), 6.7375 (1987) - -:Svalbard Communications - -Ports: - limited facilities - Ny-Alesund, Advent Bay -Airports: - 4 total, 4 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over - 2,439 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - 5 meteorological/radio stations; local telephone service; broadcast stations - - 1 AM, 1 (2 repeaters) FM, 1 TV; satellite communication with Norwegian - mainland - -:Svalbard Defense Forces - -Note: - demilitarized by treaty (9 February 1920) - -:Swaziland Geography - -Total area: - 17,360 km2 -Land area: - 17,200 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly smaller than New Jersey -Land boundaries: - 535 km total; Mozambique 105 km, South Africa 430 km -Coastline: - none - landlocked -Maritime claims: - none - landlocked -Disputes: - none -Climate: - varies from tropical to near temperate -Terrain: - mostly mountains and hills; some moderately sloping plains -Natural resources: - asbestos, coal, clay, cassiterite, hydropower, forests, small gold and - diamond deposits, quarry stone, and talc -Land use: - arable land 8%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 67%; forest and - woodland 6%; other 19%; includes irrigated 2% -Environment: - overgrazing; soil degradation; soil erosion -Note: - landlocked; almost completely surrounded by South Africa - -:Swaziland People - -Population: - 913,008 (July 1992), growth rate 2.6% (1992) -Birth rate: - 44 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 12 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - -6 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 98 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 52 years male, 60 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 6.2 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Swazi(s); adjective - Swazi -Ethnic divisions: - African 97%, European 3% -Religions: - Christian 60%, indigenous beliefs 40% -Languages: - English and siSwati (official); government business conducted in English -Literacy: - 55% (male 57%, female 54%) age 15 and over can read and write (1976) -Labor force: - 195,000; over 60,000 engaged in subsistence agriculture; about 92,000 wage - earners (many only intermittently), with agriculture and forestry 36%, - community and social services 20%, manufacturing 14%, construction 9%, other - 21%; 16,800 employed in South Africa mines (1990) -Organized labor: - about 10% of wage earners - -:Swaziland Government - -Long-form name: - Kingdom of Swaziland -Type: - monarchy; independent member of Commonwealth -Capital: - Mbabane (administrative); Lobamba (legislative) -Administrative divisions: - 4 districts; Hhohho, Lubombo, Manzini, Shiselweni -Independence: - 6 September 1968 (from UK) -Constitution: - none; constitution of 6 September 1968 was suspended on 12 April 1973; a new - constitution was promulgated 13 October 1978, but has not been formally - presented to the people -Legal system: - based on South African Roman-Dutch law in statutory courts, Swazi - traditional law and custom in traditional courts; has not accepted - compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Somhlolo (Independence) Day, 6 September (1968) -Executive branch: - monarch, prime minister, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - bicameral Parliament is advisory and consists of an upper house or Senate - and a lower house or House of Assembly -Judicial branch: - High Court, Court of Appeal -Leaders: - Chief of State: - King MSWATI III (since 25 April 1986) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Obed DLAMINI (since 12 July 1989) -Political parties and leaders: - none; banned by the Constitution promulgated on 13 October 1978 -Suffrage: - none -Elections: - indirect parliamentary election through Swaziland's Tinkhundala System - scheduled for November 1992 -Member of: - ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, - IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, PCA, SACU, SADCC, UN, - UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Absalom Vusani MAMBA; Chancery at 3400 International Drive NW, - Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 362-6683 - US: - Ambassador Stephen H. ROGERS; Embassy at Central Bank Building, Warner - Street, Mbabane (mailing address is P. O. Box 199, Mbabane); telephone [268] - 46441 through 5; FAX [268] 45959 -Flag: - three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (triple width), and blue; the red - band is edged in yellow; centered in the red band is a large black and white - shield covering two spears and a staff decorated with feather tassels, all - placed horizontally - -:Swaziland Economy - -Overview: - The economy is based on subsistence agriculture, which occupies most of the - labor force and contributes nearly 25% to GDP. Manufacturing, which includes - a number of agroprocessing factories, accounts for another quarter of GDP. - Mining has declined in importance in recent years; high-grade iron ore - deposits were depleted in 1978, and health concerns cut world demand for - asbestos. Exports of sugar and forestry products are the main earners of - hard currency. Surrounded by South Africa, except for a short border with - Mozambique, Swaziland is heavily dependent on South Africa, from which it - receives 75% of its imports and to which it sends about half of its exports. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $563 million, per capita $725; real growth rate - 5.0% (1990 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 13% (1990) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $335.4 million; expenditures $360.5 million, including capital - expenditures of $NA (FY93 est.) -Exports: - $557 million (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - soft drink concentrates, sugar, wood pulp, citrus, canned fruit - partners: - South Africa 50% (est.), EC, Canada -Imports: - $632 million (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - motor vehicles, machinery, transport equipment, petroleum products, - foodstuffs, chemicals - partners: - South Africa 75% (est.), Japan, Belgium, UK -External debt: - $290 million (1990) -Industrial production: - growth rate NA; accounts for 26% of GDP (1989) -Electricity: - 60,000 kW capacity; 155 million kWh produced, 180 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - mining (coal and asbestos), wood pulp, sugar -Agriculture: - accounts for 23% of GDP and over 60% of labor force; mostly subsistence - agriculture; cash crops - sugarcane, cotton, maize, tobacco, rice, citrus - fruit, pineapples; other crops and livestock - corn, sorghum, peanuts, - cattle, goats, sheep; not self-sufficient in grain -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $142 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $518 million -Currency: - lilangeni (plural - emalangeni); 1 lilangeni (E) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - emalangeni (E) per US$1 - 2.7814 (January 1992), 2.7563 (1991), 2.5863 - (1990), 2.6166 (1989), 2.2611 (1988), 2.0350 (1987); note - the Swazi - emalangeni is at par with the South African rand -Fiscal year: - 1 April - 31 March - -:Swaziland Communications - -Railroads: - 297 km (plus 71 km disused), 1.067-meter gauge, single track -Highways: - 2,853 km total; 510 km paved, 1,230 km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized - soil, and 1,113 km improved earth -Civil air: - 4 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 23 total, 21 usable; 1 with permanent-surfaced runways; none with runways - over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - system consists of carrier-equipped open-wire lines and low-capacity - microwave links; 17,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 7 AM, 6 FM, 10 TV; - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -:Swaziland Defense Forces - -Branches: - Umbutfo Swaziland Defense Force, Royal Swaziland Police Force -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 197,654; 114,204 fit for military service -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $11 million, about 2% of GNP (1989) - -:Sweden Geography - -Total area: - 449,964 km2 -Land area: - 410,928 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly smaller than California -Land boundaries: - 2,205 km total; Finland 586 km, Norway 1,619 km -Coastline: - 3,218 km -Maritime claims: - Continental shelf: - 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation - Exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - temperate in south with cold, cloudy winters and cool, partly cloudy - summers; subarctic in north -Terrain: - mostly flat or gently rolling lowlands; mountains in west -Natural resources: - zinc, iron ore, lead, copper, silver, timber, uranium, hydropower potential -Land use: - arable land 7%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 2%; forest and - woodland 64%; other 27%; includes irrigated NEGL% -Environment: - water pollution; acid rain -Note: - strategic location along Danish Straits linking Baltic and North Seas - -:Sweden People - -Population: - 8,602,157 (July 1992), growth rate 0.4% (1992) -Birth rate: - 13 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 11 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 2 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 6 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 75 years male, 81 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 1.9 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Swede(s); adjective - Swedish -Ethnic divisions: - homogeneous white population; small Lappish minority; foreign born or - first-generation immigrants (Finns, Yugoslavs, Danes, Norwegians, Greeks, - Turks) about 12% -Religions: - Evangelical Lutheran 94%, Roman Catholic 1.5%, Pentecostal 1%, other 3.5% - (1987) -Languages: - Swedish, small Lapp- and Finnish-speaking minorities; immigrants speak - native languages -Literacy: - 99% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1979 est.) -Labor force: - 4,552,000 community, social and personal services 38.3%, mining and - manufacturing 21.2%, commerce, hotels, and restaurants 14.1%, banking, - insurance 9.0%, communications 7.2%, construction 7.0%, agriculture, - fishing, and forestry 3.2% (1991) -Organized labor: - 80% of labor force (1990 est.) - -:Sweden Government - -Long-form name: - Kingdom of Sweden -Type: - constitutional monarchy -Capital: - Stockholm -Administrative divisions: - 24 provinces (lan, singular and plural); Alvsborgs Lan, Blekinge Lan, - Gavleborgs Lan, Goteborgs och Bohus Lan, Gotlands Lan, Hallands Lan, - Jamtlands Lan, Jonkopings Lan, Kalmar Lan, Kopparbergs Lan, Kristianstads - Lan, Kronobergs Lan, Malmohus Lan, Norrbottens Lan, Orebro Lan, - Ostergotlands Lan, Skaraborgs Lan, Sodermanlands Lan, Stockholms Lan, - Uppsala Lan, Varmlands Lan, Vasterbottens Lan, Vasternorrlands Lan, - Vastmanlands Lan -Independence: - 6 June 1809, constitutional monarchy established -Constitution: - 1 January 1975 -Legal system: - civil law system influenced by customary law; accepts compulsory ICJ - jurisdiction, with reservations -National holiday: - Day of the Swedish Flag, 6 June -Executive branch: - monarch, prime minister, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral parliament (Riksdag) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court (Hogsta Domstolen) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - King CARL XVI GUSTAF (since 19 September 1973); Heir Apparent Princess - VICTORIA Ingrid Alice Desiree, daughter of the King (born 14 July 1977) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Carl BILDT (since 3 October 1991) -Political parties and leaders: - ruling four-party coalition consists of the Moderate Party (conservative), - Carl BILDT; Liberal People's Party, Bengt WESTERBERG; Center Party, Olof - JOHANSSON; and the Christian Democratic Party, Alf SVENSSON; Social - Democratic Party, Ingvar CARLSSON; New Democracy Party, Count Ian - WACHTMEISTER; Left Party (VP; Communist), Lars WERNER; Swedish Communist - Party (SKP), Rune PETTERSSON; Communist Workers' Party, Rolf HAGEL; Green - Party, no formal leader -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - Riksdag: - last held 15 September 1991 (next to be held NA September 1994); results - - Social Democratic Party 37.6%, Moderate Party (conservative) 21.9%, Liberal - People's Party 9.1%, Center Party 8.5%, Christian Democrats 7.1%, New - Democracy 6.7%, Left Party (Communist) 4.5%, Green Party 3.4%, other 1.2%; - seats - (349 total) Social Democratic 138, Moderate Party (conservative) 80, - Liberal People's Party 33, Center Party 31, Christian Democrats 26, New - Democracy 25, Left Party (Communist) 16; note - the Green Party has no seats - in the Riksdag because it received less than the required 4% of the vote -Communists: - VP and SKP; VP, formerly the Left Party-Communists, is reported to have - roughly 17,800 members and attracted 5.8% of the vote in the 1988 election; - VP dropped the Communist label in 1990, but maintains a Marxist ideology - -:Sweden Government - -Member of: - AfDB, AG (observer) AsDB, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, EFTA, ESA, - FAO, G-6, G-8, G-9, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, - IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTERPOL, INTELSAT, IOC, IOM - (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM (guest), NC, NEA, NIB, OECD, PCA, UN, - UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIIMOG, UNMOGIP, UNTSO, UPU, - WHO, WIPO, WMO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Anders THUNBORG; Chancery at Suite 1200, 600 New Hampshire Avenue - NW, Washington, DC 20037; telephone (202) 944-5600; there are Swedish - Consulates General in Chicago, Los Angeles, Minneapolis, and New York - US: - Ambassador Charles E. REDMAN; Embassy at Strandvagen 101, S-115 89 - Stockholm; telephone [46] (8) 783-5300; FAX [46] (8) 661-1964 -Flag: - blue with a yellow cross that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical - part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog - (Danish flag) - -:Sweden Economy - -Overview: - Aided by a long period of peace and neutrality during World War I through - World War II, Sweden has achieved an enviable standard of living under a - mixed system of high-tech capitalism and extensive welfare benefits. It has - essentially full employment, a modern distribution system, excellent - internal and external communications, and a skilled labor force. Timber, - hydropower, and iron ore constitute the resource base of an economy that is - heavily oriented toward foreign trade. Privately owned firms account for - about 90% of industrial output, of which the engineering sector accounts for - 50% of output and exports. In the last few years, however, this - extraordinarily favorable picture has been clouded by inflation, growing - absenteeism, and a gradual loss of competitiveness in international markets. - The new center-right government, facing a sagging economic situation which - is unlikely to improve until 1993, is pushing full steam ahead with economic - reform proposals to end Sweden's recession and to prepare for possible EC - membership in 1995. The free-market-oriented reforms are designed to spur - growth, maintain price stability, lower unemployment, create a more - efficient welfare state, and further adapt to EC standards. The measures - include: cutting taxes, particularly the value-added tax (VAT) and levies on - new and small business; privatization; liberalizing foreign ownership - restrictions; and opening the welfare system to competition and private - alternatives, which the government will still finance. Growth is expected to - remain flat in 1992, but increase slightly in 1993, while inflation should - remain around 3% for the next few years. On the down side, unemployment may - climb to slightly over 4% in 1993, and the budget deficit will reach nearly - $9 billion in 1992. -GDP: - purchasing power equivalent - $147.6 billion, per capita $17,200; real - growth rate -1.1% (1991) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 8.0% (1991) -Unemployment rate: - 2.7% (1991) -Budget: - revenues $67.5 billion; expenditures $78.7 billion, including capital - expenditures of $NA (FY92 est.) -Exports: - $54.5 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) - commodities: - machinery, motor vehicles, paper products, pulp and wood, iron and steel - products, chemicals, petroleum and petroleum products - partners: - EC, (FRG, UK, Denmark), US, Norway -Imports: - $50.2 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.) - commodities: - machinery, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, motor vehicles, - foodstuffs, iron and steel, clothing - partners: - EC 55.3%, US 8.4% (1990) -External debt: - $10.7 billion (November 1991) -Industrial production: - growth rate -5.3% (1991) -Electricity: - 39,716,000 kW capacity; 142,000 million kWh produced, 16,700 kWh per capita - (1991) - -:Sweden Economy - -Industries: - iron and steel, precision equipment (bearings, radio and telephone parts, - armaments), wood pulp and paper products, processed foods, motor vehicles -Agriculture: - animal husbandry predominates, with milk and dairy products accounting for - 37% of farm income; main crops - grains, sugar beets, potatoes; 100% - self-sufficient in grains and potatoes, 85% self-sufficient in sugar beets -Economic aid: - donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $10.3 billion -Currency: - Swedish krona (plural - kronor); 1 Swedish krona (SKr) = 100 ore -Exchange rates: - Swedish kronor (SKr) per US$1 - 6.0259 (March 1992), 6.0475 (1991) 5.9188 - (1990), 6.4469 (1989), 6.1272 (1988), 6.3404 (1987) -Fiscal year: - 1 July - 30 June - -:Sweden Communications - -Railroads: - 12,000 km total; Swedish State Railways (SJ) - 10,819 km 1.435-meter - standard gauge, 6,955 km electrified and 1,152 km double track; 182 km - 0.891-meter gauge; 117 km rail ferry service; privately owned railways - 511 - km 1.435-meter standard gauge (332 km electrified); 371 km 0.891-meter gauge - (all electrified) -Highways: - 97,400 km (51,899 km paved, 20,659 km gravel, 24,842 km unimproved earth) -Inland waterways: - 2,052 km navigable for small steamers and barges -Pipelines: - natural gas 84 km -Ports: - Gavle, Goteborg, Halmstad, Helsingborg, Kalmar, Malmo, Stockholm; numerous - secondary and minor ports -Merchant marine: - 186 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,665,902 GRT/3,646,165 DWT; includes - 10 short-sea passenger, 29 cargo, 3 container, 43 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 12 - vehicle carrier, 2 railcar carrier, 33 petroleum tanker, 28 chemical tanker, - 4 specialized tanker, 1 liquefied gas, 7 combination ore/oil, 12 bulk, 1 - combination bulk, 1 refrigerated cargo -Civil air: - 115 major transports -Airports: - 254 total, 252 usable; 139 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways - over 3,659 m; 10 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 94 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - excellent domestic and international facilities; 8,200,000 telephones; - mainly coaxial and multiconductor cables carry long-distance network; - parallel microwave network carries primarily radio, TV and some telephone - channels; automatic system; broadcast stations - 5 AM, 360 (mostly - repeaters) FM, 880 (mostly repeaters) TV; 5 submarine coaxial cables; - satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 EUTELSAT - -:Sweden Defense Forces - -Branches: - Swedish Army, Swedish Navy, Swedish Air Force -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 2,129,996; 1,858,944 fit for military service; 57,492 reach - military age (19) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $6.2 billion, about 4% of GDP (FY91) - -:Switzerland Geography - -Total area: - 41,290 km2 -Land area: - 39,770 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly more than twice the size of New Jersey -Land boundaries: - 1,852 km total; Austria 164 km, France 573 km, Italy 740 km, Liechtenstein - 41 km, Germany 334 km -Coastline: - none - landlocked -Maritime claims: - none - landlocked -Disputes: - none -Climate: - temperate, but varies with altitude; cold, cloudy, rainy/snowy winters; cool - to warm, cloudy, humid summers with occasional showers -Terrain: - mostly mountains (Alps in south, Jura in northwest) with a central plateau - of rolling hills, plains, and large lakes -Natural resources: - hydropower potential, timber, salt -Land use: - arable land 10%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 40%; forest and - woodland 26%; other 23%; includes irrigated 1% -Environment: - dominated by Alps -Note: - landlocked; crossroads of northern and southern Europe - -:Switzerland People - -Population: - 6,828,023 (July 1992), growth rate 0.6% (1992) -Birth rate: - 12 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 9 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 3 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 6 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 76 years male, 83 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 1.6 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Swiss (singular and plural); adjective - Swiss -Ethnic divisions: - total population - German 65%, French 18%, Italian 10%, Romansch 1%, other - 6%; Swiss nationals - German 74%, French 20%, Italian 4%, Romansch 1%, other - 1% -Religions: - Roman Catholic 47.6%, Protestant 44.3%, other 8.1% (1980) -Languages: - total population - German 65%, French 18%, Italian 12%, Romansch 1%, other - 4%; Swiss nationals - German 74%, French 20%, Italian 4%, Romansch 1%, other - 1% -Literacy: - 99% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980 est.) -Labor force: - 3,310,000; 904,095 foreign workers, mostly Italian; services 50%, industry - and crafts 33%, government 10%, agriculture and forestry 6%, other 1% (1989) -Organized labor: - 20% of labor force - -:Switzerland Government - -Long-form name: - Swiss Confederation -Type: - federal republic -Capital: - Bern -Administrative divisions: - 26 cantons (cantons, singular - canton in French; cantoni, singular - - cantone in Italian; kantone, singular - kanton in German); Aargau, - Ausser-Rhoden, Basel-Landschaft, Basel-Stadt, Bern, Fribourg, Geneve, - Glarus, Graubunden, Inner-Rhoden, Jura, Luzern, Neuchatel, Nidwalden, - Obwalden, Sankt Gallen, Schaffhausen, Schwyz, Solothurn, Thurgau, Ticino, - Uri, Valais, Vaud, Zug, Zurich -Independence: - 1 August 1291 -Constitution: - 29 May 1874 -Legal system: - civil law system influenced by customary law; judicial review of legislative - acts, except with respect to federal decrees of general obligatory - character; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations -National holiday: - Anniversary of the Founding of the Swiss Confederation, 1 August (1291) -Executive branch: - president, vice president, Federal Council (German - Bundesrat, French - - Conseil Federal, Italian - Consiglio Federale) -Legislative branch: - bicameral Federal Assembly (German - Bundesversammlung, French - Assemblee - Federale, Italian - Assemblea Federale) consists of an upper council or - Council of States (German - Standerat, French - Conseil des Etats, Italian - - Consiglio degli Stati) and a lower council or National Council (German - - Nationalrat, French - Conseil National, Italian - Consiglio Nazionale) -Judicial branch: - Federal Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Rene FELBER (1992 calendar year; presidency rotates annually); - Vice President Adolf OGI (term runs concurrently with that of president) -Political parties and leaders: - Free Democratic Party (FDP), Bruno HUNZIKER, president; Social Democratic - Party (SPS), Helmut HUBACHER, chairman; Christian Democratic People's Party - (CVP), Eva SEGMULLER-WEBER, chairman; Swiss People's Party (SVP), Hans - UHLMANN, president; Green Party (GPS), Peter SCHMID, president; Automobile - Party (AP), DREYER; Alliance of Independents' Party (LdU), Dr. Franz JAEGER, - president; Swiss Democratic Party (SD), NA; Evangelical People's Party - (EVP), Max DUNKI, president; Workers' Party (PdA; Communist), Jean - SPIELMANN, general secretary; Ticino League, leader NA Liberal Party (LPS), - Gilbert COUTAU, president -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - Council of States: - last held throughout 1991 (next to be held NA 1995); results - percent of - vote by party NA; seats - (46 total) FDP 18, CVP 16, SVP 4, SPS 3, LPS 3, - LdU 1, Ticino League 1 - -:Switzerland Government - - National Council: - last held 20 October 1991 (next to be held NA October 1995); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (200 total) FDP 44, SPS 42, CVP 37, SVP - 25, GPS 14, LPS 10, AP 8, LdU 6, SD 5, EVP 3, PdA 2, Ticino League 2, other - 2 -Communists: - 4,500 members (est.) -Member of: - AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, EFTA, ESA, - FAO, G-8, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IEA, IFAD, ILO, IMF, - IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM (guest), - NEA, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN (observer), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, - UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Edouard BRUNNER; Chancery at 2900 Cathedral Avenue NW, - Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 745-7900; there are Swiss Consulates - General in Atlanta, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, and San - Francisco - US: - Ambassador Joseph B. GILDENHORN; Embassy at Jubilaeumstrasse 93, 3005 Bern; - telephone [41] (31) 437-011; FAX [41] (31) 437-344; there is a Branch Office - of the Embassy in Geneva and a Consulate General in Zurich -Flag: - red square with a bold, equilateral white cross in the center that does not - extend to the edges of the flag - -:Switzerland Economy - -Overview: - Switzerland's economic success is matched in few other nations. Per capita - output, general living standards, education and science, health care, and - diet are unsurpassed in Europe. Economic stability helps promote the - important banking and tourist sectors. Since World War II, Switzerland's - economy has adjusted smoothly to the great changes in output and trade - patterns in Europe and presumably can adjust to the challenges of the 1990s, - particularly to the further economic integration of Western Europe and the - amazingly rapid changes in East European political and economic prospects. - After 8 years of growth, the economy experienced a mild recession in 1991 - because monetary policy was tightened to combat inflation and because of the - weak international economy. In the second half of 1992, however, Switzerland - is expected to resume growth, despite inflation and unemployment problems. - GDP growth for 1992 may be just under 1%, inflation should drop from 5.9% to - 3.5%, and the trade deficit will continue to decline after dropping by over - 15% to $5 billion, due to increased exports to Germany. Unemployment, - however, is forecast to rise to 1.6% in 1992, up from 1.3% in 1991 and 0.5% - in 1990. -GDP: - purchasing power equivalent - $147.4 billion, per capita $21,700; real - growth rate -0.2% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 5.9% (1991) -Unemployment rate: - 1.3% (1991) -Budget: - revenues $24.0 billion; expenditures $23.8 billion, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1990) -Exports: - $62.2 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) - commodities: - machinery and equipment, precision instruments, metal products, foodstuffs, - textiles and clothing - partners: - Western Europe 64% (EC 56%, other 8%), US 9%, Japan 4% -Imports: - $68.5 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.) - commodities: - agricultural products, machinery and transportation equipment, chemicals, - textiles, construction materials - partners: - Western Europe 78% (EC 71%, other 7%), US 6% -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate 0.4% (1991 est.) -Electricity: - 17,710,000 kW capacity; 59,070 million kWh produced, 8,930 kWh per capita - (1991) -Industries: - machinery, chemicals, watches, textiles, precision instruments -Agriculture: - dairy farming predominates; less than 50% self-sufficient; food shortages - - fish, refined sugar, fats and oils (other than butter), grains, eggs, - fruits, vegetables, meat -Economic aid: - donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $3.5 billion - -:Switzerland Economy - -Currency: - Swiss franc, franken, or franco (plural - francs, franken, or franchi); 1 - Swiss franc, franken, or franco (SwF) = 100 centimes, rappen, or centesimi -Exchange rates: - Swiss francs, franken, or franchi (SwF) per US$1 - 1.4037 (January 1992), - 1.4340 (1991), 1.3892 (1990), 1.6359 (1989), 1.4633 (1988), 1.4912 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Switzerland Communications - -Railroads: - 5,174 km total; 2,971 km are government owned and 2,203 km are nongovernment - owned; the government network consists of 2,897 km 1.435-meter standard - gauge and 74 km 1.000-meter narrow gauge track; 1,432 km double track, 99% - electrified; the nongovernment network consists of 710 km 1.435-meter - standard gauge, 1,418 km 1.000-meter gauge, and 75 km 0.790-meter gauge - track, 100% electrified -Highways: - 62,145 km total (all paved), of which 18,620 km are canton and 1,057 km are - national highways (740 km autobahn); 42,468 km are communal roads -Inland waterways: - 65 km; Rhine (Basel to Rheinfelden, Schaffhausen to Bodensee); 12 navigable - lakes -Pipelines: - crude oil 314 km, natural gas 1,506 km -Ports: - Basel (river port) -Merchant marine: - 22 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 325,234 GRT/576,953 DWT; includes 5 - cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 chemical tanker, 2 specialized tanker, 9 - bulk, 1 petroleum tanker -Civil air: - 89 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 66 total, 65 usable; 42 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over - 3,659 m; 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 18 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - excellent domestic, international, and broadcast services; 5,890,000 - telephones; extensive cable and microwave networks; broadcast stations - 7 - AM, 265 FM, 18 (1,322 repeaters) TV; communications satellite earth station - operating in the INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean) system - -:Switzerland Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Air Force, Frontier Guards, Fortification Guards -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 1,798,632; 1,544,191 fit for military service; 43,952 reach - military age (20) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $4.6 billion, about 2% of GDP (1990) - -:Syria Geography - -Total area: - 185,180 km2 -Land area: - 184,050 km2 (including 1,295 km2 of Israeli-occupied territory) -Comparative area: - slightly larger than North Dakota -Land boundaries: - 2,253 km total; Iraq 605 km, Israel 76 km, Jordan 375 km, Lebanon 375 km, - Turkey 822 km -Coastline: - 193 km -Maritime claims: - Contiguous zone: - 6 nm beyond territorial sea limit - Territorial sea: - 35 nm -Disputes: - separated from Israel by the 1949 Armistice Line; Golan Heights is Israeli - occupied; Hatay question with Turkey; periodic disputes with Iraq over - Euphrates water rights; ongoing dispute over water development plans by - Turkey for the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers -Climate: - mostly desert; hot, dry, sunny summers (June to August) and mild, rainy - winters (December to February) along coast -Terrain: - primarily semiarid and desert plateau; narrow coastal plain; mountains in - west -Natural resources: - crude oil, phosphates, chrome and manganese ores, asphalt, iron ore, rock - salt, marble, gypsum -Land use: - arable land 28%; permanent crops 3%; meadows and pastures 46%; forest and - woodland 3%; other 20%; includes irrigated 3% -Environment: - deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification -Note: - there are 38 Jewish settlements in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights - -:Syria People - -Population: - 13,730,436 (July 1992), growth rate 3.8% (1992); in addition, there are at - least 14,500 Druze and 14,000 Jewish settlers in the Israeli-occupied Golan - Heights (1992 est.) -Birth rate: - 44 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 45 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 65 years male, 67 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 6.9 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Syrian(s); adjective - Syrian -Ethnic divisions: - Arab 90.3%; Kurds, Armenians, and other 9.7% -Religions: - Sunni Muslim 74%, Alawite, Druze, and other Muslim sects 16%, Christian - (various sects) 10%, tiny Jewish communities in Damascus, Al Qamishli, and - Aleppo -Languages: - Arabic (official), Kurdish, Armenian, Aramaic, Circassian; French widely - understood -Literacy: - 64% (male 78%, female 51%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 2,400,000; miscellaneous and government services 36%, agriculture 32%, - industry and construction 32%; majority unskilled; shortage of skilled labor - (1984) -Organized labor: - 5% of labor force - -:Syria Government - -Long-form name: - Syrian Arab Republic -Type: - republic; under leftwing military regime since March 1963 -Capital: - Damascus -Administrative divisions: - 14 provinces (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Al Hasakah, Al Ladhiqiyah, - Al Qunaytirah, Ar Raqqah, As Suwayda', Dar`a, Dayr az Zawr, Dimashq, Halab, - Hamah, Hims, Idlib, Rif Dimashq, Tartus -Independence: - 17 April 1946 (from League of Nations mandate under French administration); - formerly United Arab Republic -Constitution: - 13 March 1973 -Legal system: - based on Islamic law and civil law system; special religious courts; has not - accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - National Day, 17 April (1946) -Executive branch: - president, three vice presidents, prime minister, three deputy prime - ministers, Council of Ministers (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral People's Council (Majlis al-Chaab) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Constitutional Court, High Judicial Council, Court of Cassation, - State Security Courts -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Hafiz al-ASAD (since 22 February 1971); Vice Presidents `Abd - al-Halim KHADDAM, Vice President Rif`at al-ASAD, and Vice President Muhammad - Zuhayr MASHARIQA (since 11 March 1984) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Mahmud ZU`BI (since 1 November 1987); Deputy Prime Minister - Lt. Gen. Mustafa TALAS (since 11 March 1984); Deputy Prime Minister Salim - YASIN (since NA December 1981); Deputy Prime Minister Mahmud QADDUR (since - NA May 1985) -Political parties and leaders: - ruling party is the Arab Socialist Resurrectionist (Ba`th) Party; the - Progressive National Front is dominated by Ba`thists but includes - independents and members of the Syrian Arab Socialist Party (ASP), Arab - Socialist Union (ASU), Syrian Communist Party (SCP), Arab Socialist Unionist - Movement, and Democratic Socialist Union Party -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - President: - last held 2 December 1991 (next to be held December 1998); results - - President Hafiz al-ASAD was reelected for a fourth seven-year term with - 99.98% of the vote - People's Council: - last held 22-23 May 1990 (next to be held NA May 1994); results - Ba`th - 53.6%, ASU 3.2%, SCP 3.2%, Arab Socialist Unionist Movement 2.8%, ASP 2%, - Democratic Socialist Union Party 1.6%, independents 33.6%; seats - (250 - total) Ba`th 134, ASU 8, SCP 8, Arab Socialist Unionist Movement 7, ASP 5, - Democratic Socialist Union Party 4, independents 84; note - the People's - Council was expanded to 250 seats total prior to the May 1990 election - -:Syria Government - -Communists: - Syrian Communist Party (SCP) -Other political or pressure groups: - non-Ba`th parties have little effective political influence; Communist party - ineffective; conservative religious leaders; Muslim Brotherhood -Member of: - ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, - ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, - LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNRWA, UPU, WFTU, WHO, - WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Walid MOUALEM; Chancery at 2215 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC - 20008; telephone (202) 232-6313 - US: - Ambassador Christopher W. S. ROSS; Embassy at Abu Rumaneh, Al Mansur Street - No. 2, Damascus (mailing address is P. O. Box 29, Damascus); telephone [963] - (11) 333052 or 332557, 330416, 332814, 332315, 714108, 337178, 333232; FAX - [963] (11) 718-687 -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with two small - green five-pointed stars in a horizontal line centered in the white band; - similar to the flag of Yemen, which has a plain white band and of Iraq, - which has three green stars (plus an Arabic inscription) in a horizontal - line centered in the white band; also similar to the flag of Egypt, which - has a symbolic eagle centered in the white band - -:Syria Economy - -Overview: - Syria's state-dominated Ba`thist economy has benefited from the Gulf war, - increased oil production, good weather, and economic deregulation. Economic - growth averaged nearly 12% annually in 1990-91, buoyed by increased oil - production and improved agricultural performance. The Gulf war of early 1991 - provided Syria an aid windfall of several billion dollars from Arab, - European, and Japanese donors. These inflows more than offset Damascus's - war-related costs and will help Syria cover some of its debt arrears, - restore suspended credit lines, and initiate selected military and civilian - purchases. For the long run, Syria's economy is still saddled with a large - number of poorly performing public sector firms; investment levels remain - low; and industrial and agricultural productivity is poor. A major long-term - concern is the additional drain of upstream Euphrates water by Turkey when - its vast dam and irrigation projects are completed by mid-decade. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $30 billion, per capita $2,300; real growth rate - 11% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 25% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $5.4 billion; expenditures $7.5 billion, including capital - expenditures of $2.9 billion (1991 est.) -Exports: - $3.6 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) - commodities: - petroleum 40%, farm products 13%, textiles, phosphates (1989) - partners: - USSR and Eastern Europe 42%, EC 31%, Arab countries 17%, US/Canada 2% (1989) -Imports: - $2.7 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) - commodities: - foodstuffs and beverages 21%, metal and metal products 16%, machinery 14%, - textiles, petroleum products (1989) - partners: - EC 42%, USSR and Eastern Europe 13%, other Europe 13%, US/Canada 8%, Arab - countries 6% (1989) -External debt: - $5.2 billion in hard currency (1990 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 6% (1991 est.); accounts for 17% of GDP -Electricity: - 3,005,000 kW capacity; 8,800 million kWh produced, 680 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - textiles, food processing, beverages, tobacco, phosphate rock mining, - petroleum -Agriculture: - accounts for 27% of GDP and one-third of labor force; all major crops - (wheat, barley, cotton, lentils, chickpeas) grown mainly on rainfed land - causing wide swings in production; animal products - beef, lamb, eggs, - poultry, milk; not self-sufficient in grain or livestock products -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-81), $538 million; Western (non-US) - ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.23 billion; OPEC bilateral - aid (1979-89), $12.3 billion; former Communist countries (1970-89), $3.3 - billion -Currency: - Syrian pound (plural - pounds); 1 Syrian pound (#S) = 100 piasters - -:Syria Economy - -Exchange rates: - Syrian pounds (#S) per US$1 - 22.0 (promotional rate since 1991), 11.2250 - (fixed rate 1987-90), 3.9250 (fixed rate 1976-87) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Syria Communications - -Railroads: - 2,350 km total; 2,035 km standard gauge, 315 km 1.050-meter (narrow) gauge -Highways: - 28,000 km total; 22,000 km paved, 3,000 km gravel or crushed stone, 3,000 km - improved earth -Inland waterways: - 672 km; minimal economic importance -Pipelines: - crude oil 1,304 km, petroleum products 515 km -Ports: - Tartus, Latakia, Baniyas -Merchant marine: - 29 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 85,417 GRT/138,078 DWT; includes 25 - cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 vehicle carrier, 2 bulk -Civil air: - 35 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 104 total, 100 usable; 24 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways - over 3,659 m; 21 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - fair system currently undergoing significant improvement; 512,600 - telephones; broadcast stations - 9 AM, 1 FM, 17 TV; satellite earth stations - - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Intersputnik, 1 submarine cable; coaxial - cable and radio relay to Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey - -:Syria Defense Forces - -Branches: - Syrian Arab Army, Syrian Arab Navy, Syrian Arab Air Force, Syrian Arab Air - Defense Forces, Police and Security Force -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 3,012,671; 1,691,660 fit for military service; 145,976 reach - military age (19) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $2.5 billion, 8% of GDP (1989) - -:Taiwan Geography - -Total area: - 35,980 km2 -Land area: - 32,260 km2; includes the Pescadores, Matsu, and Quemoy -Comparative area: - slightly less than three times the size of Connecticut -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 1,448 km -Maritime claims: - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - involved in complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with China, Malaysia, - Philippines, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; Paracel Islands occupied by - China, but claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; Japanese-administered - Senkaku-shoto (Senkaku Islands/Diaoyu Tai) claimed by China and Taiwan -Climate: - tropical; marine; rainy season during southwest monsoon (June to August); - cloudiness is persistent and extensive all year -Terrain: - eastern two-thirds mostly rugged mountains; flat to gently rolling plains in - west -Natural resources: - small deposits of coal, natural gas, limestone, marble, and asbestos -Land use: - arable land 24%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 5%; forest and - woodland 55%; other 15%; irrigated 14% -Environment: - subject to earthquakes and typhoons - -:Taiwan People - -Population: - 20,878,556 (July 1992), growth rate 1.0% (1992) -Birth rate: - 16 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 6 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 72 years male, 78 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 1.8 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Chinese (singular and plural); adjective - Chinese -Ethnic divisions: - Taiwanese 84%, mainland Chinese 14%, aborigine 2% -Religions: - mixture of Buddhist, Confucian, and Taoist 93%, Christian 4.5%, other 2.5% -Languages: - Mandarin Chinese (official); Taiwanese (Miu) and Hakka dialects also used -Literacy: - 91.2% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990) -Labor force: - 7,900,000; industry and commerce 53%, services 22%, agriculture 15.6%, civil - administration 7% (1989) -Organized labor: - 2,728,000 or about 44% (1991) - -:Taiwan Government - -Long-form name: - none -Type: - multiparty democratic regime; opposition political parties legalized in - March, 1989 -Capital: - Taipei -Administrative divisions: - the authorities in Taipei claim to be the government of all China; in - keeping with that claim, the central administrative divisions include 2 - provinces (sheng, singular and plural) and 2 municipalities* (shih, singular - and plural) - Fu-chien (some 20 offshore islands of Fujian Province - including Quemoy and Matsu), Kao-hsiung*, T'ai-pei*, and Taiwan (the island - of Taiwan and the Pescadores islands); the more commonly referenced - administrative divisions are those of Taiwan Province - 16 counties (hsien, - singular and plural), 5 municipalities* (shih, singular and plural), and 2 - special municipalities** (chuan-shih, singular and plural); Chang-hua, - Chia-i, Chia-i*, Chi-lung*, Hsin-chu, Hsin-chu*, Hua-lien, I-lan, - Kao-hsiung, Kao-hsiung**, Miao-li, Nan-t'ou, P'eng-hu, P'ing-tung, - T'ai-chung, T'ai-chung*, T'ai-nan, T'ai-nan*, T'ai-pei, T'ai-pei**, - T'ai-tung, T'ao-yuan, and Yun-lin; the provincial capital is at - Chung-hsing-hsin-ts'un; note - Taiwan uses the Wade-Giles system for - romanization -Constitution: - 25 December 1947, presently undergoing revision -Legal system: - based on civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with - reservations -National holiday: - National Day (Anniversary of the Revolution), 10 October (1911) -Executive branch: - president, vice president, premier of the Executive Yuan, vice premier of - the Executive Yuan, Executive Yuan -Legislative branch: - unicameral Legislative Yuan, unicameral National Assembly -Judicial branch: - Judicial Yuan -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President LI Teng-hui (since 13 January 1988); Vice President LI Yuan-zu - (since 20 May 1990) - Head of Government: - Premier (President of the Executive Yuan) HAO Po-ts'un (since 2 May 1990); - Vice Premier (Vice President of the Executive Yuan) SHIH Ch'i-yang (since NA - July 1988) -Political parties and leaders: - Kuomintang (Nationalist Party), LI Teng-hui, chairman; Democratic Socialist - Party and Young China Party controlled by Kuomintang; Democratic Progressive - Party (DPP); Labor Party; 27 other minor parties -Suffrage: - universal at age 20 -Elections: - President: - last held 21 March 1990 (next to be held NA March 1996); results - President - LI Teng-hui was reelected by the National Assembly - Vice President: - last held 21 March 1990 (next to be held NA March 1996); results - LI - Yuan-zu was elected by the National Assembly - -:Taiwan Government - - Legislative Yuan: - last held 2 December 1989 (next to be held NA December 1992); results - KMT - 65%, DPP 33%, independents 2%; seats - (304 total, 102 elected) KMT 78, DPP - 21, independents 3 -Elections: - National Assembly: - first National Assembly elected in November 1947 with a supplementary - election in December 1986; second National Assembly elected in December 1991 -Member of: - expelled from UN General Assembly and Security Council on 25 October 1971 - and withdrew on same date from other charter-designated subsidiary organs; - expelled from IMF/World Bank group April/May 1980; seeking to join GATT; - attempting to retain membership in INTELSAT; suspended from IAEA in 1972, - but still allows IAEA controls over extensive atomic development; APEC, - AsDB, ICC, ICFTU, IOC -Diplomatic representation: - none; unofficial commercial and cultural relations with the people of the US - are maintained through a private instrumentality, the Coordination Council - for North American Affairs (CCNAA) with headquarters in Taipei and field - offices in Washington and 10 other US cities with all addresses and - telephone numbers NA - US: - unofficial commercial and cultural relations with the people of Taiwan are - maintained through a private institution, the American Institute in Taiwan - (AIT), which has offices in Taipei at #7, Lane 134, Hsiu Yi Road, Section 3, - telephone [886] (2) 709-2000, and in Kao-hsiung at #2 Chung Cheng 3d Road, - telephone [886] (7) 224-0154 through 0157, and the American Trade Center at - Room 3207 International Trade Building, Taipei World Trade Center, 333 - Keelung Road Section 1, Taipei 10548, telephone [886] (2) 720-1550 -Flag: - red with a dark blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a - white sun with 12 triangular rays - -:Taiwan Economy - -Overview: - Taiwan has a dynamic capitalist economy with considerable government - guidance of investment and foreign trade and partial government ownership of - some large banks and industrial firms. Real growth in GNP has averaged about - 9% a year during the past three decades. Export growth has been even faster - and has provided the impetus for industrialization. Agriculture contributes - about 4% to GNP, down from 35% in 1952. Taiwan currently ranks as number 13 - among major trading countries. Traditional labor-intensive industries are - steadily being replaced with more capital- and technology-intensive - industries. Taiwan has become a major investor in China, Thailand, - Indonesia, the Philippines, and Malaysia. The tightening of labor markets - has led to an influx of foreign workers, both legal and illegal. -GNP: - purchasing power equivalent - $150.8 billion, per capita $7,380; real growth - rate 5.2% (1990) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 4.1% (1990); 3.8% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 1.7% (1990); 1.5% (1991 est.) -Budget: - revenues $30.3 billion; expenditures $30.1 billion, including capital - expenditures of $NA (FY91 est.) -Exports: - $67.2 billion (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - electrical machinery 18.2%, textiles 15.6%, general machinery and equipment - 14.8%, basic metals and metal products 7.8%, foodstuffs 1.7%, plywood and - wood products 1.6% (1989) - partners: - US 36.2%, Japan 13.7% (1989) -Imports: - $54.7 billion (c.i.f., 1990) - commodities: - machinery and equipment 15.3%, basic metals 13.0%, chemical and chemical - products 11.1%, crude oil 5%, foodstuffs 2.2% (1989) - partners: - Japan 31%, US 23%, FRG 5% (1989) -External debt: - $1.1 billion (December 1990 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 6.5% (1991 est.) -Electricity: - 17,000,000 kW capacity; 76,900 million kWh produced, 3,722 kWh per capita - (1991) -Industries: - electronics, textiles, chemicals, clothing, food processing, plywood, sugar - milling, cement, shipbuilding, petroleum -Agriculture: - accounts for 4% of GNP and 16% of labor force (includes part-time farmers); - heavily subsidized sector; major crops - vegetables, rice, fruit, tea; - livestock - hogs, poultry, beef, milk, cattle; not self-sufficient in wheat, - soybeans, corn; fish catch increasing, 1.4 million metric tons (1988) -Economic aid: - US, including Ex-Im (FY46-82), $4.6 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA - and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $500 million -Currency: - New Taiwan dollar (plural - dollars); 1 New Taiwan dollar (NT$) = 100 cents - -:Taiwan Economy - -Exchange rates: - New Taiwan dollars per US$1 - 25.000 (February 1992), 25.748 (1991), 27.108 - (1990), 26.407 (1989) 28.589 (1988), 31.845 (1987) -Fiscal year: - 1 July - 30 June - -:Taiwan Communications - -Railroads: - about 4,600 km total track with 1,075 km common carrier lines and 3,525 km - industrial lines; common carrier lines consist of the 1.067-meter gauge 708 - km West Line and the 367 km East Line; a 98.25 km South Link Line connection - was completed in late 1991; common carrier lines owned by the government and - operated by the Railway Administration under Ministry of Communications; - industrial lines owned and operated by government enterprises -Highways: - 20,041 km total; 17,095 km bituminous or concrete pavement, 2,371 km crushed - stone or gravel, 575 km graded earth -Pipelines: - petroleum products 615 km, natural gas 97 km -Ports: - Kao-hsiung, Chi-lung (Keelung), Hua-lien, Su-ao, T'ai-tung -Merchant marine: - 213 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,491,539 GRT/9,082,118 DWT; includes - 1 passenger, 42 cargo, 15 refrigerated cargo, 73 container, 17 petroleum - tanker, 3 combination ore/oil, 1 specialized tanker, 58 bulk, 1 - roll-on/roll-off, 2 combination bulk -Airports: - 40 total, 39 usable; 36 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways over - 3,659 m; 16 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 8 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - best developed system in Asia outside of Japan; 7,800,000 telephones; - extensive microwave transmission links on east and west coasts; broadcast - stations - 91 AM, 23 FM, 15 TV (13 repeaters); 8,620,000 radios; 6,386,000 - TVs (5,680,000 color, 706,000 monochrome); satellite earth stations - 1 - Pacific Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT; submarine cable links to - Japan (Okinawa), the Philippines, Guam, Singapore, Hong Kong, Indonesia, - Australia, Middle East, and Western Europe - -:Taiwan Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy (including Marines), Air Force, Taiwan General Garrison - Headquarters, Ministry of National Defense -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 5,982,717; 4,652,586 fit for military service; about 180,706 - currently reach military age (19) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $9.16 billion, 4.5% of GNP (FY92) - -:Tajikistan Geography - -Total area: - 143,100 km2 -Land area: - 142,700 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly smaller than Wisconsin -Land boundaries: - 3,651 km total; Afghanistan 1,206 km, China 414 km, Kyrgyzstan 870 km, - Uzbekistan 1,161 km -Coastline: - none - landlocked -Maritime claims: - none - landlocked -Disputes: - boundary with China under dispute -Climate: - midlatitude semiarid to polar in Pamir Mountains -Terrain: - Pamir and Alay Mountains dominate landscape; western Fergana Valley in - north, Kafirnigan and Vakhsh Valleys in southeast -Natural resources: - significant hydropower potential, petroleum, uranium, mercury, small - production of petroleum, brown coal, lead, zinc, antimony, tungsten -Land use: - 6% arable land; NA% permanent crops; NA% meadows and pastures; NA% forest - and woodland; NA% other; includes NA% irrigated -Environment: - NA -Note: - landlocked - -:Tajikistan People - -Population: - 5,680,242 (July 1992), growth rate 3.0% (1992) -Birth rate: - 40 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - -1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 74 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 64 years male, 70 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 5.3 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Tajik(s); adjective - Tajik -Ethnic divisions: - Tajik 62%, Uzbek 24%, Russian 8%, Tatar 2%, other 4% -Religions: - Sunni Muslim approximately 80%, Shi`a Muslim 5% -Languages: - Tajik (official) NA% -Literacy: - NA% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write -Labor force: - 1,938,000; agriculture and forestry 43%, industry and construction 22%, - other 35% (1990) -Organized labor: - NA - -:Tajikistan Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Tajikistan -Type: - republic -Capital: - Dushanbe -Administrative divisions: - 3 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast') and one autonomous oblast*; - Gorno-Badakhshan*; Kurgan-Tyube, Kulyab, Leninabad (Khudzhand); note - the - rayons around Dushanbe are under direct republic jurisdiction; an oblast - usually has the same name as its administrative center (exceptions have the - administrative center name following in parentheses) -Independence: - 9 September 1991 (from Soviet Union); formerly Tajikistan Soviet Socialist - Republic -Constitution: - adopted NA April 1978 -Legal system: - based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts -National holiday: - NA -Executive branch: - president, prime minister -Legislative branch: - unicameral Supreme Soviet -Judicial branch: - NA -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Rakhman NABIYEV (since NA September 1991); note - a government of - National Reconciliation was formed in May 1992; NABIYEV is titular head - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Akbar MIRZOYEV (since 10 January 1992); First Deputy Prime - Minister Davlat USMON -Political parties and leaders: - Tajik Democratic Party, Shodmon YUSUF, chairman; Rastokhez (Rebirth), Tohir - ABDULJABAR, chairman; Islamic Revival Party, Sharif HIMMOT-ZODA, chairman -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - President: - last held 27 October 1991 (next to be held NA); results - Rakhman NABIYEV, - Communist Party 60%; Daolat KHUDONAZAROV, Democratic Party, Islamic Rebirth - Party and Rastokhoz Party 30% - Supreme Soviet: - last held 25 February 1990 (next to be held NA); results - Communist Party - 99%, other 1%; seats - (230 total) Communist Party 227, other 3 -Communists: - NA -Other political or pressure groups: - Kazi Kolon, Akbar TURAJON-SODA, Muslim leader -Member of: - CSCE, IMF, UN -Diplomatic representation: - NA - US: - Ambassador-designate Stan ESCUDERO; Embassy at Interim Chancery, #39 Ainii - Street; Residences: Oktyabrskaya Hotel, Dushanbe (mailing address is APO AE - 09862); telephone [8] (011) 7-3772-24-32-23 - -:Tajikistan Government - -Flag: - NA; still in the process of designing one - -:Tajikistan Economy - -Overview: - Tajikistan has had the lowest standard of living and now faces the bleakest - economic prospects of the 15 former Soviet republics. Agriculture is the - main economic sector, normally accounting for 38% of employment and - featuring cotton and fruits. Industry is sparse, bright spots including - electric power and aluminum production based on the country's sizable - hydropower resources and a surprising specialty in the production of - metal-cutting machine tools. In 1991 and early 1992, disruptions in food - supplies from the outside have severely strained the availability of food - throughout the republic. The combination of the poor food supply, the - general disruption of industrial links to suppliers and markets, and - political instability have meant that the republic's leadership could make - little progress in economic reform in 1991 and early 1992. -GDP: - $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate -9% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 84% (1991) -Unemployment rate: - 25% (1991 est.) -Budget: - $NA -Exports: - $706 million (1990) - commodities: - aluminum, cotton, fruits, vegetable oil, textiles - partners: - Russia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan -Imports: - $1.3 billion (1990) - commodities: - chemicals, machinery and transport equipment, textiles, foodstuffs - partners: - NA -External debt: - $650 million (end of 1991 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate -2.0% (1991) -Electricity: - 4,575,000 kW capacity; 17,500 million kWh produced, 3,384 kWh per capita - (1991) -Industries: - aluminum, zinc, lead, chemicals and fertilizers, cement, vegetable oil, - metal-cutting machine tools, refrigerators and freezers -Agriculture: - cotton, grain, fruits, grapes, vegetables; cattle, pigs, sheep and goats, - yaks -Illicit drugs: - illicit producers of cannabis and opium; mostly for domestic consumption; - status of government eradication programs unknown; used as transshipment - points for illicit drugs to Western Europe -Economic aid: - NA -Currency: - as of May 1992, retaining ruble as currency -Exchange rates: - NA -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Tajikistan Communications - -Railroads: - 480 km all 1.520-meter (broad) gauge (includes NA km electrified); does not - include industrial lines (1990); 258 km between Dushanbe (Tajikistan) and - Termez (Uzbekistan), connects with the railroad system of the other - republics of the former Soviet Union at Tashkent in Uzbekistan -Highways: - 29,900 km total (1990); 24,400 km hard surfaced, 8,500 km earth -Inland waterways: - NA km perennially navigable -Pipelines: - NA -Civil air: - NA -Airports: - NA -Telecommunications: - poorly developed; telephone density NA; linked by landline or microwave with - other CIS member states and by leased connections via the Moscow - international gateway switch to other countries; satellite earth stations - - Orbita and INTELSAT (TV receive only) - -:Tajikistan Defense Forces - -Branches: - Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops), National Guard; CIS - Forces (Ground, Air, and Air Defense) -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, NA; NA fit for military service; NA reach military age (18) - annually -Defense expenditures: - $NA, NA% of GDP - -:Tanzania Geography - -Total area: - 945,090 km2 -Land area: - 886,040 km2; includes the islands of Mafia, Pemba, and Zanzibar -Comparative area: - slightly larger than twice the size of California -Land boundaries: - 3,402 km total; Burundi 451 km, Kenya 769 km, Malawi 475 km, Mozambique 756 - km, Rwanda 217 km, Uganda 396 km, Zambia 338 km -Coastline: - 1,424 km -Maritime claims: - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - boundary dispute with Malawi in Lake Nyasa; Tanzania-Zaire-Zambia tripoint - in Lake Tanganyika may no longer be indefinite since it is reported that the - indefinite section of the Zaire-Zambia boundary has been settled -Climate: - varies from tropical along coast to temperate in highlands -Terrain: - plains along coast; central plateau; highlands in north, south -Natural resources: - hydropower potential, tin, phosphates, iron ore, coal, diamonds, gemstones, - gold, natural gas, nickel -Land use: - arable land 5%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 40%; forest and - woodland 47%; other 7%; includes irrigated NEGL% -Environment: - lack of water and tsetse fly limit agriculture; recent droughts affected - marginal agriculture; Kilimanjaro is highest point in Africa - -:Tanzania People - -Population: - 27,791,552 (July 1992), growth rate 3.4% (1992) -Birth rate: - 49 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 15 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - -1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 103 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 50 years male, 55 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 7.0 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Tanzanian(s); adjective - Tanzanian -Ethnic divisions: - mainland - native African consisting of well over 100 tribes 99%; Asian, - European, and Arab 1% -Religions: - mainland - Christian 33%, Muslim 33%, indigenous beliefs 33%; Zanzibar - - almost all Muslim -Languages: - Swahili and English (official); English primary language of commerce, - administration, and higher education; Swahili widely understood and - generally used for communication between ethnic groups; first language of - most people is one of the local languages; primary education is generally in - Swahili -Literacy: - 46% (male 62%, female 31%) age 15 and over can read and write (1978) -Labor force: - 732,200 wage earners; 90% agriculture, 10% industry and commerce (1986 est.) -Organized labor: - 15% of labor force - -:Tanzania Government - -Long-form name: - United Republic of Tanzania -Type: - republic -Capital: - Dar es Salaam; some government offices have been transferred to Dodoma, - which is planned as the new national capital by the end of the 1990s -Administrative divisions: - 25 regions; Arusha, Dar es Salaam, Dodoma, Iringa, Kigoma, Kilimanjaro, - Lindi, Mara, Mbeya, Morogoro, Mtwara, Mwanza, Pemba North, Pemba South, - Pwani, Rukwa, Ruvuma, Shinyanga, Singida, Tabora, Tanga, Zanzibar - Central/South, Zanzibar North, Zanzibar Urban/West, Ziwa Magharibi -Independence: - Tanganyika became independent 9 December 1961 (from UN trusteeship under - British administration); Zanzibar became independent 19 December 1963 (from - UK); Tanganyika united with Zanzibar 26 April 1964 to form the United - Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar; renamed United Republic of Tanzania 29 - October 1964 -Constitution: - 15 March 1984 (Zanzibar has its own Constitution but remains subject to - provisions of the union Constitution) -Legal system: - based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts limited to - matters of interpretation; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Union Day, 26 April (1964) -Executive branch: - president, first vice president and prime minister of the union, second vice - president and president of Zanzibar, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral National Assembly (Bunge) -Judicial branch: - Court of Appeal, High Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Ali Hassan MWINYI (since 5 November 1985); First Vice President - John MALECELA (since 9 November 1990); Second Vice President Salmin AMOUR - (since 9 November 1990) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister John MALECELA (since 9 November 1990) -Political parties and leaders: - only party - Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM or Revolutionary Party), Ali Hassan - MWINYI, party chairman -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - President: - last held 28 October 1990 (next to be held NA October 1995); results - Ali - Hassan MWINYI was elected without opposition - National Assembly: - last held 28 October 1990 (next to be held NA October 1995); results - CCM - is the only party; seats - (241 total, 168 elected) CCM 168 -Member of: - ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, EADB, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-6, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, - IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, - NAM, OAU, SADCC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, - WTO - -:Tanzania Government - -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador-designate Charles Musama NYIRABU; Chancery at 2139 R Street NW, - Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 939-6125 - US: - Ambassador Edmund DE JARNETTE, Jr.; Embassy at 36 Laibon Road (off Bagamoyo - Road), Dar es Salaam (mailing address is P. O. Box 9123, Dar es Salaam); - telephone [255] (51) 66010/13; FAX [255] (51)66701 -Flag: - divided diagonally by a yellow-edged black band from the lower hoist-side - corner; the upper triangle (hoist side) is green and the lower triangle is - blue - -:Tanzania Economy - -Overview: - Tanzania is one of the poorest countries in the world. The economy is - heavily dependent on agriculture, which accounts for about 47% of GDP, - provides 85% of exports, and employs 90% of the work force. Industry - accounts for 8% of GDP and is mainly limited to processing agricultural - products and light consumer goods. The economic recovery program announced - in mid-1986 has generated notable increases in agricultural production and - financial support for the program by bilateral donors. The World Bank, the - International Monetary Fund, and bilateral donors have provided funds to - rehabilitate Tanzania's deteriorated economic infrastructure. Growth in 1991 - was featured by a pickup in industrial production and a substantial increase - in output of minerals led by gold. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $6.9 billion, per capita $260 (1989 est.); real - growth rate 4.5% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 16.5% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $495 million; expenditures $631 million, including capital - expenditures of $118 million (FY90) -Exports: - $478 million (f.o.b., FY91 est.) - commodities: - coffee, cotton, sisal, tea, cashew nuts, meat, tobacco, diamonds, gold, - coconut products, pyrethrum, cloves (Zanzibar) - partners: - FRG, UK, Japan, Netherlands, Kenya, Hong Kong, US -Imports: - $1.5 billion (c.i.f., FY91 est.) - commodities: - manufactured goods, machinery and transportation equipment, cotton piece - goods, crude oil, foodstuffs - partners: - FRG, UK, US, Japan, Italy, Denmark -External debt: - $5.2 billion (December 1991 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 4.2% (1988); accounts for 8% of GDP -Electricity: - 405,000 kW capacity; 905 million kWh produced, 35 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - primarily agricultural processing (sugar, beer, cigarettes, sisal twine), - diamond and gold mining, oil refinery, shoes, cement, textiles, wood - products, fertilizer -Agriculture: - accounts for over 45% of GDP; topography and climatic conditions limit - cultivated crops to only 5% of land area; cash crops - coffee, sisal, tea, - cotton, pyrethrum (insecticide made from chrysanthemums), cashews, tobacco, - cloves (Zanzibar); food crops - corn, wheat, cassava, bananas, fruits, and - vegetables; small numbers of cattle, sheep, and goats; not self-sufficient - in food grain production -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $400 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $9.8 billion; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $44 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $614 - million - -:Tanzania Economy - -Currency: - Tanzanian shilling (plural - shillings); 1 Tanzanian shilling (TSh) = 100 - cents -Exchange rates: - Tanzanian shillings (TSh) per US$1 - 236.01 (February (1992), 219.16 (1991), - 195.06 (1990), 143.38 (1989), 99.29 (1988), 64.26 (1987) -Fiscal year: - 1 July-30 June - -:Tanzania Communications - -Railroads: - 3,555 km total; 960 km 1.067-meter gauge; 2,595 km 1.000-meter gauge, 6.4 km - double track, 962 km Tazara Railroad 1.067-meter gauge; 115 km 1.000-meter - gauge planned by end of decade -Highways: - total 81,900 km, 3,600 km paved; 5,600 km gravel or crushed stone; remainder - improved and unimproved earth -Inland waterways: - Lake Tanganyika, Lake Victoria, Lake Nyasa -Pipelines: - crude oil 982 km -Ports: - Dar es Salaam, Mtwara, Tanga, and Zanzibar are ocean ports; Mwanza on Lake - Victoria and Kigoma on Lake Tanganyika are inland ports -Merchant marine: - 6 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 19,185 GRT/22,916 DWT; includes 2 - passenger-cargo, 2 cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 petroleum tanker -Civil air: - 8 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 104 total, 94 usable; 12 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways - over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3, 659 m; 43 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - fair system operating below capacity; open wire, radio relay, and - troposcatter; 103,800 telephones; broadcast stations - 12 AM, 4 FM, 2 TV; 1 - Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -:Tanzania Defense Forces - -Branches: - Tanzanian People's Defense Force (TPDF; including Army, Navy, and Air - Force); paramilitary Police Field Force Unit; Militia -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 5,747,542; 3,319,116 fit for military service -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $119 million, about 2% of GDP (FY89 budget) - -:Thailand Geography - -Total area: - 514,000 km2 -Land area: - 511,770 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly more than twice the size of Wyoming -Land boundaries: - 4,863 km total; Burma 1,800 km, Cambodia 803 km, Laos 1,754 km, Malaysia 506 - km -Coastline: - 3,219 km -Maritime claims: - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - boundary dispute with Laos; unresolved maritime boundary with Vietnam -Climate: - tropical; rainy, warm, cloudy southwest monsoon (mid-May to September); dry, - cool northeast monsoon (November to mid-March); southern isthmus always hot - and humid -Terrain: - central plain; eastern plateau (Khorat); mountains elsewhere -Natural resources: - tin, rubber, natural gas, tungsten, tantalum, timber, lead, fish, gypsum, - lignite, fluorite -Land use: - arable land 34%; permanent crops 4%; meadows and pastures 1%; forest and - woodland 30%; other 31%; includes irrigated 7% -Environment: - air and water pollution; land subsidence in Bangkok area -Note: - controls only land route from Asia to Malaysia and Singapore - -:Thailand People - -Population: - 57,624,180 (July 1992), growth rate 1.4% (1992) -Birth rate: - 20 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 35 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 67 years male, 71 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 2.2 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Thai (singular and plural); adjective - Thai -Ethnic divisions: - Thai 75%, Chinese 14%, other 11% -Religions: - Buddhism 95%, Muslim 3.8%, Christianity 0.5%, Hinduism 0.1%, other 0.6% - (1991) -Languages: - Thai; English is the secondary language of the elite; ethnic and regional - dialects -Literacy: - 93% (male 96%, female 90%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 30,870,000; agriculture 62%, industry 13%, commerce 11%, services (including - government) 14% (1989 est.) -Organized labor: - 309,000 union members (1989) - -:Thailand Government - -Long-form name: - Kingdom of Thailand -Type: - constitutional monarchy -Capital: - Bangkok -Administrative divisions: - 72 provinces (changwat, singular and plural); Ang Thong, Buriram, - Chachoengsao, Chai Nat, Chaiyaphum, Chanthaburi, Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, - Chon Buri, Chumphon, Kalasin, Kamphaeng Phet, Kanchanaburi, Khon Kaen, - Krabi, Krung Thep Mahanakhon, Lampang, Lamphun, Loei, Lop Buri, Mae Hong - Son, Maha Sarakham, Nakhon Nayok, Nakhon Pathom, Nakhon Phanom, Nakhon - Ratchasima, Nakhon Sawan, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Nan, Narathiwat, Nong Khai, - Nonthaburi, Pathum Thani, Pattani, Phangnga, Phatthalung, Phayao, - Phetchabun, Phetchaburi, Phichit, Phitsanulok, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya, - Phrae, Phuket, Prachin Buri, Prachuap Khiri Khan, Ranong, Ratchaburi, - Rayong, Roi Et, Sakon Nakhon, Samut Prakan, Samut Sakhon, Samut Songkhram, - Sara Buri, Satun, Sing Buri, Sisaket, Songkhla, Sukhothai, Suphan Buri, - Surat Thani, Surin, Tak, Trang, Trat, Ubon Ratchathani, Udon Thani, Uthai - Thani, Uttaradit, Yala, Yasothon -Independence: - 1238 (traditional founding date); never colonized -Constitution: - 22 December 1978; new constitution approved 7 December 1991 -Legal system: - based on civil law system, with influences of common law; has not accepted - compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; martial law in effect since 23 February 1991 - military coup -National holiday: - Birthday of His Majesty the King, 5 December (1927) -Executive branch: - monarch, interim prime minister, three interim deputy prime ministers, - interim Council of Ministers (cabinet), Privy Council; following the - military coup of 23 February 1991 a National Peace-Keeping Council was set - up -Legislative branch: - bicameral National Assembly (Rathasatha) consists of an upper house or - Senate (Vuthisatha) and a lower house or House of Representatives - (Saphaphoothan-Rajsadhorn) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court (Sarndika) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - King PHUMIPHON Adunlayadet (since 9 June 1946); Heir Apparent Crown Prince - WACHIRALONGKON (born 28 July 1952) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Anan PANYARACHUN (since 10 June 1992) -Political parties and leaders: - Justice Unity Party (Samakki Tham); Chart Thai Party; Solidarity Party; Thai - Citizens Party (TCP, Prachakorn Thai); Social Action Party (SAP); Democrat - Party (DP); Force of Truth Party (Palang Dharma); New Aspiration Party; - Rassadorn Party; Muanchon Party; Puangchon Chothai Party -Suffrage: - universal at age 21 - -:Thailand Government - -Elections: - House of Representatives: - last held 22 March 1992 (next to be held by NA); results - percent of vote - by party NA; seats - (360 total) Samakki Tham 79, Chart Thai Party 74, New - Aspiration Party 72, DP 44, Palang Dharma 41, SAP 31, TCP 7, Solidarity - Party 6, Rassadorn 4, Muanchon 1, Puangchon Chotahi 1 -Communists: - illegal Communist party has 500 to 1,000 members; armed Communist insurgents - throughout Thailand total 200 (est.) -Member of: - APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, - ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, - ITU, LORCS, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador-designate PHIRAPHONG Kasemsi; Embassy at 2300 Kalorama Road NW, - Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 483-7200; there are Thai Consulates - General in Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York - US: - Ambassador David F. LAMBERTSON; Embassy at 95 Wireless Road, Bangkok - (mailing address is APO AP 96546); telephone [66] (2) 252-5040; FAX [66] (2) - 254-2990; there is a US Consulate General in Chiang Mai and Consulates in - Songkhla and Udorn -Flag: - five horizontal bands of red (top), white, blue (double width), white, and - red - -:Thailand Economy - -Overview: - Thailand, one of the more advanced developing countries in Asia, enjoyed a - year of 8% growth in 1991, although down from an annual average of 11% - growth between 1987 and 1990. The increasingly sophisticated manufacturing - sector benefited from export-oriented investment. The manufacturing and - service sectors have accounted for the lion's share of economic growth. - Thailand's traditional agricultural sector continued to become less - important to the overall economy in 1991. The trade deficit continued to - increase in 1991, to $11 billion; earnings from tourism and remittances grew - marginally as a result of the Gulf War; and Thailand's import bill grew, - especially for manufactures and oil. The government has followed fairly - sound fiscal and monetary policies. Aided by increased tax receipts from the - fast-moving economy; Bangkok recorded its fourth consecutive budget surplus - in 1991. The government is moving ahead with new projects - especially for - telecommunications, roads, and port facilities - needed to refurbish the - country's overtaxed infrastructure. Political unrest and the military's - shooting of antigovernment demonstrators in May 1992 have caused - international businessmen to question Thailand's political stability. - Thailand's general economic outlook remains good, however, assuming the - continuation of the government's progrowth measures. -GNP: - exchange rate conversion - $92.6 billion, per capita $1,630; real growth - rate 8% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 5.6% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 4.1% (1991 est.) -Budget: - revenues $17.9 billion; expenditures $17.9 billion, including capital - expenditures of $5.0 billion (FY92 est.) -Exports: - $27.5 billion (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - machinery and manufactures 62%, food 28%, crude materials 7% (1990) - partners: - US 23.4%, Japan 17.2%, Singapore 7.3%, Germany 5.3%, Hong Kong 4.8%, UK - 4.4%, Netherlands 4.3%, Malaysia, France, China (1990) -Imports: - $39.0 billion (c.i.f., 1991) - commodities: - machinery and manufactures 67%, chemicals l0%, fuels 9%, crude materials 6% - (1990) - partners: - Japan 30.2%, US 12%, Singapore 6.9%, Taiwan 5%, Germany 4.8%, China 3.2%, - South Korea, Malaysia, UK (1990) -External debt: - $25.1 billion (1990) -Industrial production: - growth rate 14% (1990 est.); accounts for about 25% of GDP -Electricity: - 7,400,000 kW capacity; 37,500 million kWh produced, 660 kWh per capita - (1991) -Industries: - tourism is the largest source of foreign exchange; textiles and garments, - agricultural processing, beverages, tobacco, cement, other light - manufacturing, such as jewelry; electric appliances and components, - integrated circuits, furniture, plastics; world's second-largest tungsten - producer and third-largest tin producer - -:Thailand Economy - -Agriculture: - accounts for 12% of GDP and 60% of labor force; leading producer and - exporter of rice and cassava (tapioca); other crops - rubber, corn, - sugarcane, coconuts, soybeans; except for wheat, self-sufficient in food -Illicit drugs: - a minor producer, major illicit trafficker of heroin, particularly from - Burma and Laos, and cannabis for the international drug market; eradication - efforts have reduced the area of cannabis cultivation and shifted some - production to neighboring countries; opium poppy cultivation has been - affected by eradication efforts -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $870 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $8.6 billion; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $19 million -Currency: - baht (plural - baht); 1 baht (B) = 100 satang -Exchange rates: - baht (B) per US$1 - 25.614 (March 1992), 25.517 (1991), 25.585 (1990), - 25.702 (1989), 25.294 (1988), 25.723 (1987) -Fiscal year: - 1 October-30 September - -:Thailand Communications - -Railroads: - 3,940 km 1.000-meter gauge, 99 km double track -Highways: - 44,534 km total; 28,016 km paved, 5,132 km earth surface, 11,386 km under - development -Inland waterways: - 3,999 km principal waterways; 3,701 km with navigable depths of 0.9 m or - more throughout the year; numerous minor waterways navigable by - shallow-draft native craft -Pipelines: - natural gas 350 km, petroleum products 67 km -Ports: - Bangkok, Pattani, Phuket, Sattahip, Si Racha -Merchant marine: - 151 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 628,225 GRT/957,095 DWT; includes 1 - short-sea passenger, 87 cargo, 11 container, 31 petroleum tanker, 9 - liquefied gas, 2 chemical tanker, 3 bulk, 4 refrigerated cargo, 2 - combination bulk, 1 passenger -Civil air: - 41 (plus 2 leased) major transport aircraft -Airports: - 115 total, 97 usable; 50 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over - 3,659 m; 13 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 28 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - service to general public inadequate; bulk of service to government - activities provided by multichannel cable and radio relay network; 739,500 - telephones (1987); broadcast stations - over 200 AM, 100 FM, and 11 TV in - government-controlled networks; satellite earth stations - 1 Indian Ocean - INTELSAT and 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT domestic satellite system being - developed - -:Thailand Defense Forces - -Branches: - Royal Thai Army, Royal Thai Navy (including Royal Thai Marine Corps), Royal - Thai Air Force, Paramilitary Forces -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 16,361,393; 9,966,446 fit for military service; 612,748 reach - military age (18) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $2.7 billion, about 3% of GNP (1992 budget) - -:Togo Geography - -Total area: - 56,790 km2 -Land area: - 54,390 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly smaller than West Virginia -Land boundaries: - 1,647 km total; Benin 644 km, Burkina 126 km, Ghana 877 km -Coastline: - 56 km -Maritime claims: - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 30 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north -Terrain: - gently rolling savanna in north; central hills; southern plateau; low - coastal plain with extensive lagoons and marshes -Natural resources: - phosphates, limestone, marble -Land use: - arable land 25%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 4%; forest and - woodland 28%; other 42%; includes irrigated NEGL% -Environment: - hot, dry harmattan wind can reduce visibility in north during winter; recent - droughts affecting agriculture; deforestation - -:Togo People - -Population: - 3,958,863 (July 1992), growth rate 3.6% (1992) -Birth rate: - 48 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 12 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 94 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 54 years male, 58 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 7.0 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Togolese (singular and plural); adjective - Togolese -Ethnic divisions: - 37 tribes; largest and most important are Ewe, Mina, and Kabye; under 1% - European and Syrian-Lebanese -Religions: - indigenous beliefs about 70%, Christian 20%, Muslim 10% -Languages: - French, both official and language of commerce; major African languages are - Ewe and Mina in the south and Dagomba and Kabye in the north -Literacy: - 43% (male 56%, female 31%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - NA; agriculture 78%, industry 22%; about 88,600 wage earners, evenly divided - between public and private sectors; 50% of population of working age (1985) -Organized labor: - Federation of Togolese Workers (CNTT) was only legal labor union until - Spring 1991; at least two more groups established since then: Labor - Federation of Togolese Workers (CSTT) and the National Union of Independent - Syndicates (UNSIT), each with 10-12 member unions; four other civil service - unions have formed a loose coalition known as the Autonomous Syndicates of - Togo (CTSA) - -:Togo Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Togo -Type: - republic; under transition to multiparty democratic rule -Capital: - Lome -Administrative divisions: - 21 circumscriptions (circonscriptions, singular - circonscription); Amlame - (Amou), Aneho (Lacs), Atakpame (Ogou), Badou (Wawa), Bafilo (Assoli), Bassar - (Bassari), Dapango (Tone), Kande (Keran), Klouto (Kloto), Pagouda (Binah), - Lama-Kara (Kozah), Lome (Golfe), Mango (Oti), Niamtougou (Doufelgou), Notse - (Haho), Pagouda, Sotouboua, Tabligbo (Yoto), Tchamba, Nyala, Tchaoudjo, - Tsevie (Zio), Vogan (Vo); note - the 21 units may now be called prefectures - (prefectures, singular - prefecture) and reported name changes for - individual units are included in parentheses -Independence: - 27 April 1960 (from UN trusteeship under French administration, formerly - French Togo) -Constitution: - 1980 constitution nullified during national reform conference; transition - constitution adopted 24 August 1991; multiparty draft constitution sent to - High Council of the Republic for approval in November 1991, scheduled to be - put to public referendum in NA 1992 -Legal system: - French-based court system -National holiday: - Independence Day 27 April (1960) -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - National Assembly dissolved during national reform conference; 79-member - interim High Council for the Republic (HCR) formed to act as legislature - during transition to multiparty democracy; legislative elections scheduled - to be held in NA -Judicial branch: - Court of Appeal (Cour d'Appel), Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA (since 14 April 1967) - Head of Government: - interim Prime Minister Joseph Kokou KOFFIGOH (since 28 August 1991) -Political parties and leaders: - Rally of the Togolese People (RPT) led by President EYADEMA was the only - party until the formation of multiple parties was legalized 12 April 1991; - more than 10 parties formed as of mid-May, though none yet legally - registered; a national conference to determine transition regime took place - 10 July-28 August 1991 -Suffrage: - universal adult at age NA -Elections: - President: - last held 21 December 1986 (next to be held NA 1992); results - Gen. EYADEMA - was reelected without opposition - National Assembly: - last held 4 March 1990; dissolved during national reform conference (next to - be held April/May 1992); results - RPT was the only party; seats - (77 - total) RPT 77 - -:Togo Government - -Member of: - ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CEAO (observer), ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, - IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, - ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL, WHO, WIPO, - WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Ellom-Kodjo SCHUPPIUS; Chancery at 2208 Massachusetts Avenue NW, - Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 234-4212 or 4213 - US: - Ambassador Harmon E. KIRBY; Embassy at Rue Pelletier Caventou and Rue - Vauban, Lome (mailing address is B. P. 852, Lome); telephone [228] 21-29-91 - through 94 and 21-77-17; FAX [228] 21-79-52 -Flag: - five equal horizontal bands of green (top and bottom) alternating with - yellow; there is a white five-pointed star on a red square in the upper - hoist-side corner; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia - -:Togo Economy - -Overview: - The economy is heavily dependent on subsistence agriculture, which accounts - for about 35% of GDP and provides employment for 78% of the labor force. - Primary agricultural exports are cocoa, coffee, and cotton, which together - account for about 30% of total export earnings. Togo is self-sufficient in - basic foodstuffs when harvests are normal. In the industrial sector - phosphate mining is by far the most important activity, with phosphate - exports accounting for about 40% of total foreign exchange earnings. Togo - serves as a regional commercial and trade center. The government, over the - past decade, with IMF and World Bank support, has been implementing a number - of economic reform measures, that is, actively encouraging foreign - investment and attempting to bring revenues in line with expenditures. - Political unrest throughout 1991, however, has jeopardized the reform - program and has disrupted vital economic activity. