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wayanjarrah committed Mar 30, 2024
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</listPrefixDef>
</encodingDesc>
<revisionDesc>
<change who="part:wjsa" when="2024-03-30">Cleaning up XML in edition, apparatus and bibliography</change>
<change who="part:axja" when="2022-08-16">Transforming docx into xml</change>
</revisionDesc>
</teiHeader>
<text xml:space="preserve">
<body>
<div type="edition">
<div type="textpart">
<head xml:lang="eng">Plate 1. recto.</head>
<p><lb n="1r1"/> // svasti śaka-varṣātīta 829 mărggaśira-māsa, tithī <choice><sic>jaśamĭ</sic><corr>daśamī</corr></choice> śukla-pakṣa, ma, pa, bu‚ vāra‚ Aśvinī-nakṣatra, varīyān·-yoga, tatkālanikanaṁ vahuta tuṅgu duruṁ makabaihan·, Inanugrahan· Irikanaṁ vanuA<del>n·</del>
<lb n="1r2"/> I kasugihan· de rakryan· kalaṁ buṅkal· dyaḥ manukū kavnaṅaknanyan· sabuñcaṁ-haji‚ maṅasəAkan· Ikanaṁ vahuta pasək-pasək· I rakryān· ma_vanuA pirak· dhā 1, <choice><sic>juruṇiṅ</sic><corr>juruniṅ</corr></choice> kanayakan· rake hni
<lb n="1r3"/> Anak vanuA I vatu-vatu vatak· paga<supplied reason="omitted">r</supplied> vsi, maṁraṁkpi saṁ jalu paṅan· Anak vanuA I saninai vatak· <unclear>b</unclear>unut·-bunut·, mataṇḍa saṁ siddhatapa Anak vanuA I poḥ kabiku<supplied reason="omitted">A</supplied>n· I lḍaṁ‚ juruniṁ lampuran· saṁ pa-
<lb n="1r4"/>ḍali Anak vanuA I valakay· vatak valakas·, parujar· saṁ valiṅi <choice><sic>Aṇak</sic><corr>Anak</corr></choice> vanuA I vurakuṁ vatak· limvayan·, juruniṁ vadva rarai saṁ tamvalaṁ Anak vanuA I taṅgalan· vatak· jalinan· juruniṁ kalula
<lb n="1r5"/> saṁ ḍaṇu Anak vanuA I sahiḍan· vatak· kilipan·, juruni maṁḍakat· saṁ juna Anak vanuA I kuraṁ pkan· vatak· <choice><orig>śirikan·</orig><reg>sirikan·</reg></choice>, maṁraṁkpi saṁ khadga Anak vanuA I haji huma vatak· patapān·, manuṅgū
<lb n="1r6"/> saṁ mamiḍaiyi Anak vanuA I karihuAn·, Amasaṅakən· saṁ ra kuvu Anak vanuA I vugaṁ vatak· tilimpik·, citralekha saṁ ra vuṅū Anak vanuA I vuru paṅguṁ vatak· manimpi
<lb n="1r7" break="no"/>ki, I<add place="below">naṁ</add>səAn· pasək·-pasək· pirak· dhā 5 kinabaihanira, piṅhay· I kalaṅ buṅkal· Irikanaṁ kāla kikin· si jamana‚ manti hyaṁ si samanta, parujar·nya si galuṁ</p>
</div><div type="textpart">
<head xml:lang="eng">Plate 1. verso.</head>
<p><lb n="1v1"/> miśra si bahu‚ vahuta maṅuvu si landaṁ muAṁ si hari‚ pihujuṁ si gatā‚ si R̥śi‚ si cuAl· si bisar·‚ rāma I duga-duga tumarima Ikanaṁ surat· prasāsti Irika
<lb n="1v2" break="no"/>naṁ kāla gusti si <choice><sic>gisuddhi</sic><corr>biśuddhi</corr></choice>, parujar· si suvaṁ, rāma maratā si gijñī, muAṁ si tes·‚ si cala‚ si jaluk·‚ samaṅkana <choice><sic>kvai,nikanaṁ</sic><reg>kvaiḥnikanaṁ</reg></choice> rāma tumarima Ikanaṁ prasāsti
<lb n="1v3"/> I rakryan· kalaṁ buṅkal·, sākṣī saṁ pamgat· Ayam· təAs· pu ḍapit· Anak vanuA I paṇḍamuAn· vatak· Ayam· təAs· InaṁsəAn· pasak-pasa
