feat: stabilize Column

[lars-reimann]

Closes partially #754
Closes partially #977

Summary of Changes

• Improve documentation for all methods of Column.
• Add the option to specify the column type when calling the constructor. If omitted, it is still inferred from the data.

[github-actions]

🦙 MegaLinter status: ✅ SUCCESS

Descriptor	Linter	Files	Fixed	Errors	Elapsed time
✅ PYTHON	black	74	0	0	1.86s
✅ PYTHON	mypy	74		0	3.72s
✅ PYTHON	ruff	74	0	0	0.3s
✅ REPOSITORY	git_diff	yes		no	0.28s

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[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 99.43182% with 1 line in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 95.04%. Comparing base (ca1ce3d) to head (e286ac6).
Report is 1 commits behind head on main.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
src/safeds/data/tabular/plotting/_table_plotter.py	98.80%	1 Missing ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main     #981      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   95.00%   95.04%   +0.03%     
==========================================
  Files         123      125       +2     
  Lines        7711     7725      +14     
==========================================
+ Hits         7326     7342      +16     
+ Misses        385      383       -2     

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