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $1.5 billion, per capita $400; real growth rate - 2% (1990 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 1.0% (1990) -Unemployment rate: - 2.0% (1987) -Budget: - revenues $330 million; expenditures $363 million, including capital - expenditures of $101 million (1990 est.) -Exports: - $396 million (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - phosphates, cocoa, coffee, cotton, manufactures, palm kernels - partners: - EC 70%, Africa 9%, US 2%, other 19% (1985) -Imports: - $502 million (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - food, fuels, durable consumer goods, other intermediate goods, capital goods - partners: - EC 61%, US 6%, Africa 4%, Japan 4%, other 25% (1989) -External debt: - $1.3 billion (1990 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 4.9% (1987 est.); 6% of GDP -Electricity: - 179,000 kW capacity; 209 million kWh produced, 60 kWh per capita (1990) -Industries: - phosphate mining, agricultural processing, cement, handicrafts, textiles, - beverages -Agriculture: - cash crops - coffee, cocoa, cotton; food crops - yams, cassava, corn, beans, - rice, millet, sorghum; livestock production not significant; annual fish - catch, 10,000-14,000 tons -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $132 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.9 billion; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $35 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $51 - million -Currency: - Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural - francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF) - = 100 centimes - -:Togo Economy - -Exchange rates: - Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 281.99 (March - 1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 - (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Togo Communications - -Railroads: - 515 km 1.000-meter gauge, single track -Highways: - 6,462 km total; 1,762 km paved; 4,700 km unimproved roads -Inland waterways: - 50 km Mono River -Ports: - Lome, Kpeme (phosphate port) -Merchant marine: - 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 20,975 GRT/34,022 DWT; includes 2 - roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 multifunction large-load carrier -Civil air: - 3 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 9 total, 9 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over - 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; none with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - fair system based on network of radio relay routes supplemented by open wire - lines; broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, 3 (2 relays) TV; satellite earth - stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 SYMPHONIE - -:Togo Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 828,259; 435,113 fit for military service; no conscription -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $43 million, about 3% of GDP (1989) - -:Tokelau Geography - -Total area: - 10 km2 -Land area: - 10 km2 -Comparative area: - about 17 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 101 km -Maritime claims: - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; moderated by trade winds (April to November) -Terrain: - coral atolls enclosing large lagoons -Natural resources: - negligible -Land use: - arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and - woodland 0%; other 100% -Environment: - lies in Pacific typhoon belt -Note: - located 3,750 km southwest of Honolulu in the South Pacific Ocean, about - halfway between Hawaii and New Zealand - -:Tokelau People - -Population: - 1,760 (July 1992), growth rate 0.7% (1992) -Birth rate: - NA births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - NA deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - NA migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - NA deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - NA years male, NA years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - NA children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Tokelauan(s); adjective - Tokelauan -Ethnic divisions: - all Polynesian, with cultural ties to Western Samoa -Religions: - Congregational Christian Church 70%, Roman Catholic 28%, other 2%; on Atafu, - all Congregational Christian Church of Samoa; on Nukunonu, all Roman - Catholic; on Fakaofo, both denominations, with the Congregational Christian - Church predominant -Languages: - Tokelauan (a Polynesian language) and English -Literacy: - NA% (male NA%, female NA%) -Labor force: - NA -Organized labor: - NA - -:Tokelau Government - -Long-form name: - none -Type: - territory of New Zealand -Capital: - none; each atoll has its own administrative center -Administrative divisions: - none (territory of New Zealand) -Independence: - none (territory of New Zealand) -Constitution: - administered under the Tokelau Islands Act of 1948, as amended in 1970 -Legal system: - British and local statutes -National holiday: - Waitangi Day (Treaty of Waitangi established British sovereignty over New - Zealand), 6 February (1840) -Executive branch: - British monarch, administrator (appointed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs - in New Zealand), official secretary -Legislative branch: - Council of Elders (Taupulega) on each atoll -Judicial branch: - High Court in Niue, Supreme Court in New Zealand -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) - Head of Government: - Administrator Neil WALTER (since NA February 1988); Official Secretary - Casimilo J. PEREZ, Office of Tokelau Affairs -Suffrage: - NA -Elections: - NA -Member of: - SPC -Diplomatic representation: - none (territory of New Zealand) -Flag: - the flag of New Zealand is used - -:Tokelau Economy - -Overview: - Tokelau's small size, isolation, and lack of resources greatly restrain - economic development and confine agriculture to the subsistence level. The - people must rely on aid from New Zealand to maintain public services, annual - aid being substantially greater than GDP. The principal sources of revenue - come from sales of copra, postage stamps, souvenir coins, and handicrafts. - Money is also remitted to families from relatives in New Zealand. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $1.4 million, per capita $800; real growth rate - NA% (1988 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - NA% -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $430,830; expenditures $2.8 million, including capital expenditures - of $37,300 (FY87) -Exports: - $98,000 (f.o.b., 1983) - commodities: - stamps, copra, handicrafts - partners: - NZ -Imports: - $323,400 (c.i.f., 1983) - commodities: - foodstuffs, building materials, fuel - partners: - NZ -External debt: - none -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 200 kW capacity; 300,000 kWh produced, 180 kWh per capita (1990) -Industries: - small-scale enterprises for copra production, wood work, plaited craft - goods; stamps, coins; fishing -Agriculture: - coconuts, copra; basic subsistence crops - breadfruit, papaya, bananas; - pigs, poultry, goats -Economic aid: - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $24 - million -Currency: - New Zealand dollar (plural - dollars); 1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 - cents -Exchange rates: - New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1 - 1.8245 (March 1992), l.7265 (1991), - 1.6750 (1990), 1.6708 (1989), 1.5244 (1988), 1.6886 (1987) -Fiscal year: - 1 April-31 March - -:Tokelau Communications - -Ports: - none; offshore anchorage only -Airports: - none; lagoon landings by amphibious aircraft from Western Samoa -Telecommunications: - telephone service between islands and to Western Samoa - -:Tokelau Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of New Zealand - -:Tonga Geography - -Total area: - 748 km2 -Land area: - 718 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly more than four times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 419 km -Maritime claims: - Continental shelf: - no specific limits - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December to May), cool - season (May to December) -Terrain: - most islands have limestone base formed from uplifted coral formation; - others have limestone overlying volcanic base -Natural resources: - fish, fertile soil -Land use: - arable land 25%; permanent crops 55%; meadows and pastures 6%; forest and - woodland 12%; other 2% -Environment: - archipelago of 170 islands (36 inhabited); subject to cyclones (October to - April); deforestation -Note: - located about 2,250 km north-northwest of New Zealand, about two-thirds of - the way between Hawaii and New Zealand - -:Tonga People - -Population: - 103,114 (July 1992), growth rate 0.8% (1992) -Birth rate: - 26 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - -11 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 22 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 65 years male, 70 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 3.7 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Tongan(s); adjective - Tongan -Ethnic divisions: - Polynesian; about 300 Europeans -Religions: - Christian; Free Wesleyan Church claims over 30,000 adherents -Languages: - Tongan, English -Literacy: - 100% (male 100%, female 100%) age 15 and over can read and write a simple - message in Tongan or English (1976) -Labor force: - NA; 70% agriculture; 600 engaged in mining -Organized labor: - none - -:Tonga Government - -Long-form name: - Kingdom of Tonga -Type: - hereditary constitutional monarchy -Capital: - Nuku`alofa -Administrative divisions: - three island groups; Ha`apai, Tongatapu, Vava`u -Independence: - 4 June 1970 (from UK; formerly Friendly Islands) -Constitution: - 4 November 1875, revised 1 January 1967 -Legal system: - based on English law -National holiday: - Emancipation Day, 4 June (1970) -Executive branch: - monarch, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers - (cabinet), Privy Council -Legislative branch: - unicameral Legislative Assembly (Fale Alea) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - King Taufa'ahau TUPOU IV (since 16 December 1965) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Baron VAEA (since 22 August 1991); Deputy Prime Minister S. - Langi KAVALIKU (since 22 August 1991) -Political parties and leaders: - Democratic Reform Movement, 'Akilisi POHIVA -Suffrage: - all literate, tax-paying males and all literate females over 21 -Elections: - Legislative Assembly: - last held 14-15 February 1990 (next to be held NA February 1993); results - - percent of vote NA; seats - (29 total, 9 elected) 6 proreform, 3 - traditionalist -Member of: - ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IMF, INTERPOL, - IOC, ITU, LORCS, SPC, SPF, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Siosaia a'Ulupekotofa TUITA resides in London - US: - the US has no offices in Tonga; the Ambassador to Fiji is accredited to - Tonga and makes periodic visits -Flag: - red with a bold red cross on a white rectangle in the upper hoist-side - corner - -:Tonga Economy - -Overview: - The economy's base is agriculture, which employs about 70% of the labor - force and contributes 50% to GDP. Coconuts, bananas, and vanilla beans are - the main crops and make up two-thirds of exports. The country must import a - high proportion of its food, mainly from New Zealand. The manufacturing - sector accounts for only 11% of GDP. Tourism is the primary source of hard - currency earnings, but the island remains dependent on sizable external aid - and remittances to offset its trade deficit. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $92 million, per capita $900; real growth rate - 2.5% (FY90 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 8.9% (third quarter 1991) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $30.6 million; expenditures $48.9 million, including capital - expenditures of $22.5 million (FY89 est.) -Exports: - $9.6 million (f.o.b., FY90 est.) - commodities: - coconut oil, desiccated coconut, copra, bananas, taro, vanilla beans, - fruits, vegetables, fish - partners: - NZ 35%, Australia 22%, US 13%, Fiji 5% (FY90) -Imports: - $59.9 million (c.i.f., FY90 est.) - commodities: - food products, machinery and transport equipment, manufactures, fuels, - chemicals - partners: - NZ 30%, Australia 23%, US 12%, Japan 7% (FY90) -External debt: - $42.0 million (FY89) -Industrial production: - growth rate 15% (FY86); accounts for 11% of GDP -Electricity: - 6,000 kW capacity; 8 million kWh produced, 80 kWh per capita (1990) -Industries: - tourism, fishing -Agriculture: - dominated by coconut, copra, and banana production; vanilla beans, cocoa, - coffee, ginger, black pepper -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $16 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $258 million -Currency: - pa'anga (plural - pa'anga); 1 pa'anga (T$) = 100 seniti -Exchange rates: - pa'anga (T$) per US$1 - 1.2987 (January 1992), 1.2961 (1991), 1.2809 (1990), - 1.2637 (1989), 1.2799 (1988), 1.4282 (1987) -Fiscal year: - 1 July-30 June - -:Tonga Communications - -Highways: - 198 km sealed road (Tongatapu); 74 km (Vava`u); 94 km unsealed roads usable - only in dry weather -Ports: - Nukualofa, Neiafu, Pangai -Merchant marine: - 4 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 11,511 GRT/17,816 DWT; includes 2 - cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 liquefied gas -Civil air: - no major transport aircraft -Airports: - 6 total, 6 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over - 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - 3,529 telephones; 66,000 radios; no TV sets; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no - FM, no TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -:Tonga Defense Forces - -Branches: - Tonga Defense Force, Tonga Maritime Division, Royal Tongan Marines, Royal - Tongan Guard, Police -Manpower availability: - NA -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP - -:Trinidad and Tobago Geography - -Total area: - 5,130 km2 -Land area: - 5,130 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly smaller than Delaware -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 362 km -Maritime claims: - Continental shelf: - outer edge of continental margin or 200 nm - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; rainy season (June to December) -Terrain: - mostly plains with some hills and low mountains -Natural resources: - crude oil, natural gas, asphalt -Land use: - arable land 14%; permanent crops 17%; meadows and pastures 2%; forest and - woodland 44%; other 23%; includes irrigated 4% -Environment: - outside usual path of hurricanes and other tropical storms -Note: - located 11 km from Venezuela - -:Trinidad and Tobago People - -Population: - 1,299,301 (July 1992), growth rate 1.1% (1992) -Birth rate: - 21 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - -3 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 17 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 68 years male, 73 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 2.4 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Trinidadian(s), Tobagonian(s); adjective - Trinidadian, Tobagonian -Ethnic divisions: - black 43%, East Indian 40%, mixed 14%, white 1%, Chinese 1%, other 1% -Religions: - Roman Catholic 32.2%, Hindu 24.3%, Anglican 14.4%, other Protestant 14%, - Muslim 6%, none or unknown 9.1% -Languages: - English (official), Hindi, French, Spanish -Literacy: - 95% (male 97%, female 93%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980) -Labor force: - 463,900; construction and utilities 18.1%; manufacturing, mining, and - quarrying 14.8%; agriculture 10.9%; other 56.2% (1985 est.) -Organized labor: - 22% of labor force (1988) - -:Trinidad and Tobago Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Trinidad and Tobago -Type: - parliamentary democracy -Capital: - Port-of-Spain -Administrative divisions: - 8 counties, 3 municipalities*, and 1 ward**; Arima*, Caroni, Mayaro, Nariva, - Port-of-Spain*, Saint Andrew, Saint David, Saint George, Saint Patrick, San - Fernando*, Tobago**, Victoria -Independence: - 31 August 1962 (from UK) -Constitution: - 31 August 1976 -Legal system: - based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts in the - Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Independence Day, 31 August (1962) -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house - or House of Representatives -Judicial branch: - Court of Appeal, Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Noor Mohammed HASSANALI (since 18 March 1987) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Patrick Augustus Mervyn MANNING (since 17 December 1991) -Political parties and leaders: - People's National Movement (PNM), Patrick MANNING; United National Congress - (UNC), Basdeo PANDAY; National Alliance for Reconstruction (NAR), Carson - CHARLES; Movement for Social Transformation (MOTION), David ABDULLAH; - National Joint Action Committee (NJAC), Makandal DAAGA -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - House of Representatives: - last held 16 December 1991 (next to be held by December 1996);results - PNM - 32%, UNC 13%, NAR 2%; seats - (36 total) PNM 21, UNC 13, NAR 2 -Communists: - Communist Party of Trinidad and Tobago; Trinidad and Tobago Peace Council, - James MILLETTE -Member of: - ACP, C, CARICOM, CCC, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, - ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, - LAES, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, - WIPO, WMO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Corinne BAPTISTE; Chancery at 1708 Massachusetts Avenue NW, - Washington, DC 20036; telephone (202) 467-6490; Trinidad and Tobago has a - Consulate General in New York - US: - Ambassador Sally GROOMS-COWAL; Embassy at 15 Queen's Park West, - Port-of-Spain (mailing address is P. O. Box 752, Port-of-Spain); telephone - (809) 622-6372 through 6376, 6176; FAX (809) 628-5462 - -:Trinidad and Tobago Government - -Flag: - red with a white-edged black diagonal band from the upper hoist side - -:Trinidad and Tobago Economy - -Overview: - Trinidad and Tobago's petroleum-based economy began to emerge from a lengthy - depression in 1990 and 1991. The economy fell sharply through most of the - 1980s, largely because of the decline in oil prices. This sector accounts - for 80% of export earnings and more than 25% of GDP. The government, in - response to the oil revenue loss, pursued a series of austerity measures - that pushed the unemployment rate as high as 22% in 1988. The economy showed - signs of recovery in 1990, however, helped along by rising oil prices. - Agriculture employs only about 11% of the labor force and produces about 3% - of GDP. Since this sector is small, it has been unable to absorb the large - numbers of the unemployed. The government currently seeks to diversify its - export base. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $4.9 billion, per capita $3,600; real growth rate - 0.7% (1990) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 11.1% (1990) -Unemployment rate: - 21% (1990) -Budget: - revenues $1.5 billion; expenditures $1.7 billion, including capital - expenditures of $150 million (1991 est.) -Exports: - $2.0 billion (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - includes reexports - petroleum and petroleum products 82%, steel products - 9%, fertilizer, sugar, cocoa, coffee, citrus (1988) - partners: - US 54%, CARICOM 16%, EC 10%, Latin America 3% (1989) -Imports: - $1.2 billion (c.i.f., 1990) - commodities: - raw materials and intermediate goods 47%, capital goods 26%, consumer goods - 26% (1988) - partners: - US 41%, Latin America 10%, UK 8%, Canada 5%, CARICOM 6% (1989) -External debt: - $2.5 billion (1990) -Industrial production: - growth rate 2.3%, excluding oil refining (1986); accounts for 40% of GDP, - including petroleum -Electricity: - 1,176,000 kW capacity; 3,480 million kWh produced, 2,708 kWh per capita - (1991) -Industries: - petroleum, chemicals, tourism, food processing, cement, beverage, cotton - textiles -Agriculture: - highly subsidized sector; major crops - cocoa and sugarcane; sugarcane - acreage is being shifted into rice, citrus, coffee, vegetables; poultry - sector most important source of animal protein; must import large share of - food needs -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $373 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $518 million -Currency: - Trinidad and Tobago dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Trinidad and Tobago dollar - (TT$) = 100 cents - -:Trinidad and Tobago Economy - -Exchange rates: - Trinidad and Tobago dollars (TT$) per US$1 - 4.2500 (March 1992), 4.2500 - (1991), 4.2500 (1990), 4.2500 (1989), 3.8438 (1988), 3.6000 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Trinidad and Tobago Communications - -Railroads: - minimal agricultural railroad system near San Fernando -Highways: - 8,000 km total; 4,000 km paved, 1,000 km improved earth, 3,000 km unimproved - earth -Pipelines: - crude oil 1,032 km, petroleum products 19 km, natural gas 904 km -Ports: - Port-of-Spain, Point Lisas, Pointe-a-Pierre -Civil air: - 14 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 6 total, 5 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over - 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - excellent international service via tropospheric scatter links to Barbados - and Guyana; good local service; 109,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 - AM, 4 FM, 5 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -:Trinidad and Tobago Defense Forces - -Branches: - Trinidad and Tobago Defense Force (Army), Coast Guard, Air Wing, Trinidad - and Tobago Police Service -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 344,990; 248,912 fit for military service -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $59 million, 1-2% of GDP (1989 est.) - -:Tromelin Island Geography - -Total area: - 1 km2 -Land area: - 1 km2 -Comparative area: - about 1.7 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 3.7 km -Maritime claims: - Contiguous zone: - 12 nm - Continental shelf: - 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - claimed by Madagascar, Mauritius, and Seychelles -Climate: - tropical -Terrain: - sandy -Natural resources: - fish -Land use: - arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and - woodland 0%; other - scattered bushes 100% -Environment: - wildlife sanctuary -Note: - located 350 km east of Madagascar and 600 km north of Reunion in the Indian - Ocean; climatologically important location for forecasting cyclones - -:Tromelin Island People - -Population: - uninhabited - -:Tromelin Island Government - -Long-form name: - none -Type: - French possession administered by Commissioner of the Republic Jacques - DEWATRE (since NA July 1991), resident in Reunion -Capital: - none; administered by France from Reunion - -:Tromelin Island Economy - -Overview: - no economic activity - -:Tromelin Island Communications - -Ports: - none; offshore anchorage only -Airports: - 1 with runway less than 1,220 m -Telecommunications: - important meteorological station - -:Tromelin Island Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of France - -:Tunisia Geography - -Total area: - 163,610 km2 -Land area: - 155,360 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly larger than Georgia -Land boundaries: - 1,424 km total; Algeria 965 km, Libya 459 km -Coastline: - 1,148 km -Maritime claims: - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - maritime boundary dispute with Libya; land boundary disputes with Algeria - under discussion -Climate: - temperate in north with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers; desert in - south -Terrain: - mountains in north; hot, dry central plain; semiarid south merges into the - Sahara -Natural resources: - crude oil, phosphates, iron ore, lead, zinc, salt -Land use: - arable land 20%; permanent crops 10%; meadows and pastures 19%; forest and - woodland 4%; other 47%; includes irrigated 1% -Environment: - deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification -Note: - strategic location in central Mediterranean; only 144 km from Italy across - the Strait of Sicily; borders Libya on east - -:Tunisia People - -Population: - 8,445,656 (July 1992), growth rate 2.0% (1992) -Birth rate: - 25 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 38 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 70 years male, 74 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 3.2 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Tunisian(s); adjective - Tunisian -Ethnic divisions: - Arab-Berber 98%, European 1%, Jewish less than 1% -Religions: - Muslim 98%, Christian 1%, Jewish less than 1% -Languages: - Arabic (official); Arabic and French (commerce) -Literacy: - 65% (male 74%, female 56%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 2,250,000; agriculture 32%; shortage of skilled labor -Organized labor: - about 360,000 members claimed, roughly 20% of labor force; General Union of - Tunisian Workers (UGTT), quasi-independent of Constitutional Democratic - Party - -:Tunisia Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Tunisia; note - may be changed to Tunisian Republic -Type: - republic -Capital: - Tunis -Administrative divisions: - 23 governorates; Beja, Ben Arous, Bizerte, Gabes, Gafsa, Jendouba, Kairouan, - Kasserine, Kebili, L'Ariana, Le Kef, Mahdia, Medenine, Monastir, Nabeul, - Sfax, Sidi Bou Zid, Siliana, Sousse, Tataouine, Tozeur, Tunis, Zaghouan -Independence: - 20 March 1956 (from France) -Constitution: - 1 June 1959 -Legal system: - based on French civil law system and Islamic law; some judicial review of - legislative acts in the Supreme Court in joint session -National holiday: - National Day, 20 March (1956) -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral Chamber of Deputies (Majlis al-Nuwaab) -Judicial branch: - Court of Cassation (Cour de Cassation) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Gen. Zine el Abidine BEN ALI (since 7 November 1987) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Hamed KAROUI (since 26 September 1989) -Political parties and leaders: - Constitutional Democratic Rally Party (RCD), President BEN ALI (official - ruling party); Movement of Democratic Socialists (MDS), Mohammed MOUAADA; - five other political parties are legal, including the Communist Party -Suffrage: - universal at age 20 -Elections: - President: - last held 2 April 1989 (next to be held NA April 1994); results - Gen. Zine - el Abidine BEN ALI was reelected without opposition - Chamber of Deputies: - last held 2 April 1989 (next to be held NA April 1994); results - RCD 80.7%, - independents/Islamists 13.7%, MDS 3.2%, other 2.4%; seats - (141 total) RCD - 141 -Member of: - ABEDA, ACCT, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, - IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, - INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, - UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Ismail KHELIL; Chancery at 1515 Massachusetts Avenue NW, - Washington DC 20005; telephone (202) 862-1850 - US: - Ambassador John T. McCARTHY; Embassy at 144 Avenue de la Liberte, 1002 - Tunis-Belvedere; telephone [216] (1) 782-566; FAX [216] (1) 789-719 -Flag: - red with a white disk in the center bearing a red crescent nearly encircling - a red five-pointed star; the crescent and star are traditional symbols of - Islam - -:Tunisia Economy - -Overview: - The economy depends primarily on petroleum, phosphates, tourism, and exports - of light manufactures. Following two years of drought-induced economic - decline, the economy made a strong recovery in 1990 as a result of a - bountiful harvest, continued export growth, and higher domestic investment. - Continued high inflation and unemployment have eroded popular support for - the government, however, and forced Tunis to slow the pace of economic - reform. Nonetheless, the government appears committed to implementing its - IMF-supported structural adjustment program and to servicing its foreign - debt. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $10.9 billion, per capita $1,320; real growth - rate 3.5% (1991) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 8.2% (1991) -Unemployment rate: - 15% (1991) -Budget: - revenues $3.8 billion; expenditures $5.4 billion, including capital - expenditures of $970 million (1992 est.) -Exports: - $3.7 billion (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - hydrocarbons, agricultural products, phosphates and chemicals - partners: - EC 74%, Middle East 11%, US 2%, Turkey, USSR -Imports: - $4.9 billion (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - industrial goods and equipment 57%, hydrocarbons 13%, food 12%, consumer - goods - partners: - EC 67%, US 6%, Canada, Japan, Switzerland, Turkey, Algeria -External debt: - $8.6 billion (1991) -Industrial production: - growth rate 5% (1989); accounts for about 25% of GDP, including petroleum -Electricity: - 1,493,000 kW capacity; 4,210 million kWh produced, 530 kWh per capita (1989) -Industries: - petroleum, mining (particularly phosphate and iron ore), tourism, textiles, - footwear, food, beverages -Agriculture: - accounts for 16% of GDP and one-third of labor force; output subject to - severe fluctuations because of frequent droughts; export crops - olives, - dates, oranges, almonds; other products - grain, sugar beets, wine grapes, - poultry, beef, dairy; not self-sufficient in food; fish catch of 99,200 - metric tons (1987) -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $730 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $5.2 billion; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $684 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $410 - million -Currency: - Tunisian dinar (plural - dinars); 1 Tunisian dinar (TD) = 1,000 millimes -Exchange rates: - Tunisian dinars (TD) per US$1 - 0.9272 (March 1992), 0.9246 (1991), 0.8783 - (1990), 0.9493 (1989), 0.8578 (1988), 0.8287 (1987) - -:Tunisia Economy - -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Tunisia Communications - -Railroads: - 2,115 km total; 465 km 1.435-meter (standard) gauge; 1,650 km 1.000-meter - gauge -Highways: - 17,700 km total; 9,100 km bituminous; 8,600 km improved and unimproved earth -Pipelines: - crude oil 797 km, petroleum products 86 km, natural gas 742 km -Ports: - Bizerte, Gabes, Sfax, Sousse, Tunis, La Goulette, Zarzis -Merchant marine: - 21 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 160,069 GRT/218,791 DWT; includes 1 - short-sea passenger, 4 cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 petroleum tanker, - 6 chemical tanker, 1 liquefied gas, 5 bulk -Civil air: - 19 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 29 total, 26 usable; 13 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways - over 3,659 m; 7 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 7 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - the system is above the African average; facilities consist of open-wire - lines, coaxial cable, and radio relay; key centers are Sfax, Sousse, - Bizerte, and Tunis; 233,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 7 AM, 8 FM, 19 - TV; 5 submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT - and 1 ARABSAT with back-up control station; coaxial cable to Algeria and - Libya; radio relay to Algeria, and Libya - -:Tunisia Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary forces, National Guard -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 2,117,864; 1,217,819 fit for military service; 88,619 reach - military age (20) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $520 million, 5% of GDP (1992 budget) - -:Turkey Geography - -Total area: - 780,580 km2 -Land area: - 770,760 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly larger than Texas -Land boundaries: - 2,627 km total; Armenia 268 km, Azerbaijan 9 km, Bulgaria 240 km, Georgia - 252 km, Greece 206 km, Iran 499 km, Iraq 331 km, Syria 822 km -Coastline: - 7,200 km -Maritime claims: - Exclusive economic zone: - in Black Sea only - to the maritime boundary agreed upon with the former - USSR - Territorial sea: - 6 nm in the Aegean Sea, 12 nm in Black Sea and Mediterranean Sea -Disputes: - complex maritime and air (but not territorial) disputes with Greece in - Aegean Sea; Cyprus question; Hatay question with Syria; ongoing dispute with - downstream riparians (Syria and Iraq) over water development plans for the - Tigris and Euphrates Rivers -Climate: - temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in interior -Terrain: - mostly mountains; narrow coastal plain; high central plateau (Anatolia) -Natural resources: - antimony, coal, chromium, mercury, copper, borate, sulphur, iron ore -Land use: - arable land 30%; permanent crops 4%; meadows and pastures 12%; forest and - woodland 26%; other 28%; includes irrigated 3% -Environment: - subject to severe earthquakes, especially along major river valleys in west; - air pollution; desertification -Note: - strategic location controlling the Turkish straits (Bosporus, Sea of - Marmara, Dardanelles) that link Black and Aegean Seas - -:Turkey People - -Population: - 59,640,143 (July 1992), growth rate 2.1% (1992) -Birth rate: - 27 births/1,000 populatition (1992) -Death rate: - 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 55 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 68 years male, 72 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 3.4 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Turk(s); adjective - Turkish -Ethnic divisions: - Turkish 80%, Kurdish 17%, other 3% (est.) -Religions: - Muslim (mostly Sunni) 99.8%, other (Christian and Jews) 0.2% -Languages: - Turkish (official), Kurdish, Arabic -Literacy: - 81% (male 90%, female 71%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 20,700,000; agriculture 49%, services 30%, industry 15%; about 1,500,000 - Turks work abroad (1989) -Organized labor: - 10% of labor force - -:Turkey Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Turkey -Type: - republican parliamentary democracy -Capital: - Ankara -Administrative divisions: - 73 provinces (iller, singular - il); Adana, Adiyaman, Afyon, Agri, Aksaray, - Amasya, Ankara, Antalya, Artvin, Aydin, Balikesir, Batman, Bayburt, Bilecik, - Bingol, Bitlis, Bolu, Burdur, Bursa, Canakkale, Cankiri, Corum, Denizli, - Diyarbakir, Edirne, Elazig, Erzincan, Erzurum, Eskisehir, Gaziantep, - Giresun, Gumushane, Hakkari, Hatay, Icel, Isparta, Istanbul, Izmir, Kahraman - Maras, Karaman, Kars, Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kirikkale, Kirklareli, Kirsehir, - Kocaeli, Konya, Kutahya, Malatya, Manisa, Mardin, Mugla, Mus, Nevsehir, - Nigde, Ordu, Rize, Sakarya, Samsun, Siirt, Sinop, Sirnak, Sivas, Tekirdag, - Tokat, Trabzon, Tunceli, Urfa, Usak, Van, Yozgat, Zonguldak -Independence: - 29 October 1923 (successor state to the Ottoman Empire) -Constitution: - 7 November 1982 -Legal system: - derived from various continental legal systems; accepts compulsory ICJ - jurisdiction, with reservations -National holiday: - Anniversary of the Declaration of the Republic, 29 October (1923) -Executive branch: - president, Presidential Council, prime minister, deputy prime minister, - Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral Grand National Assembly (Buyuk Millet Meclisi) -Judicial branch: - Court of Cassation -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Turgut OZAL (since 9 November 1989) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Suleyman DEMIREL (since 30 November 1991); Deputy Prime - Minister Erdal INONU (since 30 November 1991) -Political parties and leaders: - Correct Way Party (DYP), Suleyman DEMIREL; Motherland Party (ANAP), Mesut - YILMAZ; Social Democratic Populist Party (SHP), Erdal INONU; Refah Party - (RP), Necmettin ERBAKAN; Democratic Left Party (DSP), Bulent ECEVIT; - Nationalist Labor Party (MCP), Alpaslan TURKES; People's Labor Party (HEP), - Feridun YAZAR; Socialist Unity Party (SBP), leader NA; Great Anatolia Party - (BAP), leader NA; Democratic Center Party (DSP), Bedrettin DALAN; Grand - National Party (GNP), leader NA -Suffrage: - universal at age 21 -Elections: - Grand National Assembly: - last held 20 October 1991 (next to be held NA October 1996); results - DYP - 27.03%, ANAP 24.01%, SHP 20.75%, RP 16.88%, DSP 10.75%, SBP 0.44%, - independent 0.14%; seats - (450 total) DYP 178, ANAP 115, SHP 86, RP 40, MCP - 19, DSP 7, other 5 - -:Turkey Government - -Member of: - AsDB, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN (observer), COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, GATT, - IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, - INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NATO, NEA, OECD, - OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UNRWA, UPU, WHO, WIPO, - WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Nuzhet KANDEMIR; Chancery at 1606 23rd Street NW, Washington, DC; - 20008; telephone (202) 387-3200; there are Turkish Consulates General in - Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, and New York - US: - Ambassador Richard C. BARKLEY; Embassy at 110 Ataturk Boulevard, Ankara - (mailing address is PSC 88, Box 5000, Ankara, or APO AE 09823); telephone - [90] (4) 126 54 70; FAX [90] (4) 167-0057; there are US Consulates General - in Istanbul and Izmir, and a Consulate in Adana -Flag: - red with a vertical white crescent (the closed portion is toward the hoist - side) and white five-pointed star centered just outside the crescent opening - -:Turkey Economy - -Overview: - The impressive stream of benefits from the economic reforms that Turkey - launched in 1980 have begun to peter out. Although real growth in per capita - GDP averaged 5% annually between 1983 and 1988, recent economic performance - has fallen substantially. Moreover, inflation and interest rates remain - high, and a large budget deficit will continue to provide difficulties for a - country undergoing a substantial transformation from a centrally controlled - to a free market economy. Agriculture remains an important economic sector, - employing about half of the work force, accounting for 18% of GDP, and - contributing 19% to exports. The government has launched a - multibillion-dollar development program in the southeastern region, which - includes the building of a dozen dams on the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers to - generate electric power and irrigate large tracts of farmland. The planned - tapping of huge additional quantities of Euphrates water has raised serious - concern in the downstream riparian nations of Syria and Iraq. The Turkish - economy emerged from the Gulf War of early 1991 in stronger shape than - Ankara had expected. Although the negative effects of the crisis were felt - primarily in the politically sensitive southeast, aid pledges by the - coalition allies of more than $4 billion have helped offset the burden. -GDP: - purchasing power equivalent - $198 billion, per capita $3,400; real growth - rate 1.5% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 71.1% (1991) -Unemployment rate: - 11.1% (1991 est.) -Budget: - revenues $41.9 billion; expenditures $49.7 billion, including capital - expenditures of $9.9 billion (1992) -Exports: - $13.0 billion (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - industrial products (steel, chemicals) 81%; fruits, vegetables, tobacco and - meat products 19% - partners: - EC countries 49%, US 7%, Iran 5% -Imports: - $22.3 billion (c.i.f., 1990) - commodities: - crude oil, machinery, transport equipment, metals, chemicals, - pharmaceuticals, dyes, plastics, rubber, fertilizers, grain - partners: - EC countries 49%, US 7%, Iran 5% -External debt: - $49.0 billion (1990) -Industrial production: - growth rate 10% (1990 est.); accounts for 29% of GDP -Electricity: - 14,400,000 kW capacity; 44,000 million kWh produced, 750 kWh per capita - (1991) -Industries: - textiles, food processing, mining (coal, chromite, copper, boron minerals), - steel, petroleum, construction, lumber, paper -Agriculture: - accounts for 18% of GDP and employs about half of working force; products - - tobacco, cotton, grain, olives, sugar beets, pulses, citrus fruit, variety - of animal products; self-sufficient in food most years - -:Turkey Economy - -Illicit drugs: - one of the world's major suppliers of licit opiate products; government - maintains strict controls over areas of opium poppy cultivation and output - of poppy straw concentrate -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $2.3 billion; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $10.1 billion; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $665 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $4.5 - billion; note - aid for Persian Gulf war efforts from coalition allies - (1991), $4.1 billion; aid pledged for Turkish Defense Fund, $2.5 billion -Currency: - Turkish lira (plural - liras); 1 Turkish lira (TL) = 100 kurus -Exchange rates: - Turkish liras (TL) per US$1 - 6,098.4 (March 1992), 4,171.8 (1991), 2,608.6 - (1990), 2,121.7 (1989), 1,422.3 (1988), 857.2 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Turkey Communications - -Railroads: - 8,401 km 1.435-meter gauge; 479 km electrified -Highways: - 49,615 km total; 26,915 km paved; 16,500 km gravel or crushed stone; 4,000 - km improved earth; 2,200 km unimproved earth (1985) -Inland waterways: - about 1,200 km -Pipelines: - crude oil 1,738 km, petroleum products 2,321 km, natural gas 708 km -Ports: - Iskenderun, Istanbul, Mersin, Izmir -Merchant marine: - 353 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,056,455 GRT/7,143,096 DWT; includes - 7 short-sea passenger, 1 passenger-cargo, 191 cargo, 1 container, 5 - roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 refrigerated cargo, 1 livestock carrier, 37 - petroleum tanker, 9 chemical tanker, 3 liquefied gas, 10 combination - ore/oil, 1 specialized tanker, 80 bulk, 4 combination bulk -Civil air: - 52 major transport aircraft (1991) -Airports: - 109 total, 104 usable; 65 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways - over 3,659 m; 30 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 27 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - fair domestic and international systems; trunk radio relay network; limited - open wire network; 3,400,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 15 AM; 94 FM; - 357 TV; 1 satellite ground station operating in the INTELSAT (2 Atlantic - Ocean) and EUTELSAT systems; 1 submarine cable - -:Turkey Defense Forces - -Branches: - Land Forces, Navy (including Naval Air and Naval Infantry), Air Force, Coast - Guard, Gendarmerie -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 15,274,591; 9,330,851 fit for military service; 597,814 reach - military age (20) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $5.2 billion, 3-4% of GDP (1992 budget) - -:Turkmenistan Geography - -Total area: - 488,100 km2 -Land area: - 488,100 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly larger than California -Land boundaries: - 3,736 km total; Afghanistan 744 km, Iran 992 km, Kazakhstan 379 km, - Uzbekistan 1,621 km -Coastline: - 0 km - note: - Turkmenistan does border the Caspian Sea (1,768 km) -Maritime claims: - none - landlocked -Disputes: - none -Climate: - subtropical desert -Terrain: - flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes; borders Caspian Sea in west -Natural resources: - petroleum, natural gas, coal, sulphur, salt, magnesium -Land use: - NA% arable land; NA% permanent crops; NA% meadows and pastures; NA% forest - and woodland; NA% other; includes NA% irrigated -Environment: - NA -Note: - landlocked - -:Turkmenistan People - -Population: - 3,838,108 (July 1992), growth rate 2.4% (1992) -Birth rate: - 36 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 9 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - -3 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 94 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 59 years male, 66 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 4.5 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Turkmen(s); adjective - Turkmen -Ethnic divisions: - Turkmen 72%, Russian 9%, Uzbek 9%, other 10% -Religions: - Islam 85%, Eastern Orthodox 10%, unknown 5% -Languages: - Turkmen 72%, Russian 12%, Uzbek 9%, other 7% -Literacy: - NA% (male NA%, female NA) age 15 and over can read and write -Labor force: - 1,542,000; agriculture and forestry 42%, industry and construction 21%, - other 37% (1990) -Organized labor: - NA - -:Turkmenistan Government - -Long-form name: - none -Type: - republic -Capital: - Ashgabat (Ashkhabad) -Administrative divisions: - 4 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast'); Balkan (Nebit-Dag), Chardzhou, - Mary, Tashauz; note - the rayons around Ashgabat are under direct republic - jurisdiction; all oblasts have the same name as their administrative center - except Balkan Oblast, centered at Nebit-Dag -Independence: - 27 October 1991 (from the Soviet Union; formerly Turkmen Soviet Socialist - Republic) -Constitution: - adopted 18 May 1992 -Legal system: - NA -National holiday: - Independence Day, 27 October (1991) -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, two deputy prime ministers, Council of Ministers -Legislative branch: - Majlis -Judicial branch: - NA -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Saparmurad NIYAZOV (since 21 June 1992) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister (vacant), Deputy Prime Ministers V. G. OCHERTSOV and Atta - CHARYYEV (since NA 1991) -Political parties and leaders: - Democratic Party (formerly Communist), Saparmurad NIYAZOV, chairman - opposition: - Democratic Party, Durdymorad KHODZHA Mukhammed, chairman -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - President: - last held 21 June 1992 (next to be held NA June 1997); results - Saparmurad - NIYAZOV 99.5% (ran unopposed) - Majlis: - last held 7 January 1990 (next to be held NA 1995); results - percent of - vote by party NA; seats - (175 total) elections not officially by party, but - Communist Party members won nearly 90% of seats -Communists: - renamed Democratic Party, 16 December 1990 -Other political or pressure groups: - Agzybirlik (Unity) Movement -Member of: - CIS, CSCE, IBRD, IMF, NACC, UN, UNCTAD -Diplomatic representation: - NA - US: - Ambassador-designate Joseph HULINGS; Embassy at Yubilenaya Hotel, Ashgabat - (Ashkhabad) (mailing address is APO; AE 09862); telephone [8] (011) - 7-3630-24-49-08 - -:Turkmenistan Government - -Flag: - green field with five claret carpet gels (that is, a repeated carpet - pattern) on the hoist side; a white crescent and five white stars in the - upper left corner to the right of the carpet gels - -:Turkmenistan Economy - -Overview: - Like the other 15 former Soviet republics, Turkmenistan faces enormous - problems of economic adjustment - to move away from Moscow-based central - planning toward a system of decisionmaking by private enterpreneurs, local - government authorities, and, hopefully, foreign investors. This process - requires wholesale changes in supply sources, markets, property rights, and - monetary arrangements. Industry - with 10% of the labor force - is heavily - weighted toward the energy sector, which produced 11% of the ex-USSR's gas - and 1% of its oil. Turkmenistan ranked second among the former Soviet - republics in cotton production, mainly in the irrigated western region, - where the huge Karakumskiy Canal taps the Amu Darya. -GDP: - purchasing power equivalent - NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate -0.6% - (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 85% (1991) -Unemployment rate: - 20-25% (1991 est.) -Budget: - NA -Exports: - $239 million (1990) - commodities: - natural gas, oil, chemicals, cotton, textiles, carpets - partners: - Russia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan -Imports: - $970 million (1990) - commodities: - machinery and parts, plastics and rubber, consumer durables, textiles - partners: - NA -External debt: - $650 million (end of 1991 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 4.1% (1991) -Electricity: - 3,170,000 kW capacity; 14,900 million kWh produced, 4,114 kWh per capita - (1990) -Industries: - oil and gas, petrochemicals, fertilizers, food processing, textiles -Agriculture: - cotton, fruits, vegetables -Illicit drugs: - illicit producers of cannabis and opium; mostly for domestic consumption; - status of government eradication programs unknown; used as transshipment - points for illicit drugs to Western Europe -Economic aid: - NA -Currency: - As of May 1992, retaining ruble as currency -Exchange rates: - NA -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Turkmenistan Communications - -Railroads: - 2,120 km all 1.520-meter gauge -Highways: - 23,000 km total (1990); 18,300 km hard surfaced, 4,700 km earth -Inland waterways: - NA km -Pipelines: - NA -Ports: - inland - Krasnovodsk -Civil air: - NA -Airports: - NA -Telecommunications: - poorly developed; telephone density NA; linked by landline or microwave to - other CIS member states and Iran, and by leased connections via the Moscow - international gateway switch to other countries; satellite earth stations - - Orbita and INTELSAT (TV receive only) - -:Turkmenistan Defense Forces - -Branches: - Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops), National Guard; CIS - Forces (Ground, Air and Air Defense) -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, NA; NA fit for military service; NA reach military age (18) - annually -Defense expenditures: - $NA, NA% of GDP - -:Turks and Caicos Islands Geography - -Total area: - 430 km2 -Land area: - 430 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly less than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 389 km -Maritime claims: - Exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; marine; moderated by trade winds; sunny and relatively dry -Terrain: - low, flat limestone; extensive marshes and mangrove swamps -Natural resources: - spiny lobster, conch -Land use: - arable land 2%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures; 0%; forest and - woodland 0%; other 98% -Environment: - 30 islands (eight inhabited); subject to frequent hurricanes -Note: - located 190 km north of the Dominican Republic in the North Atlantic Ocean - -:Turks and Caicos Islands People - -Population: - 12,697 (July 1992), growth rate 3.3% (1992) -Birth rate: - 16 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 22 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 13 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 73 years male, 77 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 2.3 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - no noun or adjectival forms -Ethnic divisions: - majority of African descent -Religions: - Baptist 41.2%, Methodist 18.9%, Anglican 18.3%, Seventh-Day Adventist 1.7%, - other 19.9% (1980) -Languages: - English (official) -Literacy: - 98% (male 99%, female 98%) age 15 and over having ever attended school - (1970) -Labor force: - NA; majority engaged in fishing and tourist industries; some subsistence - agriculture -Organized labor: - Saint George's Industrial Trade Union - -:Turks and Caicos Islands Government - -Long-form name: - none -Type: - dependent territory of the UK -Capital: - Grand Turk (Cockburn Town) -Administrative divisions: - none (dependent territory of the UK) -Independence: - none (dependent territory of the UK) -Constitution: - introduced 30 August 1976, suspended in 1986, and a Constitutional - Commission is currently reviewing its contents -Legal system: - based on laws of England and Wales with a small number adopted from Jamaica - and The Bahamas -National holiday: - Constitution Day, 30 August (1976) -Executive branch: - British monarch, governor, Executive Council, chief minister -Legislative branch: - unicameral Legislative Council -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1953), represented by Governor Michael - J. BRADLEY (since 1987) - Head of Government: - Chief Minister Washington MISSIC (since NA 1991) -Political parties and leaders: - People's Democratic Movement (PDM), Oswald SKIPPINGS; Progressive National - Party (PNP), Washington MISSIC; National Democratic Alliance (NDA), Ariel - MISSICK -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - Legislative Council: - last held on 3 April 1991 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by - party NA; seats - (20 total, 13 elected) PNP 8, PDM 5 -Member of: - CDB -Diplomatic representation: - as a dependent territory of the UK, the interests of the Turks and Caicos - Islands are represented in the US by the UK - US: - none -Flag: - blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the - colonial shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the shield is yellow - and contains a conch shell, lobster, and cactus - -:Turks and Caicos Islands Economy - -Overview: - The economy is based on fishing, tourism, and offshore banking. Only - subsistence farming - corn and beans - exists on the Caicos Islands, so that - most foods, as well as nonfood products, must be imported. -GDP: - purchasing power equivalent - $44.9 million, per capita $5,000; real growth - rate NA% (1986) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - NA% -Unemployment rate: - 12% (1989) -Budget: - revenues $12.4 million; expenditures $15.8 million, including capital - expenditures of $2.6 million (FY87) -Exports: - $2.9 million (f.o.b., FY84) - commodities: - lobster, dried and fresh conch, conch shells - partners: - US, UK -Imports: - $26.3 million (c.i.f., FY84) - commodities: - foodstuffs, drink, tobacco, clothing - partners: - US, UK -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 9,050 kW capacity; 11.1 million kWh produced, 1,140 kWh per capita (1990) -Industries: - fishing, tourism, offshore financial services -Agriculture: - subsistence farming prevails, based on corn and beans; fishing more - important than farming; not self-sufficient in food -Economic aid: - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), - $110 million -Currency: - US currency is used -Exchange rates: - US currency is used -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Turks and Caicos Islands Communications - -Highways: - 121 km, including 24 km tarmac -Ports: - Grand Turk, Salt Cay, Providenciales, Cockburn Harbour -Civil air: - Air Turks and Caicos (passenger service) and Turks Air Ltd. (cargo service) -Airports: - 7 total, 7 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over - 2,439 m; 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - fair cable and radio services; 1,446 telephones; broadcast stations - 3 AM, - no FM, several TV; 2 submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth - station - -:Turks and Caicos Islands Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of the UK - -:Tuvalu Geography - -Total area: - 26 km2 -Land area: - 26 km2 -Comparative area: - about 0.1 times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 24 km -Maritime claims: - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; moderated by easterly trade winds (March to November); westerly - gales and heavy rain (November to March) -Terrain: - very low-lying and narrow coral atolls -Natural resources: - fish -Land use: - arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and - woodland 0%; other 100% -Environment: - severe tropical storms are rare -Note: - located 3,000 km east of Papua New Guinea in the South Pacific Ocean - -:Tuvalu People - -Population: - 9,494 (July 1992), growth rate 1.8% (1992) -Birth rate: - 28 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 9 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 34 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 61 years male, 64 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 3.1 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Tuvaluans(s); adjective - Tuvaluan -Ethnic divisions: - 96% Polynesian -Religions: - Church of Tuvalu (Congregationalist) 97%, Seventh-Day Adventist 1.4%, Baha'i - 1%, other 0.6% -Languages: - Tuvaluan, English -Literacy: - NA% (male NA%, female NA%) -Labor force: - NA -Organized labor: - none - -:Tuvalu Government - -Long-form name: - none -Type: - democracy -Capital: - Funafuti -Administrative divisions: - none -Independence: - 1 October 1978 (from UK; formerly Ellice Islands) -Constitution: - 1 October 1978 -National holiday: - Independence Day, 1 October (1978) -Executive branch: - British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister, - Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral Parliament (Palamene) -Judicial branch: - High Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General - Tupua LEUPENA (since 1 March 1986) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Bikenibeu PAENIU (since 16 October 1989); Deputy Prime - Minister Dr. Alesana SELUKA (since October 1989) -Political parties and leaders: - none -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - Parliament: - last held 28 September 1989 (next to be held by NA September 1993); results - - percent of vote NA; seats - (12 total) -Member of: - ACP, C (special), ESCAP, SPC, SPF, UPU -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador (vacant) - US: - none -Flag: - light blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant; the - outer half of the flag represents a map of the country with nine yellow - five-pointed stars symbolizing the nine islands - -:Tuvalu Economy - -Overview: - Tuvalu consists of a scattered group of nine coral atolls with poor soil. - The country has no known mineral resources and few exports. Subsistence - farming and fishing are the primary economic activities. The islands are too - small and too remote for development of a tourist industry. Government - revenues largely come from the sale of stamps and coins and worker - remittances. Substantial income is received annually from an international - trust fund established in 1987 by Australia, New Zealand, and the UK and - supported also by Japan and South Korea. -GNP: - exchange rate conversion - $4.6 million, per capita $530; real growth rate - NA% (1989 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 3.9% (1984) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $4.3 million; expenditures $4.3 million, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1989) -Exports: - $1.0 million (f.o.b., 1983 est.) - commodities: - copra - partners: - Fiji, Australia, NZ -Imports: - $2.8 million (c.i.f., 1983 est.) - commodities: - food, animals, mineral fuels, machinery, manufactured goods - partners: - Fiji, Australia, NZ -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate NA -Electricity: - 2,600 kW capacity; 3 million kWh produced, 330 kWh per capita (1990) -Industries: - fishing, tourism, copra -Agriculture: - coconuts, copra -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $1 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $101 million -Currency: - Tuvaluan dollar and Australian dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Tuvaluan dollar - ($T) or 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - Tuvaluan dollars ($T) or Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.3117 (March - 1992), 1.2835 (1991), 1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988), 1.4267 - (1987) -Fiscal year: - NA - -:Tuvalu Communications - -Highways: - 8 km gravel -Ports: - Funafuti, Nukufetau -Merchant marine: - 1 passenger-cargo (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,043 GRT/450 DWT -Civil air: - no major transport aircraft -Airports: - 1 with runway 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; 300 radiotelephones; 4,000 radios; - 108 telephones - -:Tuvalu Defense Forces - -Branches: - Police Force -Manpower availability: - NA -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GNP - -:Uganda Geography - -Total area: - 236,040 km2 -Land area: - 199,710 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly smaller than Oregon -Land boundaries: - 2,698 km total; Kenya 933 km, Rwanda 169 km, Sudan 435 km, Tanzania 396 km, - Zaire 765 km -Coastline: - none - landlocked -Maritime claims: - none - landlocked -Disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; generally rainy with two dry seasons (December to February, June - to August); semiarid in northeast -Terrain: - mostly plateau with rim of mountains -Natural resources: - copper, cobalt, limestone, salt -Land use: - arable land 23%; permanent crops 9%; meadows and pastures 25%; forest and - woodland 30%; other 13%; includes irrigated NEGL% -Environment: - straddles Equator; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion -Note: - landlocked - -:Uganda People - -Population: - 19,386,104 (July 1992), growth rate 3.7% (1992) -Birth rate: - 51 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 14 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 91 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 50 years male, 52 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 7.2 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Ugandan(s); adjective - Ugandan -Ethnic divisions: - African 99%, European, Asian, Arab 1% -Religions: - Roman Catholic 33%, Protestant 33%, Muslim 16%, rest indigenous beliefs -Languages: - English (official); Luganda and Swahili widely used; other Bantu and Nilotic - languages -Literacy: - 48% (male 62%, female 35%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 4,500,000 (est.); 50% of population of working age (1983) -Organized labor: - 125,000 union members - -:Uganda Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Uganda -Type: - republic -Capital: - Kampala -Administrative divisions: - 10 provinces; Busoga, Central, Eastern, Karamoja, Nile, North Buganda, - Northern, South Buganda, Southern, Western -Independence: - 9 October 1962 (from UK) -Constitution: - 8 September 1967, in process of constitutional revision -Legal system: - government plans to restore system based on English common law and customary - law and reinstitute a normal judicial system; accepts compulsory ICJ - jurisdiction, with reservations -National holiday: - Independence Day, 9 October (1962) -Executive branch: - president, vice president, prime minister, three deputy prime ministers, - Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral National Resistance Council -Judicial branch: - Court of Appeal, High Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI (since 29 January 1986); Vice - President Samson Babi Mululu KISEKKA (since NA January 1991) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister George Cosmas ADYEBO (since NA January 1991) -Political parties and leaders: - only party - National Resistance Movement (NRM); note - the Uganda Patriotic - Movement (UPM), Ugandan People's Congress (UPC), Democratic Party (DP), and - Conservative Party (CP) are all proscribed from conducting public political - activities -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - National Resistance Council: - last held 11-28 February 1989 (next to be held by January 1995); results - - NRM was the only party; seats - (278 total, 210 indirectly elected) 210 - members elected without party affiliation -Other political or pressure groups: - Uganda People's Front (UPF), Uganda People's Christian Democratic Army - (UPCDA), Ruwenzori Movement -Member of: - ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, EADB, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, - IDB, IFAD, IFC, IGADD, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, - OAU, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Stephen Kapimpina KATENTA-APULI; 5909 16th Street NW, Washington, - DC 20011; telephone (202) 726-7100 through 7102 - US: - Ambassador Johnnie CARSON; Embassy at Parliament Avenue, Kampala (mailing - address is P. O. Box 7007, Kampala); telephone [256] (41) 259792, 259793, - 259795 - -:Uganda Government - -Flag: - six equal horizontal bands of black (top), yellow, red, black, yellow, and - red; a white disk is superimposed at the center and depicts a red-crested - crane (the national symbol) facing the staff side - -:Uganda Economy - -Overview: - Uganda has substantial natural resources, including fertile soils, regular - rainfall, and sizable mineral deposits of copper and cobalt. The economy has - been devastated by widespread political instability, mismanagement, and - civil war since independence in 1962, keeping Uganda poor with a per capita - income of about $300. (GDP remains below the levels of the early 1970s, as - does industrial production.) Agriculture is the most important sector of the - economy, employing over 80% of the work force. Coffee is the major export - crop and accounts for the bulk of export revenues. Since 1986 the government - has acted to rehabilitate and stabilize the economy by undertaking currency - reform, raising producer prices on export crops, increasing petroleum - prices, and improving civil service wages. The policy changes are especially - aimed at dampening inflation, which was running at over 300% in 1987, and - boosting production and export earnings. During the period 1990-91, the - economy turned in a solid performance based on continued investment in the - rehabilitation of infrastructure, improved incentives for production and - exports, and gradually improving domestic security. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $5.6 billion, per capita $300; real growth rate - 4.5% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 35% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $365 million; expenditures $545 million, including capital - expenditures of $165 million (FY89 est.) -Exports: - $208 million (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - coffee 97%, cotton, tea - partners: - US 25%, UK 18%, France 11%, Spain 10% -Imports: - $209 million (c.i.f., 1990) - commodities: - petroleum products, machinery, cotton piece goods, metals, transportation - equipment, food - partners: - Kenya 25%, UK 14%, Italy 13% -External debt: - $1.9 billion (1991 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 7.0% (1990); accounts for 5% of GDP -Electricity: - 175,000 kW capacity; 315 million kWh produced, 15 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - sugar, brewing, tobacco, cotton textiles, cement -Agriculture: - mainly subsistence; accounts for 57% of GDP and over 80% of labor force; - cash crops - coffee, tea, cotton, tobacco; food crops - cassava, potatoes, - corn, millet, pulses; livestock products - beef, goat meat, milk, poultry; - self-sufficient in food -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (1970-89), $145 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.4 billion; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $60 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $169 - million - -:Uganda Economy - -Currency: - Ugandan shilling (plural - shillings); 1 Ugandan shilling (USh) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - Ugandan shillings (USh) per US$1 - 1,031.3 (March 1992), 734.0 (1991), - 428.85 (1990), 223.1 (1989), 106.1 (1988), 42.8 (1987) -Fiscal year: - 1 July - 30 June - -:Uganda Communications - -Railroads: - 1,300 km, 1.000-meter-gauge single track -Highways: - 26,200 km total; 1,970 km paved; 5,849 km crushed stone, gravel, and - laterite; remainder earth roads and tracks -Inland waterways: - Lake Victoria, Lake Albert, Lake Kyoga, Lake George, Lake Edward; Victoria - Nile, Albert Nile; principal inland water ports are at Jinja and Port Bell, - both on Lake Victoria -Merchant marine: - 1 roll-on/roll-off (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,697 GRT -Civil air: - 6 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 35 total, 27 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over - 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 10 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - fair system with microwave and radio communications stations; broadcast - stations - 10 AM, no FM, 9 TV; satellite communications ground stations - 1 - Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT - -:Uganda Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, about 4,132,887; about 2,243,933 for military service -Defense expenditures: - $NA, NA% of GDP - -:Ukraine Geography - -Total area: - 603,700 km2 -Land area: - 603,700 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly smaller than Texas -Land boundaries: - 4,558 km total; Belarus 891 km, Czechoslovakia 90 km, Hungary 103 km, - Moldova 939 km, Poland 428 km, Romania (southwest) 169 km, Romania (west) - 362 km, Russia 1,576 km -Coastline: - 2,782 km -Maritime claims: - Contiguous zone: - NA nm - Continental shelf: - NA meter depth - Exclusive fishing zone: - NA nm - Exclusive economic zone: - NA nm - Territorial sea: - NA nm -Disputes: - potential border disputes with Moldova and Romania in northern Bukovina and - southern Odessa oblast -Climate: - temperate continental; subtropical only on the southern Crimean coast; - precipitation disproportionately distributed, highest in west and north, - lesser in east and southeast; winters vary from cool along the Black Sea to - cold farther inland; summers are warm across the greater part of the - country, hot in the south -Terrain: - most of Ukraine consists of fertile plains (steppes) and plateaux, mountains - being found only in the west (the Carpathians), and in the Crimean peninsula - in the extreme south -Natural resources: - iron ore, coal, manganese, natural gas, oil, salt, sulphur, graphite, - titanium, magnesium, kaolin, nickel, mercury, timber -Land use: - 56% arable land; 2% permanent crops; 12% meadows and pastures; NA% forest - and woodland; 30% other; includes 3% irrigated -Environment: - air and water pollution, deforestation, radiation contamination around - Chernobyl nuclear plant -Note: - strategic position at the crossroads between Europe and Asia; second largest - country in Europe - -:Ukraine People - -Population: - 51,940,426 (July 1992), growth rate 0.2% (1992) -Birth rate: - 14 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 12 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 22 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 65 years male, 75 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 2.0 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Ukrainian(s); adjective - Ukrainian -Ethnic divisions: - Ukrainian 73%, Russian 22%, Jewish 1%, other 4% -Religions: - Ukrainian Autonomous Orthodox, Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox, Ukrainian - Catholic (Uniate), Protestant, Jewish -Languages: - Ukrainian, Russian, Romanian, Polish -Literacy: - NA% -Labor force: - 25,277,000; industry and construction 41%, agriculture and forestry 19%, - health, education, and culture 18%, trade and distribution 8%, transport and - communication 7%, other 7% (1990) -Organized labor: - NA - -:Ukraine Government - -Long-form name: - none -Type: - republic -Capital: - Kiev (Kyyiv) -Administrative divisions: - 24 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast') and 1 autonomous republic* - (avtomnaya respublika); Chernigov, Cherkassy, Chernovtsy, Dnepropetrovsk, - Donetsk, Ivano-Frankovsk, Khar'kov, Kherson, Khmel'nitskiy, Kiev, - Kirovograd, Krym (Simferopol')*, Lugansk, L'vov, Nikolayev, Odessa, Poltava, - Rovno, Sumy, Ternopol', Vinnitsa, Volyn' (Lutsk), Zakarpat (Uzhgorod), - Zaporozh'ye, Zhitomir; note - an oblast usually has the same name as its - administrative center (exceptions have the administrative center name - following in parentheses) -Independence: - 24 August 1991; 1 December 1991 de facto from USSR; note - formerly the - Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic in the Soviet Union -Constitution: - currently being drafted -Legal system: - based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts -National holiday: - Independence Day, 24 August (1991) -Executive branch: - president, prime minister -Legislative branch: - unicameral Supreme Council -Judicial branch: - being organized -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Leonid M. KRAVCHUK (since 5 December 1991) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Vitol'd FOKIN (since 14 November 1991); two First Deputy - Prime Ministers: Valentyn SYMONENKO and Konstantyn MASYK (since 21 May - 1991); two Deputy Prime Ministers: Oleh SLEPICHEV and Viktor SYTNYK (since - 21 May 1991) -Political parties and leaders: - Ukrainian Republican Party, Levko LUKYANENKO, chairman; Green Party, Yuriy - SHCHERBAK, chairman; Social Democratic Party, Andriy NOSENKO, chairman; - Ukrainian Democratic Party, Yuriy BADZO, chairman; Democratic Rebirth Party, - Oleksandr Volodymyr GRINEV, Oleksandr FILENKO, YEMETS, Miroslav POPOVICH, - Sergei LYLYK, Oleksandr BAZYLYUK, Valeriy KHMELKO, leaders; People's Party - of Ukraine, Leopold TABURYANSKIY, chairman; Peasant Democratic Party, Jerhiy - PLACHYNDA, chairman; Ukrainian Socialist Party, Oleksandr MOROZ, chairman -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - President: - last held 1 December 1991 (next to be held NA 1996); results - Leonid - KRAVCHUK 61.59%, Vyacheslav CHERNOVIL 23.27%, Levko LUKYANENKO 4.49%, - Volodymyr GRINEV 4.17%, Iher YUKHNOVSKY 1.74%, Leopold TABURYANSKIY 0.57% - Supreme Council: - last held 4 March 1990 (next scheduled for 1995, may be held earlier in late - 1992 or 1993); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (NA total) - number of seats by party NA - -:Ukraine Government - -Communists: - Communist Party of Ukraine was banned by decree of the Supreme Council on 30 - August 1991 -Other political or pressure groups: - Ukraninan People's Movement for Restructuring (RUKH) -Member of: - CIS, CSCE, CE, ECE, IAEA, IMF, INMARSAT, IOC, ITU, NACC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, - UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Oleh H. BILORUS; Embassy at 1828 L Street, NW, Suite 711, - Washington, DC 20036; telephone (202) 296-6960 - US: - Ambassador Roman POPADIUK; Embassy at ;10 Vul. Yuriy Kotsubinskoho, Kiev - (mailing address is APO AE 09862); telephone (044) 244-7349; FAX (044) - 244-7350 -Flag: - two horizontal bars of equal size: azure (sky blue) top half, golden yellow - bottom half (represents grainfields under a blue sky) - -:Ukraine Economy - -Overview: - Because of its size, geographic location, Slavic population, and rich - resources, the loss of Ukraine was the final and most bitter blow to the - Soviet leaders wishing to preserve some semblance of the old political, - military, and economic power of the USSR. After Russia, the Ukrainian - republic was far and away the most important economic component of the - former Soviet Union producing more than three times the output of the - next-ranking republic. Its fertile black soil generated more than one fourth - of Soviet agricultural output, and its farms provided substantial quantities - of meat, milk, grain and vegetables to other republics. Likewise, its - well-developed and diversified heavy industry supplied equipment and raw - materials to industrial and mining sites in other regions of the USSR. In - early 1992 the continued wholesale disruption of economic ties and the lack - of an institutional structure necessary to formulate and implement economic - reforms preclude a near-term recovery of output. -GDP: - $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate -10% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 83% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - not finalized as of May 1992 -Exports: - $13.5 billion (1990) - commodities: - coal, electric power, ferrous and nonferrous metals, chemicals, machinery - and transport equipment, grain, meat - partners: - Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan -Imports: - $16.7 billion (1990) - commodities: - machinery and parts, transportation equipment, chemicals, textiles - partners: - none - *** No entry for this item *** -External debt: - $10.4 billion (end of 1991 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate -4.5% (1991) -Electricity: - NA kW capacity; 298,000 million kWh produced, 5,758 kWh per capita (1990) -Industries: - coal, electric power, ferrous and nonferrous metals, machinery and transport - equipment, chemicals, food-processing -Agriculture: - grain, vegetables, meat, milk -Illicit drugs: - illicit producer of cannabis and opium; mostly for domestic consumption; - status of government eradication programs unknown; used as transshipment - points for illicit drugs to Western Europe -Economic aid: - $NA - -:Ukraine Economy - -Currency: - as of August 1992 using ruble and Ukrainian coupons as legal tender; Ukraine - plans to withdraw the ruble from circulation and convert to a coupon-based - economy on 1 October 1992; Ukrainian officials claim this will be an interim - move toward introducing a Ukrainian currency - the hryvnya - possibly as - early as January 1993 -Exchange rates: - NA -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Ukraine Communications - -Railroads: - 22,800 km all 1.500-meter gauge; does not include industrial lines (1990) -Highways: - 273,700 km total (1990); 236,400 km hard surfaced, 37,300 km earth -Inland waterways: - NA km perennially navigable -Pipelines: - NA -Ports: - maritime - Berdyansk, Il'ichevsk Kerch', Kherson, Mariupol' (formerly - Zhdanov), Nikolayev, Odessa, Sevastopol', Yuzhnoye; inland - Kiev -Merchant marine: - 338 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,117,595 GRT/5,403,685 DWT; includes - 221 cargo, 11 container, 9 barge carriers, 59 bulk cargo, 9 petroleum - tanker, 2 chemical tanker, 3 liquefied gas, 24 passenger -Civil air: - NA major transport aircraft -Airports: - NA -Telecommunications: - inheriting part of the former USSR system, Ukraine has about 7 million - telephone lines (13.5 telephones for each 100 persons); as of 31 January - 1990, 3.56 million applications for telephones could not be satisfied; - international calls can be made via satellite, by landline to other CIS - countries, and through the Moscow international switching center; satellite - earth stations employ INTELSAT, INMARSAT, and Intersputnik - -:Ukraine Defense Forces - -Branches: - Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops), National Guard; CIS - Forces (Ground Navy, Air, and Defense) -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, NA; NA fit for military service; NA reach military age (18) - annually -Defense expenditures: - $NA, NA% of GDP - -:United Arab Emirates Geography - -Total area: - 83,600 km2 -Land area: - 83,600 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly smaller than Maine -Land boundaries: - 1,016 km total; Oman 410 km, Saudi Arabia 586 km, Qatar 20 km -Coastline: - 1,448 km -Maritime claims: - Continental shelf: - defined by bilateral boundaries or equidistant line - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 3 nm (assumed), 12 nm for Ash Shariqah (Sharjah) -Disputes: - boundary with Qatar is unresolved; no defined boundary with Saudi Arabia; no - defined boundary with most of Oman, but Administrative Line in far north; - claims two islands in the Persian Gulf occupied by Iran (Jazireh-ye Tonb-e - Bozorg or Greater Tunb, and Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Kuchek or Lesser Tunb); claims - island in the Persian Gulf jointly administered with Iran (Jazireh-ye Abu - Musa or Abu Musa,) -Climate: - desert; cooler in eastern mountains -Terrain: - flat, barren coastal plain merging into rolling sand dunes of vast desert - waste- land; mountains in east -Natural resources: - crude oil and natural gas -Land use: - arable land NEGL%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 2%; forest - and woodland NEGL%; other 98%; includes irrigated NEGL% -Environment: - frequent dust and sand storms; lack of natural freshwater resources being - overcome by desalination plants; desertification -Note: - strategic location along southern approaches to Strait of Hormuz, a vital - transit point for world crude oil - -:United Arab Emirates People - -Population: - 2,522,315 (July 1992), growth rate 5.4% (1992) -Birth rate: - 29 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 3 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 27 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 23 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 70 years male, 74 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 4.7 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Emirian(s), adjective - Emirian -Ethnic divisions: - Emirian 19%, other Arab 23%, South Asian (fluctuating) 50%, other - expatriates (includes Westerners and East Asians) 8%; less than 20% of the - population are UAE citizens (1982) -Religions: - Muslim 96% (Shi`a 16%); Christian, Hindu, and other 4% -Languages: - Arabic (official); Persian and English widely spoken in major cities; Hindi, - Urdu -Literacy: - 68% (male 70%, female 63%) age 10 and over but definition of literacy not - available (1980) -Labor force: - 580,000 (1986 est.); industry and commerce 85%, agriculture 5%, services 5%, - government 5%; 80% of labor force is foreign -Organized labor: - trade unions are illegal - -:United Arab Emirates Government - -Long-form name: - United Arab Emirates (no short-form name); abbreviated UAE -Type: - federation with specified powers delegated to the UAE central government and - other powers reserved to member emirates -Capital: - Abu Dhabi -Administrative divisions: - 7 emirates (imarat, singular - imarah); Abu Zaby (Abu Dhabi), `Ajman, Al - Fujayrah, Ash Shariqah, Dubayy, Ra's al Khaymah, Umm al Qaywayn -Independence: - 2 December 1971 (from UK; formerly Trucial States) -Constitution: - 2 December 1971 (provisional) -Legal system: - secular codes are being introduced by the UAE Government and in several - member shaykhdoms; Islamic law remains influential -National holiday: - National Day, 2 December (1971) -Executive branch: - president, vice president, Supreme Council of Rulers, prime minister, deputy - prime minister, Council of Ministers -Legislative branch: - unicameral Federal National Council (Majlis Watani Itihad) -Judicial branch: - Union Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Shaykh Zayid bin Sultan Al NUHAYYAN, (since 2 December 1971), - ruler of Abu Dhabi; Vice President Shaykh Maktum bin Rashid al-MAKTUM (since - 8 October 1990), ruler of Dubayy - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Shaykh Maktum bin Rashid al-MAKTUM (since 8 October 1990), - ruler of Dubayy; Deputy Prime Minister Sultan bin Zayid Al NUHAYYAN (since - 20 November 1990) -Political parties and leaders: - none -Suffrage: - none -Elections: - none -Other political or pressure groups: - a few small clandestine groups may be active -Member of: - ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, - IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO - (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, - UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Muhammad bin Husayn Al SHAALI; Chancery at Suite 740, 600 New - Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037; telephone (202) 338-6500 - US: - Ambassador Edward S. WALKER, Jr.; Embassy at Al-Sudan Street, Abu Dhabi - (mailing address is P. O. Box 4009, Abu Dhabi); telephone [971] (2) 336691, - afterhours 338730; FAX [971] (2) 318441; there is a US Consulate General in - Dubayy (Dubai) -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and black with a thicker - vertical red band on the hoist side - -:United Arab Emirates Economy - -Overview: - The UAE has an open economy with one of the world's highest incomes per - capita outside the OECD nations. This wealth is based on oil and gas, and - the fortunes of the economy fluctuate with the prices of those commodities. - Since 1973, when petroleum prices shot up, the UAE has undergone a profound - transformation from an impoverished region of small desert principalities to - a modern state with a high standard of living. At present levels of - production, crude oil reserves should last for over 100 years. