Proof of Tighter Upper Bound on Non Zero Elements for CC

Proof Sketch

The basics

Recall that we build our sketches from vectors of every edge in the graph. We will use the following example graph for this proof sketch.

    1
 /  |  \
2 - 3 - 4
      \ |
        5

For this graph, the vector for node 1 is as follows:

(1,2) (1,3) (1,4) (1,5) (2,3) (2,4) (2,5) (3,4) (3,5) (4,5)
  1     1     1     0     0     0     0     0     0     0

These sketches can be combined to sample edges from an arbitrary cut in the graph. For example, the vector for nodes 2, 3 and 5 is:

(1,2) (1,3) (1,4) (1,5) (2,3) (2,4) (2,5) (3,4) (3,5) (4,5)
  1     1     0     0     0     0     0     1     0     1

Note that we have edges from multiple origins in this vector (thus increasing the number of possible non-zeros in the vector) and there are no edges within the set of nodes defining the cut (thus reducing the number of non-zeros).

Proof

Imagine a complete graph. This will maximize the number of non-zero entries in the characteristic vector. The vector of a single node will contain n-1 non-zero entries (one for each other node in the graph).

Adding another node to this characteristic vector will change the number of non-zero entries to

= total_edges - 2*edges_within_set
= 2(n-1) - 2

Before combining, each vector had (n-1) non-zero entries within it. After combining, one non-zero from each vector is removed resulting in 2 canceled elements. Thus in total there are 2n - 4 non-zero entries. From here it is simple to arrive at the general equation for a vector with a set of a nodes within it.

= total_edges - 2*edges_within_set
= a(n-1) - 2a(a-1)

Maximize this equation as follows:

= a(n-1) - 2a(a-1) = a(n-1) - 2a^2 + 2a = a(n+1) - 2a^2
d_a(a(n+1) - 2a^2) = n+1 - 4a
a = (n + 1) / 4
Therefore, max = (n^2 + n) / 4 - (1/2)(n+1)((n + 1) / 4 - 1) < n^2 / 4

This sentence uses $ delimiters to show math inline: $\sqrt{3x-1}+(1+x)^2$