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<h2>Active Job 基础</h2><p>本文提供开始创建任务、将任务加入队列和后台执行任务的所有知识。</p><p>读完本文，你将学到:</p>
<ul>
<li>如何新建任务</li>
<li>如何将任务加入队列</li>
<li>如何在后台运行任务</li>
<li>如何在应用中异步发送邮件</li>
</ul>
<div id="subCol">
<h3 class="chapter"><img src="images/chapters_icon.gif" alt="" />Chapters</h3>
<ol class="chapters">
<li><a href="#%E7%AE%80%E4%BB%8B">简介</a></li>
<li><a href="#active-job-%E7%9A%84%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%87">Active Job 的目标</a></li>
<li>
<a href="#%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AA%E4%BB%BB%E5%8A%A1">创建一个任务</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E4%BB%BB%E5%8A%A1">创建任务</a></li>
<li><a href="#%E4%BB%BB%E5%8A%A1%E5%8A%A0%E5%85%A5%E9%98%9F%E5%88%97">任务加入队列</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#%E4%BB%BB%E5%8A%A1%E6%89%A7%E8%A1%8C">任务执行</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#%E5%90%8E%E5%8F%B0">后台</a></li>
<li><a href="#%E8%AE%BE%E7%BD%AE%E5%90%8E%E5%8F%B0">设置后台</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#%E9%98%9F%E5%88%97">队列</a></li>
<li>
<a href="#%E5%9B%9E%E8%B0%83">回调</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#%E5%8F%AF%E7%94%A8%E7%9A%84%E5%9B%9E%E8%B0%83">可用的回调</a></li>
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<h3 id="简介">1 简介</h3><p>Active Job 是用来声明任务，并把任务放到多种多样的队列后台中执行的框架。从定期地安排清理，费用账单到发送邮件，任何事情都可以是任务。任何可以切分为小的单元和并行执行的任务都可以用 Active Job 来执行。</p><h3 id="active-job-的目标">2 Active Job 的目标</h3><p>主要是确保所有的 Rails 程序有一致任务框架，即便是以 “立即执行”的形式存在。然后可以基于 Active Job 来新建框架功能和其他的 RubyGems， 而不用担心多种任务后台，比如 Dalayed Job 和 Resque 之间 API 的差异。之后，选择队列后台更多会变成运维方面的考虑，这样就能切换后台而无需重写任务代码。</p><h3 id="创建一个任务">3 创建一个任务</h3><p>本节将会逐步地创建任务然后把任务加入队列中。</p><h4 id="创建任务">3.1 创建任务</h4><p>Active Job 提供了 Rails 生成器来创建任务。以下代码会在 <code>app/jobs</code> 中新建一个任务,（并且会在 <code>test/jobs</code> 中创建测试用例）：</p><div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: plain; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
$ bin/rails generate job guests_cleanup
invoke test_unit
create test/jobs/guests_cleanup_job_test.rb
create app/jobs/guests_cleanup_job.rb
</pre>
</div>
<p>也可以创建运行在一个特定队列上的任务：</p><div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: plain; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
$ bin/rails generate job guests_cleanup --queue urgent
</pre>
</div>
<p>如果不想使用生成器，需要自己创建文件，并且替换掉 <code>app/jobs</code>。确保任务继承自 <code>ActiveJob::Base</code> 即可。</p><p>以下是一个任务示例:</p><div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
class GuestsCleanupJob < ActiveJob::Base
queue_as :default
def perform(*args)
# Do something later
end
end
</pre>
</div>
<h4 id="任务加入队列">3.2 任务加入队列</h4><p>将任务加入到队列中：</p><div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
# 将加入到队列系统中任务立即执行
MyJob.perform_later record
</pre>
</div>
<div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
# 在明天中午执行加入队列的任务
MyJob.set(wait_until: Date.tomorrow.noon).perform_later(record)
</pre>
</div>
<div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
# 一星期后执行加入到队列的任务
MyJob.set(wait: 1.week).perform_later(record)
</pre>
</div>
<p>就这么简单！</p><h3 id="任务执行">4 任务执行</h3><p>如果没有设置连接器，任务会立即执行。</p><h4 id="后台">4.1 后台</h4><p>Active Job 内建支持多种队列后台连接器（Sidekiq、Resque、Delayed Job 等）。最新的连接器的列表详见 <a href="http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveJob/QueueAdapters.html">ActiveJob::QueueAdapters</a> 的 API 文件。</p><h4 id="设置后台">4.2 设置后台</h4><p>设置队列后台很简单：</p><div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
# config/application.rb
module YourApp
class Application < Rails::Application
# Be sure to have the adapter's gem in your Gemfile and follow
# the adapter's specific installation and deployment instructions.
config.active_job.queue_adapter = :sidekiq
end
end
</pre>
</div>
<h3 id="队列">5 队列</h3><p>大多数连接器支持多种队列。用 Active Job 可以安排任务运行在特定的队列：</p><div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
class GuestsCleanupJob < ActiveJob::Base
queue_as :low_priority
#....