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $33.7 billion, per capita $14,100 (1990); real - growth rate 11% (1989) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 5.5% (1990 est.) -Unemployment rate: - NEGL (1988) -Budget: - revenues $3.8 billion; expenditures $3.7 billion, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1989 est.) -Exports: - $21.3 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.) - commodities: - crude oil 65%, natural gas, reexports, dried fish, dates - partners: - Japan 35%, Singapore 6%, US 4%, Korea 3% -Imports: - $11.0 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.) - commodities: - food, consumer and capital goods - partners: - Japan 14%, UK 10%, US 9%, Germany 9% -External debt: - $11.0 billion (December 1989 est.) -Industrial production: - NA -Electricity: - 5,800,000 kW capacity; 17,000 million kWh produced, 7,115 kWh per capita - (1991) -Industries: - petroleum, fishing, petrochemicals, construction materials, some boat - building, handicrafts, pearling -Agriculture: - accounts for 2% of GDP and 5% of labor force; cash crop - dates; food - products - vegetables, watermelons, poultry, eggs, dairy, fish; only 25% - self-sufficient in food -Economic aid: - donor - pledged $9.1 billion in bilateral aid to less developed countries - (1979-89) -Currency: - Emirian dirham (plural - dirhams); 1 Emirian dirham (Dh) = 100 fils -Exchange rates: - Emirian dirhams (Dh) per US$1 - 3.6710 (fixed rate) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:United Arab Emirates Communications - -Highways: - 2,000 km total; 1,800 km bituminous, 200 km gravel and graded earth -Pipelines: - crude oil 830 km, natural gas, including natural gas liquids, 870 km -Ports: - Al Fujayrah, Khawr Fakkan, Mina' Jabal `Ali, Mina' Khalid, Mina' Rashid, - Mina' Saqr, Mina' Zayid -Merchant marine: - 55 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,033,866 GRT/1,772,646 DWT; includes - 18 cargo, 8 container, 3 roll-on/roll-off, 20 petroleum tanker, 4 bulk, 1 - refrigerated cargo, 1 vehicle carrier -Civil air: - 10 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 37 total, 34 usable; 20 with permanent-surface runways; 7 with runways over - 3,659 m; 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - adequate system of microwave and coaxial cable; key centers are Abu Dhabi - and Dubayy; 386,600 telephones; broadcast stations - 8 AM, 3 FM, 12 TV; - satellite communications ground stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 2 - Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 ARABSAT; submarine cables to Qatar, Bahrain, - India, and Pakistan; tropospheric scatter to Bahrain; microwave to Saudi - Arabia - -:United Arab Emirates Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force, Federal Police Force -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 974,288; 533,673 fit for military service -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $1.47 billion, 5.3% of GDP (1989 est.) - -:United Kingdom Geography - -Total area: - 244,820 km2 -Land area: - 241,590 km2; includes Rockall and Shetland Islands -Comparative area: - slightly smaller than Oregon -Land boundaries: - 360 km; Ireland 360 km -Coastline: - 12,429 km -Maritime claims: - Continental shelf: - as defined in continental shelf orders or in accordance with agreed upon - boundaries - Exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - Northern Ireland question with Ireland; Gibraltar question with Spain; - Argentina claims Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas); Argentina claims South - Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands; Mauritius claims island of Diego - Garcia in British Indian Ocean Territory; Rockall continental shelf dispute - involving Denmark, Iceland, and Ireland (Ireland and the UK have signed a - boundary agreement in the Rockall area); territorial claim in Antarctica - (British Antarctic Territory) -Climate: - temperate; moderated by prevailing southwest winds over the North Atlantic - Current; more than half of the days are overcast -Terrain: - mostly rugged hills and low mountains; level to rolling plains in east and - southeast -Natural resources: - coal, crude oil, natural gas, tin, limestone, iron ore, salt, clay, chalk, - gypsum, lead, silica -Land use: - arable land 29%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 48%; forest and - woodland 9%; other 14%; includes irrigated 1% -Environment: - pollution control measures improving air, water quality; because of heavily - indented coastline, no location is more than 125 km from tidal waters -Note: - lies near vital North Atlantic sea lanes; only 35 km from France and now - being linked by tunnel under the English Channel - -:United Kingdom People - -Population: - 57,797,514 (July 1992), growth rate 0.3% (1992) -Birth rate: - 14 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 11 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 8 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 73 years male, 79 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 1.8 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Briton(s), British (collective pl.); adjective - British -Ethnic divisions: - English 81.5%, Scottish 9.6%, Irish 2.4%, Welsh 1.9%, Ulster 1.8%, West - Indian, Indian, Pakistani, and other 2.8% -Religions: - Anglican 27.0 million, Roman Catholic 5.3 million, Presbyterian 2.0 million, - Methodist 760,000, Jewish 410,000 -Languages: - English, Welsh (about 26% of population of Wales), Scottish form of Gaelic - (about 60,000 in Scotland) -Literacy: - 99% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1978 est.) -Labor force: - 26,177,000; services 60.6%, manufacturing and construction 27.2%, government - 8.9%, energy 2.1%, agriculture 1.2% (June 1991) -Organized labor: - 40% of labor force (1991) - -:United Kingdom Government - -Long-form name: - United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; abbreviated UK -Type: - constitutional monarchy -Capital: - London -Administrative divisions: - 47 counties, 7 metropolitan counties, 26 districts, 9 regions, and 3 islands - areas - England: - 39 counties, 7 metropolitan counties*; Avon, Bedford, Berkshire, Buckingham, - Cambridge, Cheshire, Cleveland, Cornwall, Cumbria, Derby, Devon, Dorset, - Durham, East Sussex, Essex, Gloucester, Greater London*, Greater - Manchester*, Hampshire, Hereford and Worcester, Hertford, Humberside, Isle - of Wight, Kent, Lancashire, Leicester, Lincoln, Merseyside*, Norfolk, - Northampton, Northumberland, North Yorkshire, Nottingham, Oxford, - Shropshire, Somerset, South Yorkshire*, Stafford, Suffolk, Surrey, Tyne and - Wear*, Warwick, West Midlands*, West Sussex, West Yorkshire*, Wiltshire - Northern Ireland: - 26 districts; Antrim, Ards, Armagh, Ballymena, Ballymoney, Banbridge, - Belfast, Carrickfergus, Castlereagh, Coleraine, Cookstown, Craigavon, Down, - Dungannon, Fermanagh, Larne, Limavady, Lisburn, Londonderry, Magherafelt, - Moyle, Newry and Mourne, Newtownabbey, North Down, Omagh, Strabane - Scotland: - 9 regions, 3 islands areas*; Borders, Central, Dumfries and Galloway, Fife, - Grampian, Highland, Lothian, Orkney*, Shetland*, Strathclyde, Tayside, - Western Isles* - Wales: - 8 counties; Clwyd, Dyfed, Gwent, Gwynedd, Mid Glamorgan, Powys, South - Glamorgan, West Glamorgan -Independence: - 1 January 1801, United Kingdom established -Constitution: - unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice -Dependent areas: - Anguilla, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean Territory, British Virgin Islands, - Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, Guernsey, Hong Kong, Jersey, - Isle of Man, Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena, South Georgia and - the South Sandwich Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands -Legal system: - common law tradition with early Roman and modern continental influences; no - judicial review of Acts of Parliament; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, - with reservations -National holiday: - Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen (second Saturday in June) -Executive branch: - monarch, prime minister, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or House of Lords and a - lower house or House of Commons -Judicial branch: - House of Lords -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); Heir Apparent Prince CHARLES - (son of the Queen, born 14 November 1948) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister John MAJOR (since 28 November 1990) - -:United Kingdom Government - -Political parties and leaders: - Conservative and Unionist Party, John MAJOR; Labor Party, John SMITH; - Liberal Democrats (LD), Jeremy (Paddy) ASHDOWN; Scottish National Party, - Alex SALMOND; Welsh National Party (Plaid Cymru), Dafydd Iwan WIGLEY; Ulster - Unionist Party (Northern Ireland), James MOLYNEAUX; Democratic Unionist - Party (Northern Ireland), Rev. Ian PAISLEY; Ulster Popular Unionist Party - (Northern Ireland), James KILFEDDER; Social Democratic and Labor Party - (SDLP, Northern Ireland), John HUME; Sinn Fein (Northern Ireland), Gerry - ADAMS; Alliance Party (Northern Ireland), John ALDERDICE; Democratic Left, - Nina TEMPLE -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - House of Commons: - last held 9 April 1992 (next to be held by NA April 1997); results - - Conservative 41.9%, Labor 34.5%, Liberal Democratic 17.9%, other 5.7%; seats - - (651 total) Conservative 336, Labor 271, Liberal Democratic 20, other 24 -Communists: - 15,961 -Other political or pressure groups: - Trades Union Congress, Confederation of British Industry, National Farmers' - Union, Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament -Member of: - AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, BIS, C, CCC, CDB, CE, CERN, COCOM, CP, CSCE, - EBRD, EC, ECA (associate), ECE, ECLAC, EIB, ESCAP, ESA, FAO, G-5, G-7, G-10, - GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, - IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, - NATO, NEA, OECD, PCA, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNRWA, UN - Security Council, UN Trusteeship Council, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Sir Robin RENWICK; Chancery at 3100 Massachusetts Avenue NW, - Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 462-1340; there are British Consulates - General in Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Cleveland, Houston, Los Angeles, New - York, and San Francisco, and Consulates in Dallas, Miami, and Seattle - US: - Ambassador Raymond G. H. SEITZ; Embassy at 24/31 Grosvenor Square, London, - W.1A1AE, (mailing address is FPO AE 09498-4040); telephone [44] (71) - 499-9000; FAX 409-1637; there are US Consulates General in Belfast and - Edinburgh -Flag: - blue with the red cross of Saint George (patron saint of England) edged in - white superimposed on the diagonal red cross of Saint Patrick (patron saint - of Ireland) which is superimposed on the diagonal white cross of Saint - Andrew (patron saint of Scotland); known as the Union Flag or Union Jack; - the design and colors (especially the Blue Ensign) have been the basis for a - number of other flags including dependencies, Commonwealth countries, and - others -Note: - Hong Kong is scheduled to become a Special Administrative Region of China in - 1997 - -:United Kingdom Economy - -Overview: - The UK is one of the world's great trading powers and financial centers, and - its economy ranks among the four largest in Europe. The economy is - essentially capitalistic with a generous admixture of social welfare - programs and government ownership. Prime Minister MAJOR has continued the - basic thrust of THATCHER's efforts to halt the expansion of welfare measures - and promote extensive reprivatization of the government economic sector. - Agriculture is intensive, highly mechanized, and efficient by European - standards, producing about 60% of food needs with only 1% of the labor - force. Industry is a mixture of public and private enterprises, employing - about 27% of the work force and generating 22% of GDP. The UK is an - energy-rich nation with large coal, natural gas, and oil reserves; primary - energy production accounts for 12% of GDP, one of the highest shares of any - industrial nation. In mid-1990 the economy fell into recession after eight - years of strong economic expansion, which had raised national output by one - quarter. Britain's inflation rate, which has been consistently well above - those of her major trading partners, declined significantly in 1991. Between - 1986 and 1990 unemployment fell from 11% to about 6%, but crept back up to - 8% in 1991 because of the economic slowdown. As a major trading nation, the - UK will continue to be greatly affected by world boom or recession, swings - in the international oil market, productivity trends in domestic industry, - and the terms on which the economic integration of Europe proceeds. -GDP: - purchasing power equivalent - $915.5 billion, per capita $15,900; real - growth rate -1.9% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 5.8% (1991) -Unemployment rate: - 8.1% (1991) -Budget: - revenues $435 billion; expenditures $469 billion, including capital - expenditures of $NA (FY92 est.) -Exports: - $186.4 billion (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - manufactured goods, machinery, fuels, chemicals, semifinished goods, - transport equipment - partners: - EC 53.2% (FRG 12.7%, France 10.5%, Netherlands 7.0%), US 12.4% -Imports: - $211.9 billion (c.i.f., 1991) - commodities: - manufactured goods, machinery, semifinished goods, foodstuffs, consumer - goods - partners: - EC 52.2% (FRG 15.6%, France 9.3%, Netherlands 8.4%), US 11.5% -External debt: - $10.5 billion (1990) -Industrial production: - growth rate 0% (1991) -Electricity: - 98,000,000 kW capacity; 316,500 million kWh produced, 5,520 kWh per capita - (1991) - -:United Kingdom Economy - -Industries: - production machinery including machine tools, electric power equipment, - equipment for the automation of production, railroad equipment, - shipbuilding, aircraft, motor vehicles and parts, electronics and - communications equipment, metals, chemicals, coal, petroleum, paper and - paper products, food processing, textiles, clothing, and other consumer - goods -Agriculture: - accounts for only 1.5% of GDP and 1% of labor force; highly mechanized and - efficient farms; wide variety of crops and livestock products produced; - about 60% self-sufficient in food and feed needs; fish catch of 665,000 - metric tons (1987) -Economic aid: - donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $21.0 billion -Currency: - British pound or pound sterling (plural - pounds); 1 British pound (#) = 100 - pence -Exchange rates: - British pounds (#) per US$1 - 0.5799 (March 1992), 0.5652 (1991), 0.5603 - (1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988), 0.6102 (1987) -Fiscal year: - 1 April-31 March - -:United Kingdom Communications - -Railroads: - Great Britain - 16,629 km total; British Railways (BR) operates 16,629 km - 1.435-meter (standard) gauge (4,205 km electrified and 12,591 km double or - multiple track); several additional small standard-gauge and narrow-gauge - lines are privately owned and operated; Northern Ireland Railways (NIR) - operates 332 km 1.600-meter gauge, including 190 km double track -Highways: - UK, 362,982 km total; Great Britain, 339,483 km paved (including 2,573 km - limited-access divided highway); Northern Ireland, 23,499 km (22,907 paved, - 592 km gravel) -Inland waterways: - 2,291 total; British Waterways Board, 606 km; Port Authorities, 706 km; - other, 979 km -Pipelines: - crude oil (almost all insignificant) 933 km, petroleum products 2,993 km, - natural gas 12,800 km -Ports: - London, Liverpool, Felixstowe, Tees and Hartlepool, Dover, Sullom Voe, - Southampton -Merchant marine: - 224 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,905,571 GRT/4,840,862 DWT; includes - 7 passenger, 21 short-sea passenger, 37 cargo, 27 container, 14 - roll-on/roll-off, 10 refrigerated cargo, 1 vehicle carrier, 1 railcar - carrier, 66 petroleum tanker, 2 chemical tanker, 9 liquefied gas, 1 - combination ore/oil, 1 specialized tanker, 26 bulk, 1 combination bulk -Civil air: - 618 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 498 total, 385 usable; 249 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways - over 3,659 m; 37 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 133 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - technologically advanced domestic and international system; 30,200,000 - telephones; equal mix of buried cables, microwave and optical-fiber systems; - excellent countrywide broadcast systems; broadcast stations - 225 AM, 525 - (mostly repeaters) FM, 207 (3,210 repeaters) TV; 40 coaxial submarine - cables; 5 satellite ground stations operating in INTELSAT (7 Atlantic Ocean - and 3 Indian Ocean), MARISAT, and EUTELSAT systems; at least 8 large - international switching centers - -:United Kingdom Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Royal Navy (including Royal Marines), Royal Air Force -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 14,462,820; 12,122,497 fit for military service; no - conscription -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $42 billion, 4.3% of GDP (FY91) - -:United States Geography - -Total area: - 9,372,610 km2 -Land area: - 9,166,600 km2; includes only the 50 states and District of Colombia -Comparative area: - about three-tenths the size of Russia; about one-third the size of Africa; - about one-half the size of South America (or slightly larger than Brazil); - slightly smaller than China; about two and one-half times the size of - Western Europe -Land boundaries: - 12,248.1 km; Canada 8,893 km (including 2,477 km with Alaska), Mexico 3,326 - km, Cuba (US naval base at Guantanamo) 29.1 km -Coastline: - 19,924 km -Maritime claims: - Contiguous zone: - 12 nm - Continental shelf: - not specified - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - maritime boundary disputes with Canada (Dixon Entrance, Beaufort Sea, Strait - of Juan de Fuca); US Naval Base at Guantanamo is leased from Cuba and only - mutual agreement or US abandonment of the area can terminate the lease; - Haiti claims Navassa Island; US has made no territorial claim in Antarctica - (but has reserved the right to do so) and does not recognize the claims of - any other nation; Marshall Islands claims Wake Island -Climate: - mostly temperate, but varies from tropical (Hawaii) to arctic (Alaska); arid - to semiarid in west with occasional warm, dry chinook wind -Terrain: - vast central plain, mountains in west, hills and low mountains in east; - rugged mountains and broad river valleys in Alaska; rugged, volcanic - topography in Hawaii -Natural resources: - coal, copper, lead, molybdenum, phosphates, uranium, bauxite, gold, iron, - mercury, nickel, potash, silver, tungsten, zinc, crude oil, natural gas, - timber -Land use: - arable land 20%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 26%; forest and - woodland 29%; other 25%; includes irrigated 2% -Environment: - pollution control measures improving air and water quality; acid rain; - agricultural fertilizer and pesticide pollution; management of sparse - natural water resources in west; desertification; tsunamis, volcanoes, and - earthquake activity around Pacific Basin; continuous permafrost in northern - Alaska is a major impediment to development -Note: - world's fourth-largest country (after Russia, Canada, and China) - -:United States People - -Population: - 254,521,000 (July 1992), growth rate 0.8% (1992) -Birth rate: - 14 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 9 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 2 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 10 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 72 years male, 79 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 1.8 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - American(s); adjective - American -Ethnic divisions: - white 84.1%, black 12.4%, other 3.5% (1989) -Religions: - Protestant 56%, Roman Catholic 28%, Jewish 2%, other 4%, none 10% (1989) -Languages: - predominantly English; sizable Spanish-speaking minority -Literacy: - 98% (male 97%, female 98%) age 25 and over having completed 5 or more years - of schooling (1989) -Labor force: - 126,867,000 (includes armed forces and unemployed); civilian labor force - 125,303,000 (1991) -Organized labor: - 16,568,000 members; 16.1% of total wage and salary employment which was - 102,786,000 (1991) - -:United States Government - -Long-form name: - United States of America; abbreviated US or USA -Type: - federal republic; strong democratic tradition -Capital: - Washington, DC -Administrative divisions: - 50 states and 1 district*; Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, - Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia*, Florida, Georgia, - Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, - Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, - Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, - North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode - Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, - Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming -Independence: - 4 July 1776 (from England) -Constitution: - 17 September 1787, effective 4 June 1789 -Dependent areas: - American Samoa, Baker Island, Guam, Howland Island; Jarvis Island, Johnston - Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Islands, Navassa Island, Northern Mariana - Islands, Palmyra Atoll, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Wake Island -Legal system: - based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts; accepts - compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations -National holiday: - Independence Day, 4 July (1776) -Executive branch: - president, vice president, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - bicameral Congress consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house or - House of Representatives -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President George BUSH (since 20 January 1989); Vice President Dan QUAYLE - (since 20 January 1989) -Political parties and leaders: - Republican Party, Richard N. BOND, national committee chairman; Jeanie - AUSTIN, co-chairman; Democratic Party, Ronald H. BROWN, national committee - chairman; several other groups or parties of minor political significance -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - President: - last held 8 November 1988 (next to be held 3 November 1992); results - - George BUSH (Republican Party) 53.37%, Michael DUKAKIS (Democratic Party) - 45.67%, other 0.96% - Senate: - last held 6 November 1990 (next to be held 3 November 1992); results - - Democratic Party 51%, Republican Party 47%, other 2%; seats - (100 total) - Democratic Party 56, Republican Party 44 - House of Representatives: - last held 6 November 1990 (next to be held 3 November 1992); results - - Democratic Party 52%, Republican Party 44%, other 4%; seats - (435 total) - Democratic Party 267, Republican Party 167, Socialist 1 - -:United States Government - -Communists: - Communist Party (claimed 15,000-20,000 members), Gus HALL, general - secretary; Socialist Workers Party (claimed 1,800 members), Jack BARNES, - national secretary -Member of: - AfDB, AG (observer), ANZUS, APEC, AsDB, BIS, CCC, COCOM, CP, CSCE, EBRD, - ECE, ECLAC, FAO, ESCAP, G-2, G-5, G-7, G-8, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, - ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, - INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NATO, NEA, OAS, OECD, PCA, SPC, UN, - UNCTAD, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNRWA, UN Security Council, UN Trusteeship Council, - UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - US Representative to the UN, Ambassador Thomas R. PICKERING; Mission at 799 - United Nations Plaza, New York, NY 10017; telephone (212) 415-4050, after - hours (212) 415-4444; FAX (212) 415-4443 -Flag: - thirteen equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with - white; there is a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing 50 - small white five-pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows of - six stars (top and bottom) alternating with rows of five stars; the 50 stars - represent the 50 states, the 13 stripes represent the 13 original colonies; - known as Old Glory; the design and colors have been the basis for a number - of other flags including Chile, Liberia, Malaysia, and Puerto Rico -Note: - since 18 July 1947, the US has administered the Trust Territory of the - Pacific Islands, but recently entered into a new political relationship with - three of the four political units; the Northern Mariana Islands is a - Commonwealth in political union with the US (effective 3 November 1986); - Palau concluded a Compact of Free Association with the US that was approved - by the US Congress but to date the Compact process has not been completed in - Palau, which continues to be administered by the US as the Trust Territory - of the Pacific Islands; the Federated States of Micronesia signed a Compact - of Free Association with the US (effective 3 November 1986); the Republic of - the Marshall Islands signed a Compact of Free Association with the US - (effective 21 October 1986) - -:United States Economy - -Overview: - The US has the most powerful, diverse, and technologically advanced economy - in the world, with a per capita GDP of $22,470, the largest among major - industrial nations. The economy is market oriented with most decisions made - by private individuals and business firms and with government purchases of - goods and services made predominantly in the marketplace. In 1989 the - economy enjoyed its seventh successive year of substantial growth, the - longest in peacetime history. The expansion featured moderation in wage and - consumer price increases and a steady reduction in unemployment to 5.2% of - the labor force. In 1990, however, growth slowed to 1% because of a - combination of factors, such as the worldwide increase in interest rates, - Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in August, the subsequent spurt in oil prices, and - a general decline in business and consumer confidence. In 1991 output failed - to recover, unemployment grew, and signs of recovery proved premature. - Ongoing problems for the 1990s include inadequate investment in economic - infrastructure, rapidly rising medical costs, and sizable budget and trade - deficits. -GDP: - purchasing power equivalent - $5,673 billion, per capita $22,470; real - growth rate -0.7% (1991) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 4.2% (1991) -Unemployment rate: - 6.6% (1991) -Budget: - revenues $1,054 billion; expenditures $1,323 billion, including capital - expenditures of $NA (FY91) -Exports: - $428.1 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) - commodities: - capital goods, automobiles, industrial supplies and raw materials, consumer - goods, agricultural products - partners: - Western Europe 27.3%, Canada 22.1%, Japan 12.1% (1989) -Imports: - $499.4 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.) - commodities: - crude and partly refined petroleum, machinery, automobiles, consumer goods, - industrial raw materials, food and beverages - partners: - Western Europe 21.5%, Japan 19.7%, Canada 18.8% (1989) -External debt: - NA -Industrial production: - growth rate -1.9% (1991) -Electricity: - 776,550,000 kW capacity; 3,020,000 million kWh produced, 12,080 kWh per - capita (1990) -Industries: - leading industrial power in the world, highly diversified; petroleum, steel, - motor vehicles, aerospace, telecommunications, chemicals, electronics, food - processing, consumer goods, fishing, lumber, mining -Agriculture: - accounts for 2% of GDP and 2.8% of labor force; favorable climate and soils - support a wide variety of crops and livestock production; world's second - largest producer and number one exporter of grain; surplus food producer; - fish catch of 5.0 million metric tons (1988) - -:United States Economy - -Illicit drugs: - illicit producer of cannabis for domestic consumption with 1987 production - estimated at 3,500 metric tons or about 25% of the available marijuana; - ongoing eradication program aimed at small plots and greenhouses has not - reduced production -Economic aid: - donor - commitments, including ODA and OOF, (FY80-89), $115.7 billion -Currency: - United States dollar (plural - dollars); 1 United States dollar (US$) = 100 - cents -Exchange rates: - British pounds: - (#) per US$ - 0.5599 (March 1992), 0.5652 (1991), 0.5603 (1990), 0.6099 - (1989), 0.5614 (1988), 0.6102 (1987) - Canadian dollars: - (Can$) per US$ - 1.1926 (March 1992), 1.1457 (1991), 1.1668 (1990), 1.1840 - (1989), 1.2307 (1988), 1.3260 (1987) - French francs: - (F) per US$ - 5.6397, (March 1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453 (1990), 6.3801 - (1989), 5.9569 (1988), 6.0107 (1987) - Italian lire: - (Lit) per US$ - 1,248.4 (March 1992), 1,240.6 (1991), 1,198.1 (1990), - 1.372.1 (1989), 1,301.6 (1988), 1,296.1 (1987) - Japanese yen: - (Y) per US$ - 132.70 (March 1992), 134.71 (1991), 144.79 (1990), 137.96 - (1989), 128.15 (1988), 144.64 (1987) - German deutsche marks: - (DM) per US$ - 1.6611 (March 1992), 1.6595 (1991), 1.6157 (1990), 1.8800 - (1989), 1.7562 (1988), 1.7974 (1987) -Fiscal year: - 1 October - 30 September - -:United States Communications - -Railroads: - 270,312 km -Highways: - 6,365,590 km, including 88,641 km expressways -Inland waterways: - 41,009 km of navigable inland channels, exclusive of the Great Lakes (est.) -Pipelines: - petroleum 275,800 km, natural gas 305,300 km (1985) -Ports: - Anchorage, Baltimore, Beaumont, Boston, Charleston, Chicago, Cleveland, - Duluth, Freeport, Galveston, Hampton Roads, Honolulu, Houston, Jacksonville, - Long Beach, Los Angeles, Milwaukee, Mobile, New Orleans, New York, - Philadelphia, Portland (Oregon), Richmond (California), San Francisco, - Savannah, Seattle, Tampa, Wilmington -Merchant marine: - 396 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 12,969 GRT/20,179 DWT; includes 3 - passenger-cargo, 38 cargo, 25 bulk, 174 tanker, 13 tanker tug-barge, 14 - liquefied gas, 129 intermodal; in addition, there are 231 government-owned - vessels -Civil air: - 8,252 commercial multiengine transport aircraft (weighing 9,000 kg and over) - including 6,036 jet, 831 turboprop, 1,382 piston (December 1989) -Airports: - 14,177 total, 12,417 usable; 4,820 with permanent-surface runways; 63 with - runways over 3,659 m; 325 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2,524 with runways - 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - 182,558,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 4,892 AM, 5,200 FM (including - 3,915 commercial and 1,285 public broadcasting), 7,296 TV (including 796 - commercial, 300 public broadcasting, and 6,200 commercial cable); - 495,000,000 radio receivers (1982); 150,000,000 TV sets (1982); satellite - ground stations - 45 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 16 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT - -:United States Defense Forces - -Branches: - Department of the Army, Department of the Navy (including Marine Corps), - Department of the Air Force -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 66,458,000; NA fit for military service -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $323.5 billion, 5.7% of GNP (1991) - -:Uruguay Geography - -Total area: - 176,220 km2 -Land area: - 173,620 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly smaller than Washington State -Land boundaries: - 1,564 km total; Argentina 579 km, Brazil 985 km -Coastline: - 660 km -Maritime claims: - Continental shelf: - 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation - Territorial sea: - 200 nm (overflight and navigation permitted beyond 12 nm) -Disputes: - short section of boundary with Argentina is in dispute; two short sections - of the boundary with Brazil are in dispute (Arroyo de la Invernada area of - the Rio Quarai and the islands at the confluence of the Rio Quarai and the - Uruguay) -Climate: - warm temperate; freezing temperatures almost unknown -Terrain: - mostly rolling plains and low hills; fertile coastal lowland -Natural resources: - soil, hydropower potential, minor minerals -Land use: - arable land 8%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 78%; forest and - woodland 4%; other 10%; includes irrigated 1% -Environment: - subject to seasonally high winds, droughts, floods - -:Uruguay People - -Population: - 3,141,533 (July 1992), growth rate 0.6% (1992) -Birth rate: - 17 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 10 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - -1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 23 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 69 years male, 76 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 2.4 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Uruguayan(s); adjective - Uruguayan -Ethnic divisions: - white 88%, mestizo 8%, black 4% -Religions: - Roman Catholic (less than half adult population attends church regularly) - 66%, Protestant 2%, Jewish 2%, nonprofessing or other 30% -Languages: - Spanish -Literacy: - 96% (male 97%, female 96%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 1,355,000 (1991 est.); government 25%, manufacturing 19%, agriculture 11%, - commerce 12%, utilities, construction, transport, and communications 12%, - other services 21% (1988 est.) -Organized labor: - Interunion Workers' Assembly/National Workers' Confederation (PIT/CNT) Labor - Federation - -:Uruguay Government - -Long-form name: - Oriental Republic of Uruguay -Type: - republic -Capital: - Montevideo -Administrative divisions: - 19 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Artigas, Canelones, - Cerro Largo, Colonia, Durazno, Flores, Florida, Lavalleja, Maldonado, - Montevideo, Paysandu, Rio Negro, Rivera, Rocha, Salto, San Jose, Soriano, - Tacuarembo, Treinta y Tres -Independence: - 25 August 1828 (from Brazil) -Constitution: - 27 November 1966, effective February 1967, suspended 27 June 1973, new - constitution rejected by referendum 30 November 1980 -Legal system: - based on Spanish civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Independence Day, 25 August (1828) -Executive branch: - president, vice president, Council of Ministers (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - bicameral General Assembly (Asamblea General) consists of an upper chamber - or Chamber of Senators (Camara de Senadores) and a lower chamber or Chamber - of Representatives (Camera de Representantes) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Luis Alberto LACALLE (since 1 March 1990); Vice President Gonzalo - AGUIRRE Ramirez (since 1 March 1990) -Political parties and leaders: - National (Blanco) Party, Carlos CAT; Colorado Party, Jorge BATLLE Ibanez; - Broad Front Coalition, Liber SEREGNI Mosquera - includes Communist Party led - by Jaime PEREZ and National Liberation Movement (MLN) or Tupamaros led by - Eleuterio FERNANDEZ Huidobro; New Space Coalition consists of the Party of - the Government of the People (PGP), Hugo BATALLA; Christian Democratic Party - (PDC), leader NA; and Civic Union, Humberto CIGANDA -Suffrage: - universal and compulsory at age 18 -Elections: - President: - last held 26 November 1989 (next to be held NA November 1994); results - - Luis Alberto LACALLE Herrera (Blanco) 37%, Jorge BATLLE Ibanez (Colorado) - 29%, Liber SEREGNI Mosquera (Broad Front) 20% - Chamber of Senators: - last held 26 November 1989 (next to be held NA November 1994); results - - Blanco 40%, Colorado 30%, Broad Front 23% New Space 7%; seats - (30 total) - Blanco 12, Colorado 9, Broad Front 7, New Space 2 - Chamber of Representatives: - last held NA November 1989 (next to be held NA November 1994); results - - Blanco 39%, Colorado 30%, Broad Front 22%, New Space 8%, other 1%; seats - - (99 total) number of seats by party NA -Communists: - 50,000 - -:Uruguay Government - -Member of: - AG (observer), CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, - ICC, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO - (correspondent), ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, NAM (observer), OAS, OPANAL, PCA, - RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UNMOGIP, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, - WTO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Eduardo MACGILLICUDDY; Chancery at 1918 F Street NW, Washington, - DC 20006; telephone (202) 331-1313 through 1316; there are Uruguayan - Consulates General in Los Angeles, Miami, and New York, and a Consulate in - New Orleans - US: - Ambassador Richard C. BROWN; Embassy at Lauro Muller 1776, Montevideo - (mailing address is APO AA 34035); telephone [598] (2) 23-60-61 or 48-77-77; - FAX [598] (2) 48-86-11 -Flag: - nine equal horizontal stripes of white (top and bottom) alternating with - blue; there is a white square in the upper hoist-side corner with a yellow - sun bearing a human face known as the Sun of May and 16 rays alternately - triangular and wavy - -:Uruguay Economy - -Overview: - The economy is slowly recovering from the deep recession of the early 1980s. - In 1988 real GDP grew by only 0.5% and in 1989 by 1.5%. The recovery was led - by growth in the agriculture and fishing sectors, agriculture alone - contributing 20% to GDP, employing about 11% of the labor force, and - generating a large proportion of export earnings. Raising livestock, - particularly cattle and sheep, is the major agricultural activity. In 1991, - domestic growth improved somewhat over 1990, but various government factors, - including concentration on the external sector, adverse weather conditions, - and greater attention to bringing down inflation and reducing the fiscal - deficit kept output from expanding rapidly. In a major step toward greater - regional economic cooperation, Uruguay joined Brazil, Argentina, and - Paraguay in forming the Southern Cone Common Market (Mercosur). President - LACALLE continues to press ahead with a broad economic reform plan to reduce - state intervention in the economy, but he faces strong opposition. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $9.1 billion, per capita $2,935; real growth rate - 2.3% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 60% (1992 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 8.5% (1991 est.) -Budget: - revenues $1.2 billion; expenditures $1.4 billion, including capital - expenditures of $165 million (1988) -Exports: - $1.6 billion (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - hides and leather goods 17%, beef 10%, wool 9%, fish 7%, rice 4% - partners: - Brazil, US, Argentina, Germany -Imports: - $1.3 billion (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - fuels and lubricants 15%, metals, machinery, transportation equipment, - industrial chemicals - partners: - Brazil 23%, Argentina 17%, US 10%, EC 27.1% (1990) -External debt: - $4.2 billion (1991 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate -1.4% (1990), accounts for almost 25% of GDP -Electricity: - 2,065,000 kW capacity; 5,677 million kWh produced, 1,819 kWh per capita - (1991) -Industries: - meat processing, wool and hides, sugar, textiles, footwear, leather apparel, - tires, cement, fishing, petroleum refining, wine -Agriculture: - large areas devoted to livestock grazing; wheat, rice, corn, sorghum; - self-sufficient in most basic foodstuffs -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $105 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $420 million; - Communist countries (1970-89), $69 million -Currency: - new Uruguayan peso (plural - pesos); 1 new Uruguayan peso (N$Ur) = 100 - centesimos - -:Uruguay Economy - -Exchange rates: - new Uruguayan pesos (N$Ur) per US$1 - 2,732.8 (March 1992), 2,018.8 (1991), - 1,171.0 (1990), 605.5 (1989), 359.4 (1988), 226.7 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Uruguay Communications - -Railroads: - 3,000 km, all 1.435-meter (standard) gauge and government owned -Highways: - 49,900 km total; 6,700 km paved, 3,000 km gravel, 40,200 km earth -Inland waterways: - 1,600 km; used by coastal and shallow-draft river craft -Ports: - Montevideo, Punta del Este -Merchant marine: - 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 56,737 GRT/104,143 DWT; includes 1 - cargo, 1 container, 1 petroleum tanker -Civil air: - 11 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 90 total, 83 usable; 16 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways - over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 16 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - most modern facilities concentrated in Montevideo; new nationwide microwave - network; 337,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 99 AM, no FM, 26 TV, 9 - shortwave; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations - -:Uruguay Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy (including Naval Air Arm, Coast Guard, and Marines), Air Force, - Grenadier Guards, Police -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 745,728; 605,392 fit for military service; no conscription -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $168 million, 2.2% of GDP (1988) - -:Uzbekistan Geography - -Total area: - 447,400 km2 -Land area: - 425,400 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly larger than California -Land boundaries: - 6,221 km total; Afghanistan 137 km, Kazakhstan 2,203 km, Kyrgyzstan 1,099 - km, Tajikistan 1,161 km, Turkmenistan 1,621 km -Coastline: - 0 km - note: - Uzbekistan does border the Aral Sea (420 km) -Maritime claims: - none - landlocked -Disputes: - none -Climate: - mostly mid latitude desert; semiarid grassland in east -Terrain: - mostly flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes; Fergana valley in east - surrounded by mountainous Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan; shrinking Aral Sea in - west -Natural resources: - natural gas, petroleum, coal, gold, uranium, silver, copper, lead and zinc, - tungsten, molybdenum -Land use: - NA% arable land; NA% permanent crops; NA% meadows and pastures; NA% forest - and woodland; NA% other; includes NA% irrigated -Environment: - drying up of the Aral Sea is resulting in growing concentrations of chemical - pesticides and natural salts -Note: - landlocked - -:Uzbekistan People - -Population: - 21,626,784 (July 1992), growth rate 2.4% (1992) -Birth rate: - 34 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - -2 migrants/1,000 population (1992); note - 179,000 persons left Uzbekistan - in 1990 -Infant mortality rate: - 65 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 64 years male, 70 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 4.2 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Uzbek(s); adjective - Uzbek -Ethnic divisions: - Uzbek 71%, Russian 8%, Tajik 5%, other 16%; note - includes 70% of Crimean - Tatars since their World War II deportation -Religions: - Muslim (mostly Sunnis) 75-80%, other (includes Farsi) 20-25% -Languages: - Uzbek 85%, Russian 5%, other 10% -Literacy: - NA% -Labor force: - 7,941,000; agriculture and forestry 39%, industry and construction 24%, - other 37% (1990) -Organized labor: - NA - -:Uzbekistan Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Uzbekistan -Type: - republic -Capital: - Tashkent (Toshkent) -Administrative divisions: - 11 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast') and 1 autonomous republic* - (avtomnaya respublika); Andizhan, Bukhara, Dzhizak, Fergana, Karakalpakstan* - (Nukus), Kashkadar'ya (Karshi), Khorezm (Urgench), Namangan, Samarkand, - Surkhandar'ya (Termez), Syrdar'ya (Gulistan), Tashkent; note - an - administrative division has the same name as its administrative center - (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses) -Independence: - 31 August 1991 from the Soviet Union; note - formerly Uzbek Soviet Socialist - Republic in the Soviet Union -Constitution: - NA -Legal system: - NA -National holiday: - NA -Executive branch: - president -Legislative branch: - unicameral Supreme Soviet -Judicial branch: - NA -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Islam KARIMOV (since 29 December 1991) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Abdulhashim MUTALOV (since 13 January 1992) -Political parties and leaders: - People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan (formerly Communist Party), Islam - KARIMOV, chairman; ERK, Mukhammad SOLIKH, chairman -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - President: - last held 29 December 1991 (next to be held NA December 1996); results - - Islam KARIMOV 86%, Mukhammad SOLIKH 12%, other 2% - Supreme Soviet: - last held NA March 1990 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by - party NA; seats - (500 total) Communist 450, ERK 10, other 40 -Communists: - NA -Other political or pressure groups: - Birlik (Unity) Abdurakhim PULATOV, chairman; Islamic Renaissance Party, - Abdulljon UTAEV, chairman -Member of: - CIS, CSCE, IMF, NACC, UN UNCTAD -Diplomatic representation: - NA - US: - Charge d'Affaires Michael MOZUR; Embassy at Hotel Uzbekistan, ;55 - Chelendarskaya, Tashkent (mailing address is APO AE 09862); telephone [8] - (011) 7-3712-33-15-74 - -:Uzbekistan Government - -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands - blue (top), white, and green with a crescent - moon and 12 stars in the upper hoist-side quadrant - -:Uzbekistan Economy - -Overview: - Although Uzbekistan accounted for only 3.4% of total Soviet output, it - produced two-thirds of the USSR's cotton. Moscow's push for ever-increasing - amounts of cotton included massive irrigation projects which caused - extensive environmental damage to the Aral Sea and rivers of the republic. - Furthermore, the lavish use of chemical fertilizers has caused extensive - pollution and widespread health problems. Recently the republic has sought - to encourage food production at the expense of cotton. The small industrial - sector specializes in such items as agricultural machinery, mineral - fertilizers, vegetable oil, and electrical cranes. Uzbekistan also has some - important natural resources including gold (about 30% of Soviet production), - uranium, and natural gas. The Uzbek government has encouraged land reform - but has shied away from other aspects of economic reform. -GDP: - purchasing power equivalent - $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate -0.9% - (1991) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 83% (1991) -Unemployment rate: - NA -Budget: - revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA -Exports: - $1.5 billion (1990) - commodities: - cotton, gold, textiles, chemical and mineral fertilizers, vegetable oil - partners: - Russia, Ukraine, Eastern Europe -Imports: - $3.5 billion (1990) - commodities: - machinery and parts, consumer durables, grain, other foods - partners: - principally other former Soviet republics -External debt: - $2 billion (end of 1991 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 1.8% (1991) -Electricity: - 11,400,000 kW capacity; 54,100 million kWh produced, 2,662 kWh per capita - (1991) -Industries: - chemical and mineral fertilizers, vegetable oil, textiles -Agriculture: - cotton, with much smaller production of grain, fruits, vegetables, and - livestock -Illicit drugs: - illicit producers of cannabis and opium; mostly for domestic consumption; - status of government eradication programs unknown; used as transshipment - points for illicit drugs to Western Europe -Economic aid: - $NA -Currency: - as of May 1992, retaining ruble as currency -Exchange rates: - NA -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Uzbekistan Communications - -Railroads: - 3,460 km all 1.520-meter gauge (includes NA km electrified); does not - include industrial lines (1990) -Highways: - 78,400 km total (1990); 67,000 km hard-surfaced, 11,400 km earth -Inland waterways: - NA km -Pipelines: - NA -Ports: - none - landlocked -Civil air: - NA -Airports: - NA -Telecommunications: - poorly developed; telephone density NA; linked by landline or microwave with - CIS member states and by leased connection via the Moscow international - gateway switch to other countries; satellite earth stations - Orbita and - INTELSAT (TV receive only) - -:Uzbekistan Defense Forces - -Branches: - Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops), National Guard; CIS - Forces (Ground, Air and Air Defense) -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, NA; NA fit for military service; NA reach military age (18) - annually -Defense expenditures: - $NA, NA% of GDP - -:Vanuatu Geography - -Total area: - 14,760 km2 -Land area: - 14,760 km2; includes more than 80 islands -Comparative area: - slightly larger than Connecticut -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 2,528 km -Maritime claims: - (measured from claimed archipelagic baselines) - Contiguous zone: - 24 nm - Continental shelf: - edge of continental margin or 200 nm - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; moderated by southeast trade winds -Terrain: - mostly mountains of volcanic origin; narrow coastal plains -Natural resources: - manganese, hardwood forests, fish -Land use: - arable land 1%; permanent crops 5%; meadows and pastures 2%; forest and - woodland 1%; other 91% -Environment: - subject to tropical cyclones or typhoons (January to April); volcanism - causes minor earthquakes -Note: - located 5,750 km southwest of Honolulu in the South Pacific Ocean about - three-quarters of the way between Hawaii and Australia - -:Vanuatu People - -Population: - 174,574 (July 1992), growth rate 3.0% (1992) -Birth rate: - 35 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 30 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 67 years male, 72 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 5.1 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Ni-Vanuatu (singular and plural); adjective - Ni-Vanuatu -Ethnic divisions: - indigenous Melanesian 94%, French 4%, remainder Vietnamese, Chinese, and - various Pacific Islanders -Religions: - Presbyterian 36.7%, Anglican 15%, Catholic 15%, indigenous beliefs 7.6%, - Seventh-Day Adventist 6.2%, Church of Christ 3.8%, other 15.7% -Languages: - English and French (official); pidgin (known as Bislama or Bichelama) -Literacy: - 53% (male 57%, female 48%) age 15 and over can read and write (1979) -Labor force: - NA -Organized labor: - 7 registered trade unions - largest include Oil and Gas Workers' Union, - Vanuatu Airline Workers' Union - -:Vanuatu Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Vanuatu -Type: - republic -Capital: - Port-Vila -Administrative divisions: - 11 island councils; Ambrym, Aoba/Maewo, Banks/Torres, Efate, Epi, Malakula, - Paama, Pentecote, Santo/Malo, Shepherd, Tafea -Independence: - 30 July 1980 (from France and UK; formerly New Hebrides) -Constitution: - 30 July 1980 -Legal system: - unified system being created from former dual French and British systems -National holiday: - Independence Day, 30 July (1980) -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers - (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral Parliament; note - the National Council of Chiefs advises on - matters of custom and land -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Frederick TIMAKATA (since 30 January 1989) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Maxime CARLOT (since 16 December 1991); Deputy Prime Minister - Sethy REGENVANU (since 17 December 1991) -Political parties and leaders: - Vanuatu Party (VP), Donald KALPOKAS; Union of Moderate Parties (UMP), Serge - VOHOR; Melanesian Progressive Party (MPP), Barak SOPE; National United Party - (NUP), Walter LINI; Tan Union Party (TUP), Vincent BOULEKONE; Nagriamel - Party, Jimmy STEVENS; Friend Melanesian Party, leader NA -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - Parliament: - last held 2 December 1991 (next to be held by November 1995); note - after - election, a coalition was formed by the Union of Moderate Parties and the - National United Party to form new government on 16 December 1991; seats - - (46 total) UMP 19; NUP 10; VP 10; MPP 4; TUP 1; Nagriamel 1; Friend 1 -Member of: - ACCT, ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFC, IMF, IMO, - IOC, ITU, NAM, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO -Diplomatic representation: - Vanuatu does not have a mission in Washington - US: - the ambassador in Papua New Guinea is accredited to Vanuatu -Flag: - two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green (bottom) with a black - isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) all separated by a black-edged - yellow stripe in the shape of a horizontal Y (the two points of the Y face - the hoist side and enclose the triangle); centered in the triangle is a - boar's tusk encircling two crossed namele leaves, all in yellow - -:Vanuatu Economy - -Overview: - The economy is based primarily on subsistence farming which provides a - living for about 80% of the population. Fishing and tourism are the other - mainstays of the economy. Mineral deposits are negligible; the country has - no known petroleum deposits. A small light industry sector caters to the - local market. Tax revenues come mainly from import duties. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $142 million, per capita $900 (1988 est.); real - growth rate 6% (1990) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 5% (1990) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $90.0 million; expenditures $103.0 million, including capital - expenditures of $45.0 million (1989 est.) -Exports: - $15.6 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) - commodities: - copra 59%, cocoa 11%, meat 9%, fish 8%, timber 4% - partners: - Netherlands, Japan, France, New Caledonia, Belgium -Imports: - $60.4 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) - commodities: - machines and vehicles 25%, food and beverages 23%, basic manufactures 18%, - raw materials and fuels 11%, chemicals 6% - partners: - Australia 36%, Japan 13%, NZ 10%, France 8%, Fiji 8% -External debt: - $30 million (1990 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate NA%; accounts for about 10% of GDP -Electricity: - 17,000 kW capacity; 30 million kWh produced, 180 kWh per capita (1990) -Industries: - food and fish freezing, wood processing, meat canning -Agriculture: - accounts for 40% of GDP; export crops - copra, cocoa, coffee, and fish; - subsistence crops - copra, taro, yams, coconuts, fruits, and vegetables -Economic aid: - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), - $606 million -Currency: - vatu (plural - vatu); 1 vatu (VT) = 100 centimes -Exchange rates: - vatu (VT) per US$1 - 112.55 (March 1992), 111.68 (1991), 116.57 (1990), - 116.04 (1989), 104.43 (1988), 109.85 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Vanuatu Communications - -Railroads: - none -Highways: - 1,027 km total; at least 240 km sealed or all-weather roads -Ports: - Port-Vila, Luganville, Palikoulo, Santu -Merchant marine: - 121 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,093,443 GRT/3,168,822 DWT; includes - 26 cargo, 14 refrigerated cargo, 5 container, 11 vehicle carrier, 1 - livestock carrier, 5 petroleum tanker, 2 chemical tanker, 3 liquefied gas, - 51 bulk, 1 combination bulk, 1 passenger, 1 short-sea passenger; note - a - flag of convenience registry -Civil air: - no major transport aircraft -Airports: - 33 total, 31 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways - over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, no TV; 3,000 telephones; satellite ground - stations - 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT - -:Vanuatu Defense Forces - -Branches: - no military forces; Vanuatu Police Force (VPF), paramilitary Vanuatu Mobile - Force (VMF) -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, NA; NA fit for military service -Defense expenditures: - $NA, NA% of GDP - -:Venezuela Geography - -Total area: - 912,050 km2 -Land area: - 882,050 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly more than twice the size of California -Land boundaries: - 4,993 km total; Brazil 2,200 km, Colombia 2,050 km, Guyana 743 km -Coastline: - 2,800 km -Maritime claims: - Contiguous zone: - 15 nm - Continental shelf: - 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - claims all of Guyana west of the Essequibo river; maritime boundary dispute - with Colombia in the Gulf of Venezuela -Climate: - tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands -Terrain: - Andes mountains and Maracaibo lowlands in northwest; central plains - (llanos); Guyana highlands in southeast -Natural resources: - crude oil, natural gas, iron ore, gold, bauxite, other minerals, hydropower, - diamonds -Land use: - arable land 3%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 20%; forest and - woodland 39%; other 37%; includes irrigated NEGL% -Environment: - subject to floods, rockslides, mudslides; periodic droughts; increasing - industrial pollution in Caracas and Maracaibo -Note: - on major sea and air routes linking North and South America - -:Venezuela People - -Population: - 20,675,970 (July 1992), growth rate 2.4% (1992) -Birth rate: - 27 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 4 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 23 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 71 years male, 78 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 3.3 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Venezuelan(s); adjective - Venezuelan -Ethnic divisions: - mestizo 67%, white 21%, black 10%, Indian 2% -Religions: - nominally Roman Catholic 96%, Protestant 2% -Languages: - Spanish (official); Indian dialects spoken by about 200,000 Amerindians in - the remote interior -Literacy: - 88% (male 87%, female 90%) age 15 and over can read and write (1981 est.) -Labor force: - 5,800,000; services 56%, industry 28%, agriculture 16% (1985) -Organized labor: - 32% of labor force - -:Venezuela Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Venezuela -Type: - republic -Capital: - Caracas -Administrative divisions: - 21 states (estados, singular - estado), 1 territory* (territorios, singular - - territorio), 1 federal district** (distrito federal), and 1 federal - dependence*** (dependencia federal); Amazonas*, Anzoategui, Apure, Aragua, - Barinas, Bolivar, Carabobo, Cojedes, Delta Amacuro, Dependencias - Federales***, Distrito Federal**, Falcon, Guarico, Lara, Merida, Miranda, - Monagas, Nueva Esparta, Portuguesa, Sucre, Tachira, Trujillo, Yaracuy, - Zulia; note - the federal dependence consists of 11 federally controlled - island groups with a total of 72 individual islands -Independence: - 5 July 1811 (from Spain) -Constitution: - 23 January 1961 -Legal system: - based on Napoleonic code; judicial review of legislative acts in Cassation - Court only; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Independence Day, 5 July (1811) -Executive branch: - president, Council of Ministers (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - bicameral Congress of the Republic (Congreso de la Republica) consists of an - upper chamber or Senate (Senado) and a lower chamber or Chamber of Deputies - (Camara de Diputados) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justica) -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Carlos Andres PEREZ (since 2 February 1989) -Political parties and leaders: - Social Christian Party (COPEI), Hilarion CARDOZO, president, and Eduardo - FERNANDEZ, secretary general; Democratic Action (AD), Humberto CELLI, - president, and Luis ALFARO Ucero, secretary general; Movement Toward - Socialism (MAS), Argelia LAYA, president, and Freddy MUNOZ, secretary - general -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - President: - last held 4 December 1988 (next to be held NA December 1993); results - - Carlos Andres PEREZ (AD) 54.6%, Eduardo FERNANDEZ (COPEI) 41.7%, other 3.7% - Senate: - last held 4 December 1988 (next to be held NA December 1993); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (49 total) AD 23, COPEI 22, other 4; - note - 3 former presidents (1 from AD, 2 from COPEI) hold lifetime senate - seats - Chamber of Deputies: - last held 4 December 1988 (next to be held NA December 1993); results - AD - 43.7%, COPEI 31.4%, MAS 10.3%, other 14.6%; seats - (201 total) AD 97, COPEI - 67, MAS 18, other 19 -Communists: - 10,000 members (est.) - -:Venezuela Government - -Other political or pressure groups: - FEDECAMARAS, a conservative business group; Venezuelan Confederation of - Workers, the Democratic Action - dominated labor organization -Member of: - AG, CDB, CG, ECLAC, FAO, G-3, G-11, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, - IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, - IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPEC, PCA, RG, UN, - UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Simon Alberto CONSALVI Bottaro; Chancery at 1099 30th Street NW, - Washington, DC 20007; telephone (202) 342-2214; there are Venezuelan - Consulates General in Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Miami, New - Orleans, New York, Philadelphia, San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico) - US: - Ambassador Michael Martin SKOL; Embassy at Avenida Francisco de Miranda and - Avenida Principal de la Floresta, Caracas (mailing address is P. O. Box - 62291, Caracas 1060-A, or APO AA 34037); telephone [58] (2) 285-2222; FAX - [58] (2) 285-0336; there is a US Consulate in Maracaibo -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), blue, and red with the coat of - arms on the hoist side of the yellow band and an arc of seven white - five-pointed stars centered in the blue band - -:Venezuela Economy - -Overview: - Petroleum is the cornerstone of the economy and accounted for 23% of GDP, - 80% of central government revenues, and 80% of export earnings in 1991. - President PEREZ introduced an economic readjustment program when he assumed - office in February 1989. Lower tariffs and price supports, a free market - exchange rate, and market-linked interest rates threw the economy into - confusion, causing an 8% decline in GDP in 1989. However, the economy - recovered part way in 1990, and grew by 9.2% in 1991, led by the petroleum - sector. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $52.3 billion, per capita $2,590; real growth - rate 9.2% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 30.7% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 9.3% (1991 est.) -Budget: - revenues $13.2 billion; expenditures $13.1 billion, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1991) -Exports: - $15.1 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) - commodities: - petroleum 80%, bauxite and aluminum, iron ore, agricultural products, basic - manufactures - partners: - US 50.7%, Europe 13.7%, Japan 4.0% (1989) -Imports: - $10.2 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) - commodities: - foodstuffs, chemicals, manufactures, machinery and transport equipment - partners: - US 44%, FRG 8.0%, Japan 4%, Italy 7%, Canada 2% (1989) -External debt: - $30.9 billion (1991) -Industrial production: - growth rate 5.4% (1991 est.); accounts for one-fourth of GDP, including - petroleum -Electricity: - 20,128,000 kW capacity; 55,753 million kWh produced, 2,762 kWh per capita - (1991) -Industries: - petroleum, iron-ore mining, construction materials, food processing, - textiles, steel, aluminum, motor vehicle assembly -Agriculture: - accounts for 6% of GDP and 16% of labor force; products - corn, sorghum, - sugarcane, rice, bananas, vegetables, coffee, beef, pork, milk, eggs, fish; - not self-sufficient in food other than meat -Illicit drugs: - illicit producer of cannabis and coca leaf for the international drug trade - on a small scale; however, large quantities of cocaine transit the country - from Colombia -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-86), $488 million; Communist countries - (1970-89), $10 million -Currency: - bolivar (plural - bolivares); 1 bolivar (Bs) = 100 centimos -Exchange rates: - bolivares (Bs) per US$1 - 65.39 (March 1992), 56.82 (1991), 46.90 (1990), - 34.68 (1989), 14.50 (fixed rate 1987-88) - -:Venezuela Economy - -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Venezuela Communications - -Railroads: - 542 km total; 363 km 1.435-meter standard gauge all single track, government - owned; 179 km 1.435-meter gauge, privately owned -Highways: - 77,785 km total; 22,780 km paved, 24,720 km gravel, 14,450 km earth roads, - and 15,835 km unimproved earth -Inland waterways: - 7,100 km; Rio Orinoco and Lago de Maracaibo accept oceangoing vessels -Pipelines: - crude oil 6,370 km; petroleum products 480 km; natural gas 4,010 km -Ports: - Amuay Bay, Bajo Grande, El Tablazo, La Guaira, Puerto Cabello, Puerto Ordaz -Merchant marine: - 57 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 790,108 GRT/1,257,637 DWT; includes 1 - short-sea passenger, 1 passenger cargo, 22 cargo, 1 container, 2 - roll-on/roll-off, 17 petroleum tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 2 liquefied gas, 8 - bulk, 1 vehicle carrier, 1 combination bulk -Civil air: - 56 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 308 total, 287 usable; 135 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways - over 3,659 m; 14 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 88 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - modern and expanding; 1,440,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 181 AM, no - FM, 59 TV, 26 shortwave; 3 submarine coaxial cables; satellite ground - stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 3 domestic - -:Venezuela Defense Forces - -Branches: - Ground Forces (Army), Naval Forces (including Navy, Marines, Coast Guard), - Air Forces, Armed Forces of Cooperation (National Guard) -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 5,365,880; 3,884,558 fit for military service; 210,737 reach - military age (18) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $1.95 billion, 4% of GDP (1991) - -:Vietnam Geography - -Total area: - 329,560 km2 -Land area: - 325,360 -Comparative area: - slightly larger than New Mexico -Land boundaries: - 3,818 km total; Cambodia 982 km, China 1,281 km, Laos 1,555 km -Coastline: - 3,444 km; excludes islands -Maritime claims: - Contiguous zone: - 24 nm - Continental shelf: - edge of continental margin or 200 nm - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - maritime boundary with Cambodia not defined; involved in a complex dispute - over the Spratly Islands with China, Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, and - possibly Brunei; unresolved maritime boundary with Thailand; maritime - boundary dispute with China in the Gulf of Tonkin; Paracel Islands occupied - by China but claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan -Climate: - tropical in south; monsoonal in north with hot, rainy season (mid-May to - mid-September) and warm, dry season (mid-October to mid-March) -Terrain: - low, flat delta in south and north; central highlands; hilly, mountainous in - far north and northwest -Natural resources: - phosphates, coal, manganese, bauxite, chromate, offshore oil deposits, - forests -Land use: - arable land 22%; permanent crops 2%; meadows and pastures 1%; forest and - woodland 40%; other 35%; includes irrigated 5% -Environment: - occasional typhoons (May to January) with extensive flooding - -:Vietnam People - -Population: - 68,964,018 (July 1992), growth rate 2.0% (1992) -Birth rate: - 29 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - -1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 47 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 63 years male, 67 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 3.6 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Vietnamese (singular and plural); adjective - Vietnamese -Ethnic divisions: - predominantly Vietnamese 85-90%; Chinese 3%; ethnic minorities include - Muong, Thai, Meo, Khmer, Man, Cham; other mountain tribes -Religions: - Buddhist, Confucian, Taoist, Roman Catholic, indigenous beliefs, Islamic, - Protestant -Languages: - Vietnamese (official), French, Chinese, English, Khmer, tribal languages - (Mon-Khmer and Malayo-Polynesian) -Literacy: - 88% (male 92%, female 84%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 32.7 million; agricultural 65%, industrial and service 35% (1990 est.) -Organized labor: - reportedly over 90% of wage and salary earners are members of the Vietnam - Federation of Trade Unions (VFTU) - -:Vietnam Government - -Long-form name: - Socialist Republic of Vietnam; abbreviated SRV -Type: - Communist state -Capital: - Hanoi -Administrative divisions: - 50 provinces (tinh, singular and plural), 3 municipalities* (thanh pho, - singular and plural); An Giang, Ba Ria-Vung Tau, Bac Thai, Ben Tre, Binh - Dinh, Binh Thuan, Can Tho, Cao Bang, Dac Las, Dong Nai, Dong Tay, Gia Lai, - Ha Bac, Ha Giang, Ha Noi*, Ha Tay, Ha Tinh, Hai Hung, Hai Phong*, Ho Chi - Minh*, Hoa Binh, Khanh Hoa, Kien Giang, Kon Tum, Lai Chau, Lam Dong, Lang - Son, Lao Cai, Long An, Minh Hai, Nam Ha, Nghe An, Ninh Binh, Ninh Thuan, Phu - Yen, Quang Binh, Quang Nam-Da Nang, Quang Ngai, Quang Ninh, Quang Tri, Soc - Trang, Son La, Song Be, Tay Ninh, Thai Binh, Thanh Hoa, Thua Thien, Tien - Giang, Tra Vinh, Tuyen Quang, Vinh Long, Vinh Phu, Yen Bai; note - - diacritical marks are not included -Independence: - 2 September 1945 (from France) -Constitution: - 18 December 1980; new Constitution to be approved Spring 1992 -Legal system: - based on Communist legal theory and French civil law system -National holiday: - Independence Day, 2 September (1945) -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers -Legislative branch: - unicameral National Assembly (Quoc-Hoi) -Judicial branch: - Supreme People's Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Vo Chi CONG (since 18 June 1987) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Vo Van KIET (since 9 August 1991); Deputy Prime Minister Phan - Van KHAI (since 10 August 1991) -Political parties and leaders: - only party - Vietnam Communist Party (VCP), DO MUOI -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - National Assembly: - last held 19 April 1987 (next to be held 19 July 1992); results - VCP is the - only party; seats - (496 total) VCP or VCP-approved 496; note - number of - seats under new government 395 -Communists: - nearly 2 million -Member of: - ACCT, AsDB, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBEC, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IIB, - IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, - UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - none -Flag: - red with a large yellow five-pointed star in the center - -:Vietnam Economy - -Overview: - This is a formerly centrally planned, developing economy with extensive - government ownership and control of productive facilities. The economy is - primarily agricultural; the sector employs about 70% of the labor force and - accounts for half of GNP. Rice is the staple crop; substantial amounts of - maize, sorghum, cassava, and sweet potatoes are also grown. The government - permits sale of surplus grain on the open market. Most of the mineral - resources are located in the north, including coal, which is an important - export item. Oil was discovered off the southern coast in 1986 with - production reaching 70,000 barrels per day in 1991 and expected to increase - in the years ahead. Following the end of the war in 1975, heavy-handed - government measures undermined efforts at an efficient merger of the - agricultural resources of the south and the industrial resources of the - north. The economy remains heavily dependent on foreign aid and has received - assistance from UN agencies, France, Australia, Sweden, and Communist - countries. Inflation, although down from recent triple-digit levels, is - still a major weakness and is showing signs of accelerating upwards again. - Per capita output is among the world's lowest. Since late 1986 the - government has sponsored a broad reform program that seeks to turn more - economic activity over to the private sector. -GNP: - exchange rate conversion - $15 billion, per capita $220; real growth rate - 2.5% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 80% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 30% (1991 est.) -Budget: - revenues $551 million; expenditures $830 million, including capital - expenditures of $58 million (1990) -Exports: - $1.8 billion (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - agricultural and handicraft products, coal, minerals, crude petroleum, ores, - seafood - partners: - Japan, Singapore, Thailand, Eastern Europe, USSR -Imports: - $1.9 billion (c.i.f., 1991) - commodities: - petroleum products, steel products, railroad equipment, chemicals, - medicines, raw cotton, fertilizer, grain - partners: - Japan, Singapore, Thailand, Eastern Europe, USSR -External debt: - $16.8 billion (1990 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate -3.6% (1989); accounts for 30% of GNP -Electricity: - 3,300,000 kW capacity; 9,200 million kWh produced, 140 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - food processing, textiles, machine building, mining, cement, chemical - fertilizer, glass, tires, oil, fishing -Agriculture: - accounts for half of GNP; paddy rice, corn, potatoes make up 50% of farm - output; commercial crops (rubber, soybeans, coffee, tea, bananas) and animal - products other 50%; since 1989 self-sufficient in food staple rice; fish - catch of 943,100 metric tons (1989 est.) - -:Vietnam Economy - -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-74), $3.1 billion; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.9 billion; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $61 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $12.0 - billion -Currency: - new dong (plural - new dong); 1 new dong (D) = 100 xu -Exchange rates: - new dong (D) per US$1 - 11,100 (May 1992), 8,100 (July 1991), 7,280 - (December 1990), 3,996 (March 1990), 2,047 (1988), 225 (1987); note - - 1985-89 figures are end of year -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Vietnam Communications - -Railroads: - 3,059 km total; 2,454 1.000-meter gauge, 151 km 1.435-meter (standard) - gauge, 230 km dual gauge (three rails), and 224 km not restored to service - after war damage -Highways: - about 85,000 km total; 9,400 km paved, 48,700 km gravel or improved earth, - 26,900 km unimproved earth -Inland waterways: - about 17,702 km navigable; more than 5,149 km navigable at all times by - vessels up to 1.8 meter draft -Pipelines: - petroleum products 150 km -Ports: - Da Nang, Haiphong, Ho Chi Minh City -Merchant marine: - 89 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 400,430 GRT/643,877 DWT; includes 73 - cargo 4 refrigerated cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off, 8 petroleum tanker, 3 bulk; - note - Vietnam owns 11 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 134,719 DWT - under the registries of Panama and Malta -Civil air: - controlled by military -Airports: - 100 total, 100 usable; 50 with permanent-surface runways; 10 with runways - 2,440-3,659 m; 20 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - 25 telephones per 10,000 persons (1991); broadcast stations - 16 AM, 1 FM, 2 - TV; 2,300,000 TV sets; 6,000,000 radio receivers; 3 satellite earth stations - -:Vietnam Defense Forces - -Branches: - Ground, Navy (including Naval Infantry), Air Force -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 16,839,400; 10,739,128 fit for military service; 787,026 reach - military age (17) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GNP - -:Virgin Islands Geography - -Total area: - 352 km2 -Land area: - 349 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly less than twice the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 188 km -Maritime claims: - Contiguous zone: - 12 nm - Continental shelf: - 200 m (depth) - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - subtropical, tempered by easterly tradewinds, relatively low humidity, - little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season May to November -Terrain: - mostly hilly to rugged and mountainous with little level land -Natural resources: - sun, sand, sea, surf -Land use: - arable land 15%; permanent crops 6%; meadows and pastures 26%; forest and - woodland 6%; other 47% -Environment: - rarely affected by hurricanes; subject to frequent severe droughts, floods, - earthquakes; lack of natural freshwater resources -Note: - important location 1,770 km southeast of Miami and 65 km east of Puerto - Rico, along the Anegada Passage - a key shipping lane for the Panama Canal; - Saint Thomas has one of the best natural, deepwater harbors in the Caribbean - -:Virgin Islands People - -Population: - 98,942 (July 1992), growth rate -1.0% (1992) -Birth rate: - 21 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - -26 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 13 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 74 years male, 77 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 2.7 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Virgin Islander(s); adjective - Virgin Islander; US citizens -Ethnic divisions: - West Indian (45% born in the Virgin Islands and 29% born elsewhere in the - West Indies) 74%, US mainland 13%, Puerto Rican 5%, other 8%; black 80%, - white 15%, other 5%; Hispanic origin 14% -Religions: - Baptist 42%, Roman Catholic 34%, Episcopalian 17%, other 7% -Languages: - English (official), but Spanish and Creole are widely spoken -Literacy: - NA% (male NA%, female NA%) -Labor force: - 45,500 (1988) -Organized labor: - 90% of the government labor force - -:Virgin Islands Government - -Long-form name: - Virgin Islands of the United States -Type: - organized, unincorporated territory of the US administered by the Office of - Territorial and International Affairs, US Department of the Interior -Capital: - Charlotte Amalie -Administrative divisions: - none (territory of the US) -Independence: - none (territory of the US) -Constitution: - Revised Organic Act of 22 July 1954 -Legal system: - based on US -National holiday: - Transfer Day (from Denmark to US), 31 March (1917) -Executive branch: - US president, popularly elected governor and lieutenant governor -Legislative branch: - unicameral Senate -Judicial branch: - US District Court handles civil matters over $50,000, felonies (persons 15 - years of age and over), and federal cases; Territorial Court handles civil - matters up to $50,000 small claims, juvenile, domestic, misdemeanors, and - traffic cases -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President George BUSH (since 20 January 1989); Governor Alexander A. - FARRELLY (since 5 January 1987); Lieutenant Governor Derek M. HODGE (since 5 - January 1987) -Political parties and leaders: - Democratic Party, Marilyn STAPLETON; Independent Citizens' Movement (ICM), - Virdin C. BROWN; Republican Party, Charlotte-Poole DAVIS -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - Governor: - last held 6 November 1990 (next to be held November 1994); results - - Governor Alexander FARRELLY (Democratic Party) 56.5% defeated Juan LUIS - (independent) 38.5% - Senate: - last held 6 November 1990 (next to be held 3 November 1992); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (15 total) number of seats by party NA - US House of Representatives: - last held 6 November 1990 (next to be held 3 November 1992); results - Ron - DE LUGO reelected as nonvoting delegate seats - (1 total); seat by party NA; - note - the Virgin Islands elects one nonvoting representative to the US - House of Representatives -Member of: - ECLAC (associate), IOC, applied for associate membership in OECS in February - 1990 -Diplomatic representation: - none (territory of the US) -Flag: - white with a modified US coat of arms in the center between the large blue - initials V and I; the coat of arms shows an eagle holding an olive branch in - one talon and three arrows in the other with a superimposed shield of - vertical red and white stripes below a blue panel - -:Virgin Islands Economy - -Overview: - Tourism is the primary economic activity, accounting for more than 70% of - GDP and 70% of employment. The manufacturing sector consists of textile, - electronics, pharmaceutical, and watch assembly plants. The agricultural - sector is small, most food being imported. International business and - financial services are a small but growing component of the economy. The - world's largest petroleum refinery is at Saint Croix. -GDP: - purchasing power equivalent - $1.2 billion, per capita $11,000; real growth - rate NA% (1987) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - NA% -Unemployment rate: - 2.0% (1990) -Budget: - revenues $364.4 million; expenditures $364.4 million, including capital - expenditures of $NA (FY90) -Exports: - $2.2 billion (f.o.b., 1988) - commodities: - refined petroleum products - partners: - US, Puerto Rico -Imports: - $3.7 billion (c.i.f., 1988) - commodities: - crude oil, foodstuffs, consumer goods, building materials - partners: - US, Puerto Rico -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate 12% -Electricity: - 358,000 kW capacity; 532 million kWh produced, 5,360 kWh per capita (1990) -Industries: - tourism, petroleum refining, watch assembly, rum distilling, construction, - pharmaceuticals, textiles, electronics -Agriculture: - truck gardens, food crops (small scale), fruit, sorghum, Senepol cattle -Economic aid: - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $42 - million -Currency: - US currency is used -Exchange rates: - US currency is used -Fiscal year: - 1 October - 30 September - -:Virgin Islands Communications - -Highways: - 856 km total -Ports: - Saint Croix - Christiansted, Frederiksted; Saint Thomas - Long Bay, Crown - Bay, Red Hook; Saint John - Cruz Bay -Airports: - 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways 1,220-2,439 m; - international airports on Saint Thomas and Saint Croix -Telecommunications: - 44,280 telephones; broadcast stations - 4 AM, 8 FM, 4 TV; modern system - using fiber-optic cable, submarine cable, microwave radio, and satellite - facilities; 98,000 radios; 63,000 TV (1988) - -:Virgin Islands Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of the US - -:Wake Island Geography - -Total area: - 6.5 km2 -Land area: - 6.5 km2 -Comparative area: - about 11 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 19.3 km -Maritime claims: - Contiguous zone: - 12 nm - Continental shelf: - 200 m (depth) - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - claimed by the Republic of the Marshall Islands -Climate: - tropical -Terrain: - atoll of three coral islands built up on an underwater volcano; central - lagoon is former crater, islands are part of the rim; average elevation less - than four meters -Natural resources: - none -Land use: - arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and - woodland 0%; other 100% -Environment: - subject to occasional typhoons -Note: - strategic location 3,700 km west of Honolulu in the North Pacific Ocean, - about two-thirds of the way between Hawaii and the Northern Mariana Islands; - emergency landing location for transpacific flights - -:Wake Island People - -Population: - no indigenous inhabitants; 381 temporary population (US Air Force personnel, - civilian weather service personnel, and US and Thai contractors) (January - 1992); note - population peaked about 1970 with over 1,600 persons during - the Vietnam conflict - -:Wake Island Government - -Long-form name: - none -Type: - unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US Air Force (under - an agreement with the US Department of Interior) since 24 June 1972 -Capital: - none; administered from Washington, DC -Flag: - the US flag is used - -:Wake Island Economy - -Overview: - Economic activity is limited to providing services to US military personnel - and contractors located on the island. All food and manufactured goods must - be imported. -Electricity: - supplied by US military - -:Wake Island Communications - -Ports: - none; because of the reefs, there are only two offshore anchorages for large - ships -Airports: - 1 with permanent-surface runways 2,440-3,659 m -Telecommunications: - underwater cables to Guam and through Midway to Honolulu; 1 Autovon circuit - off the Overseas Telephone System (OTS); Armed Forces Radio/Television - Service (AFRTS) radio and television service provided by satellite; - broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV -Note: - formerly an important commercial aviation base, now used only by US military - and some commercial cargo planes - -:Wake Island Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of the US - -:Wallis and Futuna Geography - -Total area: - 274 km2 -Land area: - 274 km2; includes Ile Uvea (Wallis Island), Ile Futuna (Futuna Island), Ile - Alofi, and 20 islets -Comparative area: - slightly larger than Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 129 km -Maritime claims: - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; hot, rainy season (November to April); cool, dry season (May to - October) -Terrain: - volcanic origin; low hills -Natural resources: - negligible -Land use: - arable land 5%; permanent crops 20%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and - woodland 0%; other 75% -Environment: - both island groups have fringing reefs -Note: - located 4,600 km southwest of Honolulu in the South Pacific Ocean about - two-thirds of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand - -:Wallis and Futuna People - -Population: - 17,095 (July 1992), growth rate 3.0% (1992) -Birth rate: - 27 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 8 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 29 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 70 years male, 71 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 3.6 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Wallisian(s), Futunan(s), or Wallis and Futuna Islanders; adjective - - Wallisian, Futunan, or Wallis and Futuna Islander -Ethnic divisions: - almost entirely Polynesian -Religions: - largely Roman Catholic -Languages: - French, Wallisian (indigenous Polynesian language) -Literacy: - 50% (male 50%, female 51%) at all ages can read and write (1969) -Labor force: - NA -Organized labor: - NA - -:Wallis and Futuna Government - -Long-form name: - Territory of the Wallis and Futuna Islands -Type: - overseas territory of France -Capital: - Mata Utu (on Ile Uvea) -Administrative divisions: - none (overseas territory of France) -Independence: - none (overseas territory of France) -Constitution: - 28 September 1958 (French Constitution) -Legal system: - French -National holiday: - Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789) -Executive branch: - French president, chief administrator; note - there are three traditional - kings with limited powers -Legislative branch: - unicameral Territorial Assembly (Assemblee Territoriale) -Judicial branch: - none; justice generally administered under French law by the chief - administrator, but the three traditional kings administer customary law and - there is a magistrate in Mata Utu -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981) - Head of Government: - Chief Administrator Robert POMMIES (since 26 September 1990) -Political parties and leaders: - Rally for the Republic (RPR); Union Populaire Locale (UPL); Union Pour la - Democratie Francaise (UDF); Lua kae tahi (Giscardians); Mouvement des - Radicaux de Gauche (MRG) -Suffrage: - universal adult at age 18 -Elections: - Territorial Assembly: - last held 15 March 1987 (next to be held NA March 1992); results - percent - of vote by party NA; seats - (20 total) RPR 7, UPL 5, UDF 4, UNF 4 - French Senate: - last held NA September 1989 (next to be held by NA September 1992); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) RPR 1 - French National Assembly: - last held 12 June 1988 (next to be held by NA September 1992); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) MRG 1 -Member of: - FZ, SPC -Diplomatic representation: - as an overseas territory of France, local interests are represented in the - US by France -Flag: - the flag of France is used - -:Wallis and Futuna Economy - -Overview: - The economy is limited to traditional subsistence agriculture, with about - 80% of the labor force earning its livelihood from agriculture (coconuts and - vegetables), livestock (mostly pigs), and fishing. About 4% of the - population is employed in government. Revenues come from French Government - subsidies, licensing of fishing rights to Japan and South Korea, import - taxes, and remittances from expatriate workers in New Caledonia. Wallis and - Futuna imports food, fuel, clothing, machinery, and transport equipment, but - its exports are negligible, consisting of copra and handicrafts. