Merge pull request #2003 from laxmikandivalasa/algo1

Fractional Knapsack Problem  added (fixes #1912)

docs/greedy-algorithms/fractional-knapsack-algorithm.md

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+---
+id: fractional-knapsack
+title: "Fractional Knapsack Algorithm"
+sidebar_label: "Fractional Knapsack"
+description: "In this blog post, we'll explore the Fractional Knapsack problem, a greedy algorithm-based approach to maximize the value of items within a weight limit by taking fractions of items."
+tags: [dsa, algorithms, greedy algorithms]
+---
+
+The Fractional Knapsack problem is an optimization problem where, given a set of items with specified weights and values, the goal is to maximize the total value within a weight limit by taking fractions of items. The greedy algorithm for this problem prioritizes items based on their value-to-weight ratio, allowing partial items to be selected if they maximize the overall value.
+
+<Ads />
+
+## Characteristics:
+
+### Greedy Approach:
+The algorithm selects items based on the highest value-to-weight ratio first. This ensures that the item providing the most value per unit weight is prioritized.
+
+### Optimal Solution:
+The greedy approach is optimal for the fractional knapsack problem, as allowing fractional parts of items enables us to maximize the value without exceeding the weight limit.
+
+### Steps Involved:
+Calculate Value-to-Weight Ratio:
+For each item, calculate the ratio of value to weight. This ratio will be used to prioritize item selection.
+
+### Sort Items by Ratio:
+Sort all items in descending order of their value-to-weight ratios to ensure the item providing the most value per unit weight is selected first.
+
+### Select Items Based on Weight Capacity:
+Traverse the sorted items, adding them fully if their weight doesn't exceed the remaining capacity. If an item’s weight is too large, take only a fraction of it to fill the remaining capacity.
+
+## Problem Statement:
+Given a knapsack with a weight limit of W and a list of items, each with a value vi and weight wi, maximize the total value by selecting items (or fractions thereof) without exceeding W.
+
+## Time Complexity:
+Best, Average, and Worst Case: $O(n \log n)$
+Where n is the number of items. Sorting items by their value-to-weight ratio takes O(n \log n) time.
+
+## Space Complexity:
+Space Complexity: $O(n)$
+Space is required to store item information and ratios.
+
+**Example:**
+Consider a knapsack with a weight limit of W = 50 and the following items:
+
+Items: `{(value: 60, weight: 10), (value: 100, weight: 20), (value: 120, weight: 30)}`
+Sorted by ratio: `{(value: 60, weight: 10), (value: 100, weight: 20), (value: 120, weight: 30)}`
+Step-by-Step Execution:
+
+Add item with weight 10 (value-to-weight ratio 6):
+Total weight = 10, total value = 60.
+
+Add item with weight 20 (value-to-weight ratio 5):
+Total weight = 30, total value = 160.
+
+Add 2/3 of item with weight 30 (value-to-weight ratio 4):
+Total weight = 50, total value = 240.
+
+Total Value: 240
+
+<Ads />
+
+**C++ Implementation:**
+
+```
+cpp
+
+#include <iostream>
+#include <vector>
+#include <algorithm>
+
+using namespace std;
+
+// Structure to represent an item
+struct Item {
+    int value, weight;
+};
+
+// Comparator function to sort items by value-to-weight ratio
+bool compare(Item a, Item b) {
+    double r1 = (double)a.value / a.weight;
+    double r2 = (double)b.value / b.weight;
+    return r1 > r2;
+}
+
+// Function to perform fractional knapsack
+double fractionalKnapsack(int W, vector<Item>& items) {
+    // Sort items by descending value-to-weight ratio
+    sort(items.begin(), items.end(), compare);
+
+    int curWeight = 0;
+    double finalValue = 0.0;
+
+    for (auto item : items) {
+        if (curWeight + item.weight <= W) {
+            // If the item can be added fully
+            curWeight += item.weight;
+            finalValue += item.value;
+        } else {
+            // Take fraction of the item to fill the remaining capacity
+            int remainingWeight = W - curWeight;
+            finalValue += item.value * ((double)remainingWeight / item.weight);
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    return finalValue;
+}
+
+int main() {
+    int W = 50; // Weight limit of the knapsack
+    vector<Item> items = { {60, 10}, {100, 20}, {120, 30} };
+
+    cout << "Maximum value we can obtain = " << fractionalKnapsack(W, items);
+    return 0;
+}
+```
+
+<Ads />
+
+**Java Implementation:**
+
+```
+java
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Comparator;
+import java.util.List;
+
+class Item {
+    int value, weight;
+
+    Item(int value, int weight) {
+        this.value = value;
+        this.weight = weight;
+    }
+}
+
+public class FractionalKnapsack {
+
+    // Comparator to sort items by value-to-weight ratio
+    static class ItemComparator implements Comparator<Item> {
+        public int compare(Item a, Item b) {
+            double r1 = (double) a.value / a.weight;
+            double r2 = (double) b.value / b.weight;
+            return Double.compare(r2, r1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Function to perform fractional knapsack
+    public static double fractionalKnapsack(int W, List<Item> items) {
+        Collections.sort(items, new ItemComparator());
+
+        int curWeight = 0;
+        double finalValue = 0.0;
+
+        for (Item item : items) {
+            if (curWeight + item.weight <= W) {
+                // Add full item
+                curWeight += item.weight;
+                finalValue += item.value;
+            } else {
+                // Add fraction of item
+                int remainingWeight = W - curWeight;
+                finalValue += item.value * ((double) remainingWeight / item.weight);
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        return finalValue;
+    }
+
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        int W = 50; // Knapsack weight limit
+        List<Item> items = new ArrayList<>();
+        items.add(new Item(60, 10));
+        items.add(new Item(100, 20));
+        items.add(new Item(120, 30));
+
+        System.out.println("Maximum value we can obtain = " + fractionalKnapsack(W, items));
+    }
+}
+```
+
+**Summary:**
+The Fractional Knapsack algorithm maximizes the total value of items in a knapsack with a weight limit by selecting items (or fractions of them) based on their value-to-weight ratio. This approach is widely applicable in resource allocation, inventory management, and financial investments. While the 0/1 knapsack problem is NP-complete, the fractional variant is solvable in polynomial time, making it efficient and optimal. The greedy algorithm ensures the maximum possible value within the given constraints.