end
</pre>
</div>
<p>在 <code>application.rb</code> 中通过 <code>config.active_job.queue_name_prefix</code> 来设置所有任务的队列名称的前缀。</p><div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
# config/application.rb
module YourApp
class Application < Rails::Application
config.active_job.queue_name_prefix = Rails.env
end
end
# app/jobs/guests_cleanup.rb
class GuestsCleanupJob < ActiveJob::Base
queue_as :low_priority
#....
end
# Now your job will run on queue production_low_priority on your
# production environment and on staging_low_priority on your staging
# environment
</pre>
</div>
<p>默认队列名称的前缀是 <code>_</code>。可以设置 <code>config/application.rb</code> 里 <code>config.active_job.queue_name_delimiter</code> 的值来改变：</p><div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
# config/application.rb
module YourApp
class Application < Rails::Application
config.active_job.queue_name_prefix = Rails.env
config.active_job.queue_name_delimiter = '.'
end
end
# app/jobs/guests_cleanup.rb
class GuestsCleanupJob < ActiveJob::Base
queue_as :low_priority
#....
end
# Now your job will run on queue production.low_priority on your
# production environment and on staging.low_priority on your staging
# environment
</pre>
</div>
<p>如果想要更细致的控制任务的执行，可以传 <code>:queue</code> 选项给 <code>#set</code> 方法：</p><div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
MyJob.set(queue: :another_queue).perform_later(record)
</pre>
</div>
<p>为了在任务级别控制队列，可以传递一个块给 <code>#queue_as</code>。块会在任务的上下文中执行（所以能获得 <code>self.arguments</code>）并且必须返回队列的名字：</p><div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
class ProcessVideoJob < ActiveJob::Base
queue_as do
video = self.arguments.first
if video.owner.premium?
:premium_videojobs
else
:videojobs
end
end
def perform(video)
# do process video
end
end
ProcessVideoJob.perform_later(Video.last)
</pre>
</div>
<div class="note"><p>确认运行的队列后台“监听”队列的名称。某些后台需要明确的指定要“监听”队列的名称。</p></div><h3 id="回调">6 回调</h3><p>Active Job 在一个任务的生命周期里提供了钩子。回调允许在任务的生命周期中触发逻辑。</p><h4 id="可用的回调">6.1 可用的回调</h4>
<ul>
<li><code>before_enqueue</code></li>
<li><code>around_enqueue</code></li>
<li><code>after_enqueue</code></li>
<li><code>before_perform</code></li>
<li><code>around_perform</code></li>
<li><code>after_perform</code></li>
</ul>
<h4 id="用法">6.2 用法</h4><div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
class GuestsCleanupJob < ActiveJob::Base
queue_as :default
before_enqueue do |job|
# do something with the job instance
end
around_perform do |job, block|
# do something before perform
block.call
# do something after perform
end
def perform
# Do something later
end
end
</pre>
</div>
<h3 id="action-mailer">7 Action Mailer</h3><p>现代网站应用中最常见的任务之一是，在请求响应周期外发送 Email，这样所有用户不需要焦急地等待邮件的发送。Active Job 集成到 Action Mailer 里了，所以能够简单的实现异步发送邮件：</p><div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
# If you want to send the email now use #deliver_now
UserMailer.welcome(@user).deliver_now
# If you want to send the email through Active Job use #deliver_later
UserMailer.welcome(@user).deliver_later
</pre>
</div>
<h3 id="globalid">8 GlobalID</h3><p>Active Job 支持 GlobalID 作为参数。这样传递运行中的 Active Record 对象到任务中，来取代通常需要序列化的 class/id 对。之前任务看起来是像这样：</p><div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
class TrashableCleanupJob < ActiveJob::Base
def perform(trashable_class, trashable_id, depth)
trashable = trashable_class.constantize.find(trashable_id)
trashable.cleanup(depth)
end
end
</pre>
</div>
<p>现在可以简化为:</p><div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
class TrashableCleanupJob < ActiveJob::Base
def perform(trashable, depth)
trashable.cleanup(depth)
end
end
</pre>
</div>
<h3 id="异常">9 异常</h3><p>Active Job 提供了在任务执行期间捕获异常的方法：</p><div class="code_container">
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
class GuestsCleanupJob < ActiveJob::Base
queue_as :default
rescue_from(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) do |exception|
# do something with the exception
end
def perform
# Do something later
end
end
</pre>
</div>
<h3>反馈</h3>
<p>
欢迎帮忙改善指南质量。
</p>
<p>
如发现任何错误，欢迎修正。开始贡献前，可先行阅读<a href="http://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.html#contributing-to-the-rails-documentation">贡献指南：文档</a>。
</p>
<p>翻译如有错误，深感抱歉，欢迎 <a href="https://github.com/ruby-china/guides/fork">Fork</a> 修正，或至此处<a href="https://github.com/ruby-china/guides/issues/new">回报</a>。</p>
<p>
文章可能有未完成或过时的内容。请先检查 <a href="http://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org">Edge Guides</a> 来确定问题在 master 是否已经修掉了。再上 master 补上缺少的文件。内容参考 <a href="ruby_on_rails_guides_guidelines.html">Ruby on Rails 指南准则</a>来了解行文风格。
</p>
<p>最后，任何关于 Ruby on Rails 文档的讨论，欢迎到 <a href="http://groups.google.com/group/rubyonrails-docs">rubyonrails-docs 邮件群组</a>。
</p>
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