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $25 million, per capita $1,500; real growth rate - NA% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - NA% -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $2.7 million; expenditures $2.7 million, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1983) -Exports: - negligible - commodities: - copra, handicrafts - partners: - NA -Imports: - $13.3 million (c.i.f., 1984) - commodities: - foodstuffs, manufactured goods, transportation equipment, fuel - partners: - France, Australia, New Zealand -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 1,200 kW capacity; 1 million kWh produced, 70 kWh per capita (1990) -Industries: - copra, handicrafts, fishing, lumber -Agriculture: - dominated by coconut production, with subsistence crops of yams, taro, - bananas, and herds of pigs and goats -Economic aid: - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), - $118 million -Currency: - Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique franc (plural - francs); 1 CFP franc (CFPF) - = 100 centimes -Exchange rates: - Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (CFPF) per US$1 - 102.53 (March - 1992), 102.57 (1991), 99.0 (1990), 115.99 (1989), 108.30 (1988), 109.27 - (1987); note - linked at the rate of 18.18 to the French franc -Fiscal year: - NA - -:Wallis and Futuna Communications - -Highways: - 100 km on Ile Uvea, 16 km sealed; 20 km earth surface on Ile Futuna -Inland waterways: - none -Ports: - Mata-Utu, Leava -Airports: - 2 total; 2 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over - 2,439 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - 225 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV - -:Wallis and Futuna Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of France - -:West Bank Header - -Note: - The war between Israel and the Arab states in June 1967 ended with Israel in - control of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, the Sinai, and the Golan - Heights. As stated in the 1978 Camp David Accords and reaffirmed by - President Bush's post-Gulf crisis peace initiative, the final status of the - West Bank and the Gaza Strip, their relationship with their neighbors, and a - peace treaty between Israel and Jordan are to be negotiated among the - concerned parties. Camp David further specifies that these negotiations will - resolve the respective boundaries. Pending the completion of this process, - it is US policy that the final status of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip - has yet to be determined. In the view of the US, the term West Bank - describes all of the area west of the Jordan River under Jordanian - administration before the 1967 Arab-Israeli war. However, with respect to - negotiations envisaged in the framework agreement, it is US policy that a - distinction must be made between Jerusalem and the rest of the West Bank - because of the city's special status and circumstances. Therefore, a - negotiated solution for the final status of Jerusalem could be different in - character from that of the rest of the West Bank. - -:West Bank Geography - -Total area: - 5,860 km2 -Land area: - 5,640 km2; includes West Bank, East Jerusalem, Latrun Salient, Jerusalem No - Man's Land, and the northwest quarter of the Dead Sea, but excludes Mt. - Scopus -Comparative area: - slightly larger than Delaware -Land boundaries: - 404 km total; Israel 307 km, Jordan 97 km -Coastline: - none - landlocked -Maritime claims: - none - landlocked -Disputes: - Israeli occupied with status to be determined -Climate: - temperate, temperature and precipitation vary with altitude, warm to hot - summers, cool to mild winters -Terrain: - mostly rugged dissected upland, some vegetation in west, but barren in east -Natural resources: - negligible -Land use: - arable land 27%, permanent crops 0%, meadows and pastures 32%, forest and - woodland 1%, other 40% -Environment: - highlands are main recharge area for Israel's coastal aquifers -Note: - landlocked; there are 175 Jewish settlements in the West Bank and 14 - Israeli-built Jewish neighborhoods in East Jerusalem - -:West Bank People - -Population: - 1,362,464 (July 1992), growth rate 3.1% (1992); in addition, there are - 95,000 Jewish settlers in the West Bank and 132,000 in East Jerusalem (1992 - est.) -Birth rate: - 35 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 2 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 37 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 68 years male, 71 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 4.5 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - NA -Ethnic divisions: - Palestinian Arab and other 88%, Jewish 12% -Religions: - Muslim (predominantly Sunni) 80%, Jewish 12%, Christian and other 8% -Languages: - Arabic, Israeli settlers speak Hebrew, English widely understood -Literacy: - NA% (male NA%, female NA%) -Labor force: - NA; excluding Israeli Jewish settlers - small industry, commerce, and - business 29.8%, construction 24.2%, agriculture 22.4%, service and other - 23.6% (1984) -Organized labor: - NA - -:West Bank Government - -Long-form name: - none -Note: - The West Bank is currently governed by Israeli military authorities and - Israeli civil administration. It is US policy that the final status of the - West Bank will be determined by negotiations among the concerned parties. - These negotiations will determine how the area is to governed. - -:West Bank Economy - -Overview: - Economic progress in the West Bank has been hampered by Israeli military - administration and the effects of the Palestinian uprising (intifadah). - Industries using advanced technology or requiring sizable investment have - been discouraged by a lack of local capital and restrictive Israeli - policies. Capital investment consists largely of residential housing, not - productive assets that would enable local firms to compete with Israeli - industry. A major share of GNP is derived from remittances of workers - employed in Israel and Persian Gulf states, but such transfers from the Gulf - dropped dramatically after Iraq invaded Kuwait in August 1990. In the wake - of the Persian Gulf crisis, many Palestinians have returned to the West - Bank, increasing unemployment, and export revenues have plunged because of - the loss of markets in Jordan and the Gulf states. Israeli measures to - curtail the intifadah also have pushed unemployment up and lowered living - standards. The area's economic outlook remains bleak. -GNP: - exchange rate conversion - $1.3 billion, per capita $1,200; real growth rate - -10% (1990 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 11% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 15% (1990 est.) -Budget: - revenues $31.0 million; expenditures $36.1 million, including capital - expenditures of $NA (FY88) -Exports: - $150 million (f.o.b., 1988 est.) - commodities: - NA - partners: - Jordan, Israel -Imports: - $410 million (c.i.f., 1988 est.) - commodities: - NA - partners: - Jordan, Israel -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate 1% (1989); accounts for about 4% of GNP -Electricity: - power supplied by Israel -Industries: - generally small family businesses that produce cement, textiles, soap, - olive-wood carvings, and mother-of-pearl souvenirs; the Israelis have - established some small-scale modern industries in the settlements and - industrial centers -Agriculture: - accounts for about 15% of GNP; olives, citrus and other fruits, vegetables, - beef, and dairy products -Economic aid: - NA -Currency: - new Israeli shekel (plural - shekels) and Jordanian dinar (plural - dinars); - 1 new Israeli shekel (NIS) = 100 new agorot and 1 Jordanian dinar (JD) = - 1,000 fils - -:West Bank Economy - -Exchange rates: - new Israeli shekels (NIS) per US$1 - 2.4019 (March 1992), 2.2791 (1991), - 2.0162 (1990), 1.9164 (1989), 1.5989 (1988), 1.5946 (1987); Jordanian dinars - (JD) per US$1 - 0.6760 (January 1992), 0.6810 (1991), 0.6636 (1990), 0.5704 - (1989), 0.3709 (1988), 0.3387 (1987) -Fiscal year: - previously 1 April - 31 March; FY91 was 1 April - 31 December, and since 1 - January 1992 the fiscal year has conformed to the calendar year - -:West Bank Communications - -Highways: - small road network, Israelis developing east-west axial highways to service - new settlements -Airports: - 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over - 2,439 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - open-wire telephone system currently being upgraded; broadcast stations - no - AM, no FM, no TV - -:West Bank Defense Forces - -Branches: - NA -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, NA; NA fit for military service -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP - -:Western Sahara Geography - -Total area: - 266,000 km2 -Land area: - 266,000 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly smaller than Colorado -Land boundaries: - 2,046 km total; Algeria 42 km, Mauritania 1,561 km, Morocco 443 km -Coastline: - 1,110 km -Maritime claims: - contingent upon resolution of sovereignty issue -Disputes: - claimed and administered by Morocco, but sovereignty is unresolved and the - UN is attempting to hold a referendum on the issue; the UN-administered - cease-fire has been currently in effect since September 1991 -Climate: - hot, dry desert; rain is rare; cold offshore currents produce fog and heavy - dew -Terrain: - mostly low, flat desert with large areas of rocky or sandy surfaces rising - to small mountains in south and northeast -Natural resources: - phosphates, iron ore -Land use: - arable land NEGL%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 19%; forest and - woodland 0%; other 81% -Environment: - hot, dry, dust/sand-laden sirocco wind can occur during winter and spring; - widespread harmattan haze exists 60% of time, often severely restricting - visibility; sparse water and arable land - -:Western Sahara People - -Population: - 201,467 (July 1992), growth rate 2.6% (1992) -Birth rate: - 48 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 20 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - -2 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 159 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 43 years male, 45 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 7.1 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Sahrawi(s), Sahraoui(s); adjective - Sahrawian, Sahraouian -Ethnic divisions: - Arab and Berber -Religions: - Muslim -Languages: - Hassaniya Arabic, Moroccan Arabic -Literacy: - NA% (male NA%, female NA%) -Labor force: - 12,000; 50% animal husbandry and subsistence farming -Organized labor: - NA - -:Western Sahara Government - -Long-form name: - none -Type: - legal status of territory and question of sovereignty unresolved; territory - contested by Morocco and Polisario Front (Popular Front for the Liberation - of the Saguia el Hamra and Rio de Oro), which in February 1976 formally - proclaimed a government in exile of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic - (SADR); territory partitioned between Morocco and Mauritania in April 1976, - with Morocco acquiring northern two-thirds; Mauritania, under pressure from - Polisario guerrillas, abandoned all claims to its portion in August 1979; - Morocco moved to occupy that sector shortly thereafter and has since - asserted administrative control; the Polisario's government in exile was - seated as an OAU member in 1984; guerrilla activities continued - sporadically, until a UN-monitored cease-fire was implemented 6 September - 1991 -Capital: - none -Administrative divisions: - none (under de facto control of Morocco) -Leaders: - none -Member of: - none -Diplomatic representation: - none - -:Western Sahara Economy - -Overview: - Western Sahara, a territory poor in natural resources and having little - rainfall, has a per capita GDP of roughly $300. Pastoral nomadism, fishing, - and phosphate mining are the principal sources of income for the population. - Most of the food for the urban population must be imported. All trade and - other economic activities are controlled by the Moroccan Government. -GDP: - $60 million, per capita $300; real growth rate NA% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - NA% -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA -Exports: - $8 million (f.o.b., 1982 est.) - commodities: - phosphates 62% - partners: - Morocco claims and administers Western Sahara, so trade partners are - included in overall Moroccan accounts -Imports: - $30 million (c.i.f., 1982 est.) - commodities: - fuel for fishing fleet, foodstuffs - partners: - Morocco claims and administers Western Sahara, so trade partners are - included in overall Moroccan accounts -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 60,000 kW capacity; 79 million kWh produced, 425 kWh per capita (1989) -Industries: - phosphate, fishing, handicrafts -Agriculture: - limited largely to subsistence agriculture; some barley is grown in - nondrought years; fruit and vegetables are grown in the few oases; food - imports are essential; camels, sheep, and goats are kept by the nomadic - natives; cash economy exists largely for the garrison forces -Economic aid: - NA -Currency: - Moroccan dirham (plural - dirhams); 1 Moroccan dirham (DH) = 100 centimes -Exchange rates: - Moroccan dirhams (DH) per US$1 - 8.889 (March 1992), 8.071 (1991), 8.242 - (1990), 8.488 (1989), 8.209 (1988), 8.359 (1987) -Fiscal year: - NA - -:Western Sahara Communications - -Highways: - 6,200 km total; 1,450 km surfaced, 4,750 km improved and unimproved earth - roads and tracks -Ports: - El Aaiun, Ad Dakhla -Airports: - 13 total, 13 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways - over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - sparse and limited system; tied into Morocco's system by microwave, - tropospheric scatter, and 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations linked to - Rabat, Morocco; 2,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, 2 TV - -:Western Sahara Defense Forces - -Branches: - NA -Manpower availability: - NA -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP - -:Western Samoa Geography - -Total area: - 2,860 km2 -Land area: - 2,850 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly smaller than Rhode Island -Land boundaries: - none -Coastline: - 403 km -Maritime claims: - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; rainy season (October to March), dry season (May to October) -Terrain: - narrow coastal plain with volcanic, rocky, rugged mountains in interior -Natural resources: - hardwood forests, fish -Land use: - arable land 19%; permanent crops 24%; meadows and pastures NEGL%; forest and - woodland 47%; other 10% -Environment: - subject to occasional typhoons; active volcanism -Note: - located 4,300 km southwest of Honolulu in the South Pacific Ocean about - halfway between Hawaii and New Zealand - -:Western Samoa People - -Population: - 194,992 (July 1992), growth rate 2.4% (1992) -Birth rate: - 34 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - -4 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 40 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 65 years male, 70 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 4.4 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Western Samoan(s); adjective - Western Samoan -Ethnic divisions: - Samoan; Euronesians (persons of European and Polynesian blood) about 7%, - Europeans 0.4% -Religions: - Christian 99.7% (about half of population associated with the London - Missionary Society; includes Congregational, Roman Catholic, Methodist, - Latter Day Saints, Seventh-Day Adventist) -Languages: - Samoan (Polynesian), English -Literacy: - 97% (male 97%, female 97%) age 15 and over can read and write (1971) -Labor force: - 38,000; 22,000 employed in agriculture (1987 est.) -Organized labor: - Public Service Association (PSA) - -:Western Samoa Government - -Long-form name: - Independent State of Western Samoa -Type: - constitutional monarchy under native chief -Capital: - Apia -Administrative divisions: - 11 districts; A`ana, Aiga-i-le-Tai, Atua, Fa`asaleleaga, Gaga`emauga, - Gagaifomauga, Palauli, Satupa`itea, Tuamasaga, Va`a-o-Fonoti, Vaisigano -Independence: - 1 January 1962 (from UN trusteeship administered by New Zealand) -Constitution: - 1 January 1962 -Legal system: - based on English common law and local customs; judicial review of - legislative acts with respect to fundamental rights of the citizen; has not - accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - National Day, 1 June -Executive branch: - chief, Executive Council, prime minister, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral Legislative Assembly (Fono) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court, Court of Appeal -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Chief Susuga Malietoa TANUMAFILI II (Co-Chief of State from 1 January 1962 - until becoming sole Chief of State on 5 April 1963) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister TOFILAU Eti Alesana (since 7 April 1988) -Political parties and leaders: - Human Rights Protection Party (HRPP), TOFILAU Eti, chairman; Samoan National - Development Party (SNDP), VA'AI Kolone, chairman -Suffrage: - universal adult over age 21, but only matai (head of family) are able to run - for the Legislative Assembly -Elections: - Legislative Assembly: - last held NA February 1991 (next to be held by NA February 1994); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (47 total) HRPP 30, SNDP 14, - independents 3 -Member of: - ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IMF, IOC, ITU, - LORCS, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Fili (Felix) Tuaopepe WENDT; Chancery (temporary) at suite 510, - 1155 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20005; telephone (202) 833-1743 - US: - the ambassador to New Zealand is accredited to Western Samoa (mailing - address is P.O. Box 3430, Apia); telephone (685) 21-631; FAX (685) 22-030 -Flag: - red with a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side quadrant bearing five - white five-pointed stars representing the Southern Cross constellation - -:Western Samoa Economy - -Overview: - Agriculture employs more than half of the labor force, contributes 50% to - GDP, and furnishes 90% of exports. The bulk of export earnings comes from - the sale of coconut oil and copra. The economy depends on emigrant - remittances and foreign aid to support a level of imports several times - export earnings. Tourism has become the most important growth industry, and - construction of the first international hotel is under way. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $115 million, per capita $690 (1989); real growth - rate -4.5% (1990 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 15% (1990) -Unemployment rate: - NA%; shortage of skilled labor -Budget: - revenues $95.3 million; expenditures $95.4 million, including capital - expenditures of $41 million (FY92) -Exports: - $9 million (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - coconut oil and cream 54%, taro 12%, copra 9%, cocoa 3% - partners: - NZ 28%, American Samoa 23%, Germany 22%, US 6% (1990) -Imports: - $75 million (c.i.f., 1990) - commodities: - intermediate goods 58%, food 17%, capital goods 12% - partners: - New Zealand 41%, Australia 18%, Japan 13%, UK 6%, US 6% -External debt: - $83 million (December 1990 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate -4% (1990 est.); accounts for 14% of GDP -Electricity: - 29,000 kW capacity; 45 million kWh produced, 240 kWh per capita (1990) -Industries: - timber, tourism, food processing, fishing -Agriculture: - accounts for 50% of GDP; coconuts, fruit (including bananas, taro, yams) -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $18 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $306 million; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $4 million -Currency: - tala (plural - tala); 1 tala (WS$) = 100 sene -Exchange rates: - tala (WS$) per US$1 - 2,4284 (March 1992), 2,3975 (1991), 2.3095 (1990), - 2.2686 (1989), 2.0790 (1988), 2.1204 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Western Samoa Communications - -Highways: - 2,042 km total; 375 km sealed; remainder mostly gravel, crushed stone, or - earth -Ports: - Apia -Merchant marine: - 1 roll-on/roll-off ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,838 GRT/5,536 DWT -Civil air: - 3 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 3 total, 3 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over - 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; none with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - 7,500 telephones; 70,000 radios; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; 1 - Pacific Ocean INTELSAT ground station - -:Western Samoa Defense Forces - -Branches: - Department of Police and Prisons -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, NA; NA fit for military service -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP - -:World Geography - -Total area: - 510,072,000 km2 -Land area: - 148,940,000 km2 (29.2%) -Comparative area: - land area about 16 times the size of the US -Land boundaries: - 442,000 km -Coastline: - 356,000 km -Maritime claims: - range from 3 to 200 nm; 1 claim is rectangular; 112 states claim a 12 nm - limit; note - boundary situations with neighboring states prevent many - countries from extending their fishing or economic zones to a full 200 nm; - 41 nations and other areas are landlocked and include Afghanistan, Andorra, - Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Burkina, - Burundi, Central African Republic, Chad, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, - Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Macedonia, - Malawi, Mali, Moldova, Mongolia, Nepal, Niger, Paraguay, Rwanda, San Marino, - Swaziland, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Uzbekistan, - Vatican City, West Bank, Zambia, Zimbabwe - Contiguous zone: - 39 states claim contiguous zone, 33 of which have 24 nm limits - Continental shelf: - approximately 78 states have specific continental shelf claims, the limit of - 42 claims is based on depth (200 m) plus exploitability, 21 claims define - the continental shelf as 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin - Exclusive fishing zone: - 23 claims with limits ranging from 12 nm to 200 nm - Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ): - 83 states claim an EEZ, with most limits being 200 nm - Territorial sea: - claims range from 3 to 200 nm, 112 states claim a 12 nm limit; note - 41 - nations and miscellaneous areas are landlocked and comprise Afghanistan, - Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Burkina, - Burundi, Byelarus, Central African Republic, Chad, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, - Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Macebia, - Zimbabwe -Disputes: - major international land boundary or territorial diputes - Bahrain-Qatar, - Chad-Libya, China-India, China-Russia, Ecuador-Peru, El Salvador-Honduras, - Israel-Jordan, Israel-Syria, Japan-Russia, North Korea-South Korea, Saudi - Arabia-Yemen, South China Sea -Climate: - two large areas of polar climates separated by two rather narrow temperate - zones from a wide equatorial band of tropical to subtropical climates -Terrain: - highest elevation is Mt. Everest at 8,848 meters and lowest depression is - the Dead Sea at 392 meters below sea level; greatest ocean depth is the - Marianas Trench at 10,924 meters -Natural resources: - the rapid using up of nonrenewable mineral resources, the depletion of - forest areas and wetlands, the extinction of animal and plant species, and - the deterioration in air and water quality (especially in Eastern Europe and - the former USSR) pose serious long-term problems that governments and - peoples are only beginning to address -Land use: - arable land 10%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 24%; forest and - woodland 31%; other 34%; includes irrigated 1.6% - -:World Geography - -Environment: - large areas subject to severe weather (tropical cyclones), natural disasters - (earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions), overpopulation, - industrial disasters, pollution (air, water, acid rain, toxic substances), - loss of vegetation (overgrazing, deforestation, desertification), loss of - wildlife resources, soil degradation, soil depletion, erosion - -:World People - -Population: - 5,515,617,484 (July 1992), growth rate 1.7% (1992) -Birth rate: - 26 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 9 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 63 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 61 years male, 65 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 3.3 children born/woman (1992) -Literacy: - 74% (male 81%, female 67%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 2.24 billion (1992) -Organized labor: - NA - -:World Government - -Administrative divisions: - 187 sovereign nations plus 72 dependent, other, and miscellaneous areas -Legal system: - varies by individual country; 182 are parties to the United Nations - International Court of Justice (ICJ or World Court) -Diplomatic representation: - there are 178 members of the UN - -:World Economy - -Overview: - Aggregate world output in 1991 increased by 1.3%, in contrast to estimated - 2% growth in 1990 and 3% growth in 1989. In 1991, the developed countries - grew by 2.5% and the LDCs by 3.5%, these gains being offset by a 10-15% drop - in the former Communist-dominated areas of the USSR and Eastern Europe. As - usual, results among individual countries differed widely. In the developed - group, Japan led with 4.5%, the West European members averaged 1.2%, and the - recession-plagued United States lagged,with GDP down 0.7%. As for the 15 - former Soviet republics and the seven nations of Eastern Europe, output - plummeted in many economic sectors because of fundamental changes in the - rules of the game and in the channels of production and exchange. China and - the Four Dragons performed well in 1991 but many of the other developing - countries are mired in poverty and political instability. For the world as a - whole, the addition of nearly 100 million people each year to an already - overcrowded globe will exacerbate the problems of pollution, - desertification, underemployment, epidemics, and famine. -GWP (gross world product): - purchasing power equivalent - $25 trillion, per capita $4,600; real growth - rate 1.3% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - developed countries 5%; developing countries 50%, with wide variations (1991 - est.) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Exports: - $3.34 trillion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) - commodities: - the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and services - partners: - in value, about 75% of exports from developed countries -Imports: - $3.49 trillion (c.i.f., 1991 est.) - commodities: - the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and services - partners: - in value, about 75% of imports by the developed countries -External debt: - $1.0 trillion for less developed countries (1991 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 3% (1990 est.) -Electricity: - 2,864,000,000 kW capacity; 11,450,000 million kWh produced, 2,150 kWh per - capita (1990) -Industries: - industry worldwide is dominated by the onrush of technology, especially in - computers, robotics, telecommunications, and medicines and medical - equipment; most of these advances take place in OECD nations; only a small - portion of non-OECD countries have succeeded in rapidly adjusting to these - technological forces, and the technological gap between the industrial - nations and the less-developed countries continues to widen; the rapid - development of new industrial (and agricultural) technology is complicating - already grim environmental problems - -:World Economy - -Agriculture: - the production of major food crops has increased substantially in the last - 20 years. The annual production of cereals, for instance, has risen by 50%, - from about 1.2 billion metric tons to about 1.8 billion metric tons; - production increases have resulted mainly from increased yields rather than - increases in planted areas; while global production is sufficient for - aggregate demand, about one-fifth of the world's population remains - malnourished, primarily because local production cannot adequately provide - for large and rapidly growing populations, which are too poor to pay for - food imports; conditions are especially bad in Africa where drought in - recent years has exacerbated the consequences of all other factors -Economic aid: - NA - -:World Communications - -Railroads: - 239,430 km of narrow gauge track; 710,754 km of standard gauge track; - 251,153 km of broad gauge track; includes about 190,000 to 195,000 km of - electrified routes of which 147,760 km are in Europe, 24,509 km in the Far - East, 11,050 km in Africa, 4,223 km in South America, and only 4,160 km in - North America; fastest speed in daily service is 300 km/hr attained by - France's SNCF TGV-Atlantique line -Ports: - Mina al Ahmadi (Kuwait), Chiba, Houston, Kawasaki, Kobe, Marseille, New - Orleans, New York, Rotterdam, Yokohama -Merchant marine: - 23,596 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 386,736,000 GRT/637,493,000 DWT; - includes 348 passenger-cargo, 12,441 freighters, 5,446 bulk carriers, and - 5,361 tankers (January 1991) -Civil air: - 14,500-16,000 major transport aircraft with gross take-off weight of 9,000 - kg (20,000 lbs) or more (1992 est.) - -:World Defense Forces - -Branches: - ground, maritime, and air forces at all levels of technology -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 1,400,000,000; NA fit for military service -Defense expenditures: - $1.0 trillion, 4% of total world output; decline of 5-10% (1991 est.) - -:Yemen Geography - -Total area: - 527,970 km2 -Land area: - 527,970 km2; includes Perim, Socotra, the former Yemen Arab Republic (YAR or - North Yemen), and the former People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (PDRY or - South Yemen) -Comparative area: - slightly larger than twice the size of Wyoming -Land boundaries: - 1,746 km total; Oman 288 km, Saudi Arabia 1,458 km -Coastline: - 1,906 km -Maritime claims: - Contiguous zone: - North - 18 nm; South - 24 nm - Continental shelf: - North - 200 meters (depth); South - edge of continental margin or 200 nm - Exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - undefined section of boundary with Saudi Arabia; Administrative Line with - Oman; there is a proposed treaty with Oman (which has not yet been formerly - accepted) to settle the Yemeni-Omani boundary -Climate: - mostly desert; hot and humid along west coast; temperate in western - mountains affected by seasonal monsoon; extraordinarily hot, dry, harsh - desert in east -Terrain: - narrow coastal plain backed by flat-topped hills and rugged mountains; - dissected upland desert plains in center slope into the desert interior of - the Arabian Peninsula -Natural resources: - crude oil, fish, rock salt, marble; small deposits of coal, gold, lead, - nickel, and copper; fertile soil in west -Land use: - arable land 6%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 30%; forest and - woodland 7%; other 57%; includes irrigated NEGL% -Environment: - subject to sand and dust storms in summer; scarcity of natural freshwater - resources; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification -Note: - controls Bab el Mandeb, the strait linking the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden, - one of world's most active shipping lanes - -:Yemen People - -Population: - 10,394,749 (July 1992), growth rate 3.3% (1992) -Birth rate: - 51 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 16 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - -3 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 118 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 49 years male, 52 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 7.3 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Yemeni(s); adjective - Yemeni -Ethnic divisions: - North - Arab 90%, Afro-Arab (mixed) 10%; South - almost all Arabs; a few - Indians, Somalis, and Europeans -Religions: - North - Muslim almost 100% (45% Sunni and 55% Zaydi Shi`a); NEGL Jewish; - South - Sunni Muslim, some Christian and Hindu -Languages: - Arabic -Literacy: - 38% (male 53%, female 26%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - North - NA number of workers with agriculture and herding 70%, and - expatriate laborers 30% (est.); South - 477,000 with agriculture 45.2%, - services 21.2%, construction 13.4%, industry 10.6%, commerce and other 9.6% - (1983) -Organized labor: - North - NA; South - 348,200 and the General Confederation of Workers of the - People's Democratic Republic of Yemen had 35,000 members - -:Yemen Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Yemen -Type: - republic -Capital: - Sanaa -Administrative divisions: - 17 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Abyan, `Adan, Al Bayda', - Al Hudaydah, Al Jawf, Al Mahrah, Al Mahwit, Dhamar, Hadramawt, Hajjah, Ibb, - Lahij, Ma'rib, Sa`dah, San`a', Shabwah, Ta`izz -Independence: - Republic of Yemen was established on 22 May 1990 with the merger of the - Yemen Arab Republic {Yemen (Sanaa) or North Yemen} and the Marxist-dominated - People's Democratic Republic of Yemen {Yemen (Aden) or South Yemen}; - previously North Yemen had become independent on NA November 1918 (from the - Ottoman Empire) and South Yemen had become independent on 30 November 1967 - (from the UK); the union is to be solidified during a 30-month transition - period, which coincides with the remainder of the five-year terms of both - legislatures -Constitution: - 16 April 1991 -Legal system: - based on Islamic law, Turkish law, English common law, and local customary - law; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Proclamation of the Republic, 22 May (1990) -Executive branch: - five-member Presidential Council (president, vice president, two members - from northern Yemen and one member from southern Yemen), prime minister -Legislative branch: - unicameral House of Representatives -Judicial branch: - North - State Security Court; South - Federal High Court -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President `Ali `Abdallah SALIH (since 22 May 1990, the former president of - North Yemen); Vice President Ali Salim al-BIDH (since 22 May 1990, and - Secretary General of the Yemeni Socialist Party); Presidential Council - Member Salim Salih MUHAMMED; Presidential Council Member Kadi Abdul-Karim - al-ARASHI; Presidential Council Member Abdul-Aziz ABDUL-GHANI; Prime - Minister Haydar Abu Bakr al-`ATTAS (since 22 May 1990, former president of - South Yemen) -Political parties and leaders: - General People's Congress, `Ali `Abdallah SALIH; Yemeni Socialist Party - (YSP; formerly South Yemen's ruling party - a coalition of National Front, - Ba`th, and Communist Parties), Ali Salim al-BIDH; Yemen Grouping for Reform - or Islaah, Abdallah Husayn AHMAR -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - House of Representatives: - last held NA (next to be held NA November 1992); results - percent of vote - NA; seats - (301); number of seats by party NA; note - the 301 members of - the new House of Representatives come from North Yemen's Consultative - Assembly (159 members), South Yemen's Supreme People's Council (111 - members), and appointments by the New Presidential Council (31 members) -Communists: - small number in North, greater but unknown number in South - -:Yemen Government - -Other political or pressure groups: - conservative tribal groups, Muslim Brotherhood, leftist factions - pro-Iraqi - Ba`thists, Nasirists, National Democratic Front (NDF) -Member of: - ACC, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, - IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OIC, UN, - UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Muhsin Ahmad al-AYNI; Chancery at Suite 840, 600 New Hampshire - Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037; telephone (202) 965-4760 or 4761; there is - a Yemeni Consulate General in Detroit and a Consulate in San Francisco - US: - Ambassador Arthur H. HUGHES; Embassy at Dhahr Himyar Zone, Sheraton Hotel - District, Sanaa (mailing address is P. O. Box 22347 Sanaa, Republic of Yemen - or Sanaa - Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-6330); telephone [967] - (2) 238-842 through 238-852; FAX [967] (2) 251-563 -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black; similar to the - flag of Syria which has two green stars and of Iraq which has three green - stars (plus an Arabic inscription) in a horizontal line centered in the - white band; also similar to the flag of Egypt which has a symbolic eagle - centered in the white band - -:Yemen Economy - -Overview: - Whereas the northern city Sanaa is the political capital of a united Yemen, - the southern city Aden, with its refinery and port facilities, is the - economic and commercial capital. Future economic development depends heavily - on Western-assisted development of promising oil resources. South Yemen's - willingness to merge stemmed partly from the steady decline in Soviet - economic support. -Overview: - North: - The low level of domestic industry and agriculture have made northern Yemen - dependent on imports for virtually all of its essential needs. Large trade - deficits have been made up for by remittances from Yemenis working abroad - and foreign aid. Once self-sufficient in food production, northern Yemen has - become a major importer. Land once used for export crops - cotton, fruit, - and vegetables - has been turned over to growing qat, a mildly narcotic - shrub chewed by Yemenis which has no significant export market. Oil export - revenues started flowing in late 1987 and boosted 1988 earnings by about - $800 million. - South: - This has been one of the poorest Arab countries, with a per capita GNP of - about $500. A shortage of natural resources, a widely dispersed population, - and an arid climate have made economic development difficult. The economy - has grown at an average annual rate of only 2-3% since the mid-1970s. The - economy had been organized along socialist lines, dominated by the public - sector. Economic growth has been constrained by a lack of incentives, partly - stemming from centralized control over production decisions, investment - allocation, and import choices. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $5.3 billion, per capita $545; real growth rate - NA% (1990 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - North: - 16.9% (1988) - South: - 0% (1989) -Unemployment rate: - North: - 13% (1986) - South: - NA% -Budget: - North: - revenues $1.4 billion; expenditures $2.2 billion, including capital - expenditures of $590 million (1988 est.) - South: - revenues and grants $435 million; expenditures $1.0 billion, including - capital expenditure of $460 million (1988 est.) -Exports: - North: - $606 million (f.o.b., 1989) - commodities: - crude oil, cotton, coffee, hides, vegetables - partners: - FRG 29%, US 26%, Netherlands 12% - South: - $113.8 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.) - commodities: - cotton, hides, skins, dried and salted fish - -:Yemen Economy - - partners: - Japan, North Yemen, Italy -Imports: - North: - $1.3 billion (f.o.b., 1988) -Imports: - commodities: - textiles and other manufactured consumer goods, petroleum products, sugar, - grain, flour, other foodstuffs, and cement - partners: - Saudi Arabia 12%, France 6%, US 5%, Australia 5% (1985) - South: - $553.9 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.) - commodities: - grain, consumer goods, crude oil, machinery, chemicals - partners: - USSR, UK, Ethiopia -External debt: - $5.75 billion (December 1989 est.) -Industrial production: - North: - growth rate 2% in manufacturing (1988) - South: - growth rate NA% in manufacturing -Electricity: - 700,000 kW capacity; 1,200 million kWh produced, 120 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - crude oil production and petroleum refining; small-scale production of - cotton textiles and leather goods; food processing; handicrafts; fishing; - small aluminum products factory; cement -Agriculture: - North: - accounted for 26% of GDP and 70% of labor force; farm products - grain, - fruits, vegetables, qat (mildly narcotic shrub), coffee, cotton, dairy, - poultry, meat, goat meat; not self-sufficient in grain - South: - accounted for 17% of GNP and 45% of labor force; products - grain, qat - (mildly narcotic shrub), coffee, fish, livestock; fish and honey major - exports; most food imported -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $389 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.0 billion; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $3.2 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $2.4 - billion -Currency: - North Yemeni riyal (plural - riyals); 1 North Yemeni riyal (YR) = 100 fils; - South Yemeni dinar (plural - dinars); 1 South Yemeni dinar (YD) = 1,000 fils -Exchange rates: - North Yemeni riyals (YR) per US$1 - 12,1000 (June 1992), 12.0000 (1991), - 9.7600 (1990), 9.7600 (January 1989), 9.7717 (1988), 10.3417 (1987); South - Yemeni dinars (YD) per US$1 - 0.3454 (fixed rate) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Yemen Communications - -Highways: - 15,500 km; 4,000 km paved, 11,500 km natural surface (est.) -Pipelines: - crude oil 644 km, petroleum products 32 km -Ports: - Aden, Al Hudaydah, Al Khalf, Mocha, Nishtun, Ra's Kathib, Salif -Merchant marine: - 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,309 GRT/6,568 DWT; includes 2 cargo, - 1 petroleum tanker -Civil air: - 11 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 46 total, 40 usable; 10 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways - over 3,659 m; 20 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 11 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - since unification in 1990, efforts are being made to create a national - domestic civil telecommunications network and to revitalize the - infrastructure of a united Yemen; the network consists of microwave, cable - and troposcatter; 65,000 telephones (est.); broadcast stations - 4 AM, 1 FM, - 10 TV; satellite earth stations - 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Atlantic Ocean - INTELSAT, 1 Intersputnik, 2 ARABSAT; microwave to Saudi Arabia, and Djibouti - -:Yemen Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force, Police -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 1,981,710; 1,127,391 fit for military service; 130,405 reach - military age (14) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $1.06 billion, 20% of GDP (1990) - -:Zaire Geography - -Total area: - 2,345,410 km2 -Land area: - 2,267,600 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly more than one-quarter the size of US -Land boundaries: - 10,271 km total; Angola 2,511 km, Burundi 233 km, Central African Republic - 1,577 km, Congo 2,410 km, Rwanda 217 km, Sudan 628 km, Uganda 765 km, Zambia - 1,930 km -Coastline: - 37 km -Maritime claims: - Exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - Territorial sea: - 12 nm -Disputes: - Tanzania-Zaire-Zambia tripoint in Lake Tanganyika may no longer be - indefinite since it is reported that the indefinite section of the - Zaire-Zambia boundary has been settled; long section with Congo along the - Congo River is indefinite (no division of the river or its islands has been - made) -Climate: - tropical; hot and humid in equatorial river basin; cooler and drier in - southern highlands; cooler and wetter in eastern highlands; north of Equator - - wet season April to October, dry season December to February; south of - Equator - wet season November to March, dry season April to October -Terrain: - vast central basin is a low-lying plateau; mountains in east -Natural resources: - cobalt, copper, cadmium, crude oil, industrial and gem diamonds, gold, - silver, zinc, manganese, tin, germanium, uranium, radium, bauxite, iron ore, - coal, hydropower potential -Land use: - arable land 3%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 4%; forest and - woodland 78%; other 15%; includes irrigated NEGL% -Environment: - dense tropical rain forest in central river basin and eastern highlands; - periodic droughts in south -Note: - straddles Equator; very narrow strip of land that controls the lower Congo - River and is only outlet to South Atlantic Ocean - -:Zaire People - -Population: - 39,084,400 (July 1992), growth rate 3.3% (1992) -Birth rate: - 45 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 13 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 97 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 52 years male, 56 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 6.1 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Zairian(s); adjective - Zairian -Ethnic divisions: - over 200 African ethnic groups, the majority are Bantu; four largest tribes - - Mongo, Luba, Kongo (all Bantu), and the Mangbetu-Azande (Hamitic) make up - about 45% of the population -Religions: - Roman Catholic 50%, Protestant 20%, Kimbanguist 10%, Muslim 10%, other - syncretic sects and traditional beliefs 10% -Languages: - French (official), Lingala, Swahili, Kingwana, Kikongo, Tshiluba -Literacy: - 72% (male 84%, female 61%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 15,000,000; agriculture 75%, industry 13%, services 12%; wage earners 13% - (1981); population of working age 51% (1985) -Organized labor: - National Union of Zairian Workers (UNTZA) was the only officially recognized - trade union until April 1990; other unions are now in process of seeking - official recognition - -:Zaire Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Zaire -Type: - republic with a strong presidential system -Capital: - Kinshasa -Administrative divisions: - 10 regions (regions, singular - region) and 1 town* (ville); Bandundu, - Bas-Zaire, Equateur, Haut-Zaire, Kasai-Occidental, Kasai-Oriental, - Kinshasa*, Maniema, Nord-Kivu, Shaba, Sud-Kivu -Independence: - 30 June 1960 (from Belgium; formerly Belgian Congo, then Congo/Leopoldville, - then Congo/Kinshasa) -Constitution: - 24 June 1967, amended August 1974, revised 15 February 1978; amended April - 1990; new constitution to be promulgated in 1992 -Legal system: - based on Belgian civil law system and tribal law; has not accepted - compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Anniversary of the Regime (Second Republic), 24 November (1965) -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, Executive Council (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral Legislative Council (Conseil Legislatif) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Marshal MOBUTU Sese Seko Kuku Ngbendu wa Za Banga (since 24 - November 1965) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Jean NGUZ a Karl-i-Bond (since 26 November 1991) -Political parties and leaders: - sole legal party until January 1991 - Popular Movement of the Revolution - (MPR); other parties include Union for Democracy and Social Progress (UDPS), - Etienne TSHISEKEDI wa Mulumba; Democratic Social Christian Party (PDSC), - Joseph ILEO; Union of Federalists and Independent Republicans (UFERI), NGUZ - a Karl-I-Bond; and Congolese National Movement-Lumumba (MNC-L) -Suffrage: - universal and compulsory at age 18 -Elections: - President: - last held 29 July 1984 (next to be scheduled by ongoing National - Conference); results - President MOBUTU was reelected without opposition - Legislative Council: - last held 6 September 1987 (next to be scheduled by ongoing National - Conference); results - MPR was the only party; seats - (210 total) MPR 210; - note - MPR still holds majority of seats but some deputies have joined other - parties -Member of: - ACCT, ACP, AfDB, APC, CCC, CEEAC, CEPGL, CIPEC, ECA, FAO, G-19, G-24, G-77, - GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, - INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, - UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador TATANENE Manata; Chancery at 1800 New Hampshire Avenue NW, - Washington, DC 20009; telephone (202) 234-7690 or 7691 - -:Zaire Government - - US: - Ambassador Melissa F. WELLS; Embassy at 310 Avenue des Aviateurs, Kinshasa - (mailing address is APO AE 09828); telephone [243] (12) 21532, 21628; FAX - [243] (12) 21232; the US Consulate General in Lubumbashi was closed and - evacuated in October 1991 because of the poor security situation -Flag: - light green with a yellow disk in the center bearing a black arm holding a - red flaming torch; the flames of the torch are blowing away from the hoist - side; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia - -:Zaire Economy - -Overview: - In 1990, in spite of large mineral resources Zaire had a GDP per capita of - only about $260, putting it among the desperately poor African nations. The - country's chronic economic problems worsened in 1991, with copper and cobalt - production down 20-30%, inflation near 8,000% in 1991 as compared with 100% - in 1987-89, and IMF and most World Bank support suspended until the - institution of agreed-on changes. Agriculture, a key sector of the economy, - employs 75% of the population but generates under 25% of GDP. The main - potential for economic development has been the extractive industries. - Mining and mineral processing account for about one-third of GDP and - three-quarters of total export earnings. Zaire is the world's largest - producer of diamonds and cobalt. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $9.8 billion, per capita $260; real growth rate - -3% (1990 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 8,000% (1991) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $685 million; expenditures $1.1 billion, does not include capital - expenditures mostly financed by donors (1990) -Exports: - $2.2 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.) - commodities: - copper 37%, coffee 24%, diamonds 12%, cobalt, crude oil - partners: - US, Belgium, France, FRG, Italy, UK, Japan, South Africa -Imports: - $2.1 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.) - commodities: - consumer goods, foodstuffs, mining and other machinery, transport equipment, - fuels - partners: - South Africa, US, Belgium, France, FRG, Italy, Japan, UK -External debt: - $7.9 billion (December 1990 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate -7.3%; accounts for almost 30% of GDP (1989) -Electricity: - 2,580,000 kW capacity; 6,000 million kWh produced, 160 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - mining, mineral processing, consumer products (including textiles, footwear, - and cigarettes), processed foods and beverages, cement, diamonds -Agriculture: - cash crops - coffee, palm oil, rubber, quinine; food crops - cassava, - bananas, root crops, corn -Illicit drugs: - illicit producer of cannabis, mostly for domestic consumption -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.1 billion; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $6.9 billion; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $35 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $263 - million -Currency: - zaire (singular and plural); 1 zaire (Z) = 100 makuta -Exchange rates: - zaire (Z) per US$1 - 111,196 (March 1992), 15,587 (1991), 719 (1990), 381 - (1989), 187 (1988), 112 (1987) - -:Zaire Economy - -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Zaire Communications - -Railroads: - 5,254 km total; 3,968 km 1.067-meter gauge (851 km electrified); 125 km - 1.000-meter gauge; 136 km 0.615-meter gauge; 1,025 km 0.600-meter gauge; - limited trackage in use because of civil strife -Highways: - 146,500 km total; 2,800 km paved, 46,200 km gravel and improved earth; - 97,500 unimproved earth -Inland waterways: - 15,000 km including the Congo, its tributaries, and unconnected lakes -Pipelines: - petroleum products 390 km -Ports: - Matadi, Boma, Banana -Merchant marine: - 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 22,921 GRT/30,332 DWT; includes 1 - passenger cargo, 1 cargo -Civil air: - 45 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 284 total, 239 usable; 24 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways - over 3,659 m; 6 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 73 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - barely adequate wire and microwave service; broadcast stations - 10 AM, 4 - FM, 18 TV; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 14 domestic - -:Zaire Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary National Gendarmerie, Civil Guard, - Special Presidential Division -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 8,521,292; 4,333,492 fit for military service -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $49 million, 0.8% of GDP (1988) - -:Zambia Geography - -Total area: - 752,610 km2 -Land area: - 740,720 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly larger than Texas -Land boundaries: - 5,664 km total; Angola 1,110 km, Malawi 837 km, Mozambique 419 km, Namibia - 233 km, Tanzania 338 km, Zaire 1,930 km, Zimbabwe 797 km -Coastline: - none - landlocked -Maritime claims: - none - landlocked -Disputes: - quadripoint with Botswana, Namibia, and Zimbabwe is in disagreement; - Tanzania-Zaire-Zambia tripoint in Lake Tanganyika may no longer be - indefinite since it is reported that the indefinite section of the - Zaire-Zambia boundary has been settled -Climate: - tropical; modified by altitude; rainy season (October to April) -Terrain: - mostly high plateau with some hills and mountains -Natural resources: - copper, cobalt, zinc, lead, coal, emeralds, gold, silver, uranium, - hydropower potential -Land use: - arable land 7%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 47%; forest and - woodland 27%; other 19%; includes irrigated NEGL% -Environment: - deforestation; soil erosion; desertification -Note: - landlocked - -:Zambia People - -Population: - 8,745,284 (July 1992), growth rate 3.5% (1992) -Birth rate: - 48 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 11 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - -2 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 77 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 55 years male, 59 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 6.9 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Zambian(s); adjective - Zambian -Ethnic divisions: - African 98.7%, European 1.1%, other 0.2% -Religions: - Christian 50-75%, Muslim and Hindu 24-49%, remainder indigenous beliefs 1% -Languages: - English (official); about 70 indigenous languages -Literacy: - 73% (male 81%, female 65%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 2,455,000; agriculture 85%; mining, manufacturing, and construction 6%; - transport and services 9% -Organized labor: - about 238,000 wage earners are unionized - -:Zambia Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Zambia -Type: - multiparty system; on 17 December 1990, President Kenneth KAUNDA signed into - law the constitutional amendment that officially reintroduced the multiparty - system in Zambia ending 17 years of one-party rule -Capital: - Lusaka -Administrative divisions: - 9 provinces; Central, Copperbelt, Eastern, Luapula, Lusaka, Northern, - North-Western, Southern, Western -Independence: - 24 October 1964 (from UK; formerly Northern Rhodesia) -Constitution: - NA August 1991 -Legal system: - based on English common law and customary law; judicial review of - legislative acts in an ad hoc constitutional council; has not accepted - compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Independence Day, 24 October (1964) -Executive branch: - president, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral National Assembly -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Frederick CHILUBA (since 31 October 1991) -Political parties and leaders: - Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD), Frederick CHILUBA; United National - Independence Party (UNIP), none; elections pending -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - President: - last held 31 October 1991 (next to be held mid-1995); results - Frederick - CHILUBA 84%, Kenneth KAUNDA 16% - National Assembly: - last held 31 October 1991 (next to be held mid-1995); results - percent of - vote by party NA; seats - (150 total) MMD 125, UNIP 25 -Member of: - ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-19, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, - IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, SADCC, - UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - Ambassador (vacant); Chancery at 2419 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, - DC 20008; telephone (202) 265-9717 through 9721 - US: - Ambassador Gordon L. STREEB; Embassy at corner of Independence Avenue and - United Nations Avenue, Lusaka (mailing address is P. O. Box 31617, Lusaka); - telephone [2601] 228-595, 228-601, 228-602, 228-603; FAX [2601] 251-578 -Flag: - green with a panel of three vertical bands of red (hoist side), black, and - orange below a soaring orange eagle, on the outer edge of the flag - -:Zambia Economy - -Overview: - The economy has been in decline for more than a decade with falling imports - and growing foreign debt. Economic difficulties stem from a sustained drop - in copper production and ineffective economic policies. In 1991 real GDP - fell by 2%. An annual population growth of more than 3% has brought a - decline in per capita GDP of 50% over the past decade. A high inflation rate - has also added to Zambia's economic woes in recent years. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $4.7 billion, per capita $600; real growth rate - -2% (1991) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 100% (1991) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $665 million; expenditures $767 million, including capital - expenditures of $300 million (1991 est.) -Exports: - $1.1 billion (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - copper, zinc, cobalt, lead, tobacco - partners: - EC, Japan, South Africa, US, India -Imports: - $1.3 billion (c.i.f., 1991) - commodities: - machinery, transportation equipment, foodstuffs, fuels, manufactures - partners: - EC, Japan, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, US -External debt: - $8 billion (December 1991) -Industrial production: - growth rate -2% (1991); accounts for 50% of GDP -Electricity: - 2,775,000 kW capacity; 12,000 million kWh produced, 1,400 kWh per capita - (1991) -Industries: - copper mining and processing, transport, construction, foodstuffs, - beverages, chemicals, textiles, and fertilizer -Agriculture: - accounts for 17% of GDP and 85% of labor force; crops - corn (food staple), - sorghum, rice, peanuts, sunflower, tobacco, cotton, sugarcane, cassava; - cattle, goats, beef, eggs -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (1970-89), $4.8 billion; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $4.8 billion; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $60 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $533 - million -Currency: - Zambian kwacha (plural - kwacha); 1 Zambian kwacha (ZK) = 100 ngwee -Exchange rates: - Zambian kwacha (ZK) per US$1 - 128.2051 (March 1992), 61.7284 (1991), - 28.9855 (1990), 12.9032 (1989), 8.2237 (1988), 8.8889 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -:Zambia Communications - -Railroads: - 1,266 km, all 1.067-meter gauge; 13 km double track -Highways: - 36,370 km total; 6,500 km paved, 7,000 km crushed stone, gravel, or - stabilized soil; 22,870 km improved and unimproved earth -Inland waterways: - 2,250 km, including Zambezi and Luapula Rivers, Lake Tanganyika -Pipelines: - crude oil 1,724 km -Ports: - Mpulungu (lake port) -Civil air: - 12 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 117 total, 104 usable; 13 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways - over 3,659 m; 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 22 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - facilities are among the best in Sub-Saharan Africa; high-capacity microwave - connects most larger towns and cities; broadcast stations - 11 AM, 5 FM, 9 - TV; satellite earth stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Atlantic Ocean - INTELSAT - -:Zambia Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Air Force, Police, paramilitary -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 1,818,545; 953,718 fit for military service -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP - -:Zimbabwe Geography - -Total area: - 390,580 km2 -Land area: - 386,670 km2 -Comparative area: - slightly larger than Montana -Land boundaries: - 3,066 km total; Botswana 813 km, Mozambique 1,231 km, South Africa 225 km, - Zambia 797 km -Coastline: - none - landlocked -Maritime claims: - none - landlocked -Disputes: - quadripoint with Botswana, Namibia, and Zambia is in disagreement -Climate: - tropical; moderated by altitude; rainy season (November to March) -Terrain: - mostly high plateau with higher central plateau (high veld); mountains in - east -Natural resources: - coal, chromium ore, asbestos, gold, nickel, copper, iron ore, vanadium, - lithium, tin, platinum group metals -Land use: - arable land 7%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 12%; forest and - woodland 62%; other 19%; includes irrigated NEGL% -Environment: - recurring droughts; floods and severe storms are rare; deforestation; soil - erosion; air and water pollution -Note: - landlocked - -:Zimbabwe People - -Population: - 11,033,376 (July 1992), growth rate 2.9% (1992) -Birth rate: - 40 births/1,000 population (1992) -Death rate: - 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) -Net migration rate: - -3 migrants/1,000 population (1992) -Infant mortality rate: - 59 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) -Life expectancy at birth: - 60 years male, 64 years female (1992) -Total fertility rate: - 5.4 children born/woman (1992) -Nationality: - noun - Zimbabwean(s); adjective - Zimbabwean -Ethnic divisions: - African 98% (Shona 71%, Ndebele 16%, other 11%); white 1%, mixed and Asian - 1% -Religions: - syncretic (part Christian, part indigenous beliefs) 50%, Christian 25%, - indigenous beliefs 24%, a few Muslim -Languages: - English (official); Shona, Sindebele -Literacy: - 67% (male 74%, female 60%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) -Labor force: - 3,100,000; agriculture 74%, transport and services 16%, mining, - manufacturing, construction 10% (1987) -Organized labor: - 17% of wage and salary earners have union membership - -:Zimbabwe Government - -Long-form name: - Republic of Zimbabwe -Type: - parliamentary democracy -Capital: - Harare -Administrative divisions: - 8 provinces; Manicaland, Mashonaland Central, Mashonaland East, Mashonaland - West, Masvingo (Victoria), Matabeleland North, Matabeleland South, Midlands -Independence: - 18 April 1980 (from UK; formerly Southern Rhodesia) -Constitution: - 21 December 1979 -Legal system: - mixture of Roman-Dutch and English common law -National holiday: - Independence Day, 18 April (1980) -Executive branch: - executive president, 2 vice presidents, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral Parliament -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - Executive President Robert Gabriel MUGABE (since 31 December 1987); Co-Vice - President Simon Vengai MUZENDA (since 31 December 1987); Co-Vice President - Joshua M. NKOMO (since 6 August 1990) -Political parties and leaders: - Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF), Robert MUGABE; - Zimbabwe African National Union-Sithole (ZANU-S), Ndabaningi SITHOLE; - Zimbabwe Unity Movement (ZUM), Edgar TEKERE; Democratic Party (DP), Emmanuel - MAGOCHE -Suffrage: - universal at age 18 -Elections: - Executive President: - last held 28-30 March 1990 (next to be held NA March 1996); results - Robert - MUGABE 78.3%, Edgar TEKERE 21.7% - Parliament: - last held 28-30 March 1990 (next to be held NA March 1995); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (150 total, 120 elected) ZANU-PF 117, - ZUM 2, ZANU-S 1 -Member of: - ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, - IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, LORCS, NAM, - OAU, PCA, SADCC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation: - Counselor (Political Affairs), Head of Chancery, Ambassador Stanislaus - Garikai CHIGWEDERE; Chancery at 1608 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC - 20009; telephone (202) 332-7100 - US: - Ambassador Edward Gibson LANPHER; Embassy at 172 Herbert Chitapo Avenue, - Harare (mailing address is P. O. Box 3340, Harare); telephone [263] (4) - 794-521 - -:Zimbabwe Government - -Flag: - seven equal horizontal bands of green, yellow, red, black, red, yellow, and - green with a white equilateral triangle edged in black based on the hoist - side; a yellow Zimbabwe bird is superimposed on a red five-pointed star in - the center of the triangle - -:Zimbabwe Economy - -Overview: - Agriculture employs three-fourths of the labor force and supplies almost 40% - of exports. The manufacturing sector, based on agriculture and mining, - produces a variety of goods and contributes 35% to GDP. Mining accounts for - only 5% of both GDP and employment, but supplies of minerals and metals - account for about 40% of exports. Wide year-to-year fluctuations in - agricultural production over the past six years have resulted in an uneven - growth rate, one that on average has matched the 3% annual increase in - population. Helped by an IMF/World Bank structural adjustment program, - output rose 3.5% in 1991. A drought beginning toward the end of 1991 - suggests rough going for 1992. -GDP: - exchange rate conversion - $7.1 billion, per capita $660; real growth rate - 3.5% (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 25% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - at least 30% (1991 est.) -Budget: - revenues $2.7 billion; expenditures $3.3 billion, including capital - expenditures of $330 million (FY91) -Exports: - $1.8 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) - commodities: - agricultural 35% (tobacco 20%, other 15%), manufactures 20%, gold 10%, - ferrochrome 10%, cotton 5% - partners: - Europe 55% (EC 40%, Netherlands 5%, other 15%), Africa 20% (South Africa - 10%, other 10%), US 5% -Imports: - $1.6 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.) - commodities: - machinery and transportation equipment 37%, other manufactures 22%, - chemicals 16%, fuels 15% - partners: - EC 31%, Africa 29% (South Africa 21%, other 8%), US 8%, Japan 4% -External debt: - $2.96 billion (December 1989 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 5% (1991 est.); accounts for 35% of GDP -Electricity: - 3,650,000 kW capacity; 7,500 million kWh produced, 700 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - mining, steel, clothing and footwear, chemicals, foodstuffs, fertilizer, - beverage, transportation equipment, wood products -Agriculture: - accounts for 11% of GDP and employs 74% of population; 40% of land area - divided into 4,500 large commercial farms and 42% in communal lands; crops - - corn (food staple), cotton, tobacco, wheat, coffee, sugarcane, peanuts; - livestock - cattle, sheep, goats, pigs; self-sufficient in food -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY80-89), $389 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.6 billion; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $36 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $134 - million -Currency: - Zimbabwean dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Zimbabwean dollar (Z$) = 100 cents - -:Zimbabwe Economy - -Exchange rates: - Zimbabwean dollars (Z$) per US$1 - 4.3066 (March 1992), 3.4282 (1991), - 2.4480 (1990), 2.1133 (1989), 1.8018 (1988), 1.6611 (1987) -Fiscal year: - 1 July - 30 June - -:Zimbabwe Communications - -Railroads: - 2,745 km 1.067-meter gauge; 42 km double track; 355 km electrified -Highways: - 85,237 km total; 15,800 km paved, 39,090 km crushed stone, gravel, - stabilized soil: 23,097 km improved earth; 7,250 km unimproved earth -Inland waterways: - Lake Kariba is a potential line of communication -Pipelines: - petroleum products 8 km -Civil air: - 12 major transport aircraft -Airports: - 491 total, 401 usable; 22 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways - over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 32 with runways 1,220-2,439 m -Telecommunications: - system was once one of the best in Africa, but now suffers from poor - maintenance; consists of microwave links, open-wire lines, and radio - communications stations; 247,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 8 AM, 18 - FM, 8 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -:Zimbabwe Defense Forces - -Branches: - Zimbabwe National Army, Air Force of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe National Police - (including Police Support Unit, Paramilitary Police), People's Militia -Manpower availability: - males 15-49, 2,355,965; 1,456,829 fit for military service -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $412.4 million, about 6% of GDP (FY91 est.) - -******** - -Notes, Definitions, and Abbreviations - -Text (264 nations, dependent areas, and other entities) - -Afghanistan -Albania -Algeria -American Samoa -Andorra -Angola -Anguilla -Antarctica -Antigua and Barbuda -Arctic Ocean -Argentina -Armenia -Aruba -Ashmore and Cartier Islands -Atlantic Ocean -Australia -Austria -Azerbaijan - -Bahamas, The -Bahrain -Baker Island -Bangladesh -Barbados -Bassas da India -Belarus -Belgium -Belize -Benin -Bermuda -Bhutan -Bolivia -Bosnia and Hercegovina -Botswana -Bouvet Island -Brazil -British Indian Ocean Territory -British Virgin Islands -Brunei -Bulgaria -Burkina -Burma -Burundi - -Cambodia -Cameroon -Canada -Cape Verde -Cayman Islands -Central African Republic -Chad -Chile -China (also see separate Taiwan entry) -Christmas Island -Clipperton Island -Cocos (Keeling) Islands -Colombia -Comoros -Congo -Cook Islands -Coral Sea Islands -Costa Rica -Croatia -Cuba -Cyprus -Czechoslovakia - -Denmark -Djibouti -Dominica -Dominican Republic - -Ecuador -Egypt -El Salvador -Equatorial Guinea -Estonia -Ethiopia -Europa Island - -Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) -Faroe Islands -Fiji -Finland -France -French Guiana -French Polynesia -French Southern and Antarctic Lands - -Gabon -Gambia, The -Gaza Strip -Georgia -Germany -Ghana -Gibraltar -Glorioso Islands -Greece -Greenland -Grenada -Guadeloupe -Guam -Guatemala -Guernsey -Guinea -Guinea-Bissau -Guyana - -Haiti -Heard Island and McDonald Islands -Honduras -Hong Kong -Howland Island -Hungary - -Iceland -India -Indian Ocean -Indonesia -Iran -Iraq -Ireland -Israel (also see separate Gaza Strip and West Bank entries) -Italy -Ivory Coast - -Jamaica -Jan Mayen -Japan -Jarvis Island -Jersey -Johnston Atoll -Jordan (also see separate West Bank entry) -Juan de Nova Island - -Kazakhstan -Kenya -Kingman Reef -Kiribati -Korea, North -Korea, South -Kuwait -Kyrgyzstan - -Laos -Latvia -Lebanon -Lesotho -Liberia -Libya -Liechtenstein -Lithuania -Luxembourg - -Macau -Macedonia -Madagascar -Malawi -Malaysia -Maldives -Mali -Malta -Man, Isle of -Marshall Islands -Martinique -Mauritania -Mauritius -Mayotte -Mexico -Micronesia, Federated States of -Midway Islands -Moldova -Monaco -Mongolia -Montserrat -Morocco -Mozambique - -Namibia -Nauru -Navassa Island -Nepal -Netherlands -Netherlands Antilles -New Caledonia -New Zealand -Nicaragua -Niger -Nigeria -Niue -Norfolk Island -Northern Mariana Islands -Norway - -Oman - -Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (Palau) -Pacific Ocean -Pakistan -Palmyra Atoll -Panama -Papua New Guinea -Paracel Islands -Paraguay -Peru -Philippines -Pitcairn Islands -Poland -Portugal -Puerto Rico - -Qatar - -Reunion -Romania -Russia -Rwanda - -Saint Helena -Saint Kitts and Nevis -Saint Lucia -Saint Pierre and Miquelon -Saint Vincent and the Grenadines -San Marino -Sao Tome and Principe -Saudi Arabia -Senegal -Serbia and Montenegro -Seychelles -Sierra Leone -Singapore -Slovenia -Solomon Islands -Somalia -South Africa -South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands -Spain -Spratly Islands -Sri Lanka -Sudan -Suriname -Svalbard -Swaziland -Sweden -Switzerland -Syria - -Taiwan (follows Zimbabwe) -Tajikistan -Tanzania -Thailand -Togo -Tokelau -Tonga -Trinidad and Tobago -Tromelin Island -Tunisia -Turkey -Turkmenistan -Turks and Caicos Islands -Tuvalu - -Uganda -Ukraine -United Arab Emirates -United Kingdom -United States -Uruguay -Uzbekistan - -Vanuatu -Vatican City -Venezuela -Vietnam -Virgin Islands - -Wake Island -Wallis and Futuna -West Bank -Western Sahara -Western Samoa -World - -Yemen - -Zaire -Zambia -Zimbabwe - -Taiwan - -Appendixes - -A: The United Nations System -B: Abbreviations for International Organizations and Groups -C: International Organizations and Groups -D: Weights and Measures -E: Cross-Reference List of Geographic Names - - -Standard