diff --git a/pkg/cmd/pulumi-language-java/language_test.go b/pkg/cmd/pulumi-language-java/language_test.go
index 57df49465eb..89e2c6b57a6 100644
--- a/pkg/cmd/pulumi-language-java/language_test.go
+++ b/pkg/cmd/pulumi-language-java/language_test.go
@@ -160,7 +160,6 @@ func TestLanguage(t *testing.T) {
 // expectedFailures maps the set of conformance tests we expect to fail to reasons they currently do so, so that we may
 // skip them with an informative message until they are fixed.
 var expectedFailures = map[string]string{
-	"l1-main":                               "unimplemented for Java",
 	"l1-output-array":                       "unimplemented for Java",
 	"l1-output-map":                         "unimplemented for Java",
 	"l1-output-string":                      "unimplemented for Java",
diff --git a/pkg/cmd/pulumi-language-java/testdata/projects/l1-main/Pulumi.yaml b/pkg/cmd/pulumi-language-java/testdata/projects/l1-main/Pulumi.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..d92b854445f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/cmd/pulumi-language-java/testdata/projects/l1-main/Pulumi.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+name: l1-main
+runtime: java
+main: subdir
diff --git a/pkg/cmd/pulumi-language-java/testdata/projects/l1-main/subdir/pom.xml b/pkg/cmd/pulumi-language-java/testdata/projects/l1-main/subdir/pom.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..1d7ca6a96ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/cmd/pulumi-language-java/testdata/projects/l1-main/subdir/pom.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+		<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
+				 xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
+				 xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
+			<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
+
+			<groupId>com.pulumi</groupId>
+			<artifactId>l1-main</artifactId>
+			<version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
+
+			<properties>
+				<encoding>UTF-8</encoding>
+				<maven.compiler.source>11</maven.compiler.source>
+				<maven.compiler.target>11</maven.compiler.target>
+				<maven.compiler.release>11</maven.compiler.release>
+				<mainClass>generated_program.App</mainClass>
+				<mainArgs/>
+			</properties>
+			
+			<repositories>
+				<repository>
+					<id>repository-0</id>
+					<url>REPOSITORY</url>
+				</repository>
+			</repositories>
+
+			<dependencies>
+				<dependency>
+					<groupId>com.pulumi</groupId>
+					<artifactId>pulumi</artifactId>
+					<version>CORE.VERSION</version>
+				</dependency>
+				
+			</dependencies>
+
+			<build>
+				<plugins>
+					<plugin>
+						<groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
+						<artifactId>maven-jar-plugin</artifactId>
+						<version>3.2.2</version>
+						<configuration>
+							<archive>
+								<manifest>
+									<addClasspath>true</addClasspath>
+									<mainClass>${mainClass}</mainClass>
+								</manifest>
+							</archive>
+						</configuration>
+					</plugin>
+					<plugin>
+						<groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
+						<artifactId>maven-assembly-plugin</artifactId>
+						<version>3.4.2</version>
+						<configuration>
+							<archive>
+								<manifest>
+									<addClasspath>true</addClasspath>
+									<mainClass>${mainClass}</mainClass>
+								</manifest>
+							</archive>
+							<descriptorRefs>
+								<descriptorRef>jar-with-dependencies</descriptorRef>
+							</descriptorRefs>
+						</configuration>
+						<executions>
+							<execution>
+								<id>make-my-jar-with-dependencies</id>
+								<phase>package</phase>
+								<goals>
+									<goal>single</goal>
+								</goals>
+							</execution>
+						</executions>
+					</plugin>
+					<plugin>
+						<groupId>org.codehaus.mojo</groupId>
+						<artifactId>exec-maven-plugin</artifactId>
+						<version>3.1.0</version>
+						<configuration>
+							<mainClass>${mainClass}</mainClass>
+							<commandlineArgs>${mainArgs}</commandlineArgs>
+						</configuration>
+					</plugin>
+					<plugin>
+						<groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
+						<artifactId>maven-wrapper-plugin</artifactId>
+						<version>3.1.1</version>
+						<configuration>
+							<mavenVersion>3.8.5</mavenVersion>
+						</configuration>
+					</plugin>
+				</plugins>
+			</build>
+		</project>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/pkg/cmd/pulumi-language-java/testdata/projects/l1-main/subdir/src/main/java/generated_program/App.java b/pkg/cmd/pulumi-language-java/testdata/projects/l1-main/subdir/src/main/java/generated_program/App.java
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..a9b1b164966
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/cmd/pulumi-language-java/testdata/projects/l1-main/subdir/src/main/java/generated_program/App.java
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+package generated_program;
+
+import com.pulumi.Context;
+import com.pulumi.Pulumi;
+import com.pulumi.core.Output;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.Paths;
+
+public class App {
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        Pulumi.run(App::stack);
+    }
+
+    public static void stack(Context ctx) {
+        ctx.export("output_true", true);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/pkg/codegen/java/gen_program.go b/pkg/codegen/java/gen_program.go
index 020a99f49a8..8194cf7f94d 100644
--- a/pkg/codegen/java/gen_program.go
+++ b/pkg/codegen/java/gen_program.go
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"os"
 	"path"
+	"path/filepath"
 	"slices"
 	"strings"
 
@@ -225,6 +226,16 @@ func GenerateProject(
 		return diagnostics
 	}
 
+	rootDirectory := directory
+	if project.Main != "" {
+		directory = filepath.Join(rootDirectory, project.Main)
+		// mkdir -p the subdirectory
+		err = os.MkdirAll(directory, 0o700)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("create main directory: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+
 	// Set the runtime to "java" then marshal to Pulumi.yaml
 	project.Runtime = workspace.NewProjectRuntimeInfo("java", nil)
 	projectBytes, err := encoding.YAML.Marshal(project)
@@ -234,13 +245,13 @@ func GenerateProject(
 
 	filesWithPackages := make(map[string][]byte)
 
-	filesWithPackages["Pulumi.yaml"] = projectBytes
+	filesWithPackages[filepath.Join(rootDirectory, "Pulumi.yaml")] = projectBytes
 
 	for fileName, fileContents := range files {
 		if fileName == "MyStack.java" {
 			fileName = "App.java"
 		}
-		fileWithPackage := fmt.Sprintf("src/main/java/generated_program/%s", fileName)
+		fileWithPackage := filepath.Join(directory, "src", "main", "java", "generated_program", fileName)
 		filesWithPackages[fileWithPackage] = fileContents
 	}
 
@@ -407,15 +418,14 @@ func GenerateProject(
 		coreSDKVersion,
 		mavenDependenciesXML.String(),
 	))
-	filesWithPackages["pom.xml"] = mavenPomXML.Bytes()
+	filesWithPackages[filepath.Join(directory, "pom.xml")] = mavenPomXML.Bytes()
 
 	for filePath, data := range filesWithPackages {
-		outPath := path.Join(directory, filePath)
-		err := os.MkdirAll(path.Dir(outPath), os.ModePerm)
+		err := os.MkdirAll(path.Dir(filePath), os.ModePerm)
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("could not write output program: %w", err)
 		}
-		err = os.WriteFile(outPath, data, 0o600)
+		err = os.WriteFile(filePath, data, 0o600)
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("could not write output program: %w", err)
 		}