Time Zones of the World - -Notes, Definitions, and Abbreviations - -There have been some significant changes in this edition. The Soviet Union, -Yugoslavia, and the Iraq - Saudi Arabia Neutral Zone have been dropped. All 15 -former Soviet republics have been added - Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, -Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, -Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. Bosnia and Hercegovina, -Croatia, Macedonia, Serbia and Montenegro, and Slovenia have replaced -Yugoslavia. Three maps on areas of special interest have been added this -year - two maps on the Commonwealth of Independent States (European States -and Central Asian States) and a map of Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe. - -Abbreviations: (see Appendix B for international organizations and groups) - -avdp.: avoirdupois - -c.i.f.: cost, insurance, and freight - -CY: calendar year - -DWT: deadweight ton - -est.: estimate - -Ex-Im: Export-Import Bank of the United States - -f.o.b.: free on board - -FRG: Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany); used for information dated -before 3 October 1990 or CY91 - -FY: fiscal year - -GDP: gross domestic product - -GDR: German Democratic Republic (East Germany); used for information dated -before 3 October 1990 or CY91 - -GNP: gross national product - -GRT: gross register ton - -km: kilometer - -km2: square kilometer - -kW: kilowatt - -kWh: kilowatt hour - -m: meter - -NA: not available - -NEGL: negligible - -nm: nautical mile - -NZ: New Zealand - -ODA: official development assistance - -OOF: other official flows - -PDRY: People's Democratic Republic of Yemen [Yemen (Aden) or South Yemen]; -used for information dated before 22 May 1990 or CY91 - -UAE: United Arab Emirates - -UK: United Kingdom - -US: United States - -USSR: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union); used for information -dated before 25 December 1991 - -YAR: Yemen Arab Republic [Yemen (Sanaa) or North Yemen]; used for information -dated before 22 May 1990 or CY91 - -Administrative divisions: The numbers, designatory terms, and first-order -administrative divisions are generally those approved by the US Board on -Geographic Names (BGN). Changes that have been reported but not yet acted on -by BGN are noted. - -Area: Total area is the sum of all land and water areas delimited by -international boundaries and/or coastlines. Land area is the aggregate of -all surfaces delimited by international boundaries and/or coastlines, -excluding inland water bodies (lakes, reservoirs, rivers). Comparative areas -are based on total area equivalents. Most entities are compared with the -entire US or one of the 50 states. The smaller entities are compared with -Washington, DC (178 km2, 69 miles2) or the Mall in Washington, DC (0.59 km2, -0.23 miles2, 146 acres). - -Birth rate: The average annual number of births during a year per 1,000 -population at midyear; also known as crude birth rate. - -Dates of information: In general, information available as of 1 January 1992 -was used in the preparation of this edition. Population figures are estimates -for 1 July 1992, with population growth rates estimated for mid-1992 through -mid-1993. Major political events have been updated through 30 June 1992. -Military age figures are for 1992. - -Death rate: The average annual number of deaths during a year per l,000 -population at midyear; also known as crude death rate. - -Diplomatic representation: The US Government has diplomatic relations with -176 nations (the US has not yet established full diplomatic relations with -Bosnia and Hercegovina, Croatia, and Slovenia). The US has diplomatic -relations with 167 of the 178 UN members - the exceptions are Angola, Bhutan, -Bosnia and Hercegovina, Croatia, Cuba, Iran, Iraq, North Korea, Slovenia, -and Vietnam. In addition, the US has diplomatic relations with 9 nations -that are not in the UN - Andorra, Kiribati, Monaco, Nauru, San Marino, -Switzerland, Tonga, Tuvalu, and Vatican City. - -Disputes: This category includes a wide variety of situations that range from -traditional bilateral boundary disputes to unilateral claims of one sort or -another. Every international land boundary dispute in the ``Guide to Interna- -tional Boundaries,'' a map published by the Department of State, is included. -References to other situations may also be included that are border or -frontier relevant, such as maritime disputes, geopolitical questions, or -irredentist issues. However, inclusion does not necessarily constitute -official acceptance or recognition by the US Government. - -Economic aid: This entry refers to bilateral commitments of official develop- -ment assistance (ODA), which is defined as government grants that are -administered with the promotion of economic development and welfare of LDCs -as their main objective and are concessional in character and contain a -grant element of at least 25%, and other official flows (OOF) or transactions -by the official sector whose main objective is other than development -motivated or whose grant element is below the 25% threshold for ODA. OOF -transactions include official export credits (such as Eximbank credits), -official equity and portfolio investment, and debt reorganization by the -official sector that does not meet concessional terms. Aid is considered to -have been committed when agreements are initialed by the parties involved and -constitute a formal declaration of intent. - -Entities: Some of the nations, dependent areas, areas of special sovereignty, -and governments included in this publication are not independent, and others -are not officially recognized by the US Government. ``Nation'' refers to a -people politically organized into a sovereign state with a definite territory. -``Dependent'' area refers to a broad category of political entities that are -associated in some way with a nation. Names used for page headings are usually -the short-form names as approved by the US Board on Geographic Names. The -long-form name is included in the ``Government'' section, and an entry of -``none'' indicates a long-form name does not exist. In some instances, no -short-form name exists - then the long-form name must serve for all usages. -There are 264 entities in The World Factbook that may be categorized as -follows: - -NATIONS - -177 UN members (excluding Yugoslavia) - -11 nations that are not members of the UN - Andorra, Georgia, Kiribati, -Macedonia, Monaco, Nauru, Serbia and Montenegro, Switzerland, Tonga, Tuvalu, -Vatican City (Holy See) - -OTHER - -1 Taiwan - -DEPENDENT AREAS - -6 Australia - Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) -Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Norfolk Island - -2 Denmark - Faroe Islands, Greenland - -16 France - Bassas da India, Clipperton Island, Europa Island, French Guiana, -French Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Glorioso Islands, -Guadeloupe, Juan de Nova Island, Martinique, Mayotte, New Caledonia, Reunion, -Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Tromelin Island, Wallis and Futuna - -2 Netherlands - Aruba, Netherlands Antilles - -3 New Zealand - Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau - -3 Norway - Bouvet Island, Jan Mayen, Svalbard - -1 Portugal - Macau - -16 United Kingdom - Anguilla, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean Territory, British -Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, Guernsey, -Hong Kong, Isle of Man, Jersey, Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena, -South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands - -15 United States - American Samoa, Baker Island, Guam, Howland Island, Jarvis -Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Islands, Navassa Island, Northern -Mariana Islands, Palmyra Atoll, Puerto Rico, Trust Territory of the Pacific -Islands (Palau), Virgin Islands, Wake Island - -MISCELLANEOUS - -6 Antarctica, Gaza Strip, Paracel Islands, Spratly Islands, West Bank, Western -Sahara - -OTHER ENTITIES - -4 oceans - Arctic Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean - -1 World - -264 total - -note: The US Government does not recognize the four so-called independent -homelands of Bophuthatswana, Ciskei, Transkei, and Venda in South Africa. - -Gross domestic product (GDP): The value of all goods and services produced -domestically. - -Gross national product (GNP): The value of all goods and services produced -domestically plus income earned abroad, minus income earned by foreigners -from domestic production. - -GNP/GDP methodology: In the ``Economy'' section, GNP/GDP dollar estimates for -the OECD countries, the former Soviet republics, and the East European -countries are derived from purchasing power parity (PPP) calculations rather -than from conversions at official currency exchange rates. The PPP method -normally involves the use of international dollar price weights, which are -applied to the quantities of goods and services produced in a given economy. -In addition to the lack of reliable data from the majority of countries, the -statistician faces a major difficulty in specifying, identifying, and allowing -for the quality of goods and services. The division of a PPP GNP/GDP estimate -in dollars by the corresponding estimate in the local currency gives the PPP -conversion rate. One thousand dollars will buy the same market basket of goods -in the US as one thousand dollars - converted to the local currency at the PPP -conversion rate - will buy in the other country. GNP/GDP estimates for the -LDCs, on the other hand, are based on the conversion of GNP/GDP estimates in -local currencies to dollars at the official currency exchange rates. One -caution: the proportion of, say, defense expenditures as a percent of GNP/GDP -in local currency accounts may differ substantially from the proportion when -GNP/GDP accounts are expressed in PPP terms, as, for example, when an observer -estimates the dollar level of Russian or Japanese military expenditures; -similar problems exist when components are expressed in dollars under currency -exchange rate procedures. Finally, as academic research moves forward on the -PPP method, we hope to convert all GNP/GDP estimates to this method in future -editions of The World Factbook. - -Growth rate (population): The annual percent change in the population, -resulting from a surplus (or deficit) of births over deaths and the balance -of migrants entering and leaving a country. The rate may be positive or -negative. - -Illicit drugs: There are five categories of illicit drugs - narcotics, -stimulants, depressants (sedatives), hallucinogens, and cannabis. These -categories include many drugs legally produced and prescribed by doctors as -well as those illegally produced and sold outside medical channels. - -Cannabis (Cannabis sativa) is the common hemp plant, which provides -hallucinogens with some sedative properties, and includes marijuana (pot, -Acapulco gold, grass, reefer), tetrahydrocannabinol (THC, Marinol), hashish -(hash), and hashish oil (hash oil). - -Coca (Erythroxylon coca) is a bush, and the leaves contain the stimulant -cocaine. Coca is not to be confused with cocoa, which comes from cacao seeds -and is used in making chocolate, cocoa, and cocoa butter. - -Cocaine is a stimulant derived from the leaves of the coca bush. - -Depressants (sedatives) are drugs that reduce tension and anxiety and include -chloral hydrate, barbiturates (Amytal, Nembutal, Seconal, phenobarbital), -benzodiazepines (Librium, Valium), methaqualone (Quaalude), glutethimide -(Doriden), and others (Equanil, Placidyl, Valmid). - -Drugs are any chemical substances that effect a physical, mental, emotional, -or behavioral change in an individual. - -Drug abuse is the use of any licit or illicit chemical substance that results -in physical, mental, emotional, or behavioral impairment in an individual. - -Hallucinogens are drugs that affect sensation, thinking, self-awareness, and -emotion. - -Hallucinogens include LSD (acid, microdot), mescaline and peyote (mexc, -buttons, cactus), amphetamine variants (PMA, STP, DOB), phencyclidine (PCP, -angel dust, hog), phencyclidine analogues (PCE, PCPy, TCP), and others -(psilocybin, psilocyn). - -Hashish is the resinous exudate of the cannabis or hemp plant (Cannabis -sativa). - -Heroin is a semisynthetic derivative of morphine. - -Marijuana is the dried leaves of the cannabis or hemp plant (Cannabis sativa). - -Narcotics are drugs that relieve pain, often induce sleep, and refer to opium, -opium derivatives, and synthetic substitutes. Natural narcotics include opium -(paregoric, parepectolin), morphine (MS-Contin, Roxanol), codeine (Tylenol -w/codeine, Empirin w/codeine, Robitussan A-C), and thebaine. Semisynthetic -narcotics include heroin (horse, smack), and hydromorphone (Dilaudid). -Synthetic narcotics include meperidine or Pethidine (Demerol, Mepergan), -methadone (Dolophine, Methadose), and others (Darvon, Lomotil). - -Opium is the milky exudate of the incised, unripe seedpod of the opium poppy. - -Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) is the source for many natural and -semisynthetic narcotics. - -Poppy straw concentrate is the alkaloid derived from the mature dried opium -poppy. - -Qat (kat, khat) is a stimulant from the buds or leaves of Catha edulis that -is chewed or drunk as tea. - -Stimulants are drugs that relieve mild depression, increase energy and -activity, and include cocaine (coke, snow, crack), amphetamines (Desoxyn, -Dexedrine), phenmetrazine (Preludin), methylphenidate (Ritalin), and others -(Cylert, Sanorex, Tenuate). - -Infant mortality rate: The number of deaths to infants under one year old in -a given year per l,000 live births occurring in the same year. - -Land use: Human use of the land surface is categorized as arable land - land -cultivated for crops that are replanted after each harvest (wheat, maize, -rice); permanent crops - land cultivated for crops that are not replanted -after each harvest (citrus, coffee, rubber); meadows and pastures - land -permanently used for herbaceous forage crops; forest and woodland - land -under dense or open stands of trees; and other - any land type not specifi- -cally mentioned above (urban areas, roads, desert). The percentage figure for -irrigated land refers to the portion of the entire amount of land area that -is artificially supplied with water. - -Leaders: The chief of state is the titular leader of the country who -represents the state at official and ceremonial funcions but is not involved -with the day-to-day activities of the government. The head of government is -the administrative leader who manages the day-to-day activities of the -government. In the UK, the monarch is the chief of state, and the Prime -Minister is the head of government. In the US, the President is both the -chief of state and the head of government. - -Life expectancy at birth: The average number of years to be lived by a group -of people all born in the same year, if mortality at each age remains -constant in the future. - -Literacy: There are no universal definitions and standards of literacy. -Unless otherwise noted, all rates are based on the most common definition - -the ability to read and write at a specified age. Detailing the standards -that individual countries use to assess the ability to read and write is -beyond the scope of this publication. - -Maps: All maps will be available only in the printed version for the fore- -seeable future. - -Maritime claims: The proximity of neighboring states may prevent some -national claims from being fully extended. - -Merchant marine: All ships engaged in the carriage of goods. All commercial -vessels (as opposed to all nonmilitary ships), which excludes tugs, fishing -vessels, offshore oil rigs, etc.; also, a grouping of merchant ships by -nationality or register. - -Captive register - A register of ships maintained by a territory, possession, -or colony primarily or exclusively for the use of ships owned in the parent -country; also referred to as an offshore register, the offshore equivalent -of an internal register. Ships on a captive register will fly the same flag -as the parent country, or a local variant of it, but will be subject to the -maritime laws and taxation rules of the offshore territory. Although the -nature of a captive register makes it especially desirable for ships owned in -the parent country, just as in the internal register, the ships may also be -owned abroad. The captive register then acts as a flag of convenience -register, except that it is not the register of an independent state. - -Flag of convenience register - A national register offering registration to a -merchant ship not owned in the flag state. The major flags of convenience -(FOC) attract ships to their register by virtue of low fees, low or -nonexistent taxation of profits, and liberal manning requirements. True FOC -registers are characterized by having relatively few of the ships registered -actually owned in the flag state. Thus, while virtually any flag can be used -for ships under a given set of circumstances, an FOC register is one where -the majority of the merchant fleet is owned abroad. -It is also referred to as an open register. - -Flag state - The nation in which a ship is registered and which holds legal -jurisdiction over operation of the ship, whether at home or abroad. -Differences in flag state maritime legislation determine how a ship is manned -and taxed and whether a foreign-owned ship may be placed on the register. - -Internal register - A register of ships maintained as a subset of a national -register. Ships on the internal register fly the national flag and have that -nationality but are subject to a separate set of maritime rules from those on -the main national register. These differences usually include lower taxation -of profits, manning by foreign nationals, and, usually, ownership outside the -flag state (when it functions as an FOC register). The Norwegian International -Ship Register and Danish International Ship Register are the most notable -examples of an internal register. -Both have been instrumental in stemming flight from the national flag to -flags of convenience and in attracting foreign-owned ships to the Norwegian -and Danish flags. - -Merchant ship - A vessel that carries goods against payment of freight; -commonly used to denote any nonmilitary ship but accurately restricted to -commercial vessels only. - -Register - The record of a ship's ownership and nationality as listed with -the maritime authorities of a country; also, the compendium of such individual -ships' registrations. Registration of a ship provides it with a nationality -and makes it subject to the laws of the country in which registered (the flag -state) regardless of the nationality of the ship's ultimate owner. - -Money figures: All are expressed in contemporaneous US dollars unless -otherwise indicated. - -Net migration rate: The balance between the number of persons entering and -leaving a country during the year per 1,000 persons (based on midyear -population). An excess of persons entering the country is referred to as net -immigration (3.56 migrants/1,000 population); an excess of persons leaving the -country as net emigration (-9.26 migrants/1,000 population). - -Population: Figures are estimates from the Bureau of the Census based on -statistics from population censuses, vital registration systems, or sample -surveys pertaining to the recent past, and on assumptions about future trends. - -Total fertility rate: The average number of children that would be born per -woman if all women lived to the end of their childbearing years and bore -children according to a given fertility rate at each age. - -Years: All year references are for the calendar year (CY) unless indicated as -fiscal year (FY). - -Note: Information for the US and US dependencies was compiled from material -in the public domain and does not represent Intelligence Community estimates. -The Handbook of International Economic and Environmental Statistics, -published annually in September by the Central Intelligence Agency, contains -detailed economic information for the Organization for Economic Cooperation -and Development (OECD) countries, Eastern Europe, the newly independent -republics of the former nations of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union, and -selected other countries. The Handbook can be obtained wherever The World -Factbook is available. - - -Appendix A: - - The United Nations System - - The UN is composed of six principal organs and numerous subordinate -agencies and bodies as follows: - -1) Secretariat - -2) General Assembly: - UNCHS United Nations Center for Human Settlements (Habitat) - UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development - UNDP United Nations Development Program - UNEP United Nations Environment Program - UNFPA United Nations Population Fund - UNHCR United Nations Office of High Commissioner for Refugees - UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund - UNITAR United Nations Institute for Training and Research - UNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine - Refugees in the Near East - UNSF United Nations Special Fund - UNU United Nations University - WFC World Food Council - WFP World Food Program - -3) Security Council: - UNAVEM United Nations Angola Verification Mission - UNDOF United Nations Disengagement Observer Force - UNFICYP United Nations Force in Cyprus - UNIFIL United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon - UNIIMOG United Nations Iran-Iraq Military Observer Group - UNMOGIP United Nations Military Observer Group in India and - Pakistan - UNTSO United Nations Truce Supervision Organization - -4) Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC): - Specialized agencies - FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations - IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development - ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization - IDA International Development Association - IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development - IFC International Finance Corporation - ILO International Labor Organization - IMF International Monetary Fund - IMO International Maritime Organization - ITU International Telecommunication Union - UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural - Organization - UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization - UPU Universal Postal Union - WHO World Health Organization - WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization - WMO World Meteorological Organization - Related organizations - GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade - IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency - Regional commissions - ECA Economic Commission for Africa - ECE Economic Commission for Europe - ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean - ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific - ESCWA Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia - Functional commissions - Commission on Human Rights - Commission on Narcotic Drugs - Commission for Social Development - Commission on the Status of Women - Population Commission - Statistical Commission - -5) Trusteeship Council - -6) International Court of Justice (ICJ) - -Appendix B - -Abbreviations for International Organizations and Groups - -ABEDA Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa -ACC Arab Cooperation Council -ACCT Agency for Cultural and Technical Cooperation -ACP African, Caribbean, and Pacific Countries -AfDB African Development Bank -AFESD Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development -AG Andean Group -AL Arab League -ALADI Asociacion Latinoamericana de Integracion; see Latin - American Integration Association (LAIA) -AMF Arab Monetary Fund -AMU Arab Maghreb Union -ANZUS Australia-New Zealand-United States Security Treaty -APEC Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation -AsDB Asian Development Bank -ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations - -BAD Banque Africaine de Developpement; - see African Development Bank (AfDB) -BADEA Banque Arabe de Developpement Economique en Afrique; - see Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (ABEDA) -BCIE Banco Centroamericano de Integracion Economico; see Central - American Bank for Economic Integration (BCIE) -BDEAC Banque de Developpment des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale; see - Central African States Development Bank (BDEAC) -Benelux Benelux Economic Union -BID Banco Interamericano de Desarvollo; see Inter-American - Development Bank (IADB) -BIS Bank for International Settlements -BOAD Banque Ouest-Africaine de Developpement; see West African - Development Bank (WADB) - -C Commonwealth -CACM Central American Common Market -CAEU Council of Arab Economic Unity -CARICOM Caribbean Community and Common Market -CCC Customs Cooperation Council -CDB Caribbean Development Bank -CE Council of Europe -CEAO Communaute Economique de l'Afrique de l'Ouest; see West - African Economic Community (CEAO) -CEEAC Communaute Economique des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale; see - Economic Community of Central African States (CEEAC) -CEMA Council for Mutual Economic Assistance; also known as CMEA or - Comecon; abolished 1 January 1991 -CEPGL Communaute Economique des Pays des Grands Lacs; see Economic - Community of the Great Lakes Countries (CEPGL) -CERN Conseil Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire; see European - Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) -CG Contadora Group -CIS Commonwealth of Independent States -CMEA Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CEMA); also known as - Comecon; abolished 1 January 1991 -COCOM Coordinating Committee on Export Controls -Comecon Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CEMA); also known as - CMEA; abolished 1 January 1991 -CP Colombo Plan -CSCE Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe - -DC developed country - -EADB East African Development Bank -EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development -EC European Community -ECA Economic Commission for Africa -ECAFE Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East; see Economic and - Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) -ECE Economic Commission for Europe -ECLA Economic Commission for Latin America; see Economic Commission - for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) -ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean -ECOSOC Economic and Social Council -ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States -ECWA Economic Commission for Western Asia; see Economic and Social - Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) -EFTA European Free Trade Association -EIB European Investment Bank -Entente Council of the Entente -ESA European Space Agency -ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific -ESCWA Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia - -FAO Food and Agriculture Organization -FLS Front Line States -FZ Franc Zone - -G-2 Group of 2 -G-3 Group of 3 -G-5 Group of 5 -G-6 Group of 6 (not to be confused with the Big Six) -G-7 Group of 7 -G-8 Group of 8 -G-9 Group of 9 -G-10 Group of 10 -G-11 Group of 11 -G-15 Group of 15 -G-19 Group of 19 -G-24 Group of 24 -G-30 Group of 30 -G-33 Group of 33 -G-77 Group of 77 -GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade -GCC Gulf Cooperation Council - -Habitat see United Nations Center for Human Settlements (UNCHS) -HG Hexagonal Group - -IADB Inter-American Development Bank -IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency -IBEC International Bank for Economic Cooperation -IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development -ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization -ICC International Chamber of Commerce -ICEM Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration; see - International Organization for Migration (IOM) -ICFTU International Confederation of Free Trade Unions -ICJ International Court of Justice -ICM Intergovernmental Committee for Migration; see - International Organization for Migration (IOM) -ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross -IDA International Development Association -IDB Islamic Development Bank -IEA International Energy Agency -IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development -IFC International Finance Corporation -IGADD Inter-Governmental Authority on Drought and Development -IIB International Investment Bank -ILO International Labor Organization -IMCO Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization; see - International Maritime Organization (IMO) -IMF International Monetary Fund -IMO International Maritime Organization -INMARSAT International Maritime Satellite Organization -INTELSAT International Telecommunications Satellite Organization -INTERPOL International Criminal Police Organization -IOC International Olympic Committee -IOM International Organization for Migration -ISO International Organization for Standardization -ITU International Telecommunication Union - -LAES Latin American Economic System -LAIA Latin American Integration Association -LAS League of Arab States; see Arab League (AL) -LDC less developed country -LLDC least developed country -LORCS League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies - -MERCOSUR Southern Cone Common Market -MTCR Missile Technology Control Regime - -NACC North Atlantic Cooperation Council -NAM Nonaligned Movement -NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization -NC Nordic Council -NEA Nuclear Energy Agency -NIB Nordic Investment Bank -NIC newly industrializing country; see newly industrializing - economy (NIE) -NIE newly industrializing economy -NSG Nuclear Suppliers Group - -OAPEC Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries -OAS Organization of American States -OAU Organization of African Unity -OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development -OECS Organization of Eastern Caribbean States -OIC Organization of the Islamic Conference -OPANAL Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America - and the Caribbean -OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries - -PCA Permanent Court of Arbitration - -RG Rio Group - -SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation -SACU Southern African Customs Union -SADCC Southern African Development Coordination Conference -SELA Sistema Economico Latinoamericana; see Latin American Economic - System (LAES) -SPC South Pacific Commission -SPF South Pacific Forum - -UDEAC Union Douaniere et Economique de l'Afrique Centrale; see - Central African Customs and Economic Union (UDEAC) -UN United Nations -UNAVEM United Nations Angola Verification Mission -UNCHS United National Center for Human Settlements (also - known as Habitat) -UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development -UNDOF United Nations Disengagement Observer Force -UNDP United Nations Development Program -UNEP United Nations Environment Program -UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural - Organization -UNFICYP United Nations Force in Cyprus -UNFPA United Nations Fund for Population Activities; see UN Population - Fund (UNFPA) -UNHCR United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees -UNICEF United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund; see - United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) -UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization -UNIFIL United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon -UNIIMOG United Nations Iran-Iraq Military Observer Group -UNMOGIP United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan -UNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees - in the Near East -UNTSO United Nations Truce Supervision Organization -UPU Universal Postal Union -USSR/EE USSR/Eastern Europe - -WADB West African Development Bank -WCL World Confederation of Labor -WEU Western European Union -WFC World Food Council -WFP World Food Program -WFTU World Federation of Trade Unions -WHO World Health Organization -WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization -WMO World Meteorological Organization -WP Warsaw Pact (members met 1 July 1991 to dissolve the alliance) -WTO World Tourism Organization - -ZC Zangger Committee - -note: not all international organizations and groups have abbreviations - -Appendix C: - -International Organizations and Groups - - -********** - -advanced developing countries - -Note - another term for those less developed countries (LDCs) -with particularly rapid industrial development; see newly -industrializing economies (NIEs) - -********** - -African, Caribbean, and Pacific Countries (ACP) - -established - 1 April 1976 - -aim - members have a preferential economic and aid relationship -with the EC - -members - (69) Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, -Barbados, Belize, Benin, Boswana, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, -Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, -Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Equatorial Guinea, -Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guinea, -Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Kenya, -Kiribati, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, -Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, -Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the -Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra -Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, -Tanzania, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tuvalu, Uganda, -Vanuatu, Western Samoa, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe - -********** - -African Development Bank (AfDB), also known as Banque Africaine -de Developpement (BAD) - -established - 4 August 1963 - -aim - to promote economic and social development - -regional members - (51) Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, -Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, -Chad, Comoros, Congo, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, -Ethiopia, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory -Coast, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, -Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, -Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, -Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, -Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe - -nonregional members - (25) Argentina, Australia, Austria, -Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Denmark, Finland, France, -Germany, India, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Kuwait, Netherlands, -Norway, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US, -Yugoslavia - -********** - -Agence de Cooperation Culturelle et Technique (ACCT) - -Note - see Agency for Cultural and Technical Cooperation (ACCT) - -********** - -Agency for Cultural and Technical Cooperation (ACCT) - -Note - acronym from Agence de Cooperation Culturelle et Technique - -established - 21 March 1970 - -aim - to promote cultural and technical cooperation among French- -speaking countries - -members - (32) Belgium, Benin, Burkina, Burundi, Canada, Central -African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Djibouti, Dominica, -France, Gabon, Guinea, Haiti, Ivory Coast, Lebanon, Luxembourg, -Madagascar, Mali, Mauritius, Monaco, Niger, Rwanda, Sao Tome and -Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Togo, Tunisia, Vanuatu, Vietnam, -Zaire - -associate members - (7) Cameroon, Egypt, Guinea-Bissau, Laos, -Mauritania, Morocco, Saint Lucia - -participating governments - (2) New Brunswick (Canada), Quebec -(Canada) - -********** - -Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America -and the Caribbean (OPANAL) - -Note - acronym from Organismo para la Proscripcion de las Armas -Nucleares en la America Latina y el Caribe (OPANAL) - -established - 14 February 1967 - -aim - to encourage the peaceful uses of atomic energy and -prohibit nuclear weapons - -members - (24) Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, -Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, -Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, -Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, -Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela - -********** - -Andean Group (AG) - -established - 26 May 1969, effective 16 October 1969 - -aim - to promote harmonious development through economic -integration - -members - (5) Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela - -associate member - (1) Panama - -observers - (26) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, -Canada, Costa Rica, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, -India, Israel, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Paraguay, -Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US, Uruguay, Yugoslavia - -Note - The US view is that the Socialist Federal represents its -continuation. Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) has dissolved and -that none of the successor republics - -********** - -Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (ABEDA) - -Note - also known as Banque Arabe de Developpement Economique en -Afrique (BADEA) - -established - 18 February 1974 - -effective - 16 September 1974 - -aim - to promote economic development - -members - (16 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) -Algeria, Bahrain, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, -Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, -Tunisia, UAE, Palestine Liberation Organization; note - these are -all the members of the Arab League except Djibouti, Somalia, and -Yemen - -********** - -Arab Cooperation Council (ACC) - -established - 16 February 1989 - -aim - to promote economic cooperation and integration, possibly -leading to an Arab Common Market - -members - (4) Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Yemen - -********** - -Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development (AFESD) - -established - 16 May 1968 - -aim - to promote economic and social development - -members - (20 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) -Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt (suspended from 1979 to 1988), -Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, -Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, UAE, Yemen, -Palestine Liberation Organization - -********** - -Arab League (AL) - -Note - also known as League of Arab States (LAS) - -established - 22 March 1945 - -aim - to promote economic, social, political, and military -cooperation - -members - (20 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) -Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, -Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, -Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation -Organization - -********** - -Arab Maghreb Union (AMU) - -established - 17 February 1989 - -aim - to promote cooperation and integration among the Arab -states of northern Africa - -members - (5) Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia - -********** - -Arab Monetary Fund (AMF) - -established - 27 April 1976 - -effective - 2 February 1977 - -aim - to promote Arab cooperation, development, and integration -in monetary and economic affairs - -members - (19 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) -Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, -Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, -Syria, Tunisia, UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization - -********** - -Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) - -established - NA November 1989 - -aim - to promote trade and investment in the Pacific basin - -members - (15) all ASEAN members (Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, -Philippines, Singapore, Thailand) plus Australia, Canada, China, -Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, NZ, Taiwan, US - -********** - -Asian Development Bank (AsDB) - -established - 19 December 1966 - -aim - to promote regional economic cooperation - -regional members - (35) Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, -Bhutan, Burma, Cambodia, China, Cook Islands, Fiji, Hong Kong, -India, Indonesia, Japan, Kiribati, South Korea, Laos, Malaysia, -Maldives, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, -Mongolia, Nepal, NZ, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, -Singapore, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Tonga, -Vanuatu, Vietnam, Western Samoa - -nonregional members - (15) Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, -Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, -Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US - -********** - -Asociacion Latinoamericana de Integracion (ALADI) - -Note - see Latin American Integration Association (LAIA) - -********** - -Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) - -established - 9 August 1967 - -aim - regional economic, social, and cultural cooperation among -the non-Communist countries of Southeast Asia - -members - (6) Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, -Singapore, Thailand - -observer - (1) Papua New Guinea - -********** - -Australia Group - -established - 1984 - -aim - to consult on and coordinate export controls related to -chemical and biological weapons - -members - (22) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, -Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Japan, -Luxembourg, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, -Switzerland, UK, US - -********** - -Australia - New Zealand - United States Security Treaty (ANZUS) - -established - 1 September 1951, effective 29 April 1952 - -aim - trilateral mutual security agreement, although the US -suspended security obligations to NZ on 11 August 1986 - -members - (3) Australia, NZ, US - -********** - -Banco Centroamericano de Integracion Economico (BCIE) - -Note - see Central American Bank for Economic Integration (BCIE) - -********** - -Banco Interamericano de Desarvollo (BID) - -Note - see Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) - -********** - -Bank for International Settlements (BIS) - -established - 20 January 1930 - -effective - 17 March 1930 - -aim - to promote cooperation among central banks in international -financial settlements - -members - (29) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, -Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, -Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Norway, -Poland, Portugal, Romania, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, -Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US, Yugoslavia - -********** - -Banque Africaine de Developpement (BAD) - -Note - see African Development Bank (AfDB) - -********** - -Banque Arabe de Developpement Economique en Afrique (BADEA) - -Note - see Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (ABEDA) - -********** - -Banque de Developpement des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale (BDEAC) - -Note - see Central African States Development Bank (BDEAC) - -********** - -Banque Ouest-Africaine de Developpement (BOAD) - -Note - see West African Development Bank (WADB) - -********** - -Benelux Economic Union (Benelux) - -Note - acronym from Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg - -established - 3 February 1958 - -effective - 1 November 1960 - -aim - to develop closer economic cooperation and integration - -members - (3) Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands - -********** - -Big Seven - -Note - membership is the same as the Group of 7 - -established - NA - -aim - to discuss and coordinate major economic policies - -members - (7) Big Six (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK) -plus the US - -********** - -Big Six - -Note - not to be confused with the Group of 6 - -established - NA - -aim - economic cooperation - -members - (6) Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK - -********** - -Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM) - -established - 4 July 1973 - -effective - 1 August 1973 - -aim - to promote economic integration and development, especially -among the less developed countries - -members - (13) Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, -Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Montserrat, Saint -Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, -Trinidad and Tobago - -associate members - (2) British Virgin Islands, Turks and Caicos -Islands - -observers - (10) Anguilla, Bermuda, Cayman Islands, Dominican -Republic, Haiti, Mexico, Netherlands Antilles, Puerto Rico, -Suriname, Venezuela - -********** - -Caribbean Development Bank (CDB) - -established - 18 October 1969 - -effective - 26 January 1970 - -aim - to promote economic development and cooperation - -regional members - (20) Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, The -Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, British Virgin Islands, Cayman -Islands, Colombia, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Mexico, -Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and -the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands, -Venezuela - -nonregional members - (5) Canada, France, Germany, Italy, UK - -********** - -Cartagena Group - -Note - see Group of 11 - -********** - -Central African Customs and Economic Union (UDEAC) - -Note - acronym from Union Douaniere et Economique de l'Afrique -Centrale - -established - 8 December 1964 - -effective - 1 January 1966 - -aim - to promote the establishment of a Central African Common -Market - -members - (6) Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, -Equatorial Guinea, Gabon - -********** - -Central African States Development Bank (BDEAC) - -Note - acronym from Banque de Developpement des Etats de -l'Afrique Centrale - -established - 3 December 1975 - -aim - to provide loans for economic development - -members - (9) Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, -Equatorial Guinea, France, Gabon, Germany, Kuwait - -********** - -Central American Bank for Economic Integration (BCIE) - -Note - acronym from Banco Centroamericano de Integracion -Economico - -established - 13 December 1960 - -aim - to promote economic integration and development - -members - (5) Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, -Nicaragua - -********** - -Central American Common Market (CACM) - -established - 13 December 1960 - -effective - 3 June 1961 - -aim - to promote establishment of a Central American Common -Market - -members - (5) Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, -Nicaragua - -********** - -centrally planned economies - -Note - a term applied mainly to the traditionally Communist -states that looked to the former USSR for leadership; most are -now evolving toward more democratic and market-oriented systems; -also known formerly as the Second World or as the Communist -countries; through the 1980s, this group included Albania, -Bulgaria, Cambodia, China, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, GDR, Hungary, -North Korea, Laos, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, USSR, Vietnam, -Yugoslavia - -********** - -Colombo Plan (CP) - -established - 1 July 1951 - -aim - to promote economic and social development in Asia and the -Pacific - -nembers - (26) Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma, -Cambodia, Canada, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, South -Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Maldives, Nepal, NZ, Pakistan, Papua New -Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, UK, US - -********** - -Commission for Social Development - -established - 21 June 1946 as the Social Commission, renamed 29 -July 1966 - -aim - ECOSOC organization dealing with social development -programs - -members - (31) selected on a rotating basis from all regions - -********** - -Commission on Human Rights - -established - 18 February 1946 - -aim - ECOSOC organization dealing with human rights - -members - (43) selected on a rotating basis from all regions - -********** - -Commission on Narcotic Drugs - -established - 16 February 1946 - -aim - ECOSOC organization dealing with illicit drugs - -members - (38) selected on a rotating basis from all regions with -emphasis on producing and processing countries - -********** - -Commission on the Status of Women - -established - 21 June 1946 - -aim - ECOSOC organization dealing with women's rights - -members - (32) selected on a rotating basis from all regions - -********** - -Commonwealth (C) - -established - 31 December 1931 - -aim - voluntary association that evolved from the British Empire -and that seeks to foster multinational cooperation and assistance - -members - (48) Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, The Bahamas, -Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Botswana, Brunei, Canada, Cyprus, -Dominica, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guyana, India, Jamaica, -Kenya, Kiribati, Lesotho, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Malta, -Mauritius, Namibia, NZ, Nigeria, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, -Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the -Grenadines, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, -Sri Lanka, Swaziland, Tanzania, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, -Uganda, UK, Vanuatu, Western Samoa, Zambia, Zimbabwe - -special members - (2) Nauru, Tuvalu - -********** - -Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) - -established - 8 December 1991 - -effective - 21 December 1991 - -aim - to coordinate intercommonwealth relations and to provide a -mechanism for the orderly dissolution of the USSR - -members - (11) Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, -Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, -Uzbekistan - -********** - -Communaute Economique de l'Afrique de l'Ouest (CEAO) - -Note - see West African Economic Community (CEAO) - -********** - -Communaute Economique des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale (CEEAC) - -Note - see Economic Community of Central African States (CEEAC) - -********** - -Communaute Economique des Pays des Grands Lacs (CEPGL) - -Note - see Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries -(CEPGL) - -********** - -Communist countries - -Note - traditionally the Marxist-Leninist states with -authoritarian governments and command economies based on the -Soviet model; most of the successor states are no longer -Communist; see centrally planned economies - -********** - -Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) - -established - NA November 1972 - -aim - discusses issues of mutual concern and reviews -implementation of the Helsinki Agreement - -members - (52) Albania, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, -Belgium, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, -Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, -Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, -Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, -Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, -Portugal, Romania, Russia, San Marino, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, -Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, UK, US, -Uzbekistan, Vatican City, Yugoslavia - -********** - -Conseil Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire (CERN) - -Note - see European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) - -********** - -Contadora Group (CG) - -Note - was established 5 January 1983 (on the Panamanian island -of Contadora) to reduce tensions and conflicts in Central America -but evolved into the Rio Group (RG); members included Colombia, -Mexico, Panama, Venezuela - -********** - -Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf - -Note - see Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) - -********** - -Coordinating Committee on Export Controls (COCOM) - -established - NA 1949 - -aim - to control the export of strategic products and technical -data from member countries to proscribed destinations - -members - (17) Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, -Germany, Greece, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, -Portugal, Spain, Turkey, UK, US - -cooperating countries - (8) Austria, Finland, Ireland, South -Korea, NZ, Singapore, Sweden, Switzerland - -********** - -Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CEMA) - -Note - also known as CMEA or Comecon, was established 25 January -1949 to promote the development of socialist economies and was -abolished 1 January 1991; members included Afghanistan -(observer), Albania (had not participated since 1961 break with -USSR), Angola (observer), Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, -Ethiopia (observer), GDR, Hungary, Laos (observer), Mongolia, -Mozambique (observer), Nicaragua (observer), Poland, Romania, -USSR, Vietnam, Yemen (observer), Yugoslavia (associate) - -********** - -Council of Arab Economic Unity (CAEU) - -established - 3 June 1957 - -effective - 30 May 1964 - -aim - to promote economic integration among Arab nations - -members - (11 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Egypt, -Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, Mauritania, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, -UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization - -********** - -Council of Europe (CE) - -established - 5 May 1949 - -effective - 3 August 1949 - -aim - to promote increased unity and quality of life in Europe - -members - (28) Austria, Belgium, Belarus, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, -Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, -Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, -Norway, Poland, Portugal, San Marino, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, -Turkey, Ukraine, UK - -********** - -Council of the Entente (Entente) - -established - 29 May 1959 - -aim - to promote economic, social, and political coordination - -members - (5) Benin, Burkina, Ivory Coast, Niger, Togo - -********** - -Customs Cooperation Council (CCC) - -established - 15 December 1950 - -aim - to promote international cooperation in customs matters - -members - (108) Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Australia, Austria, -The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Belgium, Bermuda, Botswana, Brazil, -Bulgaria, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Central African -Republic, Chile, China, Congo, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, -Denmark, Egypt, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, -Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Hong Kong, -Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, -Italy, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, South Korea, -Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, -Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Morocco, -Mozambique, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, -Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, -Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, South -Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, -Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, -Turkey, Uganda, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, -Zimbabwe - -********** - -developed countries (DCs) - -Note - the top group in the comprehensive but mutually exclusive -hierarchy of developed countries (DCs), former USSR/Eastern -Europe (former USSR/EE), and less developed countries (LDCs); -includes the market-oriented economies of the mainly democratic -nations in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and -Development (OECD), Bermuda, Israel, South Africa, and the -European ministates; also known as the First World, high-income -countries, the North, industrial countries; generally have a per -capita GNP/GDP in excess of $10,000 although some OECD countries -and South Africa have figures well under $10,000 and two of the -excluded OPEC countries have figures of more than $10,000. The -34 DCs are: Andorra, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bermuda, -Canada, Denmark, Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, -Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Liechtenstein, -Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Portugal, San -Marino, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US, -Vatican City - -********** - -developing countries - -Note - an imprecise term for the less developed countries with -growing economies; see less developed countries (LDCs) - -********** - -East African Development Bank (EADB) - -established - 6 June 1967 - -effective - 1 December 1967 - -aim - to promote economic development - -members - (3) Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda - -********** - -Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) - -established - 28 March 1947 as Economic Commission for Asia and -the Far East (ECAFE) - -aim - to promote economic development as a regional commission -for the UN's ECOSOC - -members - (39) Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, -Brunei, Burma, Cambodia, China, Fiji, France, India, Indonesia, -Iran, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Maldives, -Mongolia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Pakistan, Papua New -Guinea, Philippines, Russia, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Sri -Lanka, Thailand, Tonga, Tuvalu, UK, US, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Western -Samoa - -associate members - (10) American Samoa, Cook Islands, Guam, Hong -Kong, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, -Niue, Northern Mariana Islands, Trust Territory of the Pacific -Islands (Palau) - -********** - -Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) - -established - 9 August 1973 as Economic Commission for Western -Asia (ECWA) - -aim - to promote economic development as a regional commission -for the UN's ECOSOC - -members - (12 and the Palestine Liberation Organization) Bahrain, -Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, -Syria, UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization - -********** - -Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) - -established - 26 June 1945 - -effective - 24 October 1945 - -aim - to coordinate the economic and social work of the UN; -includes five regional commissions (see Economic Commission for -Africa, Economic Commission for Europe, Economic Commission for -Latin America and the Caribbean, Economic and Social Commission -for Asia and the Pacific, Economic and Social Commission for -Western Asia) and six functional commissions (see Commission for -Social Development, Commission on Human Rights, Commission on -Narcotic Drugs, Commission on the Status of Women, Population -Commission, and Statistical Commission) - -members - (54) selected on a rotating basis from all regions - -********** - -Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) - -established - 29 April 1958 - -aim - to promote economic development as a regional commission of -the UN's ECOSOC - -members - (52) Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina, -Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, -Comoros, Congo, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, -Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, -Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, -Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, -Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, -Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa (suspended), Sudan, -Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, -Zimbabwe - -********** - -Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East (ECAFE) -

see Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific -(ESCAP) - -********** - -Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) - -established - 28 March 1947 - -aim - to promote economic development as a regional commission of -the UN's ECOSOC - -members - (33) Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, -Canada, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, -Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, -Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, -Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, Ukraine, US, Yugoslavia - -********** - -Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA) -

see Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean -(ECLAC) - -********** - -Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) - -established - 25 February 1948 as Economic Commission for Latin -America (ECLA) - -aim - to promote economic development as a regional commission of -the UN's ECOSOC - -members - (41) Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, The Bahamas, -Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa -Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, -France, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, -Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, -Puerto Rico, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent -and the Grenadines, Spain, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, UK, US, -Uruguay, Venezuela - -associate members - (5) Aruba, British Virgin Islands, -Montserrat, Netherlands Antilles, Virgin Islands - -********** - -Economic Commission for Western Asia (ECWA) - -Note - see Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia -(ESCWA) - -********** - -Economic Community of Central African States (CEEAC) - acronym -from Communaute Economique des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale - -established - 18 October 1983 - -aim - to promote regional economic cooperation and establish a -Central African Common Market - -members - (10) Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, -Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, -Zaire - -observer - (1) Angola - -********** - -Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries (CEPGL) - -Note - acronym from Communaute Economique des Pays des Grands -Lacs - -established - 26 September 1976 - -aim - to promote regional economic cooperation and integration - -members - (3) Burundi, Rwanda, Zaire - -********** - -Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) - -established - 28 May 1975 - -aim - to promote regional economic cooperation - -members - (16) Benin, Burkina, Cape Verde, The Gambia, Ghana, -Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, -Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo - -********** - -European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) - -established - 15 April 1991 - -aim - to facilitate the transition of seven centrally planned -economies in Europe (Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, -Romania, former USSR, and former Yugoslavia) to market economies -by committing 60% of its loans to privatization - -members - (35) Albania, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, -Cyprus, Denmark, European Community (EC), Egypt, European -Investment Bank (EIB), Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, -Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Liechtenstein, -Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, Morocco, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, -Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US; note - -includes all 24 members of the OECD and the EC as an institution - -********** - -European Community (EC) - -established - 8 April 1965 - -effective - 1 July 1967 - -aim - a fusing of the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom), -the European Coal and Steel Community (ESC), and the European -Economic Community (EEC or Common Market); the EC plans to -establish a completely integrated common market in 1992 and an -eventual federation of Europe - -members - (12) Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, -Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, UK - -associate member - (1) Czechoslovakia - -********** - -European Free Trade Association (EFTA) - -established - 4 January 1960 - -effective - 3 May 1960 - -aim - to promote expansion of free trade - -members - (6) Austria, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, -Switzerland - -********** - -European Investment Bank (EIB) - -established - 25 March 1957 - -effective - 1 January 1958 - -aim - to promote economic development of the EC - -members - (12) Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, -Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, UK - -********** - -European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) - -Note - acronym retained from the predecessor organization Conseil -Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire - -established - 1 July 1953 - -effective - 29 September 1954 - -aim - to foster nuclear research for peaceful purposes only - -members - (16) Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, -Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, -Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK - -observers - (2) Turkey, Yugoslavia - -********** - -European Space Agency (ESA) - -established - 31 July 1973 - -effective - 1 May 1975 - -aim - to promote peaceful cooperation in space research and -technology - -members - (13) Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, -Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, -UK - -associate member - (1) Finland - -********** - -First World - -Note - another term for countries with advanced, industrialized -economies; this term is fading from use; see developed countries -(DCs) - -********** - -Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) - -established - 16 October 1945 - -aim - UN specialized agency to raise living standards and -increase availability of agricultural products - -members - (157) all UN members except Armenia, Azerbaijan, -Belarus, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Brunei, Croatia, Estonia, -Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, -Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, -Russia, San Marino, Singapore, Slovenia, South Africa, -Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan; other members are -Cook Islands, Switzerland, Tonga - -********** - -Former USSR/Eastern Europe (former USSR/EE) - -Note - the middle group in the comprehensive but mutually -exclusive hierarchy of developed countries (DCs), former -USSR/Eastern Europe (former USSR/EE), and less developed -countries (LDCs); these countries are in political and economic -transition and may well be grouped differently in the near -future; this includes Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, -Bosnia and Hercegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czecholovakia, -Estonia, Georgia, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, -Lithuania, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovenia, -Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Yugoslavia - -********** - -Four Dragons - -Note - the four small Asian less developed countries (LDCs) that -have experienced unusually rapid economic growth; also known as -the Four Tigers; this group includes Hong Kong, South Korea, -Singapore, Taiwan - -********** - -Four Tigers - -Note - another term for the Four Dragons; see Four Dragons - -********** - -Franc Zone (FZ) - -established - NA - -aim - monetary union among countries whose currencies are linked -to the French franc - -members - (15) Benin, Burkina, Cameroon, Central African -Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, France, Gabon, -Ivory Coast, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Togo; note - France includes -metropolitan France, the four overseas departments of France -(French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Reunion), the two -territorial collectivities of France (Mayotte, Saint Pierre and -Miquelon), and the three overseas territories of France (French -Polynesia, New Caledonia, Wallis and Futuna) - -********** - -Front Line States (FLS) - -established - NA - -aim - to achieve black majority rule in South Africa - -members - (7) Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, Namibia, Tanzania, -Zambia, Zimbabwe - -********** - -General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) - -established - 30 October 1947 - -effective - 1 January 1948 - -aim - to promote the expansion of international trade on a -nondiscriminatory basis - -members - (98) Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, -Austria, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Botswana, -Brazil, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Central -African Republic, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Congo, Cuba, Cyprus, -Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Finland, -France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, -Guyana, Haiti, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, -Ireland, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Kenya, South -Korea, Kuwait, Lesotho, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, -Maldives, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Morocco, -Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, -Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Rwanda, Senegal, -Sierra Leone, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, -Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad -and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UK, US, Uruguay, Yugoslavia, -Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe - -********** - -Group of 2 (G-2) - -established - informal term that came into use about 1986 - -aim - bilateral economic cooperation between the two most -powerful economic giants - -members - (2) Japan, US - -********** - -Group of 3 (G-3) - -established - NA October 1990 - -aim - mechanism for policy coordination - -members - (3) Colombia, Mexico, Venezuela - -********** - -Group of 5 (G-5) - -established - 22 September 1985 - -aim - the five major non-Communist economic powers - -members - (5) France, Germany, Japan, UK, US - -********** - -Group of 6 (G-6) - -Note - not to be confused with the Big Six - -established - 22 May 1984 - -aim - seeks to achieve nuclear disarmament - -members - (6) Argentina, Greece, India, Mexico, Sweden, Tanzania - -********** - -Group of 7 (G-7) - -Note - membership is the same as the Big Seven - -established - 22 September 1985 - -aim - the seven major non-Communist economic powers - -members - (7) Group of 5 (France, Germany, Japan, UK, US) plus -Canada and Italy - -********** - -Group of 8 (G-8) - -established - NA October 1975 - -aim - the developed countries (DCs) that participated in the -Conference on International Economic Cooperation (CIEC), held in -several sessions between NA December 1975 and 3 June 1977 - -members - (8) Australia, Canada, EC (as one member), Japan, -Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, US - -********** - -Group of 9 (G-9) - -established - NA - -aim - informal group that meets occasionally on matters of mutual -interest - -members - (9) Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, Finland, -Hungary, Romania, Sweden, Yugoslavia - -********** - -Group of 10 (G-10) - -Note - also known as the Paris Club - -established - NA October 1962 - -aim - wealthiest members of the IMF who provide most of the money -to be loaned and act as the informal steering committee; name -persists in spite of the addition of Switzerland on NA April 1984 - -members - (11) Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, -Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US - -********** - -Group of 11 (G-11) - -Note - also known as the Cartagena Group - -established - 22 June 1984, in Cartagena, Colombia - -aim - forum for largest debtor nations in Latin America - -members - (11) Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, -Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela - -********** - -Group of 15 (G-15) - -Note - byproduct of the Non-Aligned Movement - -established - 1989 - -aim - to promote economic cooperation among developing nations; -to act as the main political organ for the Non-Aligned Movement - -members - (15) Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Egypt, India, -Indonesia, Jamaica, Malaysia, Mexico, Nigeria, Peru, Senegal, -Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zimbabwe - -********** - -Group of 19 (G-19) - -established - NA October 1975 - -aim - the less developed countries (LDCs) that participated in -the Conference on International Economic Cooperation (CIEC) held -in several sessions between NA December 1975 and 3 June 1977 - -members - (19) Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Cameroon, Egypt, -India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, -Peru, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia - -********** - -Group of 24 (G-24) - -established - NA January 1972 - -aim - to promote the interests of developing countries in Africa, -Asia, and Latin America within the IMF - -members - (24) Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Egypt, -Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guatemala, India, Iran, Ivory Coast, -Lebanon, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Sri Lanka, -Syria, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zaire - -********** - -Group of 30 (G-30) - -established - NA 1979 - -aim - to discuss and propose solutions to the world's economic -problems - -members - (30) informal group of 30 leading international -bankers, economists, financial experts, and businessmen organized -by Johannes Witteveen (former managing director of the IMF) - -********** - -Group of 33 (G-33) - -established - NA 1987 - -aim - to promote solutions to international economic problems - -members - (33) leading economists from 13 countries - -********** - -Group of 77 (G-77) - -established - NA October 1967 - -aim - to promote economic cooperation among developing countries; -name persists in spite of increased membership - -members - (127 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) -Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, The -Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, -Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, -Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, -Chile, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, -Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El -Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, The Gambia, -Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, -Honduras, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, -Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, -Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, -Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, -Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, -Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, -Qatar, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint -Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, -Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, -Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Syria, Tanzania, -Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Uganda, UAE, -Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, -Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Palestine Liberation -Organization - -********** - -Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) - -Note - also known as the Cooperation Council for the Arab States -of the Gulf - -established - 25-26 May 1981 - -aim - to promote regional cooperation in economic, social, -political, and military affairs - -members - (6) Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE - -********** - -Habitat - -Note - see United Nations Center for Human Settlements (UNCHS) - -********** - -Hexagonal Group - -Note - HG - the old Pentagonal Group plus one) - -established - July 1991 - -aim - to form an economic and political cooperation group for the -region between the Adriatic and the Baltic Seas - -members - (6) Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Italy, Poland, -Yugoslavia - -********** - -high-income countries - -Note - another term for the industrialized countries with high -per capita GNPs/GDPs; see developed countries (DCs) - -********** - -industrial countries - -Note - another term for the developed countries; see developed -countries (DCs) - -********** - -Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) - -Note - also known as Banco Interamericano de Desarvollo (BID) - -established - 8 April 1959 - -effective - 30 December 1959 - -aim - to promote economic and social development in Latin America - -members - (44) Argentina, Austria, The Bahamas, Barbados, -Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, -Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Finland, -France, Germany, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Israel, -Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Norway, -Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, Spain, Suriname, Sweden, -Switzerland, Trinidad and Tobago, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, -Yugoslavia - -********** - -Inter-Governmental Authority on Drought and Development (IGADD) - -established - NA January 1986 - -aim - to promote cooperation on drought-related matters - -members - (6) Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, Uganda - -********** - -International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) - -established - 26 October 1956 - -effective - 29 July 1957 - -aim - to promote peaceful uses of atomic energy - -members - (115) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Argentina, -Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Bolivia, -Brazil, Bulgaria, Burma, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, -China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, -Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, -Estonia, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Ghana, -Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, -Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, -Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Latvia, Lebanon, -Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, -Malaysia, Mali, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, -Namibia, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, -Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, -Qatar, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, -Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sweden, -Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, -Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Vatican City, Venezuela, Vietnam, -Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe - -********** - -International Bank for Economic Cooperation (IBEC) - -Note - established in 22 October 1963; aim was to promote -economic cooperation and development - members were Bulgaria, -Cuba, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Mongolia, Poland, -Romania, USSR, Vietnam; now a Russian bank with a new charter - -********** - -International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) - -Note - also known as the World Bank - -established - 22 July 1944 - -effective - 27 December 1945 - -aim - UN specialized agency that initially promoted economic -rebuilding after World War II and now provides economic -development loans - -members - (156) all UN members except Armenia, Azerbaijan, -Brunei, Cuba, Estonia, Kazakhstan, North Korea, Kyrgyzstan, -Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Marshall Islands, Federated -States of Micronesia, Moldova, San Marino, Tajikistan, -Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan; other members are Kiribati, -Tonga - -********** - -International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) - -established - NA 1919 - -aim - to promote free trade and private enterprise and to -represent business interests at national and international levels - -members - (58 national councils) Argentina, Australia, Austria, -Belgium, Brazil, Burkina, Cameroon, Canada, Colombia, Cyprus, -Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Greece, -Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Ivory -Coast, Japan, Jordan, South Korea, Lebanon, Luxembourg, -Madagascar, Mexico, Morocco, Netherlands, Nigeria, Norway, -Pakistan, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Singapore, South -Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Taiwan, -Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Yugoslavia, -Zaire - -********** - -International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) - -established - 7 December 1944 - -effective - 4 April 1947 - -aim - UN specialized agency to promote international cooperation -in civil aviation - -members - (164) all UN members except Armenia, Azerbaijan, -Belarus, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Croatia, Dominica, Estonia, -Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, -Moldova, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Slovenia, Tajikistan, -Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Western Samoa; other members -are Cook Islands, Kiribati, Monaco, Nauru, Switzerland, Tonga - -********** - -International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) - -established - NA 1863 - -aim - to provide humanitarian aid in wartime - -members - (25 individuals) all Swiss nationals - -********** - -International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) - -established - NA December 1949 - -aim - to promote the trade union movement - -members - (144 national organizations in the following 103 areas) -Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, -Bangladesh, Barbados, Basque Country, Belgium, Bermuda, Botswana, -Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Canada, Central African Republic, -Chad, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Curacao, Cyprus, -Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, -El Salvador, Estonia, Falkland Islands, Fiji, Finland, France, -French Polynesia, The Gambia, Germany, Greece, Grenada, -Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Hong Kong, Iceland, India, -Indonesia, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Kiribati, South Korea, -Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, -Malaysia, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Montserrat, Morocco, -Netherlands, New Caledonia, NZ, Nicaragua, Norway, Pakistan, -Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, -Puerto Rico, Russia, Saint Helena, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint -Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, Seychelles, -Sierra Leone, Singapore, Spain, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Swaziland, -Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Tonga, Trinidad and -Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UK, US, Vatican City, Venezuela, -Western Samoa - -********** - -International Court of Justice (ICJ) - -Note - also known as the World Court - -established - 26 June 1945 - -effective - 24 October 1945 - -aim - primary judicial organ of the UN - -members - (15 judges) elected by the General Assembly and -Security Council to represent all principal legal systems - -********** - -International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) - -established - 13 June 1956 - -aim - to promote international cooperation between criminal -police authorities - -members - (152) Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Angola, Antigua and -Barbuda, Argentina, Aruba, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, -Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, -Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, -Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, -Chile, China, Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Denmark, -Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, -Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The -Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, -Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, -Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Northern Ireland, Israel, Italy, Ivory -Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, -Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, -Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, -Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Morocco, Mozambique, -Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, Netherlands Antilles, NZ, Nicaragua, -Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, -Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, -Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the -Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, -Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, -Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, -Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, -Uganda, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Yemen, Yugoslavia, -Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe - -********** - -International Development Association (IDA) - -established - 26 January 1960 - -effective - 24 September 1960 - -aim - UN specialized agency and IBRD affiliate that provides -economic loans for low income countries - -members - (136) Part I - (22 more economically advanced -countries) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, -France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Kuwait, -Luxembourg, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, South Africa, Sweden, UAE, -UK, US - -members - Part II - (114 less developed nations) Afghanistan, -Algeria, Argentina, Bangladesh, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, -Botswana, Brazil, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, -Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, -Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cyprus, Djibouti, Dominica, -Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial -Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Greece, -Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, -Honduras, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Ivory -Coast, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, Laos, Lebanon, -Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, -Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, -Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New -Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Rwanda, Saint Kitts -and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao -Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Solomon -Islands, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Syria, -Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, -Turkey, Uganda, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, -Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe - -********** - -International Energy Agency (IEA) - -established - 15 November 1974 - -aim - established by the OECD to promote cooperation on energy -matters, especially emergency oil sharing and relations between -oil consumers and oil producers - -members - (21) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, -Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, -NZ, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US - -********** - -International Finance Corporation (IFC) - -established - 25 May 1955 - -effective - 20 July 1956 - -aim - UN specialized agency and IBRD affiliate that helps private -enterprise sector in economic development - -members - (133) Afghanistan, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, -Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, -Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Burkina, Burma, -Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo, Costa -Rica, Cyprus, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, -Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, -Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, -Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, -India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Ivory -Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, -Kuwait, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Luxembourg, Madagascar, -Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, -Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, -Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, -Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Romania, Rwanda, Saint -Lucia, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, -Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri -Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Sweden, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, -Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UAE, UK, US, -Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, -Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe - -********** - -International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) - -established - NA November 1974 - -aim - UN specialized agency that promotes agricultural -development - -members - (144) Category I - (21 industrialized aid contributors) -Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, -Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, -NZ, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US - -members - Category II - (12 petroleum-exporting aid contributors) -Algeria, Gabon, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, -Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Venezuela - -members - Category III - (111 aid recipients) Afghanistan, -Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bangladesh, Barbados, -Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Burkina, Burma, -Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, -Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, -Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El -Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, The Gambia, Ghana, -Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, -Honduras, India, Israel, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, -North Korea, South Korea, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, -Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, -Mauritius, Mexico, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, -Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, -Philippines, Portugal, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, -Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and -Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, -Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Syria, Tanzania, -Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, -Uganda, Uruguay, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia, -Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe - -********** - -International Investment Bank (IIB) - -Note - established on 7 July 1970; to promote economic -development; members were Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, East -Germany, Hungary, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, USSR, Vietnam; now a -Russian bank with a new charter - -********** - -International Labor Organization (ILO) - -established - 11 April 1919 (affiliated with the UN 14 December -1946) - -aim - UN specialized agency concerned with world labor issues - -members - (150) all UN members except Armenia, Azerbaijan, -Bhutan, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Brunei, Croatia, Estonia, The -Gambia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, -Maldives, Marshall Islands, Federation of Micronesia, Moldova, -Oman, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, -San Marino, Slovenia, South Africa, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, -Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Western Samoa; other member is -Switzerland - -********** - -International Maritime Organization (IMO) - -Note - name changed from Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative -Organization (IMCO) on 22 May 1982 - -established - 17 March 1958 - -aim - UN specialized agency concerned with world maritime affairs - -members - (135) Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, -Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, -Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burma, -Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Chile, China, Colombia, -Congo, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, -Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El -Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, -Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, -Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, -Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, -Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, -Lebanon, Liberia, Libya, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, -Malaysia, Maldives, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, -Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Nigeria, -Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, -Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Saint -Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, -Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, -Solomon Islands, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, -Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad -and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Vanuatu, -Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire - -associate members - (2) Hong Kong, Macao - -********** - -International Maritime Satellite Organization (INMARSAT) - -established - 3 September 1976 - -effective - 26 July 1979 - -aim - to provide worldwide communications for maritime and other -applications - -members - (63) Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Bahrain, Belarus, -Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China, -Colombia, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, -Gabon, Germany, Greece, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, -Israel, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Kuwait, Liberia, Malaysia, -Monaco, Mozambique, Netherlands, NZ, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, -Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, -Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Spain, Sri Lanka, -Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, -Yugoslavia - -********** - -International Monetary Fund (IMF) - -established - 22 July 1944 - -effective - 27 December 1945 - -aim - UN specialized agency concerned with world monetary -stability and economic development - -members - (156) all UN members except Armenia, Azerbaijan, -Belarus, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Brunei, Croatia, Cuba, Estonia, -Kazakhstan, North Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, -Lithuania, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, -Moldova, Russia, San Marino, Slovenia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, -Ukraine, Uzbekistan; other members are Kiribati and Tonga - -********** - -International Olympic Committee (IOC) - -established - 23 June 1894 - -aim - to promote the Olympic ideals and administer the Olympic -games: 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville, France (8-23 -February); 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain (25 July-9 -August); 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer; Norway (12-27 -February); 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, United States (20 -July-4 August); 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan (date NA) - -members - (167) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, American Samoa, -Andorra, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Aruba, -Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, -Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bermuda, Bhutan, Bolivia, -Botswana, Brazil, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Bulgaria, -Burkina, Burma, Cameroon, Canada, Cayman Islands, Central African -Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo, Cook Islands, -Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Djibouti, -Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial -Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, -Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guam, Guatemala, Guinea, Guyana, -Haiti, Honduras, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, -Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, -Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, -Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Madagascar, -Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, -Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, -Netherlands, Netherlands Antilles, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, -Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, -Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Qatar, Romania, -Russia, Rwanda, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, -Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, -Solomon Islands, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, -Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Taiwan, Tanzania, -Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, -Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, -Vietnam, Virgin Islands, Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, -Zambia, Zimbabwe - -********** - -International Organization for Migration (IOM) - established as -Provisional Intergovernmental Committee for the Movement of -Migrants from Europe; renamed Intergovernmental Committee for -European Migration (ICEM) on 15 November 1952; renamed -Intergovernmental Committee for Migration (ICM) in November 1980; -current name adopted 14 November 1989 - -established - 5 December 1951 - -aim - to facilitate orderly international emigration and -immigration - -members - (39) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, -Belgium, Bolivia, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cyprus, -Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Germany, -Greece, Guatemala, Honduras, Israel, Italy, Kenya, South Korea, -Luxembourg, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, -Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, -Thailand, US, Uruguay, Venezuela - -observers - (25) Belize, Brazil, Cape Verde, Egypt, Finland, -France, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Hungary, Japan, Mexico, NZ, -Pakistan, San Marino, Somalia, Sovereign Military Order of Malta, -Spain, Turkey, Uganda, UK, Vatican City, Vietnam, Yugoslavia, -Zambia, Zimbabwe - -********** - -International Organization for Standardization (ISO) - -established - NA February 1947 - -aim - to promote the development of international standards - -members - (72 national standards organizations) Albania, Algeria, -Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil, -Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Cuba, Cyprus, -Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Egypt, Ethiopia, Finland, France, -Germany, Ghana, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, -Ireland, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Kenya, North -Korea, South Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, -Netherlands, NZ, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, -Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Saudi Arabia, -Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sweden, -Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, -Tunisia, Turkey, UK, US, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yugoslavia - -correspondent members - (14) Bahrain, Barbados, Brunei, Guinea, -Hong Kong, Iceland, Jordan, Kuwait, Malawi, Mauritius, Oman, -Senegal, UAE, Uruguay - -********** - -International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement - -established - NA 1928 - -aim - to promote worldwide humanitarian aid through the -International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) in wartime, and -League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (LORCS) in -peacetime - -members - (9) 2 representatives from ICRC, 2 from LORCS, and 5 -from national societies elected by the international conference -of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement - -********** - -International Telecommunication Union (ITU) - -established - 9 December 1932 - -effective - 1 January 1934 - -affiliated with the UN - 15 November 1947 - -aim - UN specialized agency concerned with world -telecommunications - -members - (164) all UN members except Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bosnia -and Hercegovina, Croatia, Dominica, Estonia, Kazakhstan, -Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Marshall Islands, Federation of -Micronesia, Moldova, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, -Seychelles, Slovenia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan; other -members are Kiribati, Monaco, Nauru, Switzerland, Tonga, Vatican -City - -********** - -International Telecommunications Satellite Organization -(INTELSAT) - -established - 20 August 1971 - -effective - 12 February 1973 - -aim - to develop and operate a global commercial -telecommunications satellite system - -members - (118) Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, -Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, -Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Burkina, Cameroon, Canada, Central -African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo, Costa -Rica, Cyprus, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El -Salvador, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Ghana, -Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Haiti, Honduras, Iceland, India, -Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, -Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, South Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, -Libya, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, -Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Morocco, Mozambique, -Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, -Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, -Portugal, Qatar, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Singapore, -Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, -Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad -and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, -Vatican City, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, -Zambia, Zimbabwe - -********** - -Islamic Development Bank (IDB) - -established - 15 December 1973 - -aim - to promote Islamic economic aid and social development - -members - (43 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) -Afghanistan, Algeria, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Benin, Brunei, -Burkina, Cameroon, Chad, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Gabon, The -Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, -Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, -Morocco, Niger, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, -Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, -UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization - -********** - -Latin American Economic System (LAES) - , also known as Sistema -Economico Latinoamericana (SELA) - -established - 17 October 1975 - -aim - to promote economic and social development through regional -cooperation - -members - (26) Argentina, Barbados, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, -Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El -Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, -Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and -Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela - -********** - -Latin American Integration Association (LAIA) - , also known as -Asociacion Latinoamericana de Integracion (ALADI) - -established - 12 August 1980 - -effective - 18 March 1981 - -aim - to promote freer regional trade - -members - (11) Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, -Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela - -********** - -League of Arab States (LAS) - -Note - see Arab League (AL) - -********** - -League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (LORCS) - -established - 5 May 1919 - -aim - to provide humanitarian aid in peacetime - -members - (147) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, -Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, -Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, -Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, -Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo, -Costa Rica, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, -Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Fiji, -Finland, France, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, -Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, -Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Italy, -Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South -Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, -Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, -Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, -Mozambique, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, -Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, -Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, -Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, Sao -Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, -Singapore, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, -Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, -Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, -Uganda, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, -Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe - -associate members - (2) Equatorial Guinea, Gabon - -********** - -least developed countries (LLDCs) - -Note - that subgroup of the less developed countries (LDCs) -initially identified by the UN General Assembly in 1971 as having -no significant economic growth, per capita GNPs/GDPs normally -less than $500, and low literacy rates; also known as the -undeveloped countries. The 41 LLDCs are: Afghanistan, -Bangladesh, Benin, Bhutan, Botswana, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, -Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Djibouti, -Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, The Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, -Haiti, Kiribati, Laos, Lesotho, Malawi, Maldives, Mali, -Mauritania, Mozambique, Nepal, Niger, Rwanda, Sao Tome and -Principe, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Tuvalu, -Uganda, Vanuatu, Western Samoa, Yemen - -********** - -less developed countries (LDCs) - -Note - the bottom group in the comprehensive but mutually -exclusive hierarchy of developed countries (DCs), former -USSR/Eastern Europe (former USSR/EE), and less developed -countries (LDCs); mainly countries with low levels of output, -living standards, and technology; per capita GNPs/GDPs are -generally below $5,000 and often less than $1,000; however, the -group also includes a number of countries with high per capita -incomes, areas of advanced technology, and rapid rates of growth; -includes the advanced developing countries, developing countries, -Four Dragons (Four Tigers), least developed countries (LLDCs), -low-income countries, middle-income countries, newly -industrializing economies (NIEs), the South, Third World, -underdeveloped countries, undeveloped countries. The 173 LDCs -are: Afghanistan, Algeria, American Samoa, Angola, Anguilla, -Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Aruba, The Bahamas, Bahrain, -Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, -Brazil, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, -Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Cayman Islands, Central African -Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Christmas Island, Cocos Islands, -Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, -Czechoslovakia, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, -Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Falkland -Islands, Fiji, French Guiana, French Polynesia, Gabon, The -Gambia, Gaza Strip, Ghana, Gibraltar, Greenland, Grenada, -Guadeloupe, Guam, Guatemala, Guernsey, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, -Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, -Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Jersey, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, North -Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, -Libya, Macau, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Isle -of Man, Marshall Islands, Martinique, Mauritania, Mauritius, -Mayotte, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Mongolia, -Montserrat, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, -Netherlands Antilles, New Caledonia, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, -Niue, Norfolk Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Oman, Trust -Territory of the Pacific Islands (Palau), Pakistan, Panama, Papua -New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Pitcairn Islands, Puerto -Rico, Qatar, Reunion, Rwanda, Saint Helena, Saint Kitts and -Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Vincent and -the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, -Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, -Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Syria, Taiwan, Tanzania, -Thailand, Togo, Tokelau, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, -Turks and Caicos Islands, Tuvalu, UAE, Uganda, Uruguay, Vanuatu, -Venezuela, Vietnam, Virgin Islands, Wallis and Futuna, West Bank, -Western Sahara, Western Samoa, Yemen, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe - -********** - -low-income countries - -Note - another term for those less developed countries with -below-average per capita GNPs/GDPs; see less developed countries -(LDCs) - -********** - -middle-income countries - -Note - another term for those less developed countries with -above-average per capita GNPs/GDPs; see less developed countries -(LDCs) - -********** - -Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) - -established - April 1987 - -aim - to arrest missile proliferation by controlling the export -of key missile technologies and equipment - -members - (20) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, -Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, -NZ, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US - -********** - -newly industrializing countries (NICs) - -Note - former term for the newly industrializing economies; see -newly industrializing economies (NIEs) - -********** - -newly industrializing economies (NIEs) - -Note - that subgroup of the less developed countries (LDCs) that -has experienced particularly rapid industrialization of their -economies; formerly known as the newly industrializing countries -(NICs); also known as advanced developing countries; usually -includes the Four Dragons (Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore, -Taiwan) plus Brazil and Mexico - -********** - -Nonaligned Movement (NAM) - -established - 1-6 September 1961 - -aim - political and military cooperation apart from the -traditional East or West blocs - -members - (101 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) -Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, The Bahamas, Bahrain, -Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, -Burkina, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African -Republic, Chad, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Cuba, Cyprus, Djibouti, -Ecuador, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, The Gambia, -Ghana, Grenada, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, India, Indonesia, -Iran, Iraq, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, -Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, -Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, -Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, -Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Qatar, Rwanda, Saint -Lucia, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, -Sierra Leone, Singapore, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, -Swaziland, Syria, Tanzania, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, -Uganda, UAE, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, -Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Palestine Liberation Organization - -observers - (9) Antigua and Barbuda, Brazil, Costa Rica, -Dominica, El Salvador, Mexico, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, -Uruguay - -guests - (11) Australia, Austria, Dominican Republic, Finland, -Greece, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland - -********** - -Nordic Council (NC) - -established - 16 March 1952 - -effective - 12 February 1953 - -aim - to promote regional economic, cultural, and environmental -cooperation - -members - (5) Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden; note - -Denmark includes Faroe Islands and Greenland - -********** - -Nordic Investment Bank (NIB) - -established - 4 December 1975 - -effective - 1 June 1976 - -aim - to promote economic cooperation and development - -members - (5) Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden - -********** - -North - -Note - a popular term for the rich industrialized countries -generally located in the northern portion of the Northern -Hemisphere; the counterpart of the South; see developed countries -(DCs) - -********** - -North Atlantic Cooperation Council (NACC) - an extension of NATO - -established - 8 November 1991 - -effective - 20 December 1991 - -aim - to form a forum to discuss cooperation concerning mutual -political and security issues - -members - (35) Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, -Canada, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, -Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, -Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, -Portugal, Romania, Russia, Spain, Tajikistan, Turkey, -Turkmenistan, Ukraine, UK, US, Uzbekistan - -********** - -North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) - -established - 17 September 1949 - -aim - mutual defense and cooperation in other areas - -members - (16) Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, -Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, -Turkey, UK, US - -********** - -Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) - -established - NA 1958 - -aim - associated with OECD, seeks to promote the peaceful uses of -nuclear energy - -members - (23) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, -Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, -Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, -Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US - -********** - -Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) - -Note - also known as the London Suppliers Group - -established - 1974 - -aim - to establish guidelines on exports of enrichment and -processing plant assistance and nuclear exports to countries of -proliferation concern and regions of conflict and instability - -members - (27) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, -Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, -Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, -Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, -UK, US - -********** - -Organismo para la Proscripcion de las Armas Nucleares en la -America Latina y el Caribe (OPANAL) - -Note - see Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin -America and the Caribbean (OPANAL) - -********** - -Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) - -established - 14 December 1960, effective 30 September 1961 - -aim - to promote economic cooperation and development - -members - (24) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, -Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, -Luxembourg, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, -Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US - -special member - (1) Yugoslavia - -********** - -Organization of African Unity (OAU) - -established - 25 May 1963 - -aim - to promote unity and cooperation among African states - -members - (50) Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina, -Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, -Comoros, Congo, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, -Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, -Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, -Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, -Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, -Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, -Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe - -********** - -Organization of American States (OAS) - -established - 30 April 1948 - -effective - 13 December 1951 - -aim - to promote peace and security as well as economic and -social development - -members - (35) Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, The Bahamas, -Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa -Rica, Cuba (excluded from formal participation since 1962), -Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, -Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, -Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint -Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, US, -Uruguay, Venezuela - -observers - (25) Algeria, Austria, Belgium, Belize, Cyprus, EC, -Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, -Guyana, Israel, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Morocco, Netherlands, -Pakistan, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Switzerland, Vatican -City - -********** - -Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC) - -established - 9 January 1968 - -aim - to promote cooperation in the petroleum industry - -members - (11) Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, -Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, UAE - -********** - -Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) - -established - 18 June 1981 - -effective - 4 July 1981 - -aim - to promote political, economic, and defense cooperation - -members - (8) Antigua and Barbuda, British Virgin Islands, -Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint -Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines - -********** - -Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) - -established - 14 September 1960 - -aim - to coordinate petroleum policies - -members - (13) Algeria, Ecuador, Gabon, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, -Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Venezuela - -********** - -Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) - -established - 22-25 September 1969 - -aim - to promote Islamic solidarity and cooperation in economic, -social, cultural, and political affairs - -members - (47 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) -Afghanistan (suspended), Albania, Algeria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, -Bangladesh, Benin, Brunei, Burkina, Cameroon, Chad, Comoros, -Djibouti, Egypt, Gabon, The Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, -Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Lebanon, -Libya, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, -Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra -Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UAE, -Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization - -observer - (1) Turkish-Cypriot administered area of Cyprus - -********** - -Paris Club - -Note - see Group of 10 - -********** - -Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) - -established - NA 1899 - -aim - to facilitate the settlement of international disputes - -members - (75) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, -Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, -Chile, China, Colombia, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Dominican -Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Fiji, Finland, France, -Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, -India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Japan, Laos, Lebanon, -Luxembourg, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, -Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, -Portugal, Romania, Russia, Senegal, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, -Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Turkey, Uganda, -Ukraine, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zimbabwe - -********** - -Population Commission - -established - 3 October 1946 - -aim - ECOSOC organization dealing with population matters - -members - (27) selected on a rotating basis from all regions - -********** - -Rio Group (RG) - -established - NA 1988 - -aim - a consultation mechanism on regional Latin American issues - -members - (11) Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, -Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela; note - -Panama was expelled in 1988 - -********** - -Second World - -Note - another term for the traditionally Marxist-Leninist states -with authoritarian governments and command economies based on the -Soviet model; the term is fading from use; see centrally planned -economies - -********** - -socialist countries - -Note - in general, countries in which the government owns and -plans the use of the major factors of production; note - the term -is sometimes used incorrectly as a synonym for Communist -countries - -********** - -South - -Note - a popular term for the poorer, less industrialized -countries generally located south of the developed countries; the -counterpart of the North; see less developed countries (LDCs) - -********** - -South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) - -established - 8 December 1985 - -aim - to promote economic, social, and cultural cooperation - -members - (7) Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, -Pakistan, Sri Lanka - -********** - -South Pacific Commission (SPC) - -established - 6 February 1947 - -effective - 29 July 1948 - -aim - to promote regional cooperation in economic and social -matters - -members - (27) American Samoa, Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, -France, French Polynesia, Guam, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, -Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru, New Caledonia, NZ, Niue, -Northern Mariana Islands, Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands -(Palau), Papua New Guinea, Pitcairn Islands, Solomon Islands, -Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, UK, US, Vanuatu, Wallis and Futuna, -Western Samoa - -********** - -South Pacific Forum (SPF) - -established - 5 August 1971 - -aim - to promote regional cooperation in political matters - -members - (15) Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall -Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru, NZ, Niue, Papua -New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Western -Samoa - -observer - (1) Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (Palau) - -********** - -Southern African Customs Union (SACU) - -established - 11 December 1969 - -aim - to promote free trade and cooperation in customs matters - -members - (9) Bophuthatswana, Botswana, Ciskei, Lesotho, Namibia, -South Africa, Swaziland, Transkei, Venda - -********** - -Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC) - -established - 1 April 1980 - -aim - to promote regional economic development and reduce -dependence on South Africa - -members - (10) Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, -Namibia, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe - -********** - -Southern Cone Common Market - -********** - -(MERCOSUR) - -established - 26 March 1991 - -aim - regional economic cooperation - -members - (4) Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay - -********** - -Statistical Commission - -established - 21 June 1946 - -aim - ECOSOC organization dealing with development and -standardization of national statistics - -members - (25) selected on a rotating basis from all regions - -********** - -Third World - -Note - another term for the less developed countries; the term is -fading from use; see less developed countries (LDCs) - -********** - -underdeveloped countries - -Note - refers to those less developed countries with the -potential for above-average economic growth; see less developed -countries (LDCs) - -********** - -undeveloped countries - -Note - refers to those extremely poor less developed countries -(LDCs) with little prospect for economic growth; see least -developed countries (LLDCs) - -********** - -Union Douaniere et Economique de l'Afrique Centrale (UDEAC) - -Note - see Central African Customs and Economic Union (UDEAC) - -********** - -United Nations (UN) - -established - 26 June 1945 - -effective - 24 October 1945 - -aim - to maintain international peace and security as well as -promote cooperation involving economic, social, cultural and -humanitarian problems - -members - (178) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua -and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, -The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, -Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Botswana, -Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, -Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, -Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Croatia, -Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, -Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial -Guinea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The -Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, -Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, -Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, -Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, North Korea, South -Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, -Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, -Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, -Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, -Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, -Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, -Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, -Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and -Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, -Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra -Leone, Singapore, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South -Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, -Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, -Tunisia, Turkmenistan, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, -Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, -Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe; note - all UN members -are represented in the General Assembly - -observers - (3 and the Palestine Liberation Organization) Monaco, -Switzerland, Vatican City, Palestine Liberation Organization - -********** - -United Nations Angola Verification Mission (UNAVEM) - -established - 20 December 1988 - -aim - established by the UN Security Council to verify the -withdrawal of Cuban troops from Angola - -members - (10) Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Congo, Czechoslovakia, -India, Jordan, Norway, Spain, Yugoslavia - -********** - -United Nations Center for Human Settlements (UNCHS or Habitat) - -established - 12 October 1978 - -aim - to assist in solving human settlement problems - -members - (88) selected on a rotating basis from all regions - -********** - -United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) - -Note - acronym retained from the predecessor organization UN -International Children's Emergency Fund - -established - 11 December 1946 - -aim - to help establish child health and welfare services - -members - (41) selected on a rotating basis from all regions - -********** - -United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) - -established - 30 December 1964 - -aim - to promote international trade - -members - (181) all UN members plus Monaco, Switzerland, Tonga, -Vatican City - -********** - -United Nations Development Program (UNDP) - -established - 22 November 1965 - -aim - to provide technical assistance to stimulate economic and -social development - -members - (48) selected on a rotating basis from all regions - -********** - -United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) - -established - 31 May 1974 - -aim - established by the UN Security Council to observe the 1973 -Arab-Israeli ceasefire - -members - (4) Austria, Canada, Finland, Poland - -********** - -United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization -(UNESCO) - -established - 16 November 1945 - -effective - 4 November 1946 - -aim - to promote cooperation in education, science, and culture - -members - (159) all UN members except Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bosnia -and Hercegovina, Brunei, Croatia, Estonia, Kazakhstan, -Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Marshall Islands, -Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, Singapore, Slovenia, -Solomon Islands, South Africa, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, UK, US, -Uzbekistan, Vanuatu; other members are Cook Islands, Kiribati, -Monaco, Switzerland, Tonga - -associate members - (3) Aruba, British Virgin Islands, -Netherlands Antilles - -********** - -United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) - -established - 15 December 1972 - -aim - to promote international cooperation on all environmental -matters - -members - (58) selected on a rotating basis from all regions - -********** - -United Nations Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) - -established - 4 March 1964 - -aim - established by the UN Security Council to serve as a -peacekeeping force beween Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots in -Cyprus - -members - (8) Australia, Austria, Canada, Denmark, Finland, -Ireland, Sweden, UK - -********** - -United Nations General Assembly - -established - 26 June 1945 - -effective - 24 October 1945 - -aim - primary deliberative organ in the UN - -members - (178) all UN members are represented in the General -Assembly - -********** - -United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) - -established - 17 November 1966 - -effective - 1 January 1967 - -aim - UN specialized agency that promotes industrial development -especially among the members - -members - (150) all UN members except Antigua and Barbuda, -Armenia, Australia, Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Brunei, -Burma, Cambodia, Chad, Croatia, Djibouti, Estonia, Iceland, -Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liberia, Liechtenstein, -Lithuania, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, -Moldova, Singapore, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, South Africa, -Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Western Samoa; other -members are Switzerland, Tonga - -********** - -United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) - -established - 19 March 1978 - -aim - established by the UN Security Council to confirm the -withdrawal of Israeli forces, restore peace, and reestablish -Lebanese authority in southern Lebanon - -members - (9) Fiji, Finland, France, Ghana, Ireland, Italy, -Nepal, Norway, Sweden - -********** - -United Nations Iran-Iraq Military Observer Group (UNIIMOG) - -established - 9 August 1988 - -aim - established by the UN Security Council to observe the 1988 -Iran-Iraq ceasefire - -members - (25) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Canada, -Denmark, Finland, Ghana, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Ireland, -Italy, Kenya, Malaysia, NZ, Nigeria, Norway, Poland, Senegal, -Sweden, Turkey, Uruguay, Yugoslavia, Zambia - -********** - -United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan -(UNMOGIP) - -established - 13 August 1948 - -aim - established by the UN Security Council to observe the 1949 -India-Pakistan ceasefire - -members - (8) Belgium, Chile, Denmark, Finland, Italy, Norway, -Sweden, Uruguay - -********** - -United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees -(UNHCR) - -established - 3 December 1949 - -effective - 1 January 1951 - -aim - to try to ensure the humanitarian treatment of refugees and -find permanent solutions to refugee problems - -members - (43) Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, -Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, Denmark, Finland, France, -Germany, Greece, Iran, Israel, Italy, Japan, Lebanon, Lesotho, -Madagascar, Morocco, Namibia, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Nigeria, -Norway, Pakistan, Somalia, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Tanzania, -Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UK, US, Vatican City, -Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zaire - -********** - -United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) - -Note - acronym retained from predecessor organization UN Fund for -Population Activities - -established - NA July 1967 - -aim - to promote assistance in dealing with population problems - -members - (51) selected on a rotating basis from all regions - -********** - -United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in -the Near East (UNRWA) - -established - 8 December 1949 - -aim - to provide assistance to Palestinian refugees - -members - (10) Belgium, Egypt, France, Japan, Jordan, Lebanon, -Syria, Turkey, UK, US - -********** - -United Nations Secretariat - -established - 26 June 1945 - -effective - 24 October 1945 - -aim - primary administrative organ of the UN - -members - Secretary General appointed for a five-year term by the -General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council - -********** - -United Nations Security Council - -established - 26 June 1945 - -effective - 24 October 1945 - -aim - to maintain international peace and security - -permanent members - (5) China, France, Russia, UK, US - -nonpermanent members - (10) elected for two-year terms by the UN -General Assembly; Austria (1991-92), Belgium (1991-92), Cuba -(1990-91), Ecuador (1991-92), India (1991-92), Ivory Coast (1990- -91), Romania (1990-91), Yemen (1990-91), Zaire (1990-91), -Zimbabwe (1991-92) - -********** - -United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) - -established - NA May 1948 - -aim - initially established by the UN Security Council to -supervise the 1948 Arab-Israeli ceasefire and subsequently -extended to work in the Sinai, Lebanon, Jordan, Afghanistan, and -Pakistan - -members - (19) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, -Chile, China, Denmark, Finland, France, Ireland, Italy, -Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, US - -********** - -United Nations Trusteeship Council - -established - 26 June 1945 - -effective - 24 October 1945 - -aim - to supervise the administration of the UN trust -territories; only one of the original 11 trusteeships remains - -the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (Palau) - -members - (5) China, France, Russia, UK, US - -********** - -Universal Postal Union (UPU) - -established - 9 October 1874, affiliated with the UN 15 November -1947 - -effective - 1 July 1948 - -aim - UN specialized agency that promotes international postal -cooperation - -members - (168) all UN members except Antigua and Barbuda, -Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Estonia, -Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Marshall Islands, -Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, Namibia, Slovenia, -South Africa, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan; other members -are Kiribati, Monaco, Nauru, Netherlands Antilles, Switzerland, -Tonga, Tuvalu, UK Overseas Territories, Vatican City - -********** - -Warsaw Pact (WP) - -Note - was established 14 May 1955 to promote mutual defense; -members met 1 July 1991 to dissolve the alliance; member states -were Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the -USSR - -********** - -West African Development Bank (WADB) - -Note - also known as Banque Ouest-Africaine de Developpement -(BOAD) - -established - 14 November 1973 - -aim - to promote economic development and integration - -members - (7) Benin, Burkina, Ivory Coast, Mali, Niger, Senegal, -Togo - -********** - -West African Economic Community (CEAO) - -Note - acronym from Communaute Economique de l'Afrique de l'Ouest - -established - 3 June 1972 - -aim - to promote regional economic development - -members - (7) Benin, Burkina, Ivory Coast, Mali, Mauritania, -Niger, Senegal - -observer - (1) Togo - -********** - -Western European Union (WEU) - -established - 23 October 1954 - -effective - 6 May 1955 - -aim - mutual defense and progressive political unification - -members - (10) Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, -Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, UK - -********** - -World Bank -

see International Bank for Reconstruction and Development -(IBRD) - -********** - -World Bank Group - -Note - includes International Bank for Reconstruction and -Development (IBRD), International Development Association (IDA), -and International Finance Corporation (IFC) - -********** - -World Confederation of Labor (WCL) - -established - 19 June 1920 as the International Federation of -Christian Trade Unions (IFCTU), renamed 4 October 1968 - -aim - to promote the trade union movement - -members - (96 national organizations) Algeria, Angola, Antigua -and Barbuda, Argentina, Aruba, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, -Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Bonaire Island, Botswana, Brazil, -Burkina, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, -Chad, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Curacao, Cyprus, -Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, France, -French Guiana, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guadaloupe, -Guatemala, Guinea, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hong Kong, Indonesia, -Italy, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Kenya, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, -Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malaysia, Mali, Martinique, Mauritius, -Mexico, Montserrat, Namibia, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Niger, -Nigeria, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, -Portugal, Puerto Rico, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint -Lucia, Saint Martin, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Senegal, -Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Spain, Sri Lanka, Suriname, -Switzerland, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, UK, US, Uruguay, -Venezuela, Vietnam, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe - -********** - -World Court -

see International Court of Justice (ICJ) - -********** - -World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) - -established - NA 1945 - -aim - to promote the trade union movement - -members - (67) Afghanistan, Angola, Argentina, Australia, -Austria, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Bolivia, Brazil, Burkina, Cambodia, -Chile, Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Dominican -Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Ethiopia, France, The Gambia, -Guatemala, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, India, -Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, North Korea, -Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mongolia, Namibia, -Nepal, Nicaragua, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, -Philippines, Puerto Rico, Russia, Saint Vincent and the -Grenadines, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Solomon Islands, South Africa, -Sri Lanka, Sudan, Syria, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela, -Vietnam, Yemen, Zaire - -********** - -World Food Council (WFC) - -established - 17 December 1974 - -aim - ECOSOC organization that studies world food problems and -recommends solutions - -members - (36) selected on a rotating basis from all regions - -********** - -World Food Program (WFP) - -established - 24 November 1961 - -aim - ECOSOC organization that provides food aid to assist in -development or disaster relief - -members - (30) selected on a rotating basis from all regions - -********** - -World Health Organization (WHO) - -established - 22 July 1946 - -effective - 7 April 1948 - -aim - UN specialized agency concerned with health matters - -members - (164) all UN members except Armenia, Azerbaijan, -Belize, Bosnia and Hercegovina, China, Croatia, Estonia, -Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, -Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, -Slovenia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan; other members are -Cook Islands, Kiribati, Monaco, Switzerland, Tonga - -********** - -World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) - -established - 14 July 1967 - -effective - 26 April 1970 - -aim - UN specialized agency concerned with the protection of -literary, artistic, and scientific works - -members - (125) Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Australia, Austria, -The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Benin, -Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Central -African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo, Costa -Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, El -Salvador, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, -Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Honduras, -Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, -Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South -Korea, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, -Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Malta, -Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, -Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, -Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, -Russia, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, -Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, -Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, -Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, -US, Uruguay, Vatican City, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, -Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe - -********** - -World Meteorological Organization (WMO) - -established - 11 October 1947 - -effective - 4 April 1951 - -aim - specialized UN agency concerned with meteorological -cooperation - -members - (162) all UN members except Armenia, Azerbaijan, -Bhutan, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Croatia, Equatorial Guinea, -Estonia, Grenada, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, -Lithuania, Moldova, Namibia, Poland, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint -Vincent and the Grenadines, Slovenia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, -Uzbekistan, Western Samoa; South Africa is included although WMO -membership is suspended; other members are British Caribbean -Territories, French Polynesia, Hong Kong, Slovenia, Netherlands -Antilles, New Caledonia, Switzerland - -********** - -World Tourism Organization (WTO) - -established - 2 January 1975 - -aim - promote tourism as a means of contributing to economic -development, international understanding, and peace - -members - (102) Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, -Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, -Burkina, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Chad, Chile, China, -Colombia, Congo, Cuba, Cyprus, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, -Egypt, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, -Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guinea, Haiti, Hungary, India, Indonesia, -Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, -Kenya, Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, -Lesotho, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Maldives, Mali, Malta, -Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Nepal, -Netherlands, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Portugal, -Romania, Russia, Rwanda, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, -Senegal, Sierra Leone, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Switzerland, -Syria, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UAE, US, Uruguay, -Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe - -associate members - (4) Aruba, Macau, Netherlands Antilles, -Puerto Rico - -permanent observer - (1) Vatican City - -********** - -Zangger Committee (ZC) - -established - early 1970s - -aim - to establish guidelines for the export control provisions -of the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty - -members - (23) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, -Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Greece, Hungary, -Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, -Romania, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US - - - Appendix D: Weights and Measures -Mathematical Notation -Mathematical Power Name -10^18 or 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 one quintillion -10^15 or 1,000,000,000,000,000 one quadrillion -10^12 or 1,000,000,000,000 one trillion -10^9 or 1,000,000,000 one billion -10^6 or 1,000,000 one million -10^3 or 1,000 one thousand -10^2 or 100 one hundred -10^1 or 10 ten -10^0 or 1 one -10^-1 or 0.1 one tenth -10^-2 or 0.01 one hundredth -10^-3 or 0.001 one thousandth -10^-6 or 0.000 001 one millionth -10^-9 or 0.000 000 001 one billionth -10^-12 or 0.000 000 000 001 one trillionth -10^-15 or 0.000 000 000 000 001 one quadrillionth -10^-18 or 0.000 000 000 000 000 001 one quintillionth -Metric Interrelationships -Conversions from a multiple or submultiple to the basic units of meters, -liters, or grams can be done using the table. For example, to convert from -kilometers to meters, multiply by 1,000 (9.26 kilometers equals 9,260 -meters) or to convert from meters to kilometers, multiply by 0.001 (9,260 -meters equals 9.26 kilometers) -Prefix Symbol Length, Area Volume - weight, - capacity -exa E 10^18 10^36 10^54 -peta P 10^15 10^30 10^45 -tera T 10^12 10^24 10^36 -giga G 10^9 10^18 10^27 -mega M 10^6 10^12 10^18 -hectokilo hk 10^5 10^10 10^15 -myria ma 10^4 10^8 10^12 -kilo k 10^3 10^6 10^9 -hecto h 10^2 10^4 10^6 -basic unit - 1 meter, 1 meter^2 1 meter^3 - 1 gram, - 1 liter -deci d 10^-1 10^-2 10^-3 -centi c 10^-2 10^-4 10^-6 -milli m 10^-3 10^-6 10^-9 -decimilli dm 10^-4 10^-8 10^-12 -centimilli cm 10^-5 10^-10 10^-15 -micro u 10^-6 10^-12 10^-18 -nano n 10^-9 10^-18 10^-27 -pico p 10^-12 10^-24 10^-36 -femto f 10^-15 10^-30 10^-45 -atto a 10^-18 10^-36 10^-54 - -Equivalents - -Unit Metric Equivalent US Equivalent -acre 0.404 685 64 hectares 43,560 feet^2 -acre 4,046,856 4 meters^2 4,840 yards^2 -acre 0.004 046 856 4 0.001 562 5 miles^2, - kilometers^2 statute -are 100 meters^2 119.599 yards^2 -barrel (petroleum, US) 158.987 29 liters 42 gallons -barrel (proof spirits, 151.416 47 liters 40 gallons -US) -barrel (beer, US) 117.347 77 liters 31 gallons -bushel 35.239 07 liters 4 pecks -cable 219.456 meters 120 fathoms -chain (surveyor's) 20.116 8 meters 66 feet -cord (wood) 3.624 556 meters^3 128 feet^3 -cup 0.236 588 2 liters 8 ounces, liquid (US) -degrees, celsius (water boils at 100. multiply by 1.8 and add - degrees C, freezes at 0. C) 32 to obtain .F -degrees, fahrenheit subtract 32 and divide by (water boils at 212 .F, - 1.8 to obtain .C freezes at 32 .F) -dram, avoirdupois 1.771 845 2 grams 0.062 5 ounces, avoirdupois -dram, troy 3.887 934 6 grams 0.125 ounces, troy -dram, liquid (US) 3.696 69 milliliters 0.125 ounces, liquid -fathom 1.828 8 meters 6 feet -foot 30.48 centimeters -foot 0.304 8 meters 0.333 333 3 yards -foot 0.000 304 8 kilometers 0.000 189 39 miles, - statute -foot^2 929.030 4 centimeters^2 144 inches^2 -foot 2 0.092 903 04 meters^2 0.111 111 1 yards^2 -foot^3 28.316 846 592 liters 7.480 519 gallons -foot^3 0.028 316 847 meters^3 1,728 inches^3 -furlong 201.168 meters 220 yards -gallon, liquid (US) 3.785 411 784 liters 4 quarts, liquid -gill (US) 118.294 118 milliliters 4 ounces, liquid -grain 64.798 91 milligrams 0.002 285 71 ounces, - advp. -gram 1,000 milligrams 0.035 273 96 ounces, - advp. -hand (height of horse) 10.16 centimeters 4 inches -hectare 10,000 meters^2 2.471 053 8 acres -hundredweight, long 50.802 345 kilograms 112 pounds, avoirdupois -hundredweight, short 45.359 237 kilograms 100 pounds, avoirdupois -inch 2.54 centimeters 0.083 333 33 feet -inch2 6.451 6 centimeters^2 0.006 944 44 feet^2 -inch3 16.387 064 centimeters^3 0.000 578 7 feet^3 -inch3 16.387 064 milliliters 0.029 761 6 pints, dry -inch3 16.387 064 milliliters 0.034 632 0 pints, liquid -kilogram 0.001 tons, metric 2.204 623 pounds, - avoirdupois -kilometer 1,000 meters 0.621 371 19 miles, - statute -kilometer^2 100 hectares 247.105 38 acres -kilometer^2 1,000,000 meters^2 0.386 102 16 miles^2, - statute -knot (1 nautical 1.852 kilometers/hour 1.151 statute miles/hour -mi/hr) -league, nautical 5.559 552 kilometers 3 miles, nautical -league, statute 4.828.032 kilometers 3 miles, statute -link (surveyor's) 20.116 8 centimeters 7.92 inches -liter 0.001 meters^3 61.023 74 inches^3 -liter 0.1 dekaliter 0.908 083 quarts, dry -liter 1,000 milliliters 1.056 688 quarts, liquid -meter 100 centimeters 1.093 613 yards -meter^2 10,000 centimeters^2 1.195 990 yards^2 -meter^3 1,000 liters 1.307 951 yards^3 -micron 0.000 001 meter 0.000 039 4 inches -mil 0.025 4 millimeters 0.001 inch -mile, nautical 1.852 kilometers 1.150 779 4 miles, - statute -mile^2, nautical 3.429 904 kilometers^2 1.325 miles^2, statute -mile, statute 1.609 344 kilometers 5,280 feet or 8 furlongs -mile^2, statute 258.998 811 hectares 640 acres or 1 section -mile^2, statute 2.589 988 11 kilometers^2 0.755 miles^2, nautical -minim (US) 0.061 611 52 milliliters 0.002 083 33 ounces, - liquid -ounce, avoirdupois 28.349 523 125 grams 437.5 grains -ounce, liquid (US) 29.573 53 milliliters 0.062 5 pints, liquid -ounce, troy 31.103 476 8 grams 480 grains -pace 76.2 centimeters 30 inches -peck 8.809 767 5 liters 8 quarts, dry -pennyweight 1.555 173 84 grams 24 grains -pint, dry (US) 0.550 610 47 liters 0.5 quarts, dry -pint, liquid (US) 0.473 176 473 liters 0.5 quarts, liquid -point (typographical) 0.351 459 8 millimeters 0.013 837 inches -pound, avoirdupois 453.592 37 grams 16 ounces, avourdupois -pound, troy 373.241 721 6 grams 12 ounces, troy -quart, dry (US) 1.101 221 liters 2 pints, dry -quart, liquid (US) 0.946 352 946 liters 2 pints, liquid -quintal 100 kilograms 220.462 26 pounds, avdp. -rod 5.029 2 meters 5.5 yards -scruple 1.295 978 2 grams 20 grains -section (US) 2.589 988 1 kilometers^2 1 mile2, statute or 640 - acres -span 22.86 centimeters 9 inches -stere 1 meter3 1.307 95 yards^3 -tablespoon 14.786 76 milliliters 3 teaspoons -teaspoon 4.928 922 milliliters 0.333 333 tablespoons -ton, long or 1,016.046 909 kilograms 2,240 pounds, avoirdupois -deadweight - -ton, metric 1,000 kilograms 2,204.623 pounds, - avoirdupois -ton, metric 1,000 kilograms 32,150.75 ounces, troy -ton, register 2.831 684 7 meters^3 100 feet^3 -ton, short 907.184 74 kilograms 2,000 pounds, avoirdupois -township (US) 93.239 572 kilometers^2 36 miles^2, statute -yard 0.914 4 meters 3 feet -yard^2 0.836 127 36 meters^2 9 feet^2 -yard^3 0.764 554 86 meters^3 27 feet^3 -yard^3 764.554 857 984 liters 201.974 gallons - - -********** - -Appendix E - -Cross-Reference List of Geographic Names - - This list indicates where various names including all United States -Foreign Service Posts, alternate names, former names, and political or -geographical portions of larger entities can be found in The World -Factbook. Spellings are not necessarily those approved by the United -States Board on Geographic Names (BGN). Alternate names are included in -parentheses; additional information is included in brackets. - -Name Entry in The World Factbook - -Abidjan [US Embassy] Ivory Coast -Abu Dhabi [US Embassy] United Arab Emirates -Acapulco [US Consular Agency] Mexico -Accra [US Embassy] Ghana -Adana [US Consulate] Turkey -Addis Ababa [US Embassy] Ethiopia -Adelaide [US Consular Agency] Australia -Adelie Land (Terre Adelie) Antarctica - [claimed by France] -Aden Yemen -Aden, Gulf of Indian Ocean -Admiralty Islands Papua New Guinea -Adriatic Sea Atlantic Ocean -Aegean Islands Greece -Aegean Sea Atlantic Ocean -Afars and Issas, French Djibouti - Territory of the (F.T.A.I.) -Agalega Islands Mauritius -Aland Islands Finland -Alaska United States -Alaska, Gulf of Pacific Ocean -Aldabra Islands Seychelles -Alderney Guernsey -Aleutian Islands United States -Alexander Island Antarctica -Alexandria [US Consulate General] Egypt -Algiers [US Embassy] Algeria -Alhucemas, Penon de Spain -Alma-Ata Kazakhstan -Alphonse Island Seychelles -Amami Strait Pacific Ocean -Amindivi Islands India -Amirante Isles Seychelles -Amman [US Embassy] Jordan -Amsterdam [US Consulate General] Netherlands -Amsterdam Island (Ile Amsterdam) French Southern and Antarctic Lands -Amundsen Sea Pacific Ocean -Amur China; Russia -Andaman Islands India -Andaman Sea Indian Ocean -Anegada Passage Atlantic Ocean -Anglo-Egyptian Sudan Sudan -Anjouan Comoros -Ankara [US Embassy] Turkey -Annobon Equatorial Guinea -Antananarivo [US Embassy] Madagascar -Antipodes Islands New Zealand -Antwerp [US Consulate General] Belgium -Aozou Strip [claimed by Libya] Chad -Aqaba, Gulf of Indian Ocean -Arabian Sea Indian Ocean -Arafura Sea Pacific Ocean -Argun China; Russia -Ascension Island Saint Helena -Ashgabat (Ashkhabad) Turkmenistan -Ashkhabad [Interim Chancery] Turkmenistan -Assumption Island Seychelles -Asuncion [US Embassy] Paraguay -Asuncion Island Northern Mariana Islands -Atacama Chile -Athens [US Embassy] Greece -Attu United States -Auckland [US Consulate General] New Zealand -Auckland Islands New Zealand -Australes Iles (Iles Tubuai) French Polynesia -Axel Heiberg Island Canada -Azores Portugal -Azov, Sea of Atlantic Ocean - -Bab el Mandeb Indian Ocean -Babuyan Channel Pacific Ocean -Babuyan Islands Philippines -Baffin Bay Arctic Ocean -Baffin Island Canada -Baghdad Iraq -Baku Azerbaijan -Baky (Baku) Azerbaijan -Balabac Strait Pacific Ocean -Balearic Islands Spain -Balearic Sea (Iberian Sea) Atlantic Ocean -Bali [US Consular Agency] Indonesia -Bali Sea Indian Ocean -Balintang Channel Pacific Ocean -Balintang Islands Philippines -Balleny Islands Antarctica -Balochistan Pakistan -Baltic Sea Atlantic Ocean -Bamako [US Embassy] Mali -Banaba (Ocean Island) Kiribati -Bandar Seri Begawan [US Embassy] Brunei -Banda Sea Pacific Ocean -Bangkok [US Embassy] Thailand -Bangui [US Embassy] Central African Republic -Banjul [US Embassy] Gambia, The -Banks Island Canada -Banks Islands (Iles Banks) Vanuatu -Barcelona [US Consulate General] Spain -Barents Sea Arctic Ocean -Barranquilla [US Consulate] Colombia -Bashi Channel Pacific Ocean -Basilan Strait Pacific Ocean -Bass Strait Indian Ocean -Batan Islands Philippines -Bavaria (Bayern) Germany -Beagle Channel Atlantic Ocean -Bear Island (Bjornoya) Svalbard -Beaufort Sea Arctic Ocean -Bechuanaland Botswana -Beijing [US Embassy] China -Beirut [US Embassy] Lebanon -Belau Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the - (Palau) -Belem [US Consular Agency] Brazil -Belep Islands (Iles Belep) New Caledonia -Belfast [US Consulate General] United Kingdom -Belgian Congo Zaire -Belgrade [US Embassy] Yugoslavia -Belize City [US Embassy] Belize -Belle Isle, Strait of Atlantic Ocean -Bellinghausen Sea Pacific Ocean -Belmopan Belize -Belorussia Belarus -Bengal, Bay of Indian Ocean -Bering Sea Pacific Ocean -Bering Strait Pacific Ocean -Berkner Island Antarctica -Berlin [US Branch Office] Germany -Berlin, East Germany -Berlin, West Germany -Bern [US Embassy] Switzerland -Bessarabia Romania; Moldova -Bijagos, Arquipelago dos Guinea-Bissau -Bikini Atoll Marshall Islands -Bilbao [US Consulate] Spain -Bioko Equatorial Guinea -Biscay, Bay of Atlantic Ocean -Bishbek [Interim Chancery] Kyrgyzstan -Bishop Rock United Kingdom -Bismarck Archipelago Papua New Guinea -Bismarck Sea Pacific Ocean -Bissau [US Embassy] Guinea-Bissau -Bjornoya (Bear Island) Svalbard -Black Rock Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) -Black Sea Atlantic Ocean -Boa Vista Cape Verde -Bogota [US Embassy] Colombia -Bombay [US Consulate General] India -Bonaire Netherlands Antilles -Bonifacio, Strait of Atlantic Ocean -Bonin Islands Japan -Bonn [US Embassy] Germany -Bophuthatswana South Africa -Bora-Bora French Polynesia -Bordeaux [US Consulate General] France -Borneo Brunei; Indonesia; Malaysia -Bornholm Denmark -Bosporus Atlantic Ocean -Bothnia, Gulf of Atlantic Ocean -Bougainville Island Papua New Guinea -Bougainville Strait Pacific Ocean -Bounty Islands New Zealand -Brasilia [US Embassy] Brazil -Brazzaville [US Embassy] Congo -Bridgetown [US Embassy] Barbados -Brisbane [US Consulate] Australia -British East Africa Kenya -British Guiana Guyana -British Honduras Belize -British Solomon Islands Solomon Islands -British Somaliland Somalia -Brussels [US Embassy, US Mission Belgium - to European Communities, US - Mission to the North Atlantic - Treaty Organization (USNATO)] -Bucharest [US Embassy] Romania -Budapest [US Embassy] Hungary -Buenos Aires [US Embassy] Argentina -Bujumbura [US Embassy] Burundi -Byelorussia Belarus - -Cabinda Angola -Cabot Strait Atlantic Ocean -Caicos Islands Turks and Caicos Islands -Cairo [US Embassy] Egypt -Calcutta [US Consulate General] India -Calgary [US Consulate General] Canada -California, Gulf of Pacific Ocean -Campbell Island New Zealand -Canal Zone Panama -Canary Islands Spain -Canberra [US Embassy] Australia -Cancun [US Consular Agency] Mexico -Canton (Guangzhou) China -Canton Island Kiribati -Cape Town [US Consulate General] South Africa -Caracas [US Embassy] Venezuela -Cargados Carajos Shoals Mauritius -Caroline Islands Micronesia, Federated States of; - Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the -Caribbean Sea Atlantic Ocean -Carpentaria, Gulf of Pacific Ocean -Casablanca [US Consulate General] Morocco -Cato Island Australia -Cebu [US Consulate] Philippines -Celebes Indonesia -Celebes Sea Pacific Ocean -Celtic Sea Atlantic Ocean -Central African Empire Central African Republic -Ceuta Spain -Ceylon Sri Lanka -Chafarinas, Islas Spain -Chagos Archipelago (Oil Islands) British Indian Ocean Territory -Channel Islands Guernsey; Jersey -Chatham Islands New Zealand -Cheju-do Korea, South -Cheju Strait Pacific Ocean -Chengdu [US Consulate General] China -Chesterfield Islands New Caledonia - (Iles Chesterfield) -Chiang Mai [US Consulate General] Thailand -Chihli, Gulf of (Bo Hai) Pacific Ocean -China, People's Republic of China -China, Republic of Taiwan -Choiseul Solomon Islands -Christchurch [US Consular Agency] New Zealand -Christmas Island [Indian Ocean] Australia -Christmas Island [Pacific Ocean] Kiribati - (Kiritimati) -Chukchi Sea Arctic Ocean -Ciskei South Africa -Ciudad Juarez [US Consulate Mexico - General] -Cochabamba [US Consular Agency] Bolivia -Coco, Isla del Costa Rica -Cocos Islands Cocos (Keeling) Islands -Colombo [US Embassy] Sri Lanka -Colon [US Consular Agency] Panama -Colon, Archipielago de Ecuador - (Galapagos Islands) -Commander Islands Russia - (Komandorskiye Ostrova) -Conakry [US Embassy] Guinea -Congo (Brazzaville) Congo -Congo (Kinshasa) Zaire -Congo (Leopoldville) Zaire -Con Son Islands Vietnam -Cook Strait Pacific Ocean -Copenhagen [US Embassy] Denmark -Coral Sea Pacific Ocean -Corn Islands (Islas del Maiz) Nicaragua -Corsica France -Cosmoledo Group Seychelles -Cote d'Ivoire Ivory Coast -Cotonou [US Embassy] Benin -Crete Greece -Crooked Island Passage Atlantic Ocean -Crozet Islands (Iles Crozet) French Southern and Antarctic Lands -Curacao [US Consulate General] Netherlands Antilles -Cusco [US Consular Agency] Peru - -Dahomey Benin -Daito Islands Japan -Dakar [US Embassy] Senegal -Daman (Damao) India -Damascus [US Embassy] Syria -Danger Atoll Cook Islands -Danish Straits Atlantic Ocean -Danzig (Gdansk) Poland -Dao Bach Long Vi Vietnam -Dardanelles Atlantic Ocean -Dar es Salaam [US Embassy] Tanzania -Davis Strait Atlantic Ocean -Deception Island Antarctica -Denmark Strait Atlantic Ocean -D'Entrecasteaux Islands Papua New Guinea -Devon Island Canada -Dhahran [US Consulate General] Saudi Arabia -Dhaka [US Embassy] Bangladesh -Diego Garcia British Indian Ocean Territory -Diego Ramirez Chile -Diomede Islands Russia [Big Diomede]; United States - [Little Diomede] -Diu India -Djibouti [US Embassy] Djibouti -Dodecanese Greece -Doha [US Embassy] Qatar -Douala [US Consulate General] Cameroon -Dover, Strait of Atlantic Ocean -Drake Passage Atlantic Ocean -Dubai [US Consulate General] United Arab Emirates -Dublin [US Embassy] Ireland -Durango [US Consular Agency] Mexico -Durban [US Consulate General] South Africa -Dushanbe Tajikistan -Dusseldorf [US Consulate General] Germany -Dutch East Indies Indonesia -Dutch Guiana Suriname - -East China Sea Pacific Ocean -Easter Island (Isla de Pascua) Chile -Eastern Channel (East Korea Pacific Ocean - Strait or Tsushima Strait) -East Germany (German Democratic Germany - Republic) -East Korea Strait (Eastern Pacific Ocean - Channel or Tsushima Strait) -East Pakistan Bangladesh -East Siberian Sea Arctic Ocean -East Timor (Portuguese Timor) Indonesia -Edinburgh [US Consulate General] United Kingdom -Elba Italy -Ellef Ringnes Island Canada -Ellesmere Island Canada -Ellice Islands Tuvalu -Elobey, Islas de Equatorial Guinea -Enderbury Island Kiribati -Enewetak Atoll (Eniwetok Atoll) Marshall Islands -England United Kingdom -English Channel Atlantic Ocean -Eniwetok Atoll Marshall Islands -Epirus, Northern Albania; Greece -Eritrea Ethiopia -Essequibo [claimed by Venezuela] Guyana -Etorofu Russia[de facto] - -Farquhar Group Seychelles -Fernando de Noronha Brazil -Fernando Po (Bioko) Equatorial Guinea -Finland, Gulf of Atlantic Ocean -Florence [US Consulate General] Italy -Florida, Straits of Atlantic Ocean -Formosa Taiwan -Formosa Strait (Taiwan Strait) Pacific Ocean -Fort-de-France Martinique - [US Consulate General] -Frankfurt am Main Germany - [US Consulate General] -Franz Josef Land Russia -Freetown [US Embassy] Sierra Leone -French Cameroon Cameroon -French Indochina Cambodia; Laos; Vietnam -French Guinea Guinea -French Sudan Mali -French Territory of the Afars Djibouti - and Issas (F.T.A.I.) -French Togo Togo -Friendly Islands Tonga -Frunze (Bishkek) Kyrgyzstan -Fukuoka [US Consulate] Japan -Funchal [US Consular Agency] Portugal -Fundy, Bay of Atlantic Ocean -Futuna Islands (Hoorn Islands) Wallis and Futuna - -Gaborone [US Embassy] Botswana -Galapagos Islands (Archipielago Ecuador - de Colon) -Galleons Passage Atlantic Ocean -Gambier Islands (Iles Gambier) French Polynesia -Gaspar Strait Indian Ocean -Geneva [Branch Office of the US Switzerland - Embassy, US Mission to European - Office of the UN and Other - International Organizations] -Genoa [US Consulate General] Italy -George Town [US Consular Agency] Cayman Islands -Georgetown [US Embassy] Guyana -German Democratic Republic Germany - (East Germany) -German Federal Republic of Germany - (West Germany) -Gibraltar, Strait of Atlantic Ocean -Gilbert Islands Kiribati -Goa India -Gold Coast Ghana -Golan Heights Syria -Good Hope, Cape of South Africa -Goteborg [US Consulate General] Sweden -Gotland Sweden -Gough Island Saint Helena -Grand Banks Atlantic Ocean -Grand Cayman Cayman Islands -Grand Turk [US Consular Agency] Turks and Caicos Islands -Great Australian Bight Indian Ocean -Great Belt (Store Baelt) Atlantic Ocean -Great Britain United Kingdom -Great Channel Indian Ocean -Greater Sunda Islands Brunei; Indonesia; Malaysia -Green Islands Papua New Guinea -Greenland Sea Arctic Ocean -Grenadines, Northern Saint Vincent and the Grenadines -Grenadines, Southern Grenada -Guadalajara Mexico - [US Consulate General] -Guadalcanal Solomon Islands -Guadalupe, Isla de Mexico -Guangzhou [US Consulate General] China -Guantanamo [US Naval Base] Cuba -Guatemala [US Embassy] Guatemala -Gubal, Strait of Indian Ocean -Guinea, Gulf of Atlantic Ocean -Guayaquil [US Consulate General] Ecuador - -Ha'apai Group Tonga -Habomai Islands Russia[de facto] -Hague,The [US Embassy] Netherlands -Haifa [US Consular Agency] Israel -Hainan Dao China -Halifax [US Consulate General] Canada -Halmahera Indonesia -Hamburg [US Consulate General] Germany -Hamilton [US Consulate General] Bermuda -Hanoi Vietnam -Harare [US Embassy] Zimbabwe -Hatay Turkey -Havana [US post not maintained, Cuba - representation by US Interests - Section (USINT) of the Swiss - Embassy] -Hawaii United States -Heard Island Heard Island and McDonald Islands -Helsinki [US Embassy] Finland -Hermosillo [US Consulate] Mexico -Hispaniola Dominican Republic; Haiti -Hokkaido Japan -Holy See, The Vatican City -Hong Kong [US Consulate General] Hong Kong -Honiara [US Consulate] Solomon Islands -Honshu Japan -Hormuz, Strait of Indian Ocean -Horn, Cape (Cabo de Hornos) Chile -Horne, Iles de Wallis and Futuna -Horn of Africa Ethiopia; Somalia -Hudson Bay Arctic Ocean -Hudson Strait Arctic Ocean - -Inaccessible Island Saint Helena -Indochina Cambodia; Laos; Vietnam -Inner Mongolia (Nei Mongol) China -Ionian Islands Greece -Ionian Sea Atlantic Ocean -Irian Jaya Indonesia -Irish Sea Atlantic Ocean -Islamabad [US Embassy] Pakistan -Islas Malvinas Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) -Istanbul [US Consulate General] Turkey -Italian Somaliland Somalia -Iwo Jima Japan -Izmir [US Consulate General] Turkey - -Jakarta [US Embassy] Indonesia -Japan, Sea of Pacific Ocean -Java Indonesia -Java Sea Indian Ocean -Jeddah [US Consulate General] Saudi Arabia -Jerusalem [US Consulate General] Israel; West Bank -Johannesburg South Africa - [US Consulate General] -Juan de Fuca, Strait of Pacific Ocean -Juan Fernandez, Isla de Chile -Juventud, Isla de la Cuba - (Isle of Youth) - -Kabul [US Embassy now closed] Afghanistan -Kaduna [US Consulate General] Nigeria -Kalimantan Indonesia -Kamchatka Peninsula Russia - (Poluostrov Kamchatka) -Kampala [US Embassy] Uganda -Kampuchea Cambodia -Karachi [US Consulate General] Pakistan -Kara Sea Arctic Ocean -Karimata Strait Indian Ocean -Kathmandu [US Embassy] Nepal -Kattegat Atlantic Ocean -Kauai Channel Pacific Ocean -Keeling Islands Cocos (Keeling) Islands -Kerguelen, Iles French Southern and Antarctic Lands -Kermadec Islands New Zealand -Khabarovsk Russia -Khartoum [US Embassy] Sudan -Khmer Republic Cambodia -Khuriya Muriya Islands Oman - (Kuria Muria Islands) -Khyber Pass Pakistan -Kiel Canal (Nord-Ostsee Kanal) Atlantic Ocean -Kiev [Chancery] Ukraine -Kigali [US Embassy] Rwanda -Kingston [US Embassy] Jamaica -Kinshasa [US Embassy] Zaire -Kirghiziya Kyrgyzstan -Kiritimati (Christmas Island) Kiribati -Kishinev (Chicsinau) Moldova -Kithira Strait Atlantic Ocean -Kodiak Island United States -Kola Peninsula Russia - (Kol'skiy Poluostrov) -Kolonia [US Special Office] Micronesia, Federated States of -Korea Bay Pacific Ocean -Korea, Democratic People's Korea, North - Republic of -Korea, Republic of Korea, South -Korea Strait Pacific Ocean -Koror [US Special Office] Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of -Kosovo Yugoslavia -Kowloon Hong Kong -Krakow [US Consulate] Poland -Kuala Lumpur [US Embassy] Malaysia -Kunashiri (Kunashir) Russia [de facto] -Kuril Islands Russia [de facto] -Kuwait [US Embassy] Kuwait -Kwajalein Atoll Marshall Islands -Kyushu Japan -Kyyiv (Kiev) Ukraine - -Labrador Canada -Laccadive Islands India -Laccadive Sea Indian Ocean -La Coruna [US Consular Agency] Spain -Lagos [US Embassy] Nigeria -Lahore [US Consulate General] Pakistan -Lakshadweep India -La Paz [US Embassy] Bolivia -La Perouse Strait Pacific Ocean -Laptev Sea Arctic Ocean -Las Palmas [US Consular Agency] Spain -Lau Group Fiji -Leningrad see Saint Petersburg Russia - [US Consulate General] -Lesser Sunda Islands Indonesia -Leyte Philippines -Liancourt Rocks Korea, South - [claimed by Japan] -Libreville [US Embassy] Gabon -Ligurian Sea Atlantic Ocean -Lilongwe [US Embassy] Malawi -Lima [US Embassy] Peru -Lincoln Sea Arctic Ocean -Line Islands Kiribati; Palmyra Atoll -Lisbon [US Embassy] Portugal -Lombok Strait Indian Ocean -Lome [US Embassy] Togo -London [US Embassy] United Kingdom -Lord Howe Island Australia -Louisiade Archipelago Papua New Guinea -Loyalty Islands (Iles Loyaute) New Caledonia -Lubumbashi [US Consulate General] Zaire -Lusaka [US Embassy] Zambia -Luxembourg [US Embassy] Luxembourg -Luzon Philippines -Luzon Strait Pacific Ocean -Lyon [US Consulate General] France - -Macao Macau -Macedonia Bulgaria -Macquarie Island Australia -Madeira Islands Portugal -Madras [US Consulate General] India -Madrid [US Embassy] Spain -Magellan, Strait of Atlantic Ocean -Maghreb Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, - Tunisia -Mahe Island Seychelles -Maiz, Islas del (Corn Islands) Nicaragua -Majorca (Mallorca) Spain -Majuro [US Special Office] Marshall Islands -Makassar Strait Pacific Ocean -Malabo [US Embassy] Equatorial Guinea -Malacca, Strait of Indian Ocean -Malaga [US Consular Agency] Spain -Malagasy Republic Madagascar -Male [US post not maintained, Maldives - representation from Colombo, - Sri Lanka] -Mallorca (Majorca) Spain -Malpelo, Isla de Colombia -Malta Channel Atlantic Ocean -Malvinas, Islas Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) -Managua [US Embassy] Nicaragua -Manama [US Embassy] Bahrain -Manaus [US Consular Agency] Brazil -Manchukuo China -Manchuria China -Manila [US Embassy] Philippines -Manipa Strait Pacific Ocean -Mannar, Gulf of Indian Ocean -Manua Islands American Samoa -Maputo [US Embassy] Mozambique -Maracaibo [US Consulate] Venezuela -Marcus Island (Minami-tori-shima) Japan -Mariana Islands Guam; Northern Mariana Islands -Marion Island South Africa -Marmara, Sea of Atlantic Ocean -Marquesas Islands French Polynesia - (Iles Marquises) -Marseille [US Consulate General] France -Martin Vaz, Ilhas Brazil -Mas a Tierra Chile - (Robinson Crusoe Island) -Mascarene Islands Mauritius; Reunion -Maseru [US Embassy] Lesotho -Matamoros [US Consulate] Mexico -Mazatlan [US Consulate] Mexico -Mbabane [US Embassy] Swaziland -McDonald Islands Heard Island and McDonald Islands -Medan [US Consulate] Indonesia -Mediterranean Sea Atlantic Ocean -Melbourne [US Consulate General] Australia -Melilla Spain -Mensk (Minsk) Belarus -Merida [US Consulate] Mexico -Messina, Strait of Atlantic Ocean -Mexico [US Embassy] Mexico -Mexico, Gulf of Atlantic Ocean -Milan [US Consulate General] Italy -Minami-tori-shima Japan -Mindanao Philippines -Mindoro Strait Pacific Ocean -Minicoy Island India -Minsk Byelarus -Mogadishu [US Embassy] Somalia -Moldovia Moldova -Mombasa [US Consulate] Kenya -Mona Passage Atlantic Ocean -Monrovia [US Embassy] Liberia -Montego Bay [US Consular Agency] Jamaica -Montenegro Serbia and Montenegro -Monterrey [US Consulate General] Mexico -Montevideo [US Embassy] Uruguay -Montreal [US Consulate General, Canada - US Mission to the International - Civil Aviation Organization - (ICAO)] -Moravian Gate Czechoslovakia -Moroni [US Embassy] Comoros -Mortlock Islands Micronesia, Federated States of -Moscow [US Embassy] Russia -Mozambique Channel Indian Ocean -Mulege [US Consular Agency] Mexico -Munich [US Consulate General] Germany -Musandam Peninsula Oman; United Arab Emirates -Muscat [US Embassy] Oman -Muscat and Oman Oman -Myanma, Myanmar Burma - -Naha [US Consulate General] Japan -Nairobi [US Embassy] Kenya -Nampo-shoto Japan -Naples [US Consulate General] Italy -Nassau [US Embassy] Bahamas, The -Natuna Besar Islands Indonesia -N'Djamena [US Embassy] Chad -Netherlands East Indies Indonesia -Netherlands Guiana Suriname -Nevis Saint Kitts and Nevis -New Delhi [US Embassy] India -Newfoundland Canada -New Guinea Indonesia; Papua New Guinea -New Hebrides Vanuatu -New Siberian Islands Russia -New Territories Hong Kong -New York, New York [US Mission United States - to the United Nations (USUN)] -Niamey [US Embassy] Niger -Nice [US Consular Agency] France -Nicobar Islands India -Nicosia [US Embassy] Cyprus -Nightingale Island Saint Helena -North Atlantic Ocean Atlantic Ocean -North Channel Atlantic Ocean -Northeast Providence Channel Atlantic Ocean -Northern Epirus Albania; Greece -Northern Grenadines Saint Vincent and the Grenadines -Northern Ireland United Kingdom -Northern Rhodesia Zambia -North Island New Zealand -North Korea Korea, North -North Pacific Ocean Pacific Ocean -North Sea Atlantic Ocean -North Vietnam Vietnam -Northwest Passages Arctic Ocean -North Yemen (Yemen Arab Republic) Yemen -Norwegian Sea Atlantic Ocean -Nouakchott [US Embassy] Mauritania -Novaya Zemlya Russia -Nuevo Laredo [US Consulate] Mexico -Nyasaland Malawi - -Oahu United States -Oaxaca [US Consular Agency] Mexico -Ocean Island (Banaba) Kiribati -Ocean Island (Kure Island) United States -Ogaden Ethiopia; Somalia -Oil Islands (Chagos Archipelago) British Indian Ocean Territory -Okhotsk, Sea of Pacific Ocean -Okinawa Japan -Oman, Gulf of Indian Ocean -Ombai Strait Pacific Ocean -Oporto [US Consulate] Portugal -Oran [US Consulate] Algeria -Oresund (The Sound) Atlantic Ocean -Orkney Islands United Kingdom -Osaka-Kobe [US Consulate General] Japan -Oslo [US Embassy] Norway -Otranto, Strait of Atlantic Ocean -Ottawa [US Embassy] Canada -Ouagadougou [US Embassy] Burkina -Outer Mongolia Mongolia - -Pagan Northern Mariana Islands -Palau Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the -Palawan Philippines -Palermo [US Consulate General] Italy -Palk Strait Indian Ocean -Palma de Mallorca Spain - [US Consular Agency] -Pamirs China; Tajikistan -Panama [US Embassy] Panama -Panama Canal Panama -Panama, Gulf of Pacific Ocean -Paramaribo [US Embassy] Suriname -Parece Vela Japan -Paris [US Embassy, US Mission to France - the Organization for Economic - Cooperation and Development - (OECD), US Observer Mission at - the UN Educational, Scientific, - and Cultural Organization - (UNESCO)] -Pascua, Isla de (Easter Island) Chile -Passion, Ile de la Clipperton Island -Pashtunistan Afghanistan; Pakistan -Peking (Beijing) China -Pemba Island Tanzania -Pentland Firth Atlantic Ocean -Perim Yemen -Perouse Strait, La Pacific Ocean -Persian Gulf Indian Ocean -Perth [US Consulate] Australia -Pescadores Taiwan -Peshawar [US Consulate] Pakistan -Peter I Island Antarctica -Philip Island Norfolk Island -Philippine Sea Pacific Ocean -Phoenix Islands Kiribati -Pines, Isle of Cuba - (Isla de la Juventud) -Piura [US Consular Agency] Peru -Pleasant Island Nauru -Ponape (Pohnpei) Micronesia -Ponta Delgada [US Consulate] Portugal -Port-au-Prince [US Embassy] Haiti -Port Louis [US Embassy] Mauritius -Port Moresby [US Embassy] Papua New Guinea -Porto Alegre [US Consulate] Brazil -Port-of-Spain [US Embassy] Trinidad and Tobago -Port Said [US Consular Agency] Egypt -Portuguese Guinea Guinea-Bissau -Portuguese Timor (East Timor) Indonesia -Poznan [US Consulate] Poland -Prague [US Embassy] Czechoslovakia -Praia [US Embassy] Cape Verde -Pretoria [US Embassy] South Africa -Pribilof Islands United States -Prince Edward Island Canada -Prince Edward Islands South Africa -Prince Patrick Island Canada -Principe Sao Tome and Principe -Puerto Plata [US Consular Agency] Dominican Republic -Puerto Vallarta Mexico - [US Consular Agency] -Pusan [US Consulate] South Korea -P'yongyang Korea, North - -Quebec [US Consulate General] Canada -Queen Charlotte Islands Canada -Queen Elizabeth Islands Canada -Queen Maud Land Antarctica - [claimed by Norway] -Quito [US Embassy] Ecuador - -Rabat [US Embassy] Morocco -Ralik Chain Marshall Islands -Rangoon [US Embassy] Burma -Ratak Chain Marshall Islands -Recife [US Consulate] Brazil -Redonda Antigua and Barbuda -Red Sea Indian Ocean -Revillagigedo Island United States -Revillagigedo Islands Mexico -Reykjavik [US Embassy] Iceland -Rhodes Greece -Rhodesia Zimbabwe -Rhodesia, Northern Zambia -Rhodesia, Southern Zimbabwe -Riga [Interim Chancery] Latvia -Rio de Janeiro Brazil - [US Consulate General] -Rio de Oro Western Sahara -Rio Muni Equatorial Guinea -Riyadh [US Embassy] Saudi Arabia -Robinson Crusoe Island Chile - (Mas a Tierra) -Rocas, Atol das Brazil -Rockall [disputed] United Kingdom -Rodrigues Mauritius -Rome [US Embassy, US Mission to Italy - the UN Agencies for Food and - Agriculture (FODAG)] -Roncador Cay Colombia -Roosevelt Island Antarctica -Ross Dependency Antarctica - [claimed by New Zealand] -Ross Island Antarctica -Ross Sea Antarctica -Rota Northern Mariana Islands -Rotuma Fiji -Ryukyu Islands Japan - -Saba Netherlands Antilles -Sabah Malaysia -Sable Island Canada -Sahel Burkina; Cape Verde; Chad; The Gambia; - Guinea-Bissau; Mali; Mauritania; - Niger; Senegal -Saigon (Ho Chi Minh City) Vietnam -Saint Brandon Mauritius -Saint Christopher and Nevis Saint Kitts and Nevis -Saint George's [US Embassy] Grenada -Saint George's Channel Atlantic Ocean -Saint John's [US Embassy] Antigua and Barbuda -Saint Lawrence, Gulf of Atlantic Ocean -Saint Lawrence Island United States -Saint Lawrence Seaway Atlantic Ocean -Saint Martin Guadeloupe -Saint Martin (Sint Maarten) Netherlands Antilles -Saint Paul Island Canada -Saint Paul Island United States -Saint Paul Island French Southern and Antarctic Lands - (Ile Saint-Paul) -Saint Peter and Saint Paul Rocks Brazil - (Penedos de Sao Pedro e - Sao Paulo) -Saint Petersburg Russia - [US Consulate General] -Saint Vincent Passage Atlantic Ocean -Saipan Northern Mariana Islands -Sakhalin Island (Ostrov Sakhalin) Russia -Sala y Gomez, Isla Chile -Salisbury (Harare) Zimbabwe -Salvador de Bahia Brazil - [US Consular Agency] -Salzburg [US Consulate General] Austria -Sanaa [US Embassy] Yemen -San Ambrosio Chile -San Andres y Providencia, Colombia - Archipielago -San Bernardino Strait Pacific Ocean -San Felix, Isla Chile -San Jose [US Embassy] Costa Rica -San Luis Potosi Mexico - [US Consular Agency] -San Miguel Allende Mexico - [US Consular Agency] -San Salvador [US Embassy] El Salvador -Santa Cruz [US Consular Agency] Bolivia -Santa Cruz Islands Solomon Islands -Santiago [US Embassy] Chile -Santo Domingo [US Embassy] Dominican Republic -Sao Luis [US Consular Agency] Brazil -Sao Paulo [US Consulate General] Brazil -Sao Pedro e Sao Paulo, Brazil - Penedos de -Sapporo [US Consulate General] Japan -Sapudi Strait Indian Ocean -Sarawak Malaysia -Sardinia Italy -Sargasso Sea Atlantic Ocean -Sark Guernsey -Scotia Sea Atlantic Ocean -Scotland United Kingdom -Scott Island Antarctica -Senyavin Islands Micronesia, Federated States of -Seoul [US Embassy] Korea, South -Serbia Serbia and Montenegro -Serrana Bank Colombia -Serranilla Bank Colombia -Severnaya Zemlya (Northland) Russia -Seville [US Consular Agency] Spain -Shag Island Heard Island and McDonald Islands -Shag Rocks Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) -Shanghai [US Consulate General] China -Shenyang [US Consulate General] China -Shetland Islands United Kingdom -Shikoku Japan -Shikotan (Shikotan-to) Japan -Siam Thailand -Sibutu Passage Pacific Ocean -Sicily Italy -Sicily, Strait of Atlantic Ocean -Sikkim India -Sinai Egypt -Singapore [US Embassy] Singapore -Singapore Strait Pacific Ocean -Sinkiang (Xinjiang) China -Sint Eustatius Netherlands Antilles -Sint Maarten (Saint Martin) Netherlands Antilles -Skagerrak Atlantic Ocean -Slovakia Czechoslovakia -Society Islands French Polynesia - (Iles de la Societe) -Socotra Yemen -Sofia [US Embassy] Bulgaria -Solomon Islands, northern Papua New Guinea -Solomon Islands, southern Solomon Islands -Soloman Sea Pacific Ocean -Songkhla [US Consulate] Thailand -Sound, The (Oresund) Atlantic Ocean -South Atlantic Ocean Atlantic Ocean -South China Sea Pacific Ocean -Southern Grenadines Grenada -Southern Rhodesia Zimbabwe -South Georgia South Georgia and the South - Sandwich Islands -South Island New Zealand -South Korea Korea, South -South Orkney Islands Antarctica -South Pacific Ocean Pacific Ocean -South Sandwich Islands South Georgia and the South - Sandwich Islands -South Shetland Islands Antarctica -South Tyrol Italy -South Vietnam Vietnam -South-West Africa Namibia -South Yemen (People's Democratic Yemen - Republic of Yemen) -Soviet Union Armenia, Azerbaijan, Byelarus, Estonia, - Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, - Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, - Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, - Uzbekistan -Spanish Guinea Equatorial Guinea -Spanish Sahara Western Sahara -Spitsbergen Svalbard -Stockholm [US Embassy] Sweden -Strasbourg [US Consulate General] France -Stuttgart [US Consulate General] Germany -Suez, Gulf of Indian Ocean -Sulu Archipelago Philippines -Sulu Sea Pacific Ocean -Sumatra Indonesia -Sumba Indonesia -Sunda Islands (Soenda Isles) Indonesia; Malaysia -Sunda Strait Indian Ocean -Surabaya [US Consulate] Indonesia -Surigao Strait Pacific Ocean -Surinam Suriname -Suva [US Embassy] Fiji -Swains Island American Samoa -Swan Islands Honduras -Sydney [US Consulate General] Australia - -Tahiti French Polynesia -Taipei Taiwan -Taiwan Strait Pacific Ocean -Tallin [Interim Chancery] Estonia -Tampico [US Consular Agency] Mexico -Tanganyika Tanzania -Tangier [US Consulate General] Morocco -Tarawa Kiribati -Tartar Strait Pacific Ocean -Tashkent [Interim Chancery] Uzbekistan -Tasmania Australia -Tasman Sea Pacific Ocean -Taymyr Peninsula Russia - (Poluostrov Taymyra) -Tegucigalpa [US Embassy] Honduras -Tehran [US post not maintained, Iran - representation by Swiss Embassy] -Tel Aviv [US Embassy] Israel -Terre Adelie (Adelie Land) Antarctica - [claimed by France] -Thailand, Gulf of Pacific Ocean -Thessaloniki Greece - [US Consulate General] -Thurston Island Antarctica -Tibet (Xizang) China -Tbilisi Georgia -Tierra del Fuego Argentina; Chile -Tijuana [US Consulate General] Mexico -Timor Indonesia -Timor Sea Indian Ocean -Tinian Northern Mariana Islands -Tiran, Strait of Indian Ocean -Tobago Trinidad and Tobago -Tokyo [US Embassy] Japan -Tonkin, Gulf of Pacific Ocean -Toronto [US Consulate General] Canada -Torres Strait Pacific Ocean -Toshkent (Tashkent) Uzbekistan -Trans-Jordan Jordan -Transkei South Africa -Transylvania Romania -Trieste [US Consular Agency] Italy -Trindade, Ilha de Brazil -Tripoli [US post not maintained, Libya - representation by Belgian - Embassy] -Tristan da Cunha Group Saint Helena -Trobriand Islands Papua New Guinea -Trucial States United Arab Emirates -Truk Islands Micronesia -Tsugaru Strait Pacific Ocean -Tuamotu Islands (Iles Tuamotu) French Polynesia -Tubuai Islands (Iles Tubuai) French Polynesia -Tunis [US Embassy] Tunisia -Turin [US Consulate] Italy -Turkish Straits Atlantic Ocean -Turkmeniya Turkmenistan -Turks Island Passage Atlantic Ocean -Tyrol, South Italy -Tyrrhenian Sea Atlantic Ocean - -Udorn [US Consulate] Thailand -Ulaanbaatar Mongolia -Ullung-do Korea, South -Unimak Pass [strait] Pacific Ocean -Union of Soviet Socialist Armenia, Azerbaijan, Byelarus, Estonia, - Republics Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, - Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, - Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, - Uzbekistan -United Arab Republic Egypt; Syria -Upper Volta Burkina -USSR Armenia, Azerbaijan, Byelarus, Estonia, - Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, - Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, - Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, - Uzbekistan -Vaduz [US post not maintained, Liechtenstein - representation from Zurich, - Switzerland] -Vakhan Corridor (Wakhan) Afghanistan -Valencia [US Consular Agency] Spain -Valletta [US Embassy] Malta -Vancouver [US Consulate General] Canada -Vancouver Island Canada -Van Diemen Strait Pacific Ocean -Vatican City [US Embassy] Vatican City -Velez de la Gomera, Penon de Spain -Venda South Africa -Veracruz [US Consular Agency] Mexico -Verde Island Passage Pacific Ocean -Victoria [US Embassy] Seychelles -Vienna [US Embassy, US Mission Austria - to International Organizations - in Vienna (UNVIE)] -Vientiane [US Embassy] Laos -Vilnius [Interim Chancery] Lithuania -Volcano Islands Japan -Vostok Island Kiribati -Vrangelya, Ostrov Russia - (Wrangel Island) - -Wakhan Corridor Afghanistan - (now Vakhan Corridor) -Wales United Kingdom -Walvis Bay South Africa -Warsaw [US Embassy] Poland -Washington, DC [The Permanent United States - Mission of the USA to the - Organization of American - States (OAS)] -Weddell Sea Atlantic Ocean -Wellington [US Embassy] New Zealand -Western Channel Pacific Ocean - (West Korea Strait) -West Germany (Federal Republic Germany - of Germany) -West Korea Strait Pacific Ocean - (Western Channel) -West Pakistan Pakistan -Wetar Strait Pacific Ocean -White Sea Arctic Ocean -Windhoek Namibia -Windward Passage Atlantic Ocean -Winnipeg [US Consular Agency] Canada -Wrangel Island (Ostrov Vrangelya) Russia [de facto] - -Yaounde [US Embassy] Cameroon -Yap Islands Micronesia -Yellow Sea Pacific Ocean -Yemen (Aden) [People's Democratic Yemen - Republic of Yemen] -Yemen Arab Republic Yemen -Yemen, North [Yemen Arab Yemen - Republic] -Yemen (Sanaa) [Yemen Arab Yemen - Republic] -Yemen, People's Democratic Yemen - Republic of -Yemen, South [People's Democratic Yemen - Republic of Yemen] -Yerevan Armenia -Youth, Isle of Cuba - (Isla de la Juventud) -Yucatan Channel Atlantic Ocean -Yugoslavia Bosnia and Hercegovina; Croatia; - Macedonia; Serbia and Montenegro; - Slovenia - -Zagreb [US Consulate General] Yugoslavia -Zanzibar Tanzania -Zurich [US Consulate General] Switzerland - diff --git a/Joveler.Compression.LZ4.Tests/Joveler.Compression.LZ4.Tests.csproj b/Joveler.Compression.LZ4.Tests/Joveler.Compression.LZ4.Tests.csproj index 07f5a6c..c75b42e 100644 --- a/Joveler.Compression.LZ4.Tests/Joveler.Compression.LZ4.Tests.csproj +++ b/Joveler.Compression.LZ4.Tests/Joveler.Compression.LZ4.Tests.csproj @@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ - + diff --git a/Joveler.Compression.LZ4.Tests/Samples/RefBin/lz4.arm64.elf b/Joveler.Compression.LZ4.Tests/Samples/RefBin/lz4.arm64.elf index 4e9d48c..9bb6509 100755 Binary files a/Joveler.Compression.LZ4.Tests/Samples/RefBin/lz4.arm64.elf and b/Joveler.Compression.LZ4.Tests/Samples/RefBin/lz4.arm64.elf differ diff --git a/Joveler.Compression.LZ4.Tests/Samples/RefBin/lz4.arm64.exe b/Joveler.Compression.LZ4.Tests/Samples/RefBin/lz4.arm64.exe new file mode 100644 index 0000000..329bcf4 Binary files /dev/null and b/Joveler.Compression.LZ4.Tests/Samples/RefBin/lz4.arm64.exe differ diff --git a/Joveler.Compression.LZ4.Tests/Samples/RefBin/lz4.arm64.mach b/Joveler.Compression.LZ4.Tests/Samples/RefBin/lz4.arm64.mach index fdb7005..8a85096 100755 Binary files a/Joveler.Compression.LZ4.Tests/Samples/RefBin/lz4.arm64.mach and b/Joveler.Compression.LZ4.Tests/Samples/RefBin/lz4.arm64.mach differ diff --git a/Joveler.Compression.LZ4.Tests/Samples/RefBin/lz4.armhf.elf b/Joveler.Compression.LZ4.Tests/Samples/RefBin/lz4.armhf.elf index 6a69149..f626b90 100755 Binary files a/Joveler.Compression.LZ4.Tests/Samples/RefBin/lz4.armhf.elf and b/Joveler.Compression.LZ4.Tests/Samples/RefBin/lz4.armhf.elf differ diff --git a/Joveler.Compression.LZ4.Tests/Samples/RefBin/lz4.x64.elf b/Joveler.Compression.LZ4.Tests/Samples/RefBin/lz4.x64.elf index 2219ccc..7a48541 100755 Binary files a/Joveler.Compression.LZ4.Tests/Samples/RefBin/lz4.x64.elf and b/Joveler.Compression.LZ4.Tests/Samples/RefBin/lz4.x64.elf differ diff --git a/Joveler.Compression.LZ4.Tests/Samples/RefBin/lz4.x64.exe b/Joveler.Compression.LZ4.Tests/Samples/RefBin/lz4.x64.exe index a542110..06a6753 100644 Binary files a/Joveler.Compression.LZ4.Tests/Samples/RefBin/lz4.x64.exe and b/Joveler.Compression.LZ4.Tests/Samples/RefBin/lz4.x64.exe differ diff --git a/Joveler.Compression.LZ4.Tests/Samples/RefBin/lz4.x64.mach b/Joveler.Compression.LZ4.Tests/Samples/RefBin/lz4.x64.mach index 88d2497..27682be 100755 Binary files a/Joveler.Compression.LZ4.Tests/Samples/RefBin/lz4.x64.mach and b/Joveler.Compression.LZ4.Tests/Samples/RefBin/lz4.x64.mach differ diff --git a/Joveler.Compression.LZ4.Tests/Samples/RefBin/lz4.x86.exe b/Joveler.Compression.LZ4.Tests/Samples/RefBin/lz4.x86.exe new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c2bdbff Binary files /dev/null and b/Joveler.Compression.LZ4.Tests/Samples/RefBin/lz4.x86.exe differ diff --git a/Joveler.Compression.LZ4.Tests/TestSetup.cs b/Joveler.Compression.LZ4.Tests/TestSetup.cs index b1da670..56a8500 100644 --- a/Joveler.Compression.LZ4.Tests/TestSetup.cs +++ b/Joveler.Compression.LZ4.Tests/TestSetup.cs @@ -158,7 +158,18 @@ public static int RunLZ4(string tempArchiveFile, string destFile) string binary = null; if (RuntimeInformation.IsOSPlatform(OSPlatform.Windows)) { - binary = Path.Combine(TestSetup.SampleDir, binDir, "lz4.x64.exe"); + switch (RuntimeInformation.ProcessArchitecture) + { + case Architecture.X86: + binary = Path.Combine(TestSetup.SampleDir, binDir, "lz4.x86.exe"); + break; + case Architecture.X64: + binary = Path.Combine(TestSetup.SampleDir, binDir, "lz4.x64.exe"); + break; + case Architecture.Arm64: + binary = Path.Combine(TestSetup.SampleDir, binDir, "lz4.arm64.exe"); + break; + } } else if (RuntimeInformation.IsOSPlatform(OSPlatform.Linux)) { diff --git a/Joveler.Compression.LZ4/Joveler.Compression.LZ4.csproj b/Joveler.Compression.LZ4/Joveler.Compression.LZ4.csproj index 18e8211..3e76072 100644 --- a/Joveler.Compression.LZ4/Joveler.Compression.LZ4.csproj +++ b/Joveler.Compression.LZ4/Joveler.Compression.LZ4.csproj @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ Supports Windows, Linux and macOS. - + diff --git a/Joveler.Compression.LZ4/LZ4FrameException.cs b/Joveler.Compression.LZ4/LZ4FrameException.cs index 14eb49d..e87cce1 100644 --- a/Joveler.Compression.LZ4/LZ4FrameException.cs +++ b/Joveler.Compression.LZ4/LZ4FrameException.cs @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ Derived from LZ4 header files (BSD 2-Clause) Copyright (c) 2011-2016, Yann Collet C# Wrapper written by Hajin Jang - Copyright (C) 2018-2020 Hajin Jang + Copyright (C) 2018-2023 Hajin Jang Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: diff --git a/Joveler.Compression.LZ4/LZ4FrameStream.cs b/Joveler.Compression.LZ4/LZ4FrameStream.cs index fd49385..5619b9e 100644 --- a/Joveler.Compression.LZ4/LZ4FrameStream.cs +++ b/Joveler.Compression.LZ4/LZ4FrameStream.cs @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ Derived from LZ4 header files (BSD 2-Clause) Copyright (c) 2011-2016, Yann Collet C# Wrapper written by Hajin Jang - Copyright (C) 2018-2020 Hajin Jang + Copyright (C) 2018-2023 Hajin Jang Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: @@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ namespace Joveler.Compression.LZ4 /// /// Default value is based on default value of lz4 cli /// - public class LZ4FrameCompressOptions + public sealed class LZ4FrameCompressOptions { ///

/// 0: default (fast mode); values > LZ4CompLevel.Level12 count as LZ4CompLevel.Level12; values < 0 trigger "fast acceleration" @@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ public class LZ4FrameCompressOptions /// /// Decompress options for LZ4FrameStream /// - public class LZ4FrameDecompressOptions + public sealed class LZ4FrameDecompressOptions { /// /// disable checksum calculation and verification, even when one is present in frame, to save CPU time. @@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ public class LZ4FrameDecompressOptions #region LZ4FrameStream // ReSharper disable once InconsistentNaming - public class LZ4FrameStream : Stream + public sealed class LZ4FrameStream : Stream { #region enum Mode private enum Mode diff --git a/Joveler.Compression.LZ4/LZ4Init.cs b/Joveler.Compression.LZ4/LZ4Init.cs index 02e452f..92836de 100644 --- a/Joveler.Compression.LZ4/LZ4Init.cs +++ b/Joveler.Compression.LZ4/LZ4Init.cs @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ Derived from LZ4 header files (BSD 2-Clause) Copyright (c) 2011-2016, Yann Collet C# Wrapper written by Hajin Jang - Copyright (C) 2018-2020 Hajin Jang + Copyright (C) 2018-2023 Hajin Jang Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: diff --git a/Joveler.Compression.LZ4/LZ4LoadManager.cs b/Joveler.Compression.LZ4/LZ4LoadManager.cs index 14a2c23..221ce48 100644 --- a/Joveler.Compression.LZ4/LZ4LoadManager.cs +++ b/Joveler.Compression.LZ4/LZ4LoadManager.cs @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ /* - Copyright (C) 2018-2020 Hajin Jang + Copyright (C) 2018-2023 Hajin Jang Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: diff --git a/Joveler.Compression.LZ4/LZ4Loader.cs b/Joveler.Compression.LZ4/LZ4Loader.cs index 4828573..96f6127 100644 --- a/Joveler.Compression.LZ4/LZ4Loader.cs +++ b/Joveler.Compression.LZ4/LZ4Loader.cs @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ Derived from LZ4 header files (BSD 2-Clause) Copyright (c) 2011-2016, Yann Collet C# Wrapper written by Hajin Jang - Copyright (C) 2018-2020 Hajin Jang + Copyright (C) 2018-2023 Hajin Jang Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: diff --git a/Joveler.Compression.LZ4/LZ4Structs.cs b/Joveler.Compression.LZ4/LZ4Structs.cs index 8bd95e4..9c7234a 100644 --- a/Joveler.Compression.LZ4/LZ4Structs.cs +++ b/Joveler.Compression.LZ4/LZ4Structs.cs @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ Derived from LZ4 header files (BSD 2-Clause) Copyright (c) 2011-2016, Yann Collet C# Wrapper written by Hajin Jang - Copyright (C) 2018-2020 Hajin Jang + Copyright (C) 2018-2023 Hajin Jang Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: diff --git a/Joveler.Compression.LZ4/runtimes/linux-arm/native/liblz4.so b/Joveler.Compression.LZ4/runtimes/linux-arm/native/liblz4.so index 26001bc..3c7bb29 100644 Binary files a/Joveler.Compression.LZ4/runtimes/linux-arm/native/liblz4.so and b/Joveler.Compression.LZ4/runtimes/linux-arm/native/liblz4.so differ diff --git a/Joveler.Compression.LZ4/runtimes/linux-arm64/native/liblz4.so b/Joveler.Compression.LZ4/runtimes/linux-arm64/native/liblz4.so index a1f42c2..84feb1b 100644 Binary files a/Joveler.Compression.LZ4/runtimes/linux-arm64/native/liblz4.so and b/Joveler.Compression.LZ4/runtimes/linux-arm64/native/liblz4.so differ diff --git a/Joveler.Compression.LZ4/runtimes/linux-x64/native/liblz4.so b/Joveler.Compression.LZ4/runtimes/linux-x64/native/liblz4.so index a991d8f..6887b4b 100644 Binary files a/Joveler.Compression.LZ4/runtimes/linux-x64/native/liblz4.so and b/Joveler.Compression.LZ4/runtimes/linux-x64/native/liblz4.so differ diff --git a/Joveler.Compression.LZ4/runtimes/osx-arm64/native/liblz4.dylib b/Joveler.Compression.LZ4/runtimes/osx-arm64/native/liblz4.dylib index a7f48b6..b754b66 100755 Binary files a/Joveler.Compression.LZ4/runtimes/osx-arm64/native/liblz4.dylib and b/Joveler.Compression.LZ4/runtimes/osx-arm64/native/liblz4.dylib differ diff --git a/Joveler.Compression.LZ4/runtimes/osx-x64/native/liblz4.dylib b/Joveler.Compression.LZ4/runtimes/osx-x64/native/liblz4.dylib index dea80da..c1db25f 100644 Binary files a/Joveler.Compression.LZ4/runtimes/osx-x64/native/liblz4.dylib and b/Joveler.Compression.LZ4/runtimes/osx-x64/native/liblz4.dylib differ diff --git a/Joveler.Compression.LZ4/runtimes/win-arm64/native/liblz4.dll b/Joveler.Compression.LZ4/runtimes/win-arm64/native/liblz4.dll index 2e3f00b..7e89264 100644 Binary files a/Joveler.Compression.LZ4/runtimes/win-arm64/native/liblz4.dll and b/Joveler.Compression.LZ4/runtimes/win-arm64/native/liblz4.dll differ diff --git a/Joveler.Compression.LZ4/runtimes/win-x64/native/liblz4.dll b/Joveler.Compression.LZ4/runtimes/win-x64/native/liblz4.dll index 0ad8a88..7b2c80e 100644 Binary files a/Joveler.Compression.LZ4/runtimes/win-x64/native/liblz4.dll and b/Joveler.Compression.LZ4/runtimes/win-x64/native/liblz4.dll differ diff --git a/Joveler.Compression.LZ4/runtimes/win-x86/native/liblz4.dll b/Joveler.Compression.LZ4/runtimes/win-x86/native/liblz4.dll index 61fcae7..fce59e5 100644 Binary files a/Joveler.Compression.LZ4/runtimes/win-x86/native/liblz4.dll and b/Joveler.Compression.LZ4/runtimes/win-x86/native/liblz4.dll differ diff --git a/Joveler.Compression.XZ.Tests/Joveler.Compression.XZ.Tests.csproj b/Joveler.Compression.XZ.Tests/Joveler.Compression.XZ.Tests.csproj index ef125cb..b009367 100644 --- a/Joveler.Compression.XZ.Tests/Joveler.Compression.XZ.Tests.csproj +++ b/Joveler.Compression.XZ.Tests/Joveler.Compression.XZ.Tests.csproj @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ - + diff --git a/Joveler.Compression.XZ.Tests/XZStreamsTests.cs b/Joveler.Compression.XZ.Tests/XZStreamsTests.cs index 384ba09..45e65e5 100644 --- a/Joveler.Compression.XZ.Tests/XZStreamsTests.cs +++ b/Joveler.Compression.XZ.Tests/XZStreamsTests.cs @@ -457,5 +457,179 @@ private static void AutoDecompressTemplate(string lzmaFileName, string originFil Assert.IsTrue(decompDigest.SequenceEqual(originDigest)); } #endregion + + #region Abort Compress + [TestMethod] + public void AbortCompress() + { + AbortCompressTemplate("A.pdf", -1); + AbortCompressTemplate("B.txt", -1); + AbortCompressTemplate("C.bin", -1); + + AbortCompressTemplate("A.pdf", 1); + AbortCompressTemplate("B.txt", 2); + AbortCompressTemplate("C.bin", 2); + } + + private static void AbortCompressTemplate(string sampleFileName, int threads) + { + XZCompressOptions compOpts = new XZCompressOptions + { + Level = LzmaCompLevel.Default, + }; + + string sampleFile = Path.Combine(TestSetup.SampleDir, sampleFileName); + + foreach (bool doAbort in new bool[] { false, true }) + { + using (FileStream sampleFs = new FileStream(sampleFile, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read)) + using (MemoryStream rms = new MemoryStream()) + { + XZStream xzs = null; + try + { + if (threads == -1) + { // Single-thread compression + xzs = new XZStream(rms, compOpts); + } + else if (0 < threads) + { // Multi-thread compression + XZThreadedCompressOptions threadOpts = new XZThreadedCompressOptions + { + Threads = threads, + }; + xzs = new XZStream(rms, compOpts, threadOpts); + } + else + { + Assert.Fail($"threads [{threads}] is not a valid test value."); + } + + sampleFs.CopyTo(xzs); + + DateTime before = DateTime.Now; + if (doAbort) + xzs.Abort(); + else + xzs.Close(); + DateTime after = DateTime.Now; + TimeSpan abortElapsed = after - before; + Console.WriteLine($"{sampleFileName}, {threads} = {(doAbort ? "Abort" : "Close")}() took {abortElapsed.TotalMilliseconds:0.000}ms"); + + if (doAbort == false) + continue; + + // Internal xz resources are now freed. Every compress operation will fail. + sampleFs.Position = 0; + bool hadThrown = false; + try + { + sampleFs.CopyTo(xzs); + } + catch (XZException e) + { + Assert.AreEqual(LzmaRet.ProgError, e.ReturnCode); + hadThrown = true; + } + Assert.IsTrue(hadThrown); + } + finally + { + xzs?.Dispose(); + xzs = null; + } + } + } + } + #endregion + + #region Abort Decompress + [TestMethod] + public void AbortDecompress() + { + AbortDecompressTemplate("A.xz", -1); + AbortDecompressTemplate("B9.xz", -1); + AbortDecompressTemplate("C.xz", -1); + + AbortDecompressTemplate("A_mt16.xz", 1); + AbortDecompressTemplate("B1_mt16.xz", 2); + AbortDecompressTemplate("C.xz", 2); + } + + private static void AbortDecompressTemplate(string sampleFileName, int threads) + { + string xzFile = Path.Combine(TestSetup.SampleDir, sampleFileName); + + XZDecompressOptions decompOpts = new XZDecompressOptions(); + + foreach (bool doAbort in new bool[] { false, true }) + { + XZStream xzs = null; + try + { + using (FileStream compFs = new FileStream(xzFile, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read)) + { + if (threads == -1) + { // Single-thread compression + xzs = new XZStream(compFs, decompOpts); + } + else if (0 < threads) + { // Multi-thread compression + XZThreadedDecompressOptions threadOpts = new XZThreadedDecompressOptions + { + Threads = threads, + }; + xzs = new XZStream(compFs, decompOpts, threadOpts); + } + else + { + Assert.Fail($"threads [{threads}] is not a valid test value."); + } + + long firstReadLen = compFs.Length / 2; + byte[] firstBuffer = new byte[firstReadLen]; + int bytesRead = xzs.Read(firstBuffer, 0, firstBuffer.Length); + + DateTime before = DateTime.Now; + if (doAbort) + xzs.Abort(); + else + xzs.Close(); + DateTime after = DateTime.Now; + TimeSpan abortElapsed = after - before; + Console.WriteLine($"{sampleFileName}, {threads} = {(doAbort ? "Abort" : "Close")}() took {abortElapsed.TotalMilliseconds:0.000}ms"); + + if (doAbort == false) + continue; + + // Internal xz resources are now freed. Every decompress operation will fail. + bool hadThrown = false; + try + { + byte[] buffer = new byte[64 * 1024]; + do + { + bytesRead = xzs.Read(buffer, 0, buffer.Length); + } while (0 < bytesRead); + } + catch (XZException e) + { + Assert.AreEqual(LzmaRet.ProgError, e.ReturnCode); + hadThrown = true; + } + Assert.IsTrue(hadThrown); + } + } + finally + { + xzs?.Dispose(); + xzs = null; + } + Assert.IsNull(xzs); + } + + + } + #endregion } } diff --git a/Joveler.Compression.XZ/CHANGELOG.md b/Joveler.Compression.XZ/CHANGELOG.md index 8308c95..cd7beca 100644 --- a/Joveler.Compression.XZ/CHANGELOG.md +++ b/Joveler.Compression.XZ/CHANGELOG.md @@ -2,6 +2,17 @@ ## v4.x +### v4.3.0 + +Released in 2023-09-02 + +- (BREAKING CHANGE) XZ streams and helper classes are now sealed for better performance. + - ABI will not break unless you have created a derived class of XZ streams. +- Added the `Abort()` method to XZ streams. ([\#15](https://github.com/ied206/Joveler.Compression/pull/15)). + - When a user wants to abort the current operation, one can call `Abort()` for faster stream cleanup. + - Currently only the compression mode benefits from `Abort()`, especially multithreaded compression. + - The output stream will have an invalid state, and must be discarded right after calling `Abort()`. + ### v4.2.3 Released in 2023-08-27 diff --git a/Joveler.Compression.XZ/Joveler.Compression.XZ.csproj b/Joveler.Compression.XZ/Joveler.Compression.XZ.csproj index 6e4a73c..9723b7e 100644 --- a/Joveler.Compression.XZ/Joveler.Compression.XZ.csproj +++ b/Joveler.Compression.XZ/Joveler.Compression.XZ.csproj @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ Joveler.Compression.XZ Joveler.Compression.XZ - 4.2.3 + 4.3.0 Hajin Jang Joveler XZ Utils (liblzma) pinvoke library for .NET. @@ -21,13 +21,14 @@ Supports Windows, Linux and macOS. https://github.com/ied206/Joveler.Compression images\Logo.png https://github.com/ied206/Joveler.Compression - - Update xz-utils to 5.4.4. + - XZ streams and helper classes are now sealed for better performance. +- Added the Abort() method to XZ streams for faster stream cleanup in aborting cases. xz xz-utils liblzma lzma lzma2 compress compression decompress decompression archive crc32 crc64 crc checksum native pinvoke interop README.md - + diff --git a/Joveler.Compression.XZ/XZHardware.cs b/Joveler.Compression.XZ/XZHardware.cs index 07d603d..1b3203d 100644 --- a/Joveler.Compression.XZ/XZHardware.cs +++ b/Joveler.Compression.XZ/XZHardware.cs @@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE namespace Joveler.Compression.XZ { - public class XZHardware + public static class XZHardware { #region Hardware - PhysMem & CPU Threads public static ulong PhysMem() diff --git a/Joveler.Compression.XZ/XZLoadManager.cs b/Joveler.Compression.XZ/XZLoadManager.cs index 83a0d80..4e69de7 100644 --- a/Joveler.Compression.XZ/XZLoadManager.cs +++ b/Joveler.Compression.XZ/XZLoadManager.cs @@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE namespace Joveler.Compression.XZ { - internal class XZLoadManager : LoadManagerBase + internal sealed class XZLoadManager : LoadManagerBase { protected override string ErrorMsgInitFirst => "Please call XZInit.GlobalInit() first!"; protected override string ErrorMsgAlreadyLoaded => "Joveler.Compression.XZ is already initialized."; diff --git a/Joveler.Compression.XZ/XZLoader.cs b/Joveler.Compression.XZ/XZLoader.cs index ac77139..bfb0fc0 100644 --- a/Joveler.Compression.XZ/XZLoader.cs +++ b/Joveler.Compression.XZ/XZLoader.cs @@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE namespace Joveler.Compression.XZ { - internal class XZLoader : DynLoaderBase + internal sealed class XZLoader : DynLoaderBase { #region Constructor public XZLoader() : base() { } diff --git a/Joveler.Compression.XZ/XZMemory.cs b/Joveler.Compression.XZ/XZMemory.cs index aa79cf6..b11cc36 100644 --- a/Joveler.Compression.XZ/XZMemory.cs +++ b/Joveler.Compression.XZ/XZMemory.cs @@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE namespace Joveler.Compression.XZ { - public class XZMemory + public static class XZMemory { #region MemUsage /// diff --git a/Joveler.Compression.XZ/XZStreams.cs b/Joveler.Compression.XZ/XZStreams.cs index bcbba32..42fe5b8 100644 --- a/Joveler.Compression.XZ/XZStreams.cs +++ b/Joveler.Compression.XZ/XZStreams.cs @@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE namespace Joveler.Compression.XZ { #region StreamOptions - public class XZCompressOptions + public sealed class XZCompressOptions { /// /// Select a compression preset level. @@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ public class XZCompressOptions /// /// Size of the internal buffer. /// - public int BufferSize { get; set; } = XZStream.DefaultBufferSize; + public int BufferSize { get; set; } = XZStreamBase.DefaultBufferSize; /// /// Whether to leave the base stream object open after disposing the xz stream object. /// @@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ internal LzmaMt ToLzmaMt(XZThreadedCompressOptions threadOpts) /// /// IT IS HIGHLY RECOMMENDED TO SET memlimitThreading AND memlimitStop YOURSELF. /// - public class XZThreadedCompressOptions + public sealed class XZThreadedCompressOptions { /// /// Maximum uncompressed size of a Block. @@ -162,11 +162,11 @@ public class XZDecompressOptions /// /// /// - public LzmaDecodingFlag DecodeFlags { get; set; } = XZStream.DefaultDecodingFlags; + public LzmaDecodingFlag DecodeFlags { get; set; } = XZStreamBase.DefaultDecodingFlags; /// /// Size of the internal buffer. /// - public int BufferSize { get; set; } = XZStream.DefaultBufferSize; + public int BufferSize { get; set; } = XZStreamBase.DefaultBufferSize; /// /// Whether to leave the base stream object open after disposing the xz stream object. /// @@ -292,12 +292,13 @@ public class XZThreadedDecompressOptions } #endregion - #region XZStream + #region XZStreamBase /// /// - /// The stream to handle .xz file format. + /// The stream to handle xz-related file/stream format. + /// This symbol can be changed anytime, consider this as not a part of public ABI! /// - public class XZStream : Stream + public abstract class XZStreamBase : Stream { #region enum Mode private enum Mode @@ -333,6 +334,8 @@ protected enum CoderFormat private int _workBufPos = 0; private readonly byte[] _workBuf; + private bool _isAborted = false; + // Property public Stream BaseStream { get; private set; } public long TotalIn { get; private set; } = 0; @@ -381,7 +384,7 @@ AMD Ryzen 5 3600 / .NET Core 3.1.13 / Windows 10.0.19042 x64 / xz-utils 5.2.5 /// /// Options to control general compression. /// - public unsafe XZStream(Stream baseStream, XZCompressOptions compOpts) + protected unsafe XZStreamBase(Stream baseStream, XZCompressOptions compOpts) { XZInit.Manager.EnsureLoaded(); @@ -423,7 +426,7 @@ public unsafe XZStream(Stream baseStream, XZCompressOptions compOpts) /// /// Options to control threaded compression. /// - public unsafe XZStream(Stream baseStream, XZCompressOptions compOpts, XZThreadedCompressOptions threadOpts) + protected unsafe XZStreamBase(Stream baseStream, XZCompressOptions compOpts, XZThreadedCompressOptions threadOpts) { XZInit.Manager.EnsureLoaded(); @@ -454,20 +457,6 @@ public unsafe XZStream(Stream baseStream, XZCompressOptions compOpts, XZThreaded #endregion #region Constructors (Decompression) - /// - /// Create decompressing XZStream instance. - /// - /// - /// A stream of XZ container to decompress. - /// - /// - /// Options to control general decompression. - /// - public XZStream(Stream baseStream, XZDecompressOptions decompOpts) - : this(baseStream, decompOpts, CoderFormat.XZ) - { - } - /// /// (Not Public) Create decompressing XZStream instance with . /// @@ -481,7 +470,7 @@ public XZStream(Stream baseStream, XZDecompressOptions decompOpts) /// /// /// - protected unsafe XZStream(Stream baseStream, XZDecompressOptions decompOpts, CoderFormat fileFormat) + protected unsafe XZStreamBase(Stream baseStream, XZDecompressOptions decompOpts, CoderFormat fileFormat) { XZInit.Manager.EnsureLoaded(); @@ -532,7 +521,7 @@ protected unsafe XZStream(Stream baseStream, XZDecompressOptions decompOpts, Cod /// Options to control threaded decompression. /// It is highly recommended to explicitly set value. /// - public unsafe XZStream(Stream baseStream, XZDecompressOptions decompOpts, XZThreadedDecompressOptions threadOpts) + protected unsafe XZStreamBase(Stream baseStream, XZDecompressOptions decompOpts, XZThreadedDecompressOptions threadOpts) { XZInit.Manager.EnsureLoaded(); @@ -559,7 +548,7 @@ public unsafe XZStream(Stream baseStream, XZDecompressOptions decompOpts, XZThre #endregion #region Disposable Pattern - ~XZStream() + ~XZStreamBase() { Dispose(false); } @@ -570,17 +559,21 @@ protected override void Dispose(bool disposing) { if (_lzmaStream != null) { - if (_mode == Mode.Compress) + if (_isAborted == false) { - Flush(); - FinishWrite(); - } - else - { - _workBufPos = ReadDone; + if (_mode == Mode.Compress) + { + Flush(); + FinishWrite(); + } + else + { + _workBufPos = ReadDone; + } + + FreeLzmaStream(); } - XZInit.Lib.LzmaEnd(_lzmaStream); _lzmaStreamPin.Free(); _lzmaStream = null; } @@ -597,6 +590,39 @@ protected override void Dispose(bool disposing) } #endregion + #region LzmaStream management and Abort + private void FreeLzmaStream() + { + // lzma_end frees memory allocated for coder data structures. + // It must be called to avoid memory leak. + if (_lzmaStream != null) + { + XZInit.Lib.LzmaEnd(_lzmaStream); + } + } + + /// + /// Immediately aborts the current operation. + /// Internal XZ resources will be freed without flushing nor finalizing. + /// The instance will not be able to perform any operations except disposing. + /// Data written to the BaseStream will become invalid, discard it immediately. + /// + public void Abort() + { + // In compress mode, Abort() is faster than Close(). + // In threaded compress mode, Abort() is much faster than Close(). + // In decompress mode, Abort() took similar time as Close(). + + // Invalidate LzmaStream instance. + // After running this code, liblzma will refuse any operations via this LzmaStream object. + if (_isAborted) + return; + + FreeLzmaStream(); + _isAborted = true; + } + #endregion + #region Stream Methods and Properties /// public override int Read(byte[] buffer, int offset, int count) @@ -873,6 +899,8 @@ public double CompressionRatio } #endregion + + #region GetProgress /// /// Get progress information of XZ stream. @@ -902,6 +930,8 @@ public void GetProgress(out ulong progressIn, out ulong progressOut) } #endregion + + #region Memory Usage (Decompression Only) - DISABLED // lzma_memusage() only works on per-thread basis. // It would not help users to perceive how many memory cap would needed on multi-threaded decompression. @@ -965,6 +995,80 @@ private static int CheckBufferSize(int bufferSize) } #endregion + #region XZStream + public sealed class XZStream : XZStreamBase + { + #region Constructor (Compression) + /// + /// Create single-threaded compressing XZStream instance. + /// + /// + /// A stream of XZ container to compress. + /// + /// + /// Options to control general compression. + /// + public XZStream(Stream baseStream, XZCompressOptions compOpts) : + base(baseStream, compOpts) + { + } + + /// + /// Create multi-threaded compressing XZStream instance. + /// Requires more memory than single-threaded mode. + /// + /// + /// A stream of XZ container to compress. + /// + /// + /// Options to control general compression. + /// + /// + /// Options to control threaded compression. + /// + public unsafe XZStream(Stream baseStream, XZCompressOptions compOpts, XZThreadedCompressOptions threadOpts) : + base(baseStream, compOpts, threadOpts) + { + } + #endregion + + #region Constructors (Decompression) + /// + /// Create decompressing XZStream instance. + /// + /// + /// A stream of XZ container to decompress. + /// + /// + /// Options to control general decompression. + /// + public XZStream(Stream baseStream, XZDecompressOptions decompOpts) + : base(baseStream, decompOpts, CoderFormat.XZ) + { + } + + /// + /// Create multi-threaded decompressing XZStream instance. + /// Requires more memory than single-threaded mode. + /// + /// + /// A stream of XZ container to decompress. + /// + /// + /// Options to control general decompression. + /// + /// + /// Options to control threaded decompression. + /// It is highly recommended to explicitly set value. + /// + public unsafe XZStream(Stream baseStream, XZDecompressOptions decompOpts, XZThreadedDecompressOptions threadOpts) : + base(baseStream, decompOpts, threadOpts) + { + } + #endregion + } + #endregion + #region LzmaAutoStream (Decompress Only) /// /// @@ -973,7 +1077,7 @@ private static int CheckBufferSize(int bufferSize) /// /// Does not support multi-threaded xz decompression. /// - public class LzmaAutoStream : XZStream + public sealed class LzmaAutoStream : XZStreamBase { /// /// Create decompressing LzmaAutoStream instance. @@ -1002,7 +1106,7 @@ public LzmaAutoStream(Stream baseStream, XZDecompressOptions decompOpts) // TODO: liblzma supports .lzma compression. Since the .lzma format is the legacy one and is almost dead, // Do we really need it on Joveler.Compression.XZ? // To support it, lzma_options_lzma also needs to be p/invoked. - public class LzmaAloneStream : XZStream + public sealed class LzmaAloneStream : XZStreamBase { /// /// @@ -1025,7 +1129,7 @@ public LzmaAloneStream(Stream baseStream, XZDecompressOptions decompOpts) /// /// The stream to handle .lz (lzip) file format. (Decompression Only) /// - public class LZipStream : XZStream + public sealed class LZipStream : XZStreamBase { /// /// diff --git a/Joveler.Compression.ZLib.Tests/Joveler.Compression.ZLib.Tests.csproj b/Joveler.Compression.ZLib.Tests/Joveler.Compression.ZLib.Tests.csproj index f7fd242..57dcd93 100644 --- a/Joveler.Compression.ZLib.Tests/Joveler.Compression.ZLib.Tests.csproj +++ b/Joveler.Compression.ZLib.Tests/Joveler.Compression.ZLib.Tests.csproj @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ - + diff --git a/Joveler.Compression.ZLib.Tests/TestSetup.cs b/Joveler.Compression.ZLib.Tests/TestSetup.cs index 2f7f66a..f13cc96 100644 --- a/Joveler.Compression.ZLib.Tests/TestSetup.cs +++ b/Joveler.Compression.ZLib.Tests/TestSetup.cs @@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ public static void Init(TestContext context) SampleDir = Path.Combine(BaseDir, "Samples"); string libPath = GetNativeLibPath(); - ZLibInit.GlobalInit(libPath, false); + ZLibInit.GlobalInit(libPath, new ZLibInitOptions() { IsWindowsStdcall = false }); } [AssemblyCleanup] @@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ public static void Cleanup() ZLibInit.GlobalCleanup(); } - private static string GetNativeLibPath() + public static string GetNativeLibPath() { string libDir = string.Empty; diff --git a/Joveler.Compression.ZLib.Tests/ZLibInitTests.cs b/Joveler.Compression.ZLib.Tests/ZLibInitTests.cs index 75f3e2f..0e15cfd 100644 --- a/Joveler.Compression.ZLib.Tests/ZLibInitTests.cs +++ b/Joveler.Compression.ZLib.Tests/ZLibInitTests.cs @@ -24,6 +24,8 @@ 3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution. using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting; using System; +using System.IO; +using System.Runtime.InteropServices; namespace Joveler.Compression.ZLib.Tests { @@ -36,5 +38,34 @@ public void VersionTests() { Console.WriteLine(ZLibInit.VersionString()); } + + [TestMethod] + [DoNotParallelize] + public void LegacyInitCompatShim() + { + if (RuntimeInformation.IsOSPlatform(OSPlatform.Windows)) + { + string libPath = TestSetup.GetNativeLibPath(); + try + { + string libDir = Path.GetDirectoryName(libPath); + string newLibPath = Path.Combine(libDir, "zlibwapi.dll"); + Console.WriteLine($"First try libPath (DOES NOT EXIST): {newLibPath}"); + Console.WriteLine($"Second try libPath (DOES EXIST: {libPath}"); + + ZLibInit.GlobalCleanup(); + // Supress Obsolete warning for compat shim testing +#pragma warning disable CS0618 + ZLibInit.GlobalInit(newLibPath); +#pragma warning restore CS0618 + } + finally + { + ZLibInit.GlobalCleanup(); + ZLibInit.GlobalInit(libPath, new ZLibInitOptions() { IsWindowsStdcall = false }); + } + + } + } } } diff --git a/Joveler.Compression.ZLib/Checksum/Adler32.cs b/Joveler.Compression.ZLib/Checksum/Adler32.cs index 6e82144..5d59a9e 100644 --- a/Joveler.Compression.ZLib/Checksum/Adler32.cs +++ b/Joveler.Compression.ZLib/Checksum/Adler32.cs @@ -64,10 +64,7 @@ protected override unsafe uint AppendCore(uint checksum, byte[] buffer, int offs { fixed (byte* bufPtr = buffer.AsSpan(offset, count)) { - if (ZLibInit.Lib.UseStdcall) - return ZLibInit.Lib.Stdcall.Adler32(checksum, bufPtr, (uint)count); - else - return ZLibInit.Lib.Cdecl.Adler32(checksum, bufPtr, (uint)count); + return ZLibInit.Lib.NativeAbi.Adler32(checksum, bufPtr, (uint)count); } } @@ -76,10 +73,7 @@ protected override unsafe uint AppendCore(uint checksum, ReadOnlySpan span { fixed (byte* bufPtr = span) { - if (ZLibInit.Lib.UseStdcall) - return ZLibInit.Lib.Stdcall.Adler32(checksum, bufPtr, (uint)span.Length); - else - return ZLibInit.Lib.Cdecl.Adler32(checksum, bufPtr, (uint)span.Length); + return ZLibInit.Lib.NativeAbi.Adler32(checksum, bufPtr, (uint)span.Length); } } #endregion diff --git a/Joveler.Compression.ZLib/Checksum/Crc32.cs b/Joveler.Compression.ZLib/Checksum/Crc32.cs index 44b8b9f..872803a 100644 --- a/Joveler.Compression.ZLib/Checksum/Crc32.cs +++ b/Joveler.Compression.ZLib/Checksum/Crc32.cs @@ -64,10 +64,7 @@ protected override unsafe uint AppendCore(uint checksum, byte[] buffer, int offs { fixed (byte* bufPtr = buffer.AsSpan(offset, count)) { - if (ZLibInit.Lib.UseStdcall) - return ZLibInit.Lib.Stdcall.Crc32(checksum, bufPtr, (uint)count); - else - return ZLibInit.Lib.Cdecl.Crc32(checksum, bufPtr, (uint)count); + return ZLibInit.Lib.NativeAbi.Crc32(checksum, bufPtr, (uint)count); } } @@ -76,10 +73,7 @@ protected override unsafe uint AppendCore(uint checksum, ReadOnlySpan span { fixed (byte* bufPtr = span) { - if (ZLibInit.Lib.UseStdcall) - return ZLibInit.Lib.Stdcall.Crc32(checksum, bufPtr, (uint)span.Length); - else - return ZLibInit.Lib.Cdecl.Crc32(checksum, bufPtr, (uint)span.Length); + return ZLibInit.Lib.NativeAbi.Crc32(checksum, bufPtr, (uint)span.Length); } } #endregion diff --git a/Joveler.Compression.ZLib/Joveler.Compression.ZLib.csproj b/Joveler.Compression.ZLib/Joveler.Compression.ZLib.csproj index 181efe2..948e06e 100644 --- a/Joveler.Compression.ZLib/Joveler.Compression.ZLib.csproj +++ b/Joveler.Compression.ZLib/Joveler.Compression.ZLib.csproj @@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ Supports Windows, Linux and macOS. - + diff --git a/Joveler.Compression.ZLib/ZLibException.cs b/Joveler.Compression.ZLib/ZLibException.cs index 1650144..1ec8c53 100644 --- a/Joveler.Compression.ZLib/ZLibException.cs +++ b/Joveler.Compression.ZLib/ZLibException.cs @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Derived from zlib header files (zlib license) Copyright (C) @hardon (https://www.codeplex.com/site/users/view/hardon) Maintained by Hajin Jang - Copyright (C) 2017-2020 Hajin Jang + Copyright (C) 2017-2023 Hajin Jang zlib license @@ -55,18 +55,7 @@ private static string ForgeErrorMessage(ZLibRet errorCode, string msg = null) return msg == null ? $"[{errorCode}]" : $"[{errorCode}] {msg}"; } - internal static void CheckReturnValue(ZLibRet ret, ZStreamL32 zs = null) - { - if (ret != ZLibRet.Ok) - { - if (zs == null) - throw new ZLibException(ret); - else - throw new ZLibException(ret, zs.LastErrorMsg); - } - } - - internal static void CheckReturnValue(ZLibRet ret, ZStreamL64 zs = null) + internal static void CheckReturnValue(ZLibRet ret, ZStreamBase zs = null) { if (ret != ZLibRet.Ok) { diff --git a/Joveler.Compression.ZLib/ZLibInit.cs b/Joveler.Compression.ZLib/ZLibInit.cs index 8f02c7b..d5437bd 100644 --- a/Joveler.Compression.ZLib/ZLibInit.cs +++ b/Joveler.Compression.ZLib/ZLibInit.cs @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ /* Derived from zlib header files (zlib license) Copyright (C) 1995-2017 Jean-loup Gailly and Mark Adler - Copyright (C) 2017-2020 Hajin Jang + Copyright (C) 2017-2023 Hajin Jang zlib license @@ -24,10 +24,27 @@ 3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution. using System; using System.ComponentModel; +using System.IO; using System.Runtime.InteropServices; namespace Joveler.Compression.ZLib { + public class ZLibInitOptions + { + /// + /// Does the native library have 'stdcall' calling convention? Set it to default unless you know what you are doing. + /// Set it to false for zlib1.dll (cdecl), and true for zlibwapi.dll (stdcall). + /// This flag is effective only on Windows x86. Otherwise it will be ignored. + /// + public bool IsWindowsStdcall { get; set; } = false; + /// + /// Does the naive library have zlib-ng 'modern' ABI? Set it to default unless you know what you are doing. + /// Set it to true only if you are loading one of 'zlib-ng2.dll', 'libz-ng.so' or 'libz-ng.dylib'. + /// If the native library was built with zlib-ng 'compat' mode, set it to false. + /// + public bool IsZLibNgModernAbi { get; set; } = false; + } + #region ZLibInit public static class ZLibInit { @@ -41,32 +58,86 @@ public static class ZLibInit /// Init system-default zlib native library. /// On Windows, calling this will cause an exception. /// - public static void GlobalInit() => GlobalInit(null, false); + public static void GlobalInit() => GlobalInit(null, new ZLibInitOptions() + { + IsWindowsStdcall = false, + IsZLibNgModernAbi = false, + }); /// - /// Init supplied zlib native library. - /// On Windows, using instead is recommended. + /// (Deprecated) Init supplied zlib native library. Use instead. /// On Windows x86, whether to use stdcall/cdecl symbol would be guessed by dll filename. + /// On Windows, calling this method will try convert filepath zlibwapi.dll to zlib1.dll if loading zlibwapi.dll has failed. /// /// /// The path of the zlib native library file. /// [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)] - [Obsolete($"Provided for backward compatibility only. Use GlobalInit(string libPath, bool isStdcall) instead.")] + [Obsolete($"Provided for backward ABI compatibility only!\r\nUse GlobalInit(string libPath, bool isStdcall) instead.\r\nAlso, please read libray release note and update your native library filepath.")] public static void GlobalInit(string libPath) { - ZLibLoadData loadData = new ZLibLoadData(); + // Joveler.Compression.ZLib v4.x bundlded `zlibwapi.dll`. + // Joveler.Compression.ZLib v5.x will ship `zlib1.dll` instead. + // To accomodate users who will not update zlib init code snippet, add a compatibility shim. + // This shim is effective only on Windows target. + if (RuntimeInformation.IsOSPlatform(OSPlatform.Windows) && libPath != null) + { + const string stdcallDllName = "zlibwapi.dll"; + const string cdeclDllName = "zlib1.dll"; + + string dllDir = Path.GetDirectoryName(libPath); + string dllFileName = Path.GetFileName(libPath); - // Crude stdcall guess logic for backward compatibility. - // On Windows, using GlobalInit(libPath, isZLibWapi) is recommended. - if (RuntimeInformation.IsOSPlatform(OSPlatform.Windows)) + // Crude stdcall guess logic for backward compatibility. + bool isZLibwapi = false; + if (dllFileName.Equals(stdcallDllName, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)) + isZLibwapi = true; + else if (dllFileName.Equals(cdeclDllName, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)) + isZLibwapi = false; + + // If loading zlib with `zlibwapi.dll` failed, try reloading it with `zlib1.dll`. + try + { + // First, try loading supplied path itself. + ZLibInitOptions opts = new ZLibInitOptions() + { + IsWindowsStdcall = isZLibwapi, + IsZLibNgModernAbi = false, + }; + Manager.GlobalInit(libPath, opts); + } + catch (DllNotFoundException stdEx) + { + // It seems user did not update init code snippet, and used "zlibwapi.dll". + // Let's try loading it with `zlib1.dll` instead. + if (isZLibwapi) + { + string cdeclDllPath; + if (dllDir == null) + cdeclDllPath = cdeclDllName; + else + cdeclDllPath = Path.Combine(dllDir, cdeclDllName); + + try + { + ZLibInitOptions loadData = new ZLibInitOptions() + { + IsWindowsStdcall = false, + IsZLibNgModernAbi = false, + }; + Manager.GlobalInit(cdeclDllPath, loadData); + } + catch (DllNotFoundException) + { + throw stdEx; + } + } + } + } + else { - if (libPath.StartsWith("zlibwapi", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)) - loadData.IsWindowsX86Stdcall = true; - else if (libPath.StartsWith("zlib1", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)) - loadData.IsWindowsX86Stdcall = false; + ZLibInitOptions loadData = new ZLibInitOptions(); + Manager.GlobalInit(libPath, loadData); } - - Manager.GlobalInit(libPath, loadData); } /// @@ -75,17 +146,13 @@ public static void GlobalInit(string libPath) /// /// The path of the zlib native library file. /// - /// - /// Set it to true for zlibwapi.dll (stdcall). Set it to false for zlib1.dll (cdecl). - /// This flag is effective only on Windows x86. + /// + /// Controls the ABI used to interface native library. + /// In most cases, using a default value is enough. /// - public static void GlobalInit(string libPath, bool isStdcall) + public static void GlobalInit(string libPath, ZLibInitOptions opts) { - ZLibLoadData loadData = new ZLibLoadData() - { - IsWindowsX86Stdcall = isStdcall, - }; - Manager.GlobalInit(libPath, loadData); + Manager.GlobalInit(libPath, opts); } public static void GlobalCleanup() => Manager.GlobalCleanup(); #endregion @@ -100,12 +167,7 @@ public static void GlobalInit(string libPath, bool isStdcall) public static string VersionString() { Manager.EnsureLoaded(); - - if (Lib.UseStdcall) - return Lib.Stdcall.ZLibVersion(); - else - return Lib.Cdecl.ZLibVersion(); - + return Lib.NativeAbi.ZLibVersion(); } #endregion } diff --git a/Joveler.Compression.ZLib/ZLibLoadManager.cs b/Joveler.Compression.ZLib/ZLibLoadManager.cs index 755628c..9e45479 100644 --- a/Joveler.Compression.ZLib/ZLibLoadManager.cs +++ b/Joveler.Compression.ZLib/ZLibLoadManager.cs @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ /* - Copyright (C) 2017-2020 Hajin Jang + Copyright (C) 2017-2023 Hajin Jang zlib license diff --git a/Joveler.Compression.ZLib/ZLibLoader.cs b/Joveler.Compression.ZLib/ZLibLoader.cs index cd30c46..428b674 100644 --- a/Joveler.Compression.ZLib/ZLibLoader.cs +++ b/Joveler.Compression.ZLib/ZLibLoader.cs @@ -33,11 +33,6 @@ 3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution. namespace Joveler.Compression.ZLib { - internal class ZLibLoadData - { - public bool IsWindowsX86Stdcall { get; set; } - } - internal class ZLibLoader : DynLoaderBase { #region Constructor @@ -46,15 +41,17 @@ public ZLibLoader() : base() } #endregion - #region cdecl and stdcall, LP64 and LLP64 - internal CdeclL32d CL32 = new CdeclL32d(); - internal StdcallL32d SL32 = new StdcallL32d(); - internal L64d L64 = new L64d(); - - internal StdcallNoLong Stdcall = new StdcallNoLong(); - internal CdeclNoLong Cdecl = new CdeclNoLong(); - - internal bool UseStdcall { get; private set; } = true; + #region Native ABI configurations + internal ZLibNativeAbi NativeAbi; + + /// + /// Does the loaded native library use stdcall calling convention? + /// + internal bool UseStdcall { get; private set; } = false; + /// + /// Does the loaded native library was built to have zlib-ng 'modern' ABI? + /// + internal bool UseZLibNgModernAbi { get; private set; } = false; #endregion #region (override) DefaultLibFileName @@ -62,12 +59,10 @@ protected override string DefaultLibFileName { get { -#if !NETFRAMEWORK if (RuntimeInformation.IsOSPlatform(OSPlatform.Linux)) return "libz.so.1"; else if (RuntimeInformation.IsOSPlatform(OSPlatform.OSX)) return "libz.dylib"; -#endif throw new PlatformNotSupportedException(); } } @@ -76,175 +71,291 @@ protected override string DefaultLibFileName #region HandleLoadData protected override void HandleLoadData(object data) { - if (data is not ZLibLoadData loadData) + if (data is not ZLibInitOptions initOpts) return; - // Use stdcall only if `IsX86WindowsStdcall` is active on Windows x86 platform. - UseStdcall = loadData.IsWindowsX86Stdcall && + // Use stdcall only if `IsWindowsStdcall` is active on Windows x86 platform. + UseStdcall = initOpts.IsWindowsStdcall && RuntimeInformation.IsOSPlatform(OSPlatform.Windows) && RuntimeInformation.ProcessArchitecture == Architecture.X86; + + UseZLibNgModernAbi = initOpts.IsZLibNgModernAbi; } #endregion #region LoadFunctions, ResetFunctions protected override void LoadFunctions() { - CL32.Lib = this; - SL32.Lib = this; - L64.Lib = this; - - switch (PlatformLongSize) + if (UseZLibNgModernAbi) { - case PlatformLongSize.Long32: // cdecl/stdcall branch required + if (PlatformLongSize == PlatformLongSize.Long64) + { + NativeAbi = new ZLibNgNativeAbiL64(this); + } + else if (PlatformLongSize == PlatformLongSize.Long32) + { if (UseStdcall) - { - #region Deflate - DeflateInit2, Deflate, DeflateEnd - SL32.DeflateInit2 = GetFuncPtr(nameof(StdcallL32d.deflateInit2_)); - SL32.Deflate = GetFuncPtr(nameof(StdcallL32d.deflate)); - SL32.DeflateEnd = GetFuncPtr(nameof(StdcallL32d.deflateEnd)); - #endregion - - #region Inflate - InflateInit2, Inflate, InflateEnd - SL32.InflateInit2 = GetFuncPtr(nameof(StdcallL32d.inflateInit2_)); - SL32.Inflate = GetFuncPtr(nameof(StdcallL32d.inflate)); - SL32.InflateEnd = GetFuncPtr(nameof(StdcallL32d.inflateEnd)); - #endregion - } + NativeAbi = new ZLibNgNativeAbiStdcallL32(this); else - { - #region Deflate - DeflateInit2, Deflate, DeflateEnd - CL32.DeflateInit2 = GetFuncPtr(nameof(CdeclL32d.deflateInit2_)); - CL32.Deflate = GetFuncPtr(nameof(CdeclL32d.deflate)); - CL32.DeflateEnd = GetFuncPtr(nameof(CdeclL32d.deflateEnd)); - #endregion - - #region Inflate - InflateInit2, Inflate, InflateEnd - CL32.InflateInit2 = GetFuncPtr(nameof(CdeclL32d.inflateInit2_)); - CL32.Inflate = GetFuncPtr(nameof(CdeclL32d.inflate)); - CL32.InflateEnd = GetFuncPtr(nameof(CdeclL32d.inflateEnd)); - #endregion - } - break; - case PlatformLongSize.Long64: // Calling convention designation ignored - #region Deflate - DeflateInit2, Deflate, DeflateEnd - L64.DeflateInit2 = GetFuncPtr(nameof(L64d.deflateInit2_)); - L64.Deflate = GetFuncPtr(nameof(L64d.deflate)); - L64.DeflateEnd = GetFuncPtr(nameof(L64d.deflateEnd)); - #endregion - - #region Inflate - InflateInit2, Inflate, InflateEnd - L64.InflateInit2 = GetFuncPtr(nameof(L64d.inflateInit2_)); - L64.Inflate = GetFuncPtr(nameof(L64d.inflate)); - L64.InflateEnd = GetFuncPtr(nameof(L64d.inflateEnd)); - #endregion - break; - } - - if (UseStdcall) - { - #region Checksum - Adler32, Crc32 - Stdcall.Adler32 = GetFuncPtr(nameof(StdcallNoLong.adler32)); - Stdcall.Crc32 = GetFuncPtr(nameof(StdcallNoLong.crc32)); - #endregion - - #region Version - ZLibVersion - Stdcall.ZLibVersionPtr = GetFuncPtr(nameof(StdcallNoLong.zlibVersion)); - #endregion + NativeAbi = new ZLibNgNativeAbiCdeclL32(this); + } + else + { + throw new PlatformNotSupportedException(); + } } else { - #region Checksum - Adler32, Crc32 - Cdecl.Adler32 = GetFuncPtr(nameof(CdeclNoLong.adler32)); - Cdecl.Crc32 = GetFuncPtr(nameof(CdeclNoLong.crc32)); - #endregion - - #region Version - ZLibVersion - Cdecl.ZLibVersionPtr = GetFuncPtr(nameof(CdeclNoLong.zlibVersion)); - #endregion + if (PlatformLongSize == PlatformLongSize.Long64) + { + NativeAbi = new ZLibNativeAbiL64(this); + } + else if (PlatformLongSize == PlatformLongSize.Long32) + { + if (UseStdcall) + NativeAbi = new ZLibNativeAbiStdcallL32(this); + else + NativeAbi = new ZLibNativeAbiCdeclL32(this); + } + else + { + throw new PlatformNotSupportedException(); + } } + + NativeAbi.LoadFunctions(); } protected override void ResetFunctions() { - switch (PlatformLongSize) + NativeAbi.ResetFunctions(); + NativeAbi = null; + } + #endregion + + #region (static) Create a new ZStream object + internal ZStreamBase CreateZStream() + { + if (UseZLibNgModernAbi) { - case PlatformLongSize.Long32: // cdecl/stdcall branch required - if (UseStdcall) - { - #region Deflate - DeflateInit2, Deflate, DeflateEnd - SL32.DeflateInit2 = null; - SL32.Deflate = null; - SL32.DeflateEnd = GetFuncPtr(nameof(StdcallL32d.deflateEnd)); - #endregion - - #region Inflate - InflateInit2, Inflate, InflateEnd - SL32.InflateInit2 = null; - SL32.Inflate = null; - SL32.InflateEnd = null; - #endregion - } - else - { - #region Deflate - DeflateInit2, Deflate, DeflateEnd - CL32.DeflateInit2 = null; - CL32.Deflate = null; - CL32.DeflateEnd = null; - #endregion - - #region Inflate - InflateInit2, Inflate, InflateEnd - CL32.InflateInit2 = null; - CL32.Inflate = null; - CL32.InflateEnd = null; - #endregion - } - break; - case PlatformLongSize.Long64: // Calling convention designation ignored - #region Deflate - DeflateInit2, Deflate, DeflateEnd - L64.DeflateInit2 = null; - L64.Deflate = null; - L64.DeflateEnd = null; - #endregion - - #region Inflate - InflateInit2, Inflate, InflateEnd - L64.InflateInit2 = null; - L64.Inflate = null; - L64.InflateEnd = null; - #endregion - break; - } - - if (UseStdcall) - { - #region Checksum - Adler32, Crc32 - Stdcall.Adler32 = null; - Stdcall.Crc32 = null; - #endregion - - #region Version - ZLibVersion - Stdcall.ZLibVersionPtr = null; - #endregion + return PlatformLongSize switch + { + PlatformLongSize.Long32 => new ZNgStreamL32(), + PlatformLongSize.Long64 => new ZNgStreamL64(), + _ => throw new PlatformNotSupportedException(), + }; } else { - #region Checksum - Adler32, Crc32 - Cdecl.Adler32 = null; - Cdecl.Crc32 = null; - #endregion + return PlatformLongSize switch + { + PlatformLongSize.Long32 => new ZStreamL32(), + PlatformLongSize.Long64 => new ZStreamL64(), + _ => throw new PlatformNotSupportedException(), + }; + } + } + #endregion + + #region NativeAbi Base + internal abstract class ZLibNativeAbi + { + protected ZLibLoader Lib { get; } + + public ZLibNativeAbi(ZLibLoader lib) + { + Lib = lib; + } + + #region Load and Reset Functions + public abstract void LoadFunctions(); + public abstract void ResetFunctions(); + #endregion + + #region Deflate - DeflateInit2, Deflate, DeflateEnd + public abstract ZLibRet DeflateInit(ZStreamBase strm, ZLibCompLevel level, int windowBits, ZLibMemLevel memLevel); + public abstract ZLibRet Deflate(ZStreamBase strm, ZLibFlush flush); + public abstract ZLibRet DeflateEnd(ZStreamBase strm); + #endregion + + #region Inflate - InflateInit2, Inflate, InflateEnd + public abstract ZLibRet InflateInit(ZStreamBase strm, int windowBits); + public abstract ZLibRet Inflate(ZStreamBase strm, ZLibFlush flush); + public abstract ZLibRet InflateEnd(ZStreamBase strm); + #endregion + + #region Checksum - Adler32, Crc32 + public abstract unsafe uint Adler32(uint adler, byte* buf, uint len); + public abstract unsafe uint Crc32(uint crc, byte* buf, uint len); + #endregion + + #region Version - ZLibVersion + public abstract string ZLibVersion(); + #endregion + + #region CompileFlags + public abstract ulong ZLibCompileFlags(); + #endregion + } + #endregion + + #region zlib: NativeAbi - Cdecl Base + internal abstract class ZLibNativeAbiCdecl : ZLibNativeAbi + { + protected const CallingConvention CallConv = CallingConvention.Cdecl; + + public ZLibNativeAbiCdecl(ZLibLoader lib) : base(lib) + { + } + + #region Load and Reset Functions + public override void LoadFunctions() + { + Adler32Ptr = Lib.GetFuncPtr(nameof(adler32)); + Crc32Ptr = Lib.GetFuncPtr(nameof(crc32)); + ZLibVersionPtr = Lib.GetFuncPtr(nameof(zlibVersion)); + } + + public override void ResetFunctions() + { + Adler32Ptr = null; + Crc32Ptr = null; + ZLibVersionPtr = null; + } + #endregion + + #region Checksum - Adler32, Crc32 + [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallConv)] + internal unsafe delegate uint adler32( + uint adler, + byte* buf, + uint len); + internal adler32 Adler32Ptr; + public override unsafe uint Adler32(uint adler, byte* buf, uint len) + { + return Adler32Ptr(adler, buf, len); + } - #region Version - ZLibVersion - Cdecl.ZLibVersionPtr = null; - #endregion + [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallConv)] + internal unsafe delegate uint crc32( + uint crc, + byte* buf, + uint len); + internal crc32 Crc32Ptr; + public override unsafe uint Crc32(uint crc, byte* buf, uint len) + { + return Crc32Ptr(crc, buf, len); } + #endregion + + #region Version - ZLibVersion + [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallConv)] + internal delegate IntPtr zlibVersion(); + internal zlibVersion ZLibVersionPtr; + public override string ZLibVersion() => Marshal.PtrToStringAnsi(ZLibVersionPtr()); + #endregion } #endregion - #region zlib Function Pointers - internal class L64d + #region zlib: NativeAbi - Stdcall Base + internal abstract class ZLibNativeAbiStdcall : ZLibNativeAbi { - public ZLibLoader Lib { get; internal set; } + protected const CallingConvention CallConv = CallingConvention.StdCall; + + public ZLibNativeAbiStdcall(ZLibLoader lib) : base(lib) + { + } + + #region Load and Reset Functions + public override void LoadFunctions() + { + Adler32Ptr = Lib.GetFuncPtr(nameof(adler32)); + Crc32Ptr = Lib.GetFuncPtr(nameof(crc32)); + ZLibVersionPtr = Lib.GetFuncPtr(nameof(zlibVersion)); + } + + public override void ResetFunctions() + { + Adler32Ptr = null; + Crc32Ptr = null; + ZLibVersionPtr = null; + } + #endregion + + #region Checksum - Adler32, Crc32 + [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallConv)] + internal unsafe delegate uint adler32( + uint adler, + byte* buf, + uint len); + internal adler32 Adler32Ptr; + public override unsafe uint Adler32(uint adler, byte* buf, uint len) + { + return Adler32Ptr(adler, buf, len); + } + + [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallConv)] + internal unsafe delegate uint crc32( + uint crc, + byte* buf, + uint len); + internal crc32 Crc32Ptr; + public override unsafe uint Crc32(uint crc, byte* buf, uint len) + { + return Crc32Ptr(crc, buf, len); + } + #endregion + + #region Version - ZLibVersion + [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallConv)] + internal delegate IntPtr zlibVersion(); + internal zlibVersion ZLibVersionPtr; + public override string ZLibVersion() => Marshal.PtrToStringAnsi(ZLibVersionPtr()); + #endregion + } + #endregion + + #region zlib: NativeAbi Long64 (x64, arm64) + internal sealed class ZLibNativeAbiL64 : ZLibNativeAbiCdecl + { + public ZLibNativeAbiL64(ZLibLoader lib) : base(lib) + { + } + + #region Load and Reset Functions + public override void LoadFunctions() + { + DeflateInit2Ptr = Lib.GetFuncPtr(nameof(deflateInit2_)); + DeflatePtr = Lib.GetFuncPtr(nameof(deflate)); + DeflateEndPtr = Lib.GetFuncPtr(nameof(deflateEnd)); + + InflateInit2Ptr = Lib.GetFuncPtr(nameof(inflateInit2_)); + InflatePtr = Lib.GetFuncPtr(nameof(inflate)); + InflateEndPtr = Lib.GetFuncPtr(nameof(inflateEnd)); + + ZLibCompileFlagsPtr = Lib.GetFuncPtr(nameof(zlibCompileFlags)); + + base.LoadFunctions(); + } + + public override void ResetFunctions() + { + DeflateInit2Ptr = null; + DeflatePtr = null; + DeflateEndPtr = null; + + InflateInit2Ptr = null; + InflatePtr = null; + InflateEndPtr = null; + + ZLibCompileFlagsPtr = null; + + base.ResetFunctions(); + } + #endregion #region Deflate - DeflateInit2, Deflate, DeflateEnd - [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Cdecl)] + [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallConv)] internal delegate ZLibRet deflateInit2_( ZStreamL64 strm, ZLibCompLevel level, @@ -254,61 +365,120 @@ internal delegate ZLibRet deflateInit2_( ZLibCompStrategy strategy, [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.LPStr)] string version, int stream_size); - internal deflateInit2_ DeflateInit2; - - internal ZLibRet DeflateInit(ZStreamL64 strm, ZLibCompLevel level, int windowBits, ZLibMemLevel memLevel) + internal deflateInit2_ DeflateInit2Ptr; + public override ZLibRet DeflateInit(ZStreamBase strm, ZLibCompLevel level, int windowBits, ZLibMemLevel memLevel) { // cdecl/stdcall detection is irrelevant and ignored on non-x86 architectures. - string zlibVer = Lib.Cdecl.ZLibVersion(); - return DeflateInit2(strm, level, ZLibCompMethod.Deflated, windowBits, memLevel, + string zlibVer = ZLibVersion(); + return DeflateInit2Ptr((ZStreamL64)strm, level, ZLibCompMethod.Deflated, windowBits, memLevel, ZLibCompStrategy.Default, zlibVer, Marshal.SizeOf()); } - [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Cdecl)] + [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallConv)] internal delegate ZLibRet deflate( ZStreamL64 strm, ZLibFlush flush); - internal deflate Deflate; + internal deflate DeflatePtr; + public override ZLibRet Deflate(ZStreamBase strm, ZLibFlush flush) + { + return DeflatePtr((ZStreamL64)strm, flush); + } - [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Cdecl)] + [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallConv)] internal delegate ZLibRet deflateEnd( ZStreamL64 strm); - internal deflateEnd DeflateEnd; + internal deflateEnd DeflateEndPtr; + public override ZLibRet DeflateEnd(ZStreamBase strm) + { + return DeflateEndPtr((ZStreamL64)strm); + } #endregion #region Inflate - InflateInit2, Inflate, InflateEnd - [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Cdecl)] + [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallConv)] internal delegate ZLibRet inflateInit2_( ZStreamL64 strm, int windowBits, [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.LPStr)] string version, int stream_size); - internal inflateInit2_ InflateInit2; - - internal ZLibRet InflateInit(ZStreamL64 strm, int windowBits) + internal inflateInit2_ InflateInit2Ptr; + public override ZLibRet InflateInit(ZStreamBase strm, int windowBits) { // cdecl/stdcall detection is irrelevant and ignored on non-x86 architectures. - string zlibVer = Lib.Cdecl.ZLibVersion(); - return InflateInit2(strm, windowBits, zlibVer, Marshal.SizeOf()); + string zlibVer = ZLibVersion(); + return InflateInit2Ptr((ZStreamL64)strm, windowBits, zlibVer, Marshal.SizeOf()); } - [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Cdecl)] + [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallConv)] internal delegate ZLibRet inflate( ZStreamL64 strm, ZLibFlush flush); - internal inflate Inflate; + internal inflate InflatePtr; + public override ZLibRet Inflate(ZStreamBase strm, ZLibFlush flush) + { + return InflatePtr((ZStreamL64)strm, flush); + } - [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Cdecl)] + [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallConv)] internal delegate ZLibRet inflateEnd( ZStreamL64 strm); - internal inflateEnd InflateEnd; + internal inflateEnd InflateEndPtr; + public override ZLibRet InflateEnd(ZStreamBase strm) + { + return InflateEndPtr((ZStreamL64)strm); + } + #endregion + + #region ZLibCompileFlags + [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallConv)] + internal delegate ulong zlibCompileFlags(); + internal zlibCompileFlags ZLibCompileFlagsPtr; + public override ulong ZLibCompileFlags() + { + return ZLibCompileFlagsPtr(); + } #endregion } + #endregion - internal class CdeclL32d + #region zlib: NativeAbi Long32 - Cdecl (arm, POSIX Windows x86 cdecl) + internal sealed class ZLibNativeAbiCdeclL32 : ZLibNativeAbiCdecl { - private const CallingConvention CallConv = CallingConvention.Cdecl; - public ZLibLoader Lib { get; internal set; } + public ZLibNativeAbiCdeclL32(ZLibLoader lib) : base(lib) + { + } + + #region Load and Reset Functions + public override void LoadFunctions() + { + DeflateInit2Ptr = Lib.GetFuncPtr(nameof(deflateInit2_)); + DeflatePtr = Lib.GetFuncPtr(nameof(deflate)); + DeflateEndPtr = Lib.GetFuncPtr(nameof(deflateEnd)); + + InflateInit2Ptr = Lib.GetFuncPtr(nameof(inflateInit2_)); + InflatePtr = Lib.GetFuncPtr(nameof(inflate)); + InflateEndPtr = Lib.GetFuncPtr(nameof(inflateEnd)); + + ZLibCompileFlagsPtr = Lib.GetFuncPtr(nameof(zlibCompileFlags)); + + base.LoadFunctions(); + } + + public override void ResetFunctions() + { + DeflateInit2Ptr = null; + DeflatePtr = null; + DeflateEndPtr = null; + + InflateInit2Ptr = null; + InflatePtr = null; + InflateEndPtr = null; + + ZLibCompileFlagsPtr = null; + + base.ResetFunctions(); + } + #endregion #region Deflate - DeflateInit2, Deflate, DeflateEnd [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallConv)] @@ -321,12 +491,12 @@ internal delegate ZLibRet deflateInit2_( ZLibCompStrategy strategy, [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.LPStr)] string version, int stream_size); - internal deflateInit2_ DeflateInit2; - - internal ZLibRet DeflateInit(ZStreamL32 strm, ZLibCompLevel level, int windowBits, ZLibMemLevel memLevel) + internal deflateInit2_ DeflateInit2Ptr; + public override ZLibRet DeflateInit(ZStreamBase strm, ZLibCompLevel level, int windowBits, ZLibMemLevel memLevel) { - string zlibVer = Lib.Cdecl.ZLibVersion(); - return DeflateInit2(strm, level, ZLibCompMethod.Deflated, windowBits, memLevel, + // cdecl/stdcall detection is irrelevant and ignored on non-x86 architectures. + string zlibVer = ZLibVersion(); + return DeflateInit2Ptr((ZStreamL32)strm, level, ZLibCompMethod.Deflated, windowBits, memLevel, ZLibCompStrategy.Default, zlibVer, Marshal.SizeOf()); } @@ -334,12 +504,20 @@ internal ZLibRet DeflateInit(ZStreamL32 strm, ZLibCompLevel level, int windowBit internal delegate ZLibRet deflate( ZStreamL32 strm, ZLibFlush flush); - internal deflate Deflate; + internal deflate DeflatePtr; + public override ZLibRet Deflate(ZStreamBase strm, ZLibFlush flush) + { + return DeflatePtr((ZStreamL32)strm, flush); + } [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallConv)] internal delegate ZLibRet deflateEnd( ZStreamL32 strm); - internal deflateEnd DeflateEnd; + internal deflateEnd DeflateEndPtr; + public override ZLibRet DeflateEnd(ZStreamBase strm) + { + return DeflateEndPtr((ZStreamL32)strm); + } #endregion #region Inflate - InflateInit2, Inflate, InflateEnd @@ -349,30 +527,84 @@ internal delegate ZLibRet inflateInit2_( int windowBits, [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.LPStr)] string version, int stream_size); - internal inflateInit2_ InflateInit2; - - internal ZLibRet InflateInit(ZStreamL32 strm, int windowBits) + internal inflateInit2_ InflateInit2Ptr; + public override ZLibRet InflateInit(ZStreamBase strm, int windowBits) { - string zlibVer = Lib.Cdecl.ZLibVersion(); - return InflateInit2(strm, windowBits, zlibVer, Marshal.SizeOf()); + // cdecl/stdcall detection is irrelevant and ignored on non-x86 architectures. + string zlibVer = ZLibVersion(); + return InflateInit2Ptr((ZStreamL32)strm, windowBits, zlibVer, Marshal.SizeOf()); } [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallConv)] internal delegate ZLibRet inflate( ZStreamL32 strm, ZLibFlush flush); - internal inflate Inflate; + internal inflate InflatePtr; + public override ZLibRet Inflate(ZStreamBase strm, ZLibFlush flush) + { + return InflatePtr((ZStreamL32)strm, flush); + } [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallConv)] - internal delegate ZLibRet inflateEnd(ZStreamL32 strm); - internal inflateEnd InflateEnd; + internal delegate ZLibRet inflateEnd( + ZStreamL32 strm); + internal inflateEnd InflateEndPtr; + public override ZLibRet InflateEnd(ZStreamBase strm) + { + return InflateEndPtr((ZStreamL32)strm); + } + #endregion + + #region ZLibCompileFlags + [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallConv)] + internal delegate uint zlibCompileFlags(); + internal zlibCompileFlags ZLibCompileFlagsPtr; + public override ulong ZLibCompileFlags() + { + return ZLibCompileFlagsPtr(); + } #endregion } + #endregion - internal class StdcallL32d + #region zlib: NativeAbi Long32 - Stdcall (Windows x86 stdcall) + internal sealed class ZLibNativeAbiStdcallL32 : ZLibNativeAbiStdcall { - private const CallingConvention CallConv = CallingConvention.Cdecl; - public ZLibLoader Lib { get; internal set; } + public ZLibNativeAbiStdcallL32(ZLibLoader lib) : base(lib) + { + } + + #region Load and Reset Functions + public override void LoadFunctions() + { + DeflateInit2Ptr = Lib.GetFuncPtr(nameof(deflateInit2_)); + DeflatePtr = Lib.GetFuncPtr(nameof(deflate)); + DeflateEndPtr = Lib.GetFuncPtr(nameof(deflateEnd)); + + InflateInit2Ptr = Lib.GetFuncPtr(nameof(inflateInit2_)); + InflatePtr = Lib.GetFuncPtr(nameof(inflate)); + InflateEndPtr = Lib.GetFuncPtr(nameof(inflateEnd)); + + ZLibCompileFlagsPtr = Lib.GetFuncPtr(nameof(zlibCompileFlags)); + + base.LoadFunctions(); + } + + public override void ResetFunctions() + { + DeflateInit2Ptr = null; + DeflatePtr = null; + DeflateEndPtr = null; + + InflateInit2Ptr = null; + InflatePtr = null; + InflateEndPtr = null; + + ZLibCompileFlagsPtr = null; + + base.ResetFunctions(); + } + #endregion #region Deflate - DeflateInit2, Deflate, DeflateEnd [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallConv)] @@ -385,12 +617,12 @@ internal delegate ZLibRet deflateInit2_( ZLibCompStrategy strategy, [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.LPStr)] string version, int stream_size); - internal deflateInit2_ DeflateInit2; - - internal ZLibRet DeflateInit(ZStreamL32 strm, ZLibCompLevel level, int windowBits, ZLibMemLevel memLevel) + internal deflateInit2_ DeflateInit2Ptr; + public override ZLibRet DeflateInit(ZStreamBase strm, ZLibCompLevel level, int windowBits, ZLibMemLevel memLevel) { - string zlibVer = Lib.Stdcall.ZLibVersion(); - return DeflateInit2(strm, level, ZLibCompMethod.Deflated, windowBits, memLevel, + // cdecl/stdcall detection is irrelevant and ignored on non-x86 architectures. + string zlibVer = ZLibVersion(); + return DeflateInit2Ptr((ZStreamL32)strm, level, ZLibCompMethod.Deflated, windowBits, memLevel, ZLibCompStrategy.Default, zlibVer, Marshal.SizeOf()); } @@ -398,12 +630,20 @@ internal ZLibRet DeflateInit(ZStreamL32 strm, ZLibCompLevel level, int windowBit internal delegate ZLibRet deflate( ZStreamL32 strm, ZLibFlush flush); - internal deflate Deflate; + internal deflate DeflatePtr; + public override ZLibRet Deflate(ZStreamBase strm, ZLibFlush flush) + { + return DeflatePtr((ZStreamL32)strm, flush); + } [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallConv)] internal delegate ZLibRet deflateEnd( ZStreamL32 strm); - internal deflateEnd DeflateEnd; + internal deflateEnd DeflateEndPtr; + public override ZLibRet DeflateEnd(ZStreamBase strm) + { + return DeflateEndPtr((ZStreamL32)strm); + } #endregion #region Inflate - InflateInit2, Inflate, InflateEnd @@ -413,84 +653,514 @@ internal delegate ZLibRet inflateInit2_( int windowBits, [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.LPStr)] string version, int stream_size); - internal inflateInit2_ InflateInit2; - - internal ZLibRet InflateInit(ZStreamL32 strm, int windowBits) + internal inflateInit2_ InflateInit2Ptr; + public override ZLibRet InflateInit(ZStreamBase strm, int windowBits) { - string zlibVer = Lib.Stdcall.ZLibVersion(); - return InflateInit2(strm, windowBits, zlibVer, Marshal.SizeOf()); + // cdecl/stdcall detection is irrelevant and ignored on non-x86 architectures. + string zlibVer = ZLibVersion(); + return InflateInit2Ptr((ZStreamL32)strm, windowBits, zlibVer, Marshal.SizeOf()); } [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallConv)] internal delegate ZLibRet inflate( ZStreamL32 strm, ZLibFlush flush); - internal inflate Inflate; + internal inflate InflatePtr; + public override ZLibRet Inflate(ZStreamBase strm, ZLibFlush flush) + { + return InflatePtr((ZStreamL32)strm, flush); + } + + [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallConv)] + internal delegate ZLibRet inflateEnd( + ZStreamL32 strm); + internal inflateEnd InflateEndPtr; + public override ZLibRet InflateEnd(ZStreamBase strm) + { + return InflateEndPtr((ZStreamL32)strm); + } + #endregion + #region ZLibCompileFlags [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallConv)] - internal delegate ZLibRet inflateEnd(ZStreamL32 strm); - internal inflateEnd InflateEnd; + internal delegate uint zlibCompileFlags(); + internal zlibCompileFlags ZLibCompileFlagsPtr; + public override ulong ZLibCompileFlags() + { + return ZLibCompileFlagsPtr(); + } #endregion } + #endregion - internal class StdcallNoLong + #region zlib-ng: NativeAbi - Cdecl Base + internal abstract class ZLibNgNativeAbiCdecl : ZLibNativeAbi { - private const CallingConvention CallConv = CallingConvention.Cdecl; + protected const CallingConvention CallConv = CallingConvention.Cdecl; + + public ZLibNgNativeAbiCdecl(ZLibLoader lib) : base(lib) + { + } + + #region Load and Reset Functions + public override void LoadFunctions() + { + Adler32Ptr = Lib.GetFuncPtr(nameof(zng_adler32)); + Crc32Ptr = Lib.GetFuncPtr(nameof(zng_crc32)); + ZLibNgVersionPtr = Lib.GetFuncPtr(nameof(zlibng_version)); + } + + public override void ResetFunctions() + { + Adler32Ptr = null; + Crc32Ptr = null; + ZLibNgVersionPtr = null; + } + #endregion #region Checksum - Adler32, Crc32 [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallConv)] - internal unsafe delegate uint adler32( + internal unsafe delegate uint zng_adler32( uint adler, byte* buf, uint len); - internal adler32 Adler32; + internal zng_adler32 Adler32Ptr; + public override unsafe uint Adler32(uint adler, byte* buf, uint len) + { + return Adler32Ptr(adler, buf, len); + } [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallConv)] - internal unsafe delegate uint crc32( + internal unsafe delegate uint zng_crc32( uint crc, byte* buf, uint len); - internal crc32 Crc32; + internal zng_crc32 Crc32Ptr; + public override unsafe uint Crc32(uint crc, byte* buf, uint len) + { + return Crc32Ptr(crc, buf, len); + } #endregion #region Version - ZLibVersion [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallConv)] - internal delegate IntPtr zlibVersion(); - internal zlibVersion ZLibVersionPtr; - internal string ZLibVersion() => Marshal.PtrToStringAnsi(ZLibVersionPtr()); + internal delegate IntPtr zlibng_version(); + internal zlibng_version ZLibNgVersionPtr; + public override string ZLibVersion() => Marshal.PtrToStringAnsi(ZLibNgVersionPtr()); #endregion } + #endregion - internal class CdeclNoLong + #region zlib-ng: NativeAbi - Stdcall Base + internal abstract class ZLibNgNativeAbiStdcall : ZLibNativeAbi { - private const CallingConvention CallConv = CallingConvention.Cdecl; + protected const CallingConvention CallConv = CallingConvention.StdCall; + + public ZLibNgNativeAbiStdcall(ZLibLoader lib) : base(lib) + { + } + + #region Load and Reset Functions + public override void LoadFunctions() + { + Adler32Ptr = Lib.GetFuncPtr(nameof(zng_adler32)); + Crc32Ptr = Lib.GetFuncPtr(nameof(zng_crc32)); + ZLibNgVersionPtr = Lib.GetFuncPtr(nameof(zlibng_version)); + } + + public override void ResetFunctions() + { + Adler32Ptr = null; + Crc32Ptr = null; + ZLibNgVersionPtr = null; + } + #endregion #region Checksum - Adler32, Crc32 [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallConv)] - internal unsafe delegate uint adler32( + internal unsafe delegate uint zng_adler32( uint adler, byte* buf, uint len); - internal adler32 Adler32; + internal zng_adler32 Adler32Ptr; + public override unsafe uint Adler32(uint adler, byte* buf, uint len) + { + return Adler32Ptr(adler, buf, len); + } [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallConv)] - internal unsafe delegate uint crc32( + internal unsafe delegate uint zng_crc32( uint crc, byte* buf, uint len); - internal crc32 Crc32; + internal zng_crc32 Crc32Ptr; + public override unsafe uint Crc32(uint crc, byte* buf, uint len) + { + return Crc32Ptr(crc, buf, len); + } #endregion #region Version - ZLibVersion [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallConv)] - internal delegate IntPtr zlibVersion(); - internal zlibVersion ZLibVersionPtr; - internal string ZLibVersion() => Marshal.PtrToStringAnsi(ZLibVersionPtr()); + internal delegate IntPtr zlibng_version(); + internal zlibng_version ZLibNgVersionPtr; + public override string ZLibVersion() => Marshal.PtrToStringAnsi(ZLibNgVersionPtr()); + #endregion + } + #endregion + + #region zlib-ng: NativeAbi Long64 (x64, arm64) + internal sealed class ZLibNgNativeAbiL64 : ZLibNgNativeAbiCdecl + { + public ZLibNgNativeAbiL64(ZLibLoader lib) : base(lib) + { + } + + #region Load and Reset Functions + public override void LoadFunctions() + { + DeflateInit2Ptr = Lib.GetFuncPtr(nameof(zng_deflateInit2)); + DeflatePtr = Lib.GetFuncPtr(nameof(zng_deflate)); + DeflateEndPtr = Lib.GetFuncPtr(nameof(zng_deflateEnd)); + + InflateInit2Ptr = Lib.GetFuncPtr(nameof(zng_inflateInit2)); + InflatePtr = Lib.GetFuncPtr(nameof(zng_inflate)); + InflateEndPtr = Lib.GetFuncPtr(nameof(zng_inflateEnd)); + + ZLibCompileFlagsPtr = Lib.GetFuncPtr(nameof(zng_zlibCompileFlags)); + + base.LoadFunctions(); + } + + public override void ResetFunctions() + { + DeflateInit2Ptr = null; + DeflatePtr = null; + DeflateEndPtr = null; + + InflateInit2Ptr = null; + InflatePtr = null; + InflateEndPtr = null; + + ZLibCompileFlagsPtr = null; + + base.ResetFunctions(); + } + #endregion + + #region Deflate - DeflateInit2, Deflate, DeflateEnd + [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallConv)] + internal delegate ZLibRet zng_deflateInit2( + ZNgStreamL64 strm, + ZLibCompLevel level, + ZLibCompMethod method, + int windowBits, + ZLibMemLevel memLevel, + ZLibCompStrategy strategy); + internal zng_deflateInit2 DeflateInit2Ptr; + public override ZLibRet DeflateInit(ZStreamBase strm, ZLibCompLevel level, int windowBits, ZLibMemLevel memLevel) + { + return DeflateInit2Ptr((ZNgStreamL64)strm, level, ZLibCompMethod.Deflated, windowBits, memLevel, ZLibCompStrategy.Default); + } + + [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallConv)] + internal delegate ZLibRet zng_deflate( + ZNgStreamL64 strm, + ZLibFlush flush); + internal zng_deflate DeflatePtr; + public override ZLibRet Deflate(ZStreamBase strm, ZLibFlush flush) + { + return DeflatePtr((ZNgStreamL64)strm, flush); + } + + [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallConv)] + internal delegate ZLibRet zng_deflateEnd( + ZNgStreamL64 strm); + internal zng_deflateEnd DeflateEndPtr; + public override ZLibRet DeflateEnd(ZStreamBase strm) + { + return DeflateEndPtr((ZNgStreamL64)strm); + } + #endregion + + #region Inflate - InflateInit2, Inflate, InflateEnd + [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallConv)] + internal delegate ZLibRet zng_inflateInit2( + ZNgStreamL64 strm, + int windowBits); + internal zng_inflateInit2 InflateInit2Ptr; + public override ZLibRet InflateInit(ZStreamBase strm, int windowBits) + { + string zlibVer = ZLibVersion(); + return InflateInit2Ptr((ZNgStreamL64)strm, windowBits); + } + + [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallConv)] + internal delegate ZLibRet zng_inflate( + ZNgStreamL64 strm, + ZLibFlush flush); + internal zng_inflate InflatePtr; + public override ZLibRet Inflate(ZStreamBase strm, ZLibFlush flush) + { + return InflatePtr((ZNgStreamL64)strm, flush); + } + + [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallConv)] + internal delegate ZLibRet zng_inflateEnd( + ZNgStreamL64 strm); + internal zng_inflateEnd InflateEndPtr; + public override ZLibRet InflateEnd(ZStreamBase strm) + { + return InflateEndPtr((ZNgStreamL64)strm); + } + #endregion + + #region ZLibCompileFlags + [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallConv)] + internal delegate ulong zng_zlibCompileFlags(); + internal zng_zlibCompileFlags ZLibCompileFlagsPtr; + public override ulong ZLibCompileFlags() + { + return ZLibCompileFlagsPtr(); + } #endregion } + #endregion + + #region zlib-ng: NativeAbi Long32 - Cdecl (arm, POSIX x86, Windows x86 cdecl) + internal sealed class ZLibNgNativeAbiCdeclL32 : ZLibNgNativeAbiCdecl + { + public ZLibNgNativeAbiCdeclL32(ZLibLoader lib) : base(lib) + { + } + #region Load and Reset Functions + public override void LoadFunctions() + { + DeflateInit2Ptr = Lib.GetFuncPtr(nameof(zng_deflateInit2)); + DeflatePtr = Lib.GetFuncPtr(nameof(zng_deflate)); + DeflateEndPtr = Lib.GetFuncPtr(nameof(zng_deflateEnd)); + InflateInit2Ptr = Lib.GetFuncPtr(nameof(zng_inflateInit2)); + InflatePtr = Lib.GetFuncPtr(nameof(zng_inflate)); + InflateEndPtr = Lib.GetFuncPtr(nameof(zng_inflateEnd)); + ZLibCompileFlagsPtr = Lib.GetFuncPtr(nameof(zng_zlibCompileFlags)); + + base.LoadFunctions(); + } + + public override void ResetFunctions() + { + DeflateInit2Ptr = null; + DeflatePtr = null; + DeflateEndPtr = null; + + InflateInit2Ptr = null; + InflatePtr = null; + InflateEndPtr = null; + + ZLibCompileFlagsPtr = null; + + base.ResetFunctions(); + } + #endregion + + #region Deflate - DeflateInit2, Deflate, DeflateEnd + [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallConv)] + internal delegate ZLibRet zng_deflateInit2( + ZNgStreamL32 strm, + ZLibCompLevel level, + ZLibCompMethod method, + int windowBits, + ZLibMemLevel memLevel, + ZLibCompStrategy strategy); + internal zng_deflateInit2 DeflateInit2Ptr; + public override ZLibRet DeflateInit(ZStreamBase strm, ZLibCompLevel level, int windowBits, ZLibMemLevel memLevel) + { + return DeflateInit2Ptr((ZNgStreamL32)strm, level, ZLibCompMethod.Deflated, windowBits, memLevel, ZLibCompStrategy.Default); + } + + [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallConv)] + internal delegate ZLibRet zng_deflate( + ZNgStreamL32 strm, + ZLibFlush flush); + internal zng_deflate DeflatePtr; + public override ZLibRet Deflate(ZStreamBase strm, ZLibFlush flush) + { + return DeflatePtr((ZNgStreamL32)strm, flush); + } + + [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallConv)] + internal delegate ZLibRet zng_deflateEnd( + ZNgStreamL32 strm); + internal zng_deflateEnd DeflateEndPtr; + public override ZLibRet DeflateEnd(ZStreamBase strm) + { + return DeflateEndPtr((ZNgStreamL32)strm); + } + #endregion + + #region Inflate - InflateInit2, Inflate, InflateEnd + [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallConv)] + internal delegate ZLibRet zng_inflateInit2( + ZNgStreamL32 strm, + int windowBits); + internal zng_inflateInit2 InflateInit2Ptr; + public override ZLibRet InflateInit(ZStreamBase strm, int windowBits) + { + string zlibVer = ZLibVersion(); + return InflateInit2Ptr((ZNgStreamL32)strm, windowBits); + } + + [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallConv)] + internal delegate ZLibRet zng_inflate( + ZNgStreamL32 strm, + ZLibFlush flush); + internal zng_inflate InflatePtr; + public override ZLibRet Inflate(ZStreamBase strm, ZLibFlush flush) + { + return InflatePtr((ZNgStreamL32)strm, flush); + } + + [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallConv)] + internal delegate ZLibRet zng_inflateEnd( + ZNgStreamL32 strm); + internal zng_inflateEnd InflateEndPtr; + public override ZLibRet InflateEnd(ZStreamBase strm) + { + return InflateEndPtr((ZNgStreamL32)strm); + } + #endregion + + #region ZLibCompileFlags + [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallConv)] + internal delegate ulong zng_zlibCompileFlags(); + internal zng_zlibCompileFlags ZLibCompileFlagsPtr; + public override ulong ZLibCompileFlags() + { + return ZLibCompileFlagsPtr(); + } + #endregion + } + #endregion + + #region zlib-ng: NativeAbi Long32 - Stdcall (Windwos x86 stdcall) + internal sealed class ZLibNgNativeAbiStdcallL32 : ZLibNgNativeAbiStdcall + { + public ZLibNgNativeAbiStdcallL32(ZLibLoader lib) : base(lib) + { + } + + #region Load and Reset Functions + public override void LoadFunctions() + { + DeflateInit2Ptr = Lib.GetFuncPtr(nameof(zng_deflateInit2)); + DeflatePtr = Lib.GetFuncPtr(nameof(zng_deflate)); + DeflateEndPtr = Lib.GetFuncPtr(nameof(zng_deflateEnd)); + + InflateInit2Ptr = Lib.GetFuncPtr(nameof(zng_inflateInit2)); + InflatePtr = Lib.GetFuncPtr(nameof(zng_inflate)); + InflateEndPtr = Lib.GetFuncPtr(nameof(zng_inflateEnd)); + + ZLibCompileFlagsPtr = Lib.GetFuncPtr(nameof(zng_zlibCompileFlags)); + + base.LoadFunctions(); + } + + public override void ResetFunctions() + { + DeflateInit2Ptr = null; + DeflatePtr = null; + DeflateEndPtr = null; + + InflateInit2Ptr = null; + InflatePtr = null; + InflateEndPtr = null; + + ZLibCompileFlagsPtr = null; + + base.ResetFunctions(); + } + #endregion + + #region Deflate - DeflateInit2, Deflate, DeflateEnd + [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallConv)] + internal delegate ZLibRet zng_deflateInit2( + ZNgStreamL32 strm, + ZLibCompLevel level, + ZLibCompMethod method, + int windowBits, + ZLibMemLevel memLevel, + ZLibCompStrategy strategy); + internal zng_deflateInit2 DeflateInit2Ptr; + public override ZLibRet DeflateInit(ZStreamBase strm, ZLibCompLevel level, int windowBits, ZLibMemLevel memLevel) + { + return DeflateInit2Ptr((ZNgStreamL32)strm, level, ZLibCompMethod.Deflated, windowBits, memLevel, ZLibCompStrategy.Default); + } + + [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallConv)] + internal delegate ZLibRet zng_deflate( + ZNgStreamL32 strm, + ZLibFlush flush); + internal zng_deflate DeflatePtr; + public override ZLibRet Deflate(ZStreamBase strm, ZLibFlush flush) + { + return DeflatePtr((ZNgStreamL32)strm, flush); + } + + [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallConv)] + internal delegate ZLibRet zng_deflateEnd( + ZNgStreamL32 strm); + internal zng_deflateEnd DeflateEndPtr; + public override ZLibRet DeflateEnd(ZStreamBase strm) + { + return DeflateEndPtr((ZNgStreamL32)strm); + } + #endregion + + #region Inflate - InflateInit2, Inflate, InflateEnd + [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallConv)] + internal delegate ZLibRet zng_inflateInit2( + ZNgStreamL32 strm, + int windowBits); + internal zng_inflateInit2 InflateInit2Ptr; + public override ZLibRet InflateInit(ZStreamBase strm, int windowBits) + { + string zlibVer = ZLibVersion(); + return InflateInit2Ptr((ZNgStreamL32)strm, windowBits); + } + + [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallConv)] + internal delegate ZLibRet zng_inflate( + ZNgStreamL32 strm, + ZLibFlush flush); + internal zng_inflate InflatePtr; + public override ZLibRet Inflate(ZStreamBase strm, ZLibFlush flush) + { + return InflatePtr((ZNgStreamL32)strm, flush); + } + + [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallConv)] + internal delegate ZLibRet zng_inflateEnd( + ZNgStreamL32 strm); + internal zng_inflateEnd InflateEndPtr; + public override ZLibRet InflateEnd(ZStreamBase strm) + { + return InflateEndPtr((ZNgStreamL32)strm); + } + #endregion + + #region ZLibCompileFlags + [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallConv)] + internal delegate ulong zng_zlibCompileFlags(); + internal zng_zlibCompileFlags ZLibCompileFlagsPtr; + public override ulong ZLibCompileFlags() + { + return ZLibCompileFlagsPtr(); + } + #endregion + } #endregion } } diff --git a/Joveler.Compression.ZLib/ZLibStreams.cs b/Joveler.Compression.ZLib/ZLibStreams.cs index eae79be..5306897 100644 --- a/Joveler.Compression.ZLib/ZLibStreams.cs +++ b/Joveler.Compression.ZLib/ZLibStreams.cs @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Derived from zlib header files (zlib license) Copyright (C) @hardon (https://www.codeplex.com/site/users/view/hardon) Maintained by Hajin Jang - Copyright (C) 2017-2020 Hajin Jang + Copyright (C) 2017-2023 Hajin Jang zlib license @@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ 3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution. namespace Joveler.Compression.ZLib { #region StreamOptions - public class ZLibCompressOptions + public sealed class ZLibCompressOptions { /// /// Compression level. The Default is `ZLibCompLevel.Default`. @@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ public class ZLibCompressOptions public bool LeaveOpen { get; set; } = false; } - public class ZLibDecompressOptions + public sealed class ZLibDecompressOptions { /// /// The base two logarithm of the window size (the size of the history buffer). @@ -84,11 +84,12 @@ public class ZLibDecompressOptions } #endregion - #region DeflateStream + #region DeflateStreamBase /// - /// The stream which compress or decompress deflate stream format. + /// The stream which compress or decompress zlib-related stream format. + /// This symbol can be changed anytime, consider this as not a part of public ABI! /// - public class DeflateStream : Stream + public abstract class DeflateStreamBase : Stream { #region enum Mode, Format internal enum Mode @@ -111,8 +112,7 @@ protected enum Format private readonly bool _leaveOpen; private bool _disposed = false; - private ZStreamL32 _zs32; - private ZStreamL64 _zs64; + private ZStreamBase _zs; private GCHandle _zsPin; private readonly int _bufferSize = DefaultBufferSize; @@ -126,7 +126,6 @@ protected enum Format // Const private const int ReadDone = -1; - // Default Buffer Size /* Benchmark - 256K is the fatest. AMD Ryzen 5 3600 / .NET Core 3.1.13 / Windows 10.0.19042 x64 / zlib 1.2.11 @@ -146,10 +145,7 @@ AMD Ryzen 5 3600 / .NET Core 3.1.13 / Windows 10.0.19042 x64 / zlib 1.2.11 /// /// Create compressing DeflateStream. /// - public DeflateStream(Stream baseStream, ZLibCompressOptions compOpts) - : this(baseStream, compOpts, Format.Deflate) { } - - protected DeflateStream(Stream baseStream, ZLibCompressOptions compOpts, Format format) + protected DeflateStreamBase(Stream baseStream, ZLibCompressOptions compOpts, Format format) { ZLibInit.Manager.EnsureLoaded(); @@ -161,46 +157,17 @@ protected DeflateStream(Stream baseStream, ZLibCompressOptions compOpts, Format _leaveOpen = compOpts.LeaveOpen; _bufferSize = CheckBufferSize(compOpts.BufferSize); _workBuf = new byte[_bufferSize]; - int formatWindowBits = CheckFormatWindowBits(compOpts.WindowBits, _mode, format); + int formatWindowBits = ProcessFormatWindowBits(compOpts.WindowBits, _mode, format); CheckMemLevel(compOpts.MemLevel); - // Prepare and init ZStream - switch (ZLibInit.Lib.PlatformLongSize) - { - case PlatformLongSize.Long32: - { - _zs32 = new ZStreamL32(); - _zsPin = GCHandle.Alloc(_zs32, GCHandleType.Pinned); - - ZLibRet ret; - if (ZLibInit.Lib.UseStdcall) - ret = ZLibInit.Lib.SL32.DeflateInit(_zs32, compOpts.Level, formatWindowBits, compOpts.MemLevel); - else - ret = ZLibInit.Lib.CL32.DeflateInit(_zs32, compOpts.Level, formatWindowBits, compOpts.MemLevel); - ZLibException.CheckReturnValue(ret, _zs32); - break; - } - case PlatformLongSize.Long64: - { - _zs64 = new ZStreamL64(); - _zsPin = GCHandle.Alloc(_zs64, GCHandleType.Pinned); + _zs = ZLibInit.Lib.CreateZStream(); + _zsPin = GCHandle.Alloc(_zs, GCHandleType.Pinned); - ZLibRet ret = ZLibInit.Lib.L64.DeflateInit(_zs64, compOpts.Level, formatWindowBits, compOpts.MemLevel); - ZLibException.CheckReturnValue(ret, _zs64); - break; - } - default: - throw new PlatformNotSupportedException(); - } + ZLibRet ret = ZLibInit.Lib.NativeAbi.DeflateInit(_zs, compOpts.Level, formatWindowBits, compOpts.MemLevel); + ZLibException.CheckReturnValue(ret, _zs); } - /// - /// Create decompressing DeflateStream. - /// - public DeflateStream(Stream baseStream, ZLibDecompressOptions decompOpts) - : this(baseStream, decompOpts, Format.Deflate) { } - - protected DeflateStream(Stream baseStream, ZLibDecompressOptions decompOpts, Format format) + protected DeflateStreamBase(Stream baseStream, ZLibDecompressOptions decompOpts, Format format) { ZLibInit.Manager.EnsureLoaded(); @@ -212,41 +179,33 @@ protected DeflateStream(Stream baseStream, ZLibDecompressOptions decompOpts, For _leaveOpen = decompOpts.LeaveOpen; _bufferSize = CheckBufferSize(decompOpts.BufferSize); _workBuf = new byte[_bufferSize]; - int windowBits = CheckFormatWindowBits(decompOpts.WindowBits, _mode, format); + int windowBits = ProcessFormatWindowBits(decompOpts.WindowBits, _mode, format); // Prepare and init ZStream switch (ZLibInit.Lib.PlatformLongSize) { case PlatformLongSize.Long32: { - _zs32 = new ZStreamL32(); - _zsPin = GCHandle.Alloc(_zs32, GCHandleType.Pinned); - - ZLibRet ret; - if (ZLibInit.Lib.UseStdcall) - ret = ZLibInit.Lib.SL32.InflateInit(_zs32, windowBits); - else - ret = ZLibInit.Lib.CL32.InflateInit(_zs32, windowBits); - ZLibException.CheckReturnValue(ret, _zs32); + _zs = new ZStreamL32(); break; } case PlatformLongSize.Long64: { - _zs64 = new ZStreamL64(); - _zsPin = GCHandle.Alloc(_zs64, GCHandleType.Pinned); - - ZLibRet ret = ZLibInit.Lib.L64.InflateInit(_zs64, windowBits); - ZLibException.CheckReturnValue(ret, _zs64); + _zs = new ZStreamL64(); break; } default: throw new PlatformNotSupportedException(); } + _zsPin = GCHandle.Alloc(_zs, GCHandleType.Pinned); + + ZLibRet ret = ZLibInit.Lib.NativeAbi.InflateInit(_zs, windowBits); + ZLibException.CheckReturnValue(ret, _zs); } #endregion #region Disposable Pattern - ~DeflateStream() + ~DeflateStreamBase() { Dispose(false); } @@ -264,46 +223,9 @@ protected override void Dispose(bool disposing) BaseStream = null; } - switch (ZLibInit.Lib.PlatformLongSize) - { - case PlatformLongSize.Long32: - { - if (_zs32 != null) - { - if (_mode == Mode.Compress) - { - if (ZLibInit.Lib.UseStdcall) - ZLibInit.Lib.SL32.DeflateEnd(_zs32); - else - ZLibInit.Lib.CL32.DeflateEnd(_zs32); - } - else - { - if (ZLibInit.Lib.UseStdcall) - ZLibInit.Lib.SL32.InflateEnd(_zs32); - else - ZLibInit.Lib.CL32.InflateEnd(_zs32); - } - - _zsPin.Free(); - _zs32 = null; - } - break; - } - case PlatformLongSize.Long64: - { - if (_zs64 != null) - { - if (_mode == Mode.Compress) - ZLibInit.Lib.L64.DeflateEnd(_zs64); - else - ZLibInit.Lib.L64.InflateEnd(_zs64); - _zsPin.Free(); - _zs64 = null; - } - break; - } - } + ZLibInit.Lib.NativeAbi.DeflateEnd(_zs); + _zsPin.Free(); + _zs = null; _disposed = true; } @@ -341,86 +263,38 @@ public unsafe int Read(Span span) fixed (byte* readPtr = _workBuf) // [In] Compressed fixed (byte* writePtr = span) // [Out] Will-be-decompressed { - switch (ZLibInit.Lib.PlatformLongSize) + _zs.NextIn = readPtr + _workBufPos; + _zs.NextOut = writePtr; + _zs.AvailOut = (uint)span.Length; + + while (0 < _zs.AvailOut) { - case PlatformLongSize.Long32: - { - _zs32.NextIn = readPtr + _workBufPos; - _zs32.NextOut = writePtr; - _zs32.AvailOut = (uint)span.Length; - - while (0 < _zs32.AvailOut) - { - if (_zs32.AvailIn == 0) - { // Compressed Data is no longer available in array, so read more from _stream - int baseReadSize = BaseStream.Read(_workBuf, 0, _workBuf.Length); - - _workBufPos = 0; - _zs32.NextIn = readPtr; - _zs32.AvailIn = (uint)baseReadSize; - TotalIn += baseReadSize; - } - - uint inCount = _zs32.AvailIn; - uint outCount = _zs32.AvailOut; - - // flush method for inflate has no effect - ZLibRet ret; - if (ZLibInit.Lib.UseStdcall) - ret = ZLibInit.Lib.SL32.Inflate(_zs32, ZLibFlush.NoFlush); - else - ret = ZLibInit.Lib.CL32.Inflate(_zs32, ZLibFlush.NoFlush); - - _workBufPos += (int)(inCount - _zs32.AvailIn); - readSize += (int)(outCount - _zs32.AvailOut); - - if (ret == ZLibRet.StreamEnd) - { - _workBufPos = ReadDone; // magic for StreamEnd - break; - } - - ZLibException.CheckReturnValue(ret, _zs32); - } - } - break; - case PlatformLongSize.Long64: - { - _zs64.NextIn = readPtr + _workBufPos; - _zs64.NextOut = writePtr; - _zs64.AvailOut = (uint)span.Length; - - while (0 < _zs64.AvailOut) - { - if (_zs64.AvailIn == 0) - { // Compressed Data is no longer available in array, so read more from _stream - int baseReadSize = BaseStream.Read(_workBuf, 0, _workBuf.Length); - - _workBufPos = 0; - _zs64.NextIn = readPtr; - _zs64.AvailIn = (uint)baseReadSize; - TotalIn += baseReadSize; - } - - uint inCount = _zs64.AvailIn; - uint outCount = _zs64.AvailOut; - - // flush method for inflate has no effect - ZLibRet ret = ZLibInit.Lib.L64.Inflate(_zs64, ZLibFlush.NoFlush); - - _workBufPos += (int)(inCount - _zs64.AvailIn); - readSize += (int)(outCount - _zs64.AvailOut); - - if (ret == ZLibRet.StreamEnd) - { - _workBufPos = ReadDone; // magic for StreamEnd - break; - } - - ZLibException.CheckReturnValue(ret, _zs64); - } - } + if (_zs.AvailIn == 0) + { // Compressed Data is no longer available in array, so read more from _stream + int baseReadSize = BaseStream.Read(_workBuf, 0, _workBuf.Length); + + _workBufPos = 0; + _zs.NextIn = readPtr; + _zs.AvailIn = (uint)baseReadSize; + TotalIn += baseReadSize; + } + + uint inCount = _zs.AvailIn; + uint outCount = _zs.AvailOut; + + // flush method for inflate has no effect + ZLibRet ret = ZLibInit.Lib.NativeAbi.Inflate(_zs, ZLibFlush.NoFlush); + + _workBufPos += (int)(inCount - _zs.AvailIn); + readSize += (int)(outCount - _zs.AvailOut); + + if (ret == ZLibRet.StreamEnd) + { + _workBufPos = ReadDone; // magic for StreamEnd break; + } + + ZLibException.CheckReturnValue(ret, _zs); } } @@ -442,7 +316,7 @@ public override void Write(byte[] buffer, int offset, int count) } /// -#if NETCOREAPP3_1 +#if NETCOREAPP public override unsafe void Write(ReadOnlySpan span) #else public unsafe void Write(ReadOnlySpan span) @@ -456,66 +330,28 @@ public unsafe void Write(ReadOnlySpan span) fixed (byte* readPtr = span) // [In] Compressed fixed (byte* writePtr = _workBuf) // [Out] Will-be-decompressed { - switch (ZLibInit.Lib.PlatformLongSize) + _zs.NextIn = readPtr; + _zs.AvailIn = (uint)span.Length; + _zs.NextOut = writePtr + _workBufPos; + _zs.AvailOut = (uint)(_workBuf.Length - _workBufPos); + + while (_zs.AvailIn != 0) { - case PlatformLongSize.Long32: - { - _zs32.NextIn = readPtr; - _zs32.AvailIn = (uint)span.Length; - _zs32.NextOut = writePtr + _workBufPos; - _zs32.AvailOut = (uint)(_workBuf.Length - _workBufPos); - - while (_zs32.AvailIn != 0) - { - uint outCount = _zs32.AvailOut; - ZLibRet ret; - if (ZLibInit.Lib.UseStdcall) - ret = ZLibInit.Lib.SL32.Deflate(_zs32, ZLibFlush.NoFlush); - else - ret = ZLibInit.Lib.CL32.Deflate(_zs32, ZLibFlush.NoFlush); - _workBufPos += (int)(outCount - _zs32.AvailOut); - - if (_zs32.AvailOut == 0) - { - BaseStream.Write(_workBuf, 0, _workBuf.Length); - TotalOut += _workBuf.Length; - - _workBufPos = 0; - _zs32.NextOut = writePtr; - _zs32.AvailOut = (uint)_workBuf.Length; - } - - ZLibException.CheckReturnValue(ret, _zs32); - } - break; - } - case PlatformLongSize.Long64: - { - _zs64.NextIn = readPtr; - _zs64.AvailIn = (uint)span.Length; - _zs64.NextOut = writePtr + _workBufPos; - _zs64.AvailOut = (uint)(_workBuf.Length - _workBufPos); - - while (_zs64.AvailIn != 0) - { - uint outCount = _zs64.AvailOut; - ZLibRet ret = ZLibInit.Lib.L64.Deflate(_zs64, ZLibFlush.NoFlush); - _workBufPos += (int)(outCount - _zs64.AvailOut); - - if (_zs64.AvailOut == 0) - { - BaseStream.Write(_workBuf, 0, _workBuf.Length); - TotalOut += _workBuf.Length; - - _workBufPos = 0; - _zs64.NextOut = writePtr; - _zs64.AvailOut = (uint)_workBuf.Length; - } - - ZLibException.CheckReturnValue(ret, _zs64); - } - break; - } + uint outCount = _zs.AvailOut; + ZLibRet ret = ZLibInit.Lib.NativeAbi.Deflate(_zs, ZLibFlush.NoFlush); + _workBufPos += (int)(outCount - _zs.AvailOut); + + if (_zs.AvailOut == 0) + { + BaseStream.Write(_workBuf, 0, _workBuf.Length); + TotalOut += _workBuf.Length; + + _workBufPos = 0; + _zs.NextOut = writePtr; + _zs.AvailOut = (uint)_workBuf.Length; + } + + ZLibException.CheckReturnValue(ret, _zs); } } } @@ -531,73 +367,31 @@ public override unsafe void Flush() fixed (byte* writePtr = _workBuf) { - switch (ZLibInit.Lib.PlatformLongSize) + _zs.NextIn = (byte*)0; + _zs.AvailIn = 0; + _zs.NextOut = writePtr + _workBufPos; + _zs.AvailOut = (uint)(_workBuf.Length - _workBufPos); + + ZLibRet ret = ZLibRet.Ok; + while (ret != ZLibRet.StreamEnd) { - case PlatformLongSize.Long32: - { - _zs32.NextIn = (byte*)0; - _zs32.AvailIn = 0; - _zs32.NextOut = writePtr + _workBufPos; - _zs32.AvailOut = (uint)(_workBuf.Length - _workBufPos); - - ZLibRet ret = ZLibRet.Ok; - while (ret != ZLibRet.StreamEnd) - { - if (_zs32.AvailOut != 0) - { - uint outCount = _zs32.AvailOut; - if (ZLibInit.Lib.UseStdcall) - ret = ZLibInit.Lib.SL32.Deflate(_zs32, ZLibFlush.Finish); - else - ret = ZLibInit.Lib.CL32.Deflate(_zs32, ZLibFlush.Finish); - - _workBufPos += (int)(outCount - _zs32.AvailOut); - - if (ret != ZLibRet.StreamEnd && ret != ZLibRet.Ok) - throw new ZLibException(ret, _zs32.LastErrorMsg); - } - - BaseStream.Write(_workBuf, 0, _workBufPos); - TotalOut += _workBufPos; - - _workBufPos = 0; - _zs32.NextOut = writePtr; - _zs32.AvailOut = (uint)_workBuf.Length; - } - - break; - } - case PlatformLongSize.Long64: - { - _zs64.NextIn = (byte*)0; - _zs64.AvailIn = 0; - _zs64.NextOut = writePtr + _workBufPos; - _zs64.AvailOut = (uint)(_workBuf.Length - _workBufPos); - - ZLibRet ret = ZLibRet.Ok; - while (ret != ZLibRet.StreamEnd) - { - if (_zs64.AvailOut != 0) - { - uint outCount = _zs64.AvailOut; - ret = ZLibInit.Lib.L64.Deflate(_zs64, ZLibFlush.Finish); - - _workBufPos += (int)(outCount - _zs64.AvailOut); - - if (ret != ZLibRet.StreamEnd && ret != ZLibRet.Ok) - throw new ZLibException(ret, _zs64.LastErrorMsg); - } - - BaseStream.Write(_workBuf, 0, _workBufPos); - TotalOut += _workBufPos; - - _workBufPos = 0; - _zs64.NextOut = writePtr; - _zs64.AvailOut = (uint)_workBuf.Length; - } - - break; - } + if (_zs.AvailOut != 0) + { + uint outCount = _zs.AvailOut; + ret = ZLibInit.Lib.NativeAbi.Deflate(_zs, ZLibFlush.Finish); + + _workBufPos += (int)(outCount - _zs.AvailOut); + + if (ret != ZLibRet.StreamEnd && ret != ZLibRet.Ok) + throw new ZLibException(ret, _zs.LastErrorMsg); + } + + BaseStream.Write(_workBuf, 0, _workBufPos); + TotalOut += _workBufPos; + + _workBufPos = 0; + _zs.NextOut = writePtr; + _zs.AvailOut = (uint)_workBuf.Length; } } @@ -673,7 +467,7 @@ private static int CheckBufferSize(int bufferSize) } [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)] - private static int CheckFormatWindowBits(ZLibWindowBits windowBits, Mode mode, Format format) + private static int ProcessFormatWindowBits(ZLibWindowBits windowBits, Mode mode, Format format) { if (!Enum.IsDefined(typeof(ZLibWindowBits), windowBits)) throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(windowBits)); @@ -707,12 +501,33 @@ private static void CheckMemLevel(ZLibMemLevel memLevel) } #endregion + #region DeflateStream + /// + /// + /// The stream which compress or decompress deflate stream format. + /// + public sealed class DeflateStream : DeflateStreamBase + { + /// + /// Create compressing DeflateStream. + /// + public DeflateStream(Stream baseStream, ZLibCompressOptions compOpts) + : base(baseStream, compOpts, Format.Deflate) { } + + /// + /// Create decompressing DeflateStream. + /// + public DeflateStream(Stream baseStream, ZLibDecompressOptions decompOpts) + : base(baseStream, decompOpts, Format.Deflate) { } + } + #endregion + #region ZLibStream /// - /// /// + /// /// The stream which compress or decompress zlib stream format. /// - public class ZLibStream : DeflateStream + public sealed class ZLibStream : DeflateStreamBase { /// /// Create compressing ZLibStream. @@ -733,7 +548,7 @@ public ZLibStream(Stream baseStream, ZLibDecompressOptions decompOpts) /// /// /// The stream which compress or decompress gzip stream format. /// - public class GZipStream : DeflateStream + public sealed class GZipStream : DeflateStreamBase { /// /// Create compressing GZipStream. diff --git a/Joveler.Compression.ZLib/ZLibStructs.cs b/Joveler.Compression.ZLib/ZLibStructs.cs index 18949de..0caba2d 100644 --- a/Joveler.Compression.ZLib/ZLibStructs.cs +++ b/Joveler.Compression.ZLib/ZLibStructs.cs @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Derived from zlib header files (zlib license) Copyright (C) @hardon (https://www.codeplex.com/site/users/view/hardon) Maintained by Hajin Jang - Copyright (C) 2017-2020 Hajin Jang + Copyright (C) 2017-2023 Hajin Jang zlib license @@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ 3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution. */ using System; +using System.Runtime.CompilerServices; using System.Runtime.InteropServices; // ReSharper disable InconsistentNaming // ReSharper disable EnumUnderlyingTypeIsInt @@ -139,147 +140,434 @@ public enum ZLibMemLevel : int } #endregion - #region ZStream for 32bit long + #region ZStreamBase (inheritance) [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)] - internal unsafe class ZStreamL32 + internal abstract unsafe class ZStreamBase { -#pragma warning disable 169 -#pragma warning disable IDE0044 + public static uint DowncastCULong64(ulong val64, [CallerMemberName] string caller = "") + { + if (uint.MaxValue < val64) + throw new OverflowException($"{caller}: [{val64}] cannot be represented in 32bit unsigned integer."); + return (uint)val64; + } + /// /// next input byte /// - public byte* NextIn; + public abstract byte* NextIn { get; set; } /// /// number of bytes available at next_in /// - public uint AvailIn; + public abstract uint AvailIn { get; set; } /// /// total number of input bytes read so far /// - public uint TotalIn; + public abstract ulong TotalIn { get; set; } /// /// next output byte will go here /// - public byte* NextOut; + public abstract byte* NextOut { get; set; } /// /// remaining free space at next_out /// - public uint AvailOut; + public abstract uint AvailOut { get; set; } /// /// total number of bytes output so far /// - public uint TotalOut; + public abstract ulong TotalOut { get; set; } - private IntPtr Msg = IntPtr.Zero; + /// + /// last error message, NULL if no error + /// + protected abstract IntPtr Msg { get; set; } /// /// last error message, NULL if no error /// public string LastErrorMsg => Marshal.PtrToStringAnsi(Msg); + + /// + /// best guess about the data type: binary or text for deflate, or the decoding state for inflate + /// + public abstract ZLibDataType DataType { get; set; } + /// + /// Adler-32 or CRC-32 value of the uncompressed data + /// + public abstract uint Adler { get; set; } + } + + [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)] + internal unsafe sealed class ZStreamL32 : ZStreamBase + { + /// + public override unsafe byte* NextIn + { + get => _nextIn; + set => _nextIn = value; + } + private byte* _nextIn = null; + + /// + public override uint AvailIn + { + get => _availIn; + set => _availIn = value; + } + private uint _availIn = 0; + + /// + public override ulong TotalIn + { + get => _totalIn; + set => _totalIn = DowncastCULong64(value); + } + private uint _totalIn = 0; + + /// + public override unsafe byte* NextOut + { + get => _nextOut; + set => _nextOut = value; + } + private byte* _nextOut = null; + /// + public override uint AvailOut + { + get => _availOut; + set => _availOut = value; + } + private uint _availOut = 0; + /// + public override ulong TotalOut + { + get => _totalOut; + set => _totalOut = DowncastCULong64(value); + } + private uint _totalOut = 0; + + protected override IntPtr Msg + { + get => _msg; + set => _msg = value; + } + private IntPtr _msg = IntPtr.Zero; /// /// not visible by applications /// - private IntPtr State = IntPtr.Zero; + private readonly IntPtr _state = IntPtr.Zero; /// /// used to allocate the internal state /// - private IntPtr ZAlloc = IntPtr.Zero; + private readonly IntPtr _zalloc = IntPtr.Zero; /// /// used to free the internal state /// - private IntPtr ZFree = IntPtr.Zero; + private readonly IntPtr _zfree = IntPtr.Zero; /// /// private data object passed to zalloc and zfree /// - private IntPtr Opaque = IntPtr.Zero; + private readonly IntPtr _opaque = IntPtr.Zero; - /// - /// best guess about the data type: binary or text for deflate, or the decoding state for inflate - /// - public int DataType; - /// - /// Adler-32 or CRC-32 value of the uncompressed data - /// - public uint Adler; + /// + public override ZLibDataType DataType + { + get => _dataType; + set => _dataType = value; + } + private ZLibDataType _dataType = ZLibDataType.Binary; + /// + public override uint Adler + { + get => _adler; + set => _adler = value; + } + private uint _adler = 0; /// /// reserved for future use /// - private uint Reserved; -#pragma warning restore 169 -#pragma warning restore IDE0044 + private readonly uint _reserved = 0; } #endregion #region ZStream for 64bit long [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)] - internal unsafe class ZStreamL64 + internal unsafe sealed class ZStreamL64 : ZStreamBase { -#pragma warning disable 169 -#pragma warning disable IDE0044 - /// - /// next input byte - /// - public byte* NextIn; - /// - /// number of bytes available at next_in - /// - public uint AvailIn; + /// + public override unsafe byte* NextIn + { + get => _nextIn; + set => _nextIn = value; + } + private byte* _nextIn = null; + + /// + public override uint AvailIn + { + get => _availIn; + set => _availIn = value; + } + private uint _availIn = 0; + + /// + public override ulong TotalIn + { + get => _totalIn; + set => _totalIn = value; + } + private ulong _totalIn = 0; + + /// + public override unsafe byte* NextOut + { + get => _nextOut; + set => _nextOut = value; + } + private byte* _nextOut = null; + /// + public override uint AvailOut + { + get => _availOut; + set => _availOut = value; + } + private uint _availOut = 0; + /// + public override ulong TotalOut + { + get => _totalOut; + set => _totalOut = value; + } + private ulong _totalOut = 0; + + protected override IntPtr Msg + { + get => _msg; + set => _msg = value; + } + private IntPtr _msg = IntPtr.Zero; /// - /// total number of input bytes read so far + /// not visible by applications /// - public ulong TotalIn; + private readonly IntPtr _state = IntPtr.Zero; /// - /// next output byte will go here + /// used to allocate the internal state /// - public byte* NextOut; + private readonly IntPtr _zalloc = IntPtr.Zero; /// - /// remaining free space at next_out + /// used to free the internal state /// - public uint AvailOut; + private readonly IntPtr _zfree = IntPtr.Zero; /// - /// total number of bytes output so far + /// private data object passed to zalloc and zfree /// - public ulong TotalOut; + private readonly IntPtr _opaque = IntPtr.Zero; - private IntPtr Msg = IntPtr.Zero; + /// + public override ZLibDataType DataType + { + get => _dataType; + set => _dataType = value; + } + private ZLibDataType _dataType = ZLibDataType.Binary; + /// + public override uint Adler + { + get => DowncastCULong64(_adler); + set => _adler = value; + } + private ulong _adler = 0; /// - /// last error message, NULL if no error + /// reserved for future use /// - public string LastErrorMsg => Marshal.PtrToStringAnsi(Msg); + private readonly ulong _reserved = 0; + } + #endregion + + #region ZStream for zlib-ng (32bit long) + [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)] + internal unsafe sealed class ZNgStreamL32 : ZStreamBase + { + /// + public override unsafe byte* NextIn + { + get => _nextIn; + set => _nextIn = value; + } + private byte* _nextIn = null; + + /// + public override uint AvailIn + { + get => _availIn; + set => _availIn = value; + } + private uint _availIn = 0; + + /// + public override ulong TotalIn + { + get => _totalIn.ToUInt64(); + set => _totalIn = new UIntPtr(value); + } + private UIntPtr _totalIn = UIntPtr.Zero; + + /// + public override unsafe byte* NextOut + { + get => _nextOut; + set => _nextOut = value; + } + private byte* _nextOut = null; + /// + public override uint AvailOut + { + get => _availOut; + set => _availOut = value; + } + private uint _availOut = 0; + /// + public override ulong TotalOut + { + get => _totalOut.ToUInt64(); + set => _totalOut = new UIntPtr(value); + } + private UIntPtr _totalOut = UIntPtr.Zero; + + /// + protected override IntPtr Msg + { + get => _msg; + set => _msg = value; + } + private IntPtr _msg = IntPtr.Zero; /// /// not visible by applications /// - private IntPtr State = IntPtr.Zero; + private readonly IntPtr _state = IntPtr.Zero; /// /// used to allocate the internal state /// - private IntPtr ZAlloc = IntPtr.Zero; + private readonly IntPtr _zalloc = IntPtr.Zero; /// /// used to free the internal state /// - private IntPtr ZFree = IntPtr.Zero; + private readonly IntPtr _zfree = IntPtr.Zero; /// /// private data object passed to zalloc and zfree /// - private IntPtr Opaque = IntPtr.Zero; + private readonly IntPtr _opaque = IntPtr.Zero; + /// + public override ZLibDataType DataType + { + get => _dataType; + set => _dataType = value; + } + private ZLibDataType _dataType = ZLibDataType.Binary; + /// + public override uint Adler + { + get => (uint)_adler; + set => _adler = value; + } + private ulong _adler = 0; + private readonly uint _reserved = 0; + } + #endregion + + #region ZStream for zlib-ng (64bit long) + [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)] + internal unsafe sealed class ZNgStreamL64 : ZStreamBase + { + /// + public override unsafe byte* NextIn + { + get => _nextIn; + set => _nextIn = value; + } + private byte* _nextIn = null; + + /// + public override uint AvailIn + { + get => _availIn; + set => _availIn = value; + } + private uint _availIn = 0; + + /// + public override ulong TotalIn + { + get => _totalIn.ToUInt64(); + set => _totalIn = new UIntPtr(value); + } + private UIntPtr _totalIn = UIntPtr.Zero; + + /// + public override unsafe byte* NextOut + { + get => _nextOut; + set => _nextOut = value; + } + private byte* _nextOut = null; + /// + public override uint AvailOut + { + get => _availOut; + set => _availOut = value; + } + private uint _availOut = 0; + /// + public override ulong TotalOut + { + get => _totalOut.ToUInt64(); + set => _totalOut = new UIntPtr(value); + } + private UIntPtr _totalOut = UIntPtr.Zero; + + /// + protected override IntPtr Msg + { + get => _msg; + set => _msg = value; + } + private IntPtr _msg = IntPtr.Zero; /// - /// best guess about the data type: binary or text for deflate, or the decoding state for inflate + /// not visible by applications /// - public int DataType; + private readonly IntPtr _state = IntPtr.Zero; + /// - /// Adler-32 or CRC-32 value of the uncompressed data + /// used to allocate the internal state /// - public ulong Adler; + private readonly IntPtr _zalloc = IntPtr.Zero; /// - /// reserved for future use + /// used to free the internal state /// - private ulong Reserved; -#pragma warning restore 169 -#pragma warning restore IDE0044 + private readonly IntPtr _zfree = IntPtr.Zero; + /// + /// private data object passed to zalloc and zfree + /// + private readonly IntPtr _opaque = IntPtr.Zero; + + /// + public override ZLibDataType DataType + { + get => _dataType; + set => _dataType = value; + } + private ZLibDataType _dataType = ZLibDataType.Binary; + /// + public override uint Adler + { + get => (uint)_adler; + set => _adler = value; + } + private ulong _adler = 0; + private readonly ulong _reserved = 0; } #endregion } diff --git a/Joveler.Compression.Zstd.Tests/Joveler.Compression.Zstd.Tests.csproj b/Joveler.Compression.Zstd.Tests/Joveler.Compression.Zstd.Tests.csproj index 294f20a..23302c2 100644 --- a/Joveler.Compression.Zstd.Tests/Joveler.Compression.Zstd.Tests.csproj +++ b/Joveler.Compression.Zstd.Tests/Joveler.Compression.Zstd.Tests.csproj @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ - + diff --git a/Joveler.Compression.Zstd.Tests/Samples/RefBin/zstd.arm.elf b/Joveler.Compression.Zstd.Tests/Samples/RefBin/zstd.arm.elf new file mode 100755 index 0000000..b1a7033 Binary files /dev/null and b/Joveler.Compression.Zstd.Tests/Samples/RefBin/zstd.arm.elf differ diff --git a/Joveler.Compression.Zstd.Tests/Samples/RefBin/zstd.arm64.elf b/Joveler.Compression.Zstd.Tests/Samples/RefBin/zstd.arm64.elf index d87d568..d8f55c2 100755 Binary files a/Joveler.Compression.Zstd.Tests/Samples/RefBin/zstd.arm64.elf and b/Joveler.Compression.Zstd.Tests/Samples/RefBin/zstd.arm64.elf differ diff --git a/Joveler.Compression.Zstd.Tests/Samples/RefBin/zstd.arm64.exe b/Joveler.Compression.Zstd.Tests/Samples/RefBin/zstd.arm64.exe new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2975682 Binary files /dev/null and b/Joveler.Compression.Zstd.Tests/Samples/RefBin/zstd.arm64.exe differ diff --git a/Joveler.Compression.Zstd.Tests/Samples/RefBin/zstd.arm64.mach b/Joveler.Compression.Zstd.Tests/Samples/RefBin/zstd.arm64.mach index 3237579..eaff9d3 100755 Binary files a/Joveler.Compression.Zstd.Tests/Samples/RefBin/zstd.arm64.mach and b/Joveler.Compression.Zstd.Tests/Samples/RefBin/zstd.arm64.mach differ diff --git a/Joveler.Compression.Zstd.Tests/Samples/RefBin/zstd.x64.elf b/Joveler.Compression.Zstd.Tests/Samples/RefBin/zstd.x64.elf index 0193f98..24c5bc6 100755 Binary files a/Joveler.Compression.Zstd.Tests/Samples/RefBin/zstd.x64.elf and b/Joveler.Compression.Zstd.Tests/Samples/RefBin/zstd.x64.elf differ diff --git a/Joveler.Compression.Zstd.Tests/Samples/RefBin/zstd.x64.exe b/Joveler.Compression.Zstd.Tests/Samples/RefBin/zstd.x64.exe index 65cb973..aebdd4d 100644 Binary files a/Joveler.Compression.Zstd.Tests/Samples/RefBin/zstd.x64.exe and b/Joveler.Compression.Zstd.Tests/Samples/RefBin/zstd.x64.exe differ diff --git a/Joveler.Compression.Zstd.Tests/Samples/RefBin/zstd.x64.mach b/Joveler.Compression.Zstd.Tests/Samples/RefBin/zstd.x64.mach index 02ea6ef..f44b984 100755 Binary files a/Joveler.Compression.Zstd.Tests/Samples/RefBin/zstd.x64.mach and b/Joveler.Compression.Zstd.Tests/Samples/RefBin/zstd.x64.mach differ diff --git a/Joveler.Compression.Zstd.Tests/Samples/RefBin/zstd.x86.exe b/Joveler.Compression.Zstd.Tests/Samples/RefBin/zstd.x86.exe new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9d014d8 Binary files /dev/null and b/Joveler.Compression.Zstd.Tests/Samples/RefBin/zstd.x86.exe differ diff --git a/Joveler.Compression.Zstd.Tests/TestSetup.cs b/Joveler.Compression.Zstd.Tests/TestSetup.cs index 2b898f5..1d8b6a5 100644 --- a/Joveler.Compression.Zstd.Tests/TestSetup.cs +++ b/Joveler.Compression.Zstd.Tests/TestSetup.cs @@ -117,6 +117,12 @@ private static string GetNativeLibPath() } #region LogEnvironment + [TestMethod] + public void VersionString() + { + Console.WriteLine(ZstdInit.VersionString()); + } + [TestMethod] public void LogEnvironment() { @@ -161,7 +167,18 @@ public static int RunZstd(string tempArchiveFile, string destFile) string binary = null; if (RuntimeInformation.IsOSPlatform(OSPlatform.Windows)) { - binary = Path.Combine(TestSetup.SampleDir, binDir, "zstd.x64.exe"); + switch (RuntimeInformation.ProcessArchitecture) + { + case Architecture.X86: + binary = Path.Combine(TestSetup.SampleDir, binDir, "zstd.x86.exe"); + break; + case Architecture.X64: + binary = Path.Combine(TestSetup.SampleDir, binDir, "zstd.x64.exe"); + break; + case Architecture.Arm64: + binary = Path.Combine(TestSetup.SampleDir, binDir, "zstd.arm64.exe"); + break; + } } else if (RuntimeInformation.IsOSPlatform(OSPlatform.Linux)) { diff --git a/Joveler.Compression.Zstd/Joveler.Compression.Zstd.csproj b/Joveler.Compression.Zstd/Joveler.Compression.Zstd.csproj index a0030eb..e9f737a 100644 --- a/Joveler.Compression.Zstd/Joveler.Compression.Zstd.csproj +++ b/Joveler.Compression.Zstd/Joveler.Compression.Zstd.csproj @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ - + diff --git a/Joveler.Compression.Zstd/ZstdException.cs b/Joveler.Compression.Zstd/ZstdException.cs index 38259a6..cae8a54 100644 --- a/Joveler.Compression.Zstd/ZstdException.cs +++ b/Joveler.Compression.Zstd/ZstdException.cs @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ Derived from Zstandard header files (BSD 2-Clause) Copyright (c) 2016-present, Yann Collet, Facebook, Inc. All rights reserved. C# Wrapper written by Hajin Jang - Copyright (C) 2020-2022 Hajin Jang + Copyright (C) 2020-2023 Hajin Jang Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: diff --git a/Joveler.Compression.Zstd/ZstdInit.cs b/Joveler.Compression.Zstd/ZstdInit.cs index 360a539..330284b 100644 --- a/Joveler.Compression.Zstd/ZstdInit.cs +++ b/Joveler.Compression.Zstd/ZstdInit.cs @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ Derived from LZ4 header files (BSD 2-Clause) Copyright (c) 2011-2016, Yann Collet C# Wrapper written by Hajin Jang - Copyright (C) 2020 Hajin Jang + Copyright (C) 2020-2023 Hajin Jang Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: diff --git a/Joveler.Compression.Zstd/ZstdLoadManager.cs b/Joveler.Compression.Zstd/ZstdLoadManager.cs index f2212fb..f095d44 100644 --- a/Joveler.Compression.Zstd/ZstdLoadManager.cs +++ b/Joveler.Compression.Zstd/ZstdLoadManager.cs @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ Derived from Zstandard header files (BSD 2-Clause) Copyright (c) 2016-present, Yann Collet, Facebook, Inc. All rights reserved. C# Wrapper written by Hajin Jang - Copyright (C) 2020-2021 Hajin Jang + Copyright (C) 2020-2023 Hajin Jang Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: diff --git a/Joveler.Compression.Zstd/ZstdLoader.cs b/Joveler.Compression.Zstd/ZstdLoader.cs index e6f5f5c..9fad606 100644 --- a/Joveler.Compression.Zstd/ZstdLoader.cs +++ b/Joveler.Compression.Zstd/ZstdLoader.cs @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ Derived from Zstandard header files (BSD 2-Clause) Copyright (c) 2016-present, Yann Collet, Facebook, Inc. All rights reserved. C# Wrapper written by Hajin Jang - Copyright (C) 2020-2022 Hajin Jang + Copyright (C) 2020-2023 Hajin Jang Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: diff --git a/Joveler.Compression.Zstd/ZstdStream.cs b/Joveler.Compression.Zstd/ZstdStream.cs index fde61bb..76549f9 100644 --- a/Joveler.Compression.Zstd/ZstdStream.cs +++ b/Joveler.Compression.Zstd/ZstdStream.cs @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ Derived from Zstandard header files (BSD 2-Clause) Copyright (c) 2016-present, Yann Collet, Facebook, Inc. All rights reserved. C# Wrapper written by Hajin Jang - Copyright (C) 2020-2021 Hajin Jang + Copyright (C) 2020-2023 Hajin Jang Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: @@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ namespace Joveler.Compression.Zstd /// /// Default value is based on default value of lz4 cli /// - public class ZstdCompressOptions + public sealed class ZstdCompressOptions { #region General parameters /// @@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ public class ZstdCompressOptions /// /// Decompress options for ZstdStream /// - public class ZstdDecompressOptions + public sealed class ZstdDecompressOptions { #region General parameters /// @@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ public class ZstdDecompressOptions #endregion #region ZstdStream - public unsafe class ZstdStream : Stream + public unsafe sealed class ZstdStream : Stream { #region enum Mode private enum Mode @@ -431,7 +431,7 @@ public override int Read(byte[] buffer, int offset, int count) } /// -#if NETCOREAPP3_1 +#if NETCOREAPP public override unsafe int Read(Span span) #else public unsafe int Read(Span span) @@ -531,7 +531,7 @@ public override void Write(byte[] buffer, int offset, int count) } /// -#if NETCOREAPP3_1 +#if NETCOREAPP public override unsafe void Write(ReadOnlySpan span) #else public unsafe void Write(ReadOnlySpan span) diff --git a/Joveler.Compression.Zstd/ZstdStructs.cs b/Joveler.Compression.Zstd/ZstdStructs.cs index 0977b12..3ae27e4 100644 --- a/Joveler.Compression.Zstd/ZstdStructs.cs +++ b/Joveler.Compression.Zstd/ZstdStructs.cs @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ Derived from Zstandard header files (BSD 2-Clause) Copyright (c) 2016-present, Yann Collet, Facebook, Inc. All rights reserved. C# Wrapper written by Hajin Jang - Copyright (C) 2020-2022 Hajin Jang + Copyright (C) 2020-2023 Hajin Jang Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: diff --git a/Joveler.Compression.Zstd/runtimes/linux-arm/native/libzstd.so b/Joveler.Compression.Zstd/runtimes/linux-arm/native/libzstd.so index 495b8a9..fb673aa 100755 Binary files a/Joveler.Compression.Zstd/runtimes/linux-arm/native/libzstd.so and b/Joveler.Compression.Zstd/runtimes/linux-arm/native/libzstd.so differ diff --git a/Joveler.Compression.Zstd/runtimes/linux-arm64/native/libzstd.so b/Joveler.Compression.Zstd/runtimes/linux-arm64/native/libzstd.so index df606e6..134640d 100755 Binary files a/Joveler.Compression.Zstd/runtimes/linux-arm64/native/libzstd.so and b/Joveler.Compression.Zstd/runtimes/linux-arm64/native/libzstd.so differ diff --git a/Joveler.Compression.Zstd/runtimes/linux-x64/native/libzstd.so b/Joveler.Compression.Zstd/runtimes/linux-x64/native/libzstd.so index af1c8cf..085cab7 100755 Binary files a/Joveler.Compression.Zstd/runtimes/linux-x64/native/libzstd.so and b/Joveler.Compression.Zstd/runtimes/linux-x64/native/libzstd.so differ diff --git a/Joveler.Compression.Zstd/runtimes/osx-arm64/native/libzstd.dylib b/Joveler.Compression.Zstd/runtimes/osx-arm64/native/libzstd.dylib index 4e52fa2..8e78bdc 100755 Binary files a/Joveler.Compression.Zstd/runtimes/osx-arm64/native/libzstd.dylib and b/Joveler.Compression.Zstd/runtimes/osx-arm64/native/libzstd.dylib differ diff --git a/Joveler.Compression.Zstd/runtimes/osx-x64/native/libzstd.dylib b/Joveler.Compression.Zstd/runtimes/osx-x64/native/libzstd.dylib index 54ea47b..dccab87 100755 Binary files a/Joveler.Compression.Zstd/runtimes/osx-x64/native/libzstd.dylib and b/Joveler.Compression.Zstd/runtimes/osx-x64/native/libzstd.dylib differ diff --git a/Joveler.Compression.Zstd/runtimes/win-arm64/native/libzstd.dll b/Joveler.Compression.Zstd/runtimes/win-arm64/native/libzstd.dll index 3d12ab3..6e08ec3 100644 Binary files a/Joveler.Compression.Zstd/runtimes/win-arm64/native/libzstd.dll and b/Joveler.Compression.Zstd/runtimes/win-arm64/native/libzstd.dll differ diff --git a/Joveler.Compression.Zstd/runtimes/win-x64/native/libzstd.dll b/Joveler.Compression.Zstd/runtimes/win-x64/native/libzstd.dll index 3bb4abd..50b5001 100644 Binary files a/Joveler.Compression.Zstd/runtimes/win-x64/native/libzstd.dll and b/Joveler.Compression.Zstd/runtimes/win-x64/native/libzstd.dll differ diff --git a/Joveler.Compression.Zstd/runtimes/win-x86/native/libzstd.dll b/Joveler.Compression.Zstd/runtimes/win-x86/native/libzstd.dll index 36aef8c..44a34db 100644 Binary files a/Joveler.Compression.Zstd/runtimes/win-x86/native/libzstd.dll and b/Joveler.Compression.Zstd/runtimes/win-x86/native/libzstd.dll differ diff --git a/native/lz4/README.md b/native/lz4/README.md index b4ff701..16bf9c4 100644 --- a/native/lz4/README.md +++ b/native/lz4/README.md @@ -8,6 +8,16 @@ LZ4 source can be obtained from [GitHub](https://github.com/lz4/lz4/releases). ## Windows - x86, x64, arm64 +**WARN**: lz4 implementation benefits a lot from code being cached into CPU. All build methods provided here build with size optimization. + +### LLVM-mingw build + +Build with cmake, and use llvm-mingw. + +Run `lz4-clang-cmake.ps1` script with proper arguments. + +### MSVC Build + Windows .dll files are compiled with size optimization. 1. Open `build\VS2017\lz4.sln` with MSVC 2017 or later @@ -31,6 +41,97 @@ Windows .dll files are compiled with size optimization. - Set `Linker` - `Debugging` - `Generate Debug Info` as `None` 1. Build the project and obtain `liblz4.dll` +### Benchmark + +#### Test Result + +`-O3` build is much slower than `-Os` in the real world benchmark. + +- Compression: `Clang -O3` takes about ~3x times to operate than `MSVC -Os` and `Clang -Os`. +- Decompression: `Clang -O3` takes about ~3x times to operate than `MSVC -Os` and `Clang -Os`. + +#### Test Environment +``` +BenchmarkDotNet v0.13.7, Windows 10 (10.0.19045.3324/22H2/2022Update) +AMD Ryzen 7 5800X, 1 CPU, 16 logical and 8 physical cores +.NET SDK 7.0.400 + [Host] : .NET 6.0.21 (6.0.2123.36311), X64 RyuJIT AVX2 + DefaultJob : .NET 6.0.21 (6.0.2123.36311), X64 RyuJIT AVX2 +``` + +#### `MSVC -Os` build: + +- Compression + +| Method | SrcFileName | Level | Mean | Error | StdDev | Median | CompRatio | +|------------------------- |------------------- |-------- |-----------------|---------------|---------------|-----------------|-----------| +| 'lz4 (n_Joveler)' | bible_en_utf8.txt | Best | 305,741.96 μs | 1,598.058 μs | 1,494.825 μs | 305,502.35 μs | 0.326 | +| 'lz4 (m_K4os)' | bible_en_utf8.txt | Best | 304,533.80 μs | 643.798 μs | 570.710 μs | 304,477.22 μs | 0.326 | +| 'lz4 (n_Joveler)' | bible_en_utf8.txt | Default | 167,725.61 μs | 1,222.782 μs | 1,021.078 μs | 168,048.37 μs | 0.332 | +| 'lz4 (m_K4os)' | bible_en_utf8.txt | Default | 180,631.87 μs | 311.879 μs | 260.433 μs | 180,706.93 μs | 0.332 | +| 'lz4 (n_Joveler)' | bible_en_utf8.txt | Fastest | 9,659.87 μs | 76.630 μs | 67.931 μs | 9,661.19 μs | 0.487 | +| 'lz4 (m_K4os)' | bible_en_utf8.txt | Fastest | 11,013.66 μs | 95.550 μs | 74.599 μs | 11,009.19 μs | 0.487 | + +- Decompression + +| Method | SrcFileName | Level | Mean | Error | StdDev | +|--------------------------|--------------------|---------|----------------|---------------|---------------| +| 'lz4 (n_Joveler)' | bible_en_utf8.txt | Best | 5,290.126 μs | 82.6839 μs | 91.9030 μs | +| 'lz4 (m_K4os)' | bible_en_utf8.txt | Best | 5,228.397 μs | 82.2880 μs | 72.9462 μs | +| 'lz4 (n_Joveler)' | bible_en_utf8.txt | Default | 5,405.272 μs | 101.5412 μs | 108.6479 μs | +| 'lz4 (m_K4os)' | bible_en_utf8.txt | Default | 5,289.075 μs | 94.4705 μs | 88.3678 μs | +| 'lz4 (n_Joveler)' | bible_en_utf8.txt | Fastest | 5,521.221 μs | 70.2738 μs | 62.2959 μs | +| 'lz4 (m_K4os)' | bible_en_utf8.txt | Fastest | 5,456.930 μs | 66.1838 μs | 61.9084 μs | + + +#### `Clang -Os` build: + +- Compression + +| Method | SrcFileName | Level | Mean | Error | StdDev | CompRatio | +|------------------ |------------------- |-------- |--------------:|-------------:|-------------:|----------:| +| 'lz4 (n_Joveler)' | bible_en_utf8.txt | Best | 267,321.05 μs | 1,122.537 μs | 995.100 μs | 0.326 | +| 'lz4 (m_K4os)' | bible_en_utf8.txt | Best | 299,269.79 μs | 595.904 μs | 528.253 μs | 0.326 | +| 'lz4 (n_Joveler)' | bible_en_utf8.txt | Default | 170,366.15 μs | 852.800 μs | 755.985 μs | 0.332 | +| 'lz4 (m_K4os)' | bible_en_utf8.txt | Default | 181,571.25 μs | 300.562 μs | 281.145 μs | 0.332 | +| 'lz4 (n_Joveler)' | bible_en_utf8.txt | Fastest | 9,458.57 μs | 26.206 μs | 23.231 μs | 0.487 | +| 'lz4 (m_K4os)' | bible_en_utf8.txt | Fastest | 10,775.27 μs | 16.506 μs | 15.439 μs | 0.487 | + +- Decompression + +| Method | SrcFileName | Level | Mean | Error | StdDev | +|-------------------|--------------------|---------|---------------|-------------|-------------| +| 'lz4 (n_Joveler)' | bible_en_utf8.txt | Best | 5,586.132 μs | 106.3311 μs | 113.7730 μs | +| 'lz4 (m_K4os)' | bible_en_utf8.txt | Best | 5,269.631 μs | 101.4746 μs | 124.6199 μs | +| 'lz4 (n_Joveler)' | bible_en_utf8.txt | Default | 5,549.950 μs | 89.2034 μs | 83.4410 μs | +| 'lz4 (m_K4os)' | bible_en_utf8.txt | Default | 5,417.259 μs | 106.2162 μs | 122.3187 μs | +| 'lz4 (n_Joveler)' | bible_en_utf8.txt | Fastest | 5,764.209 μs | 77.5546 μs | 68.7501 μs | +| 'lz4 (m_K4os)' | bible_en_utf8.txt | Fastest | 5,488.818 μs | 99.3807 μs | 92.9607 μs | + +#### `Clang -O3` build: + +- Compression + +| Method | SrcFileName | Level | Mean | Error | StdDev | CompRatio | +|------------------ |------------------- |-------- |----------------:|-------------:|-------------:|----------:| +| 'lz4 (n_Joveler)' | bible_en_utf8.txt | Best | 525,643.17 μs | 2,709.793 μs | 2,402.161 μs | 0.326 | +| 'lz4 (m_K4os)' | bible_en_utf8.txt | Best | 296,394.92 μs | 355.836 μs | 297.139 μs | 0.326 | +| 'lz4 (n_Joveler)' | bible_en_utf8.txt | Default | 356,432.95 μs | 2,160.464 μs | 2,020.899 μs | 0.332 | +| 'lz4 (m_K4os)' | bible_en_utf8.txt | Default | 181,279.57 μs | 193.452 μs | 171.490 μs | 0.332 | +| 'lz4 (n_Joveler)' | bible_en_utf8.txt | Fastest | 32,904.33 μs | 106.615 μs | 99.728 μs | 0.487 | +| 'lz4 (m_K4os)' | bible_en_utf8.txt | Fastest | 10,970.98 μs | 188.104 μs | 231.009 μs | 0.487 | + +- Decompression + +| Method | SrcFileName | Level | Mean | Error | StdDev | +|-------------------|--------------------|---------|---------------|-------------|-------------| +| 'lz4 (n_Joveler)' | bible_en_utf8.txt | Best | 13,450.454 μs | 233.3756 μs | 218.2996 μs | +| 'lz4 (m_K4os)' | bible_en_utf8.txt | Best | 5,424.127 μs | 66.0034 μs | 58.5103 μs | +| 'lz4 (n_Joveler)' | bible_en_utf8.txt | Default | 13,308.310 μs | 227.3635 μs | 212.6760 μs | +| 'lz4 (m_K4os)' | bible_en_utf8.txt | Default | 5,438.824 μs | 73.4869 μs | 68.7397 μs | +| 'lz4 (n_Joveler)' | bible_en_utf8.txt | Fastest | 14,171.889 μs | 133.8003 μs | 125.1568 μs | +| 'lz4 (m_K4os)' | bible_en_utf8.txt | Fastest | 5,496.780 μs | 41.3654 μs | 34.5420 μs | + ## Linux - x64, armhf, arm64 Linux .so files are built with default optimization. diff --git a/native/lz4/posix/liblz4-posix.sh b/native/lz4/posix/liblz4-posix.sh new file mode 100755 index 0000000..1d45608 --- /dev/null +++ b/native/lz4/posix/liblz4-posix.sh @@ -0,0 +1,91 @@ +#!/bin/bash +# Compile lz4 on Linux/macOS + +# Usage: +# ./lz4-posix.sh ~/build/native/lz4-1.9.4 + +# Check script arguments +if [[ "$#" -ne 1 ]]; then + echo "Usage: $0 " >&2 + exit 1 +fi +if ! [[ -d "$1" ]]; then + echo "[$1] is not a directory!" >&2 + exit 1 +fi +SRC_DIR=$1 +BUILD_DIR="${SRC_DIR}/build-cmake" + +# Required dependencies: cmake +# Debian/Ubuntu: sudo apt-get install cmake +which cmake > /dev/null +if [[ $? -ne 0 ]]; then + echo "Please install cmake!" >&2 + echo "Run \"sudo apt-get install cmake\"." >&2 + exit 1 +fi + +# Query environment info +OS=$(uname -s) # Linux, Darwin, MINGW64_NT-10.0-19042, MSYS_NT-10.0-18363, ... + +# Set path and command vars +# BASE_ABS_PATH: Absolute path of this script, e.g. /home/user/bin/foo.sh +# BASE_DIR: Absolute path of the parent dir of this script, e.g. /home/user/bin +if [ "${OS}" = Linux ]; then + BASE_ABS_PATH=$(readlink -f "$0") + CORES=$(grep -c ^processor /proc/cpuinfo) + DEST_EXT="so" + STRIP="strip" + CHECKDEP="ldd" +elif [ "${OS}" = Darwin ]; then + BASE_ABS_PATH="$(cd $(dirname "$0");pwd)/$(basename "$0")" + CORES=$(sysctl -n hw.logicalcpu) + DEST_EXT="dylib" + STRIP="strip -x" + CHECKDEP="otool -L" +else + echo "[${OS}] is not a supported platform!" >&2 + exit 1 +fi +BASE_DIR=$(dirname "${BASE_ABS_PATH}") +DEST_DIR="${BASE_DIR}/build" + +DEST_LIB="liblz4.${DEST_EXT}" +DEST_EXE="lz4" + +# Create dest directory +rm -rf "${DEST_DIR}" +mkdir -p "${DEST_DIR}" + +# Compile lz4 +rm -rf "${BUILD_DIR}" +mkdir -p "${BUILD_DIR}" +pushd "${BUILD_DIR}" > /dev/null + +cmake ../build/cmake -G "Unix Makefiles" \ + "-DCPACK_SOURCE_ZIP=OFF" \ + "-DCPACK_SOURCE_7Z=OFF" \ + "-DCPACK_BINARY_NSIS=OFF" \ + "-DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=MinSizeRel" +# Benchmark: MSVC -Os build is much faster than Clang -O3 build. +# It seems CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE must be denoted in configure time, not a build time. +cmake --build . --config MinSizeRel --parallel "${CORES}" + +cp "${DEST_LIB}" "${DEST_DIR}/${DEST_LIB}" +cp "${DEST_EXE}" "${DEST_DIR}/${DEST_EXE}" +popd > /dev/null + +# Strip a binary +pushd "${DEST_DIR}" > /dev/null +pwd +ls -lh ${DEST_LIB} ${DEST_EXE} +${STRIP} ${DEST_LIB} +${STRIP} ${DEST_EXE} +ls -lh ${DEST_LIB} ${DEST_EXE} +popd > /dev/null + +# Check dependency of a binary +pushd "${DEST_DIR}" > /dev/null +${CHECKDEP} ${DEST_LIB} ${DEST_EXE} +popd > /dev/null + diff --git a/native/lz4/windows/llvm-mingw.cmake b/native/lz4/windows/llvm-mingw.cmake new file mode 100644 index 0000000..04d531a --- /dev/null +++ b/native/lz4/windows/llvm-mingw.cmake @@ -0,0 +1,63 @@ +# Based on cmake-tools project. +# The cmake-tools project is licensed under the new MIT license. +# +# Copyright (c) 2022, Wang Bin +# Modified by Hajin Jang +# +# https://github.com/wang-bin/cmake-tools/blob/d88f59853ede7c9906fe781750a18e724d835719/llvm-mingw.cmake + +option(STATIC_LIBCXX "link against static libc++" ON) +option(STATIC_WINPTHREAD "link against static winpthread" OFF) + +set(CMAKE_C_COMPILER_FRONTEND_VARIANT GNU) +set(CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME Windows) +set(WINRT 0) +set(WINDOWS_DESKTOP 1) + +if(NOT LLVM_MINGW) + set(LLVM_MINGW $ENV{LLVM_MINGW}) +endif() + +cmake_path(CONVERT "${LLVM_MINGW}" TO_CMAKE_PATH_LIST LLVM_MINGW) + +set(CMAKE_TRY_COMPILE_PLATFORM_VARIABLES +# avoid find_program multiple times + CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME + CMAKE_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR +) + +if(NOT CMAKE_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR) + message("CMAKE_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR for target is not set. Must be one of i686, x86_64, arm64, armv7. Assumed build for host arch: ${CMAKE_HOST_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR}.") + set(CMAKE_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR ${CMAKE_HOST_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR}) +endif() +string( TOLOWER "${CMAKE_HOST_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR}" CMAKE_HOST_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR) +if(CMAKE_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR STREQUAL "x86_64" OR CMAKE_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR STREQUAL "amd64" OR CMAKE_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR STREQUAL "x64") + set(_TRIPLE_ARCH x86_64) +elseif(CMAKE_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR STREQUAL "i686" OR CMAKE_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR STREQUAL "x86") + set(_TRIPLE_ARCH i686) +elseif(CMAKE_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR STREQUAL "aarch64" OR CMAKE_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR STREQUAL "arm64") + set(_TRIPLE_ARCH aarch64) +elseif(CMAKE_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR STREQUAL "armv7" OR CMAKE_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR STREQUAL "arm") + set(_TRIPLE_ARCH armv7) +endif() + +set(_LLVM_TRIPPLE ${_TRIPLE_ARCH}-w64-mingw32) +find_program(CMAKE_C_COMPILER ${_LLVM_TRIPPLE}-clang HINTS ${LLVM_MINGW}/bin) +find_program(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER ${_LLVM_TRIPPLE}-clang++ HINTS ${LLVM_MINGW}/bin) +find_program(CMAKE_RC_COMPILER ${_LLVM_TRIPPLE}-windres HINTS ${LLVM_MINGW}/bin) +add_compile_options($<$:-gcodeview>) +add_link_options(-Wl,-pdb=) +if(STATIC_LIBCXX) + set(CMAKE_SHARED_LINKER_FLAGS "${CMAKE_SHARED_LINKER_FLAGS} -Wl,-Bstatic -lc++ -Wl,-Bdynamic") # or -l:libc++.a will looks up the given name regardless dynamic/static +endif() +if(STATIC_WINPTHREAD) + set(CMAKE_SHARED_LINKER_FLAGS "${CMAKE_SHARED_LINKER_FLAGS} -Wl,-Bstatic -lwinpthread -Wl,-Bdynamic") # or -l:libwinpthread.a will looks up the given name regardless dynamic/static +endif() +#add_compile_options($<$:-gcodeview>) +#add_link_options($<$:-Wl,-pdb=>) + +SET(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH ${LLVM_MINGW}/generic-w64-mingw32 ${LLVM_MINGW}/${_TRIPLE_ARCH}-w64-mingw32/bin) + +set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_PROGRAM NEVER) # host env +set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_LIBRARY ALWAYS) # target env +set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_INCLUDE ONLY) # target env diff --git a/native/lz4/windows/lz4-clang-cmake.ps1 b/native/lz4/windows/lz4-clang-cmake.ps1 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d8e82c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/native/lz4/windows/lz4-clang-cmake.ps1 @@ -0,0 +1,146 @@ + +# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- +# Script parameters & banner +# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- +param ( + [Parameter(Mandatory=$true)] + [string]$src = "", + [Parameter(Mandatory=$true)] + [string]$toolchain = "", + [Parameter(Mandatory=$false)] + [string]$radare2 = "" +) + +# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- +# Set global directory paths & enviroment infomation +# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- +$BaseDir = $PSScriptRoot +$Cores = ${Env:NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS} + +$SrcDir = $src +$ToolchainDir = $toolchain +$Radare2Dir = $radare2 +$Rabin2Exe = "${Radare2Dir}\bin\rabin2.exe" + +$LibName = "liblz4.dll" +$LZ4ExeName = "lz4.exe" + +# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- +# Check if 'rabin2' exists on PATH (CheckDep purpose) +# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- +Function Test-CommandExists { + Param ($command) + $oldPreference = $ErrorActionPreference + $ErrorActionPreference = ‘stop’ + try { + if (Get-Command $command) { + RETURN $true + } + } + Catch { + RETURN $false + } + Finally { + $ErrorActionPreference = $oldPreference + } +} + +$HasRadare2 = $false +if (Test-Path -Path "${Rabin2Exe}" -PathType Leaf) { + $HasRadare2 = $true +} +elseif (Test-CommandExists rabin2) { + $Rabin2Exe = "rabin2" + $HasRadare2 = $true +} + +# ------------------------------------------------------------------------- +# Build Profiles +# ------------------------------------------------------------------------- +$buildArches = @( + "i686" + "x86_64" + "aarch64" +) + +# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- +# Build per architectures +# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- +foreach ($buildArch in $buildArches) { + # ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- + # Set per-arch directory paths & enviroment infomation + # ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- + $TargetArch = $buildArch + $StripExe = "${ToolchainDir}\bin\${TargetArch}-w64-mingw32-strip.exe" + + # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- + # Prepare directories + # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- + $BuildDir = "${SrcDir}\build-${TargetArch}" + $DestDir = "${BaseDir}\build-${TargetArch}" + Remove-Item "${BuildDir}" -Recurse -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue + Remove-Item "${DestDir}" -Recurse -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue + New-Item "${BuildDir}" -ItemType Directory -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue + New-Item "${DestDir}" -ItemType Directory -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue + + # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- + # Configure lz4 (with -Os) + # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- + Write-Output "" + Write-Host "[*] Configure lz4" -ForegroundColor Yellow + Push-Location $BuildDir + cmake ..\build\cmake -G "MinGW Makefiles" "-DCMAKE_MAKE_PROGRAM=${ToolchainDir}/bin/mingw32-make" ` + "-DCMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE=${BaseDir}/llvm-mingw.cmake" ` + "-DCMAKE_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR=${TargetArch}" ` + "-DLLVM_MINGW=${ToolchainDir}" ` + "-DCPACK_SOURCE_ZIP=OFF" ` + "-DCPACK_SOURCE_7Z=OFF" ` + "-DCPACK_BINARY_NSIS=OFF" ` + "-DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=MinSizeRel" + # Benchmark: MSVC -Os build is much faster than Clang -O3 build. + # It seems CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE must be denoted in configure time, not a build time. + Pop-Location + + # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- + # Build lz4 + # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- + Write-Output "" + Write-Host "[*] Build lz4" -ForegroundColor Yellow + Push-Location $BuildDir + cmake --build . --config MinSizeRel --parallel "${Cores}" + Pop-Location + + # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- + # Retrieve binaries + # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- + Copy-Item "${BuildDir}\${LibName}" "${DestDir}\${LibName}" + Copy-Item "${BuildDir}\${LZ4ExeName}" "${DestDir}\${LZ4ExeName}" + + # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- + # Strip binaries (Just in case) + # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- + # Strip binaries + Push-Location $DestDir + Write-Host "[*] Strip binaries" -ForegroundColor Yellow + Get-ChildItem -Filter *.dll + Get-ChildItem -Filter *.exe + & ${StripExe} "${LibName}" + & ${StripExe} "${LZ4ExeName}" + Get-ChildItem -Filter *.dll + Get-ChildItem -Filter *.exe + Pop-Location + + # Print dependency of binaries + if ($HasRadare2) { + Push-Location $DestDir + Write-Host "[*] Linked libraries of [${LibName}]" -ForegroundColor Yellow + & "${Rabin2Exe}" -Al "${LibName}" + Write-Host "[*] Linked libraries of [${LZ4ExeName}]" -ForegroundColor Yellow + & "${Rabin2Exe}" -Al "${LZ4ExeName}" + Pop-Location + } + else { + Write-Host "Install radare2 or pass radare2 directory to check depdencies." -ForegroundColor Yellow + } +} + diff --git a/native/zstd/posix/libzstd-posix.sh b/native/zstd/posix/libzstd-posix.sh new file mode 100755 index 0000000..3c64be4 --- /dev/null +++ b/native/zstd/posix/libzstd-posix.sh @@ -0,0 +1,95 @@ +#!/bin/bash +# Compile zstd on Linux/macOS + +# Usage: +# ./libzstd-posix.sh ~/build/native/zstd-1.5.5 + +# Check script arguments +if [[ "$#" -ne 1 ]]; then + echo "Usage: $0 " >&2 + exit 1 +fi +if ! [[ -d "$1" ]]; then + echo "[$1] is not a directory!" >&2 + exit 1 +fi +SRC_DIR=$1 +BUILD_DIR="${SRC_DIR}/build-cmake" + +# Required dependencies: cmake +# Debian/Ubuntu: sudo apt-get install cmake +which cmake > /dev/null +if [[ $? -ne 0 ]]; then + echo "Please install cmake!" >&2 + echo "Run \"sudo apt-get install cmake\"." >&2 + exit 1 +fi + +# Query environment info +OS=$(uname -s) # Linux, Darwin, MINGW64_NT-10.0-19042, MSYS_NT-10.0-18363, ... + +# Set path and command vars +# BASE_ABS_PATH: Absolute path of this script, e.g. /home/user/bin/foo.sh +# BASE_DIR: Absolute path of the parent dir of this script, e.g. /home/user/bin +if [ "${OS}" = Linux ]; then + BASE_ABS_PATH=$(readlink -f "$0") + CORES=$(grep -c ^processor /proc/cpuinfo) + DEST_EXT="so" + STRIP="strip" + CHECKDEP="ldd" +elif [ "${OS}" = Darwin ]; then + BASE_ABS_PATH="$(cd $(dirname "$0");pwd)/$(basename "$0")" + CORES=$(sysctl -n hw.logicalcpu) + DEST_EXT="dylib" + STRIP="strip -x" + CHECKDEP="otool -L" +else + echo "[${OS}] is not a supported platform!" >&2 + exit 1 +fi +BASE_DIR=$(dirname "${BASE_ABS_PATH}") +DEST_DIR="${BASE_DIR}/build" + +DEST_LIB="libzstd.${DEST_EXT}" +DEST_EXE="zstd" + +# Create dest directory +rm -rf "${DEST_DIR}" +mkdir -p "${DEST_DIR}" + +# Compile zstd +rm -rf "${BUILD_DIR}" +mkdir -p "${BUILD_DIR}" +pushd "${BUILD_DIR}" > /dev/null + +cmake ../build/cmake -G "Unix Makefiles" \ + "-DZSTD_BUILD_DYNAMIC=ON" \ + "-DZSTD_BUILD_STATIC=ON" \ + "-DZSTD_BUILD_PROGRAM=ON" \ + "-DZSTD_PROGRAMS_LINK_SHARED=OFF" \ + "-DZSTD_ZLIB_SUPPORT=OFF" \ + "-DZSTD_LZMA_SUPPORT=OFF" \ + "-DZSTD_LZ4_SUPPORT=OFF" \ + "-DZSTD_BUILD_TESTS=OFF" \ + "-DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release" +# TODO: --config not required because of `-DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE`? +cmake --build . --config Release --parallel "${CORES}" + +cp lib/"${DEST_LIB}" "${DEST_DIR}/${DEST_LIB}" +cp programs/"${DEST_EXE}" "${DEST_DIR}/${DEST_EXE}" +popd > /dev/null + +# Strip a binary +pushd "${DEST_DIR}" > /dev/null +pwd +ls -lh ${DEST_LIB} ${DEST_EXE} +${STRIP} ${DEST_LIB} +${STRIP} ${DEST_EXE} +ls -lh ${DEST_LIB} ${DEST_EXE} +popd > /dev/null + +# Check dependency of a binary +pushd "${DEST_DIR}" > /dev/null +${CHECKDEP} ${DEST_LIB} ${DEST_EXE} +popd > /dev/null + diff --git a/native/zstd/windows/llvm-mingw.cmake b/native/zstd/windows/llvm-mingw.cmake new file mode 100644 index 0000000..04d531a --- /dev/null +++ b/native/zstd/windows/llvm-mingw.cmake @@ -0,0 +1,63 @@ +# Based on cmake-tools project. +# The cmake-tools project is licensed under the new MIT license. +# +# Copyright (c) 2022, Wang Bin +# Modified by Hajin Jang +# +# https://github.com/wang-bin/cmake-tools/blob/d88f59853ede7c9906fe781750a18e724d835719/llvm-mingw.cmake + +option(STATIC_LIBCXX "link against static libc++" ON) +option(STATIC_WINPTHREAD "link against static winpthread" OFF) + +set(CMAKE_C_COMPILER_FRONTEND_VARIANT GNU) +set(CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME Windows) +set(WINRT 0) +set(WINDOWS_DESKTOP 1) + +if(NOT LLVM_MINGW) + set(LLVM_MINGW $ENV{LLVM_MINGW}) +endif() + +cmake_path(CONVERT "${LLVM_MINGW}" TO_CMAKE_PATH_LIST LLVM_MINGW) + +set(CMAKE_TRY_COMPILE_PLATFORM_VARIABLES +# avoid find_program multiple times + CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME + CMAKE_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR +) + +if(NOT CMAKE_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR) + message("CMAKE_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR for target is not set. Must be one of i686, x86_64, arm64, armv7. Assumed build for host arch: ${CMAKE_HOST_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR}.") + set(CMAKE_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR ${CMAKE_HOST_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR}) +endif() +string( TOLOWER "${CMAKE_HOST_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR}" CMAKE_HOST_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR) +if(CMAKE_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR STREQUAL "x86_64" OR CMAKE_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR STREQUAL "amd64" OR CMAKE_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR STREQUAL "x64") + set(_TRIPLE_ARCH x86_64) +elseif(CMAKE_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR STREQUAL "i686" OR CMAKE_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR STREQUAL "x86") + set(_TRIPLE_ARCH i686) +elseif(CMAKE_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR STREQUAL "aarch64" OR CMAKE_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR STREQUAL "arm64") + set(_TRIPLE_ARCH aarch64) +elseif(CMAKE_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR STREQUAL "armv7" OR CMAKE_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR STREQUAL "arm") + set(_TRIPLE_ARCH armv7) +endif() + +set(_LLVM_TRIPPLE ${_TRIPLE_ARCH}-w64-mingw32) +find_program(CMAKE_C_COMPILER ${_LLVM_TRIPPLE}-clang HINTS ${LLVM_MINGW}/bin) +find_program(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER ${_LLVM_TRIPPLE}-clang++ HINTS ${LLVM_MINGW}/bin) +find_program(CMAKE_RC_COMPILER ${_LLVM_TRIPPLE}-windres HINTS ${LLVM_MINGW}/bin) +add_compile_options($<$:-gcodeview>) +add_link_options(-Wl,-pdb=) +if(STATIC_LIBCXX) + set(CMAKE_SHARED_LINKER_FLAGS "${CMAKE_SHARED_LINKER_FLAGS} -Wl,-Bstatic -lc++ -Wl,-Bdynamic") # or -l:libc++.a will looks up the given name regardless dynamic/static +endif() +if(STATIC_WINPTHREAD) + set(CMAKE_SHARED_LINKER_FLAGS "${CMAKE_SHARED_LINKER_FLAGS} -Wl,-Bstatic -lwinpthread -Wl,-Bdynamic") # or -l:libwinpthread.a will looks up the given name regardless dynamic/static +endif() +#add_compile_options($<$:-gcodeview>) +#add_link_options($<$:-Wl,-pdb=>) + +SET(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH ${LLVM_MINGW}/generic-w64-mingw32 ${LLVM_MINGW}/${_TRIPLE_ARCH}-w64-mingw32/bin) + +set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_PROGRAM NEVER) # host env +set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_LIBRARY ALWAYS) # target env +set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_INCLUDE ONLY) # target env diff --git a/native/zstd/windows/zstd-clang-cmake.ps1 b/native/zstd/windows/zstd-clang-cmake.ps1 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bacf459 --- /dev/null +++ b/native/zstd/windows/zstd-clang-cmake.ps1 @@ -0,0 +1,154 @@ + +# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- +# Script parameters & banner +# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- +param ( + [Parameter(Mandatory=$true)] + [string]$src = "", + [Parameter(Mandatory=$true)] + [string]$toolchain = "", + [Parameter(Mandatory=$false)] + [string]$radare2 = "" +) + +# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- +# Set global directory paths & enviroment infomation +# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- +$BaseDir = $PSScriptRoot +$Cores = ${Env:NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS} + +$SrcDir = $src +$ToolchainDir = $toolchain +$Radare2Dir = $radare2 +$Rabin2Exe = "${Radare2Dir}\bin\rabin2.exe" + +$LibName = "libzstd.dll" +$LZ4ExeName = "zstd.exe" + +# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- +# Check if 'rabin2' exists on PATH (CheckDep purpose) +# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- +Function Test-CommandExists { + Param ($command) + $oldPreference = $ErrorActionPreference + $ErrorActionPreference = ‘stop’ + try { + if (Get-Command $command) { + RETURN $true + } + } + Catch { + RETURN $false + } + Finally { + $ErrorActionPreference = $oldPreference + } +} + +$HasRadare2 = $false +if (Test-Path -Path "${Rabin2Exe}" -PathType Leaf) { + $HasRadare2 = $true +} +elseif (Test-CommandExists rabin2) { + $Rabin2Exe = "rabin2" + $HasRadare2 = $true +} + +# ------------------------------------------------------------------------- +# Build Profiles +# ------------------------------------------------------------------------- +$buildArches = @( + "i686" + "x86_64" + "aarch64" +) + +# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- +# Build per architectures +# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- +foreach ($buildArch in $buildArches) { + # ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- + # Set per-arch directory paths & enviroment infomation + # ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- + $TargetArch = $buildArch + $StripExe = "${ToolchainDir}\bin\${TargetArch}-w64-mingw32-strip.exe" + + # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- + # Prepare directories + # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- + $BuildDir = "${SrcDir}\build-${TargetArch}" + $DestDir = "${BaseDir}\build-${TargetArch}" + Remove-Item "${BuildDir}" -Recurse -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue + Remove-Item "${DestDir}" -Recurse -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue + New-Item "${BuildDir}" -ItemType Directory -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue + New-Item "${DestDir}" -ItemType Directory -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue + + # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- + # Configure zstd (with -Os) + # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- + Write-Output "" + Write-Host "[*] Configure zstd" -ForegroundColor Yellow + Push-Location $BuildDir + cmake ..\build\cmake -G "MinGW Makefiles" "-DCMAKE_MAKE_PROGRAM=${ToolchainDir}/bin/mingw32-make" ` + "-DCMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE=${BaseDir}/llvm-mingw.cmake" ` + "-DCMAKE_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR=${TargetArch}" ` + "-DLLVM_MINGW=${ToolchainDir}" ` + "-DZSTD_BUILD_DYNAMIC=ON" ` + "-DZSTD_BUILD_STATIC=ON" ` + "-DZSTD_BUILD_PROGRAM=ON" ` + "-DZSTD_PROGRAMS_LINK_SHARED=OFF" ` + "-DZSTD_ZLIB_SUPPORT=OFF" ` + "-DZSTD_LZMA_SUPPORT=OFF" ` + "-DZSTD_LZ4_SUPPORT=OFF" ` + "-DZSTD_BUILD_TESTS=OFF" ` + "-DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release" + # Benchmark: In zstd, -O3 is faster than -Os. + # -O3 zstd: 12.064s to compression 7.7GB file + # -Os zstd: 13.053s to compression 7.7GB file + Pop-Location + + # "-DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=MinSizeRel" ` + # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- + # Build zstd + # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- + Write-Output "" + Write-Host "[*] Build zstd" -ForegroundColor Yellow + Push-Location $BuildDir + # TODO: --config not required because of `-DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE`? + cmake --build . --config Release --parallel "${Cores}" + Pop-Location + + # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- + # Retrieve binaries + # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- + Copy-Item "${BuildDir}\lib\${LibName}" "${DestDir}\${LibName}" + Copy-Item "${BuildDir}\programs\${LZ4ExeName}" "${DestDir}\${LZ4ExeName}" + + # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- + # Strip binaries (Just in case) + # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- + # Strip binaries + Push-Location $DestDir + Write-Host "[*] Strip binaries" -ForegroundColor Yellow + Get-ChildItem -Filter *.dll + Get-ChildItem -Filter *.exe + & ${StripExe} "${LibName}" + & ${StripExe} "${LZ4ExeName}" + Get-ChildItem -Filter *.dll + Get-ChildItem -Filter *.exe + Pop-Location + + # Print dependency of binaries + if ($HasRadare2) { + Push-Location $DestDir + Write-Host "[*] Linked libraries of [${LibName}]" -ForegroundColor Yellow + & "${Rabin2Exe}" -Al "${LibName}" + Write-Host "[*] Linked libraries of [${LZ4ExeName}]" -ForegroundColor Yellow + & "${Rabin2Exe}" -Al "${LZ4ExeName}" + Pop-Location + } + else { + Write-Host "Install radare2 or pass radare2 directory to check depdencies." -ForegroundColor Yellow + } +} +