<lb n="1v4" break="no"/>k· pirak· dhā 2 juru mira-miraḥ pu rayuṁ Anak vanuA I mira-miraḥ vatak· Ayam· təAs· maṁraṁkpi saṁ halaran· pu <choice><orig>dhānada</orig><reg>dhanada</reg></choice> Anak vbanuA I paṇḍamuAn· vatak·
<lb n="1v5"/> Ayam· təAs· kapuA InaṁsəAn· pasak-pasak· pirak· dhā 1 sovaṁ-sovaṁ karamān· saṁ hadyan· vahuta hyāṁ makabaihan· pirak· ma 8 kinabaihanira
<lb n="1v6"/> nāhan· nimittanyan· mapagəḥ Ikanaṁ vanuA I kasugihan· An· sampun· Inanugrahākən· de rakryan· kalaṁ buṅkal· Irikanaṁ vahuta tuṅgu duruṁ, likhitapātra saṁ va
<lb n="1v7" break="no"/> paṁguhan· sata_hil· Avur· satahil· sama<supplied reason="omitted">ṁ</supplied>kana kəm·mitan· Ikā rama <choice><sic>Itevam·mādi</sic><orig>Ityevamādi</orig></choice> salvir·niṁ nā_yaka tan· hanāṅyan·,
<lb n="1v8"/>sava/ lena sakerikana <choice><sic>parak· dhā</sic><orig>pirak· dhā</orig></choice> 6</p></div>
<div type="edition" xml:lang="kaw-Latn">
<p><pb n="1r"/><lb n="1r1"/><g type="ddandaCrossed">.</g> svasti śaka-varṣātīta <num value="829">829</num> mărggaśira-māsa, tithī <choice><sic>j</sic><corr>d</corr></choice>aśamĭ śukla-pakṣa, <abbr>ma</abbr>, <abbr>pa</abbr>, <abbr>bu</abbr>‚ vāra‚ Aśvinī-nakṣatra, varīyān·-yoga, tatkālanikanaṁ vahuta tuṅgu duruṁ makabaihan·, Inanugrahan· Irikanaṁ vanuA<del rend="strikeout">n·</del>
<lb n="1r2"/>I kasugihan· de rakryan· kalaṁ buṅkal· dyaḥ manukū kavnaṅaknanyan· sabuñcaṁ-haji‚ maṅasəAkan· Ikanaṁ vahuta pasək-pasək· I rakryān· ma<space type="descender"/>vanuA pirak· <abbr>dhā</abbr> <num value="1">1</num>, juru<choice><sic>ṇ</sic><corr>n</corr></choice>iṅ kanayakan· rake hni
<lb n="1r3"/>Anak vanuA I vatu-vatu vatak· paga<supplied reason="omitted">r</supplied> vsi, maṁraṁkpi saṁ jalu paṅan· Anak vanuA I saninai vatak· <unclear>b</unclear>unut·-bunut·, mataṇḍa saṁ siddhatapa Anak vanuA I poḥ kabiku<supplied reason="omitted">A</supplied>n· I lḍaṁ‚ juruniṁ lampuran· saṁ pa<lb break="no"
n="1r4"/>ḍali Anak vanuA I valakay· vatak valakas·, parujar· saṁ valiṅi A<choice><sic>ṇ</sic><corr>n</corr></choice>ak vanuA I vurakuṁ vatak· limvayan·, juruniṁ vadva rarai saṁ tamvalaṁ Anak vanuA I taṅgalan· vatak· jalinan· juruniṁ kalula
<lb n="1r5"/>saṁ ḍaṇu Anak vanuA I sahiḍan· vatak· kilipan·, juruni maṁḍakat· saṁ juna Anak vanuA I kuraṁ pkan· vatak· <choice><orig>ś</orig><reg>s</reg></choice>irikan·, maṁraṁkpi saṁ khadga Anak vanuA I haji huma vatak· patapān·, manuṅgū
<lb n="1r6"/>saṁ mamiḍaiyi Anak vanuA I karihuAn·, Amasaṅakən· saṁ ra kuvu Anak vanuA I vugaṁ vatak· tilimpik·, citralekha saṁ ra vuṅū Anak vanuA I vuru paṅguṁ vatak· manimpi<lb break="no"
n="1r7"/>ki, I<add place="below">naṁ</add>səAn· pasək·-pasək· pirak· <abbr>dhā</abbr> 5 kinabaihanira, piṅhay· I kalaṅ buṅkal· Irikanaṁ kāla kikin· si jamana‚ manti hyaṁ si samanta, parujar·nya si galuṁ
<pb n="1v"/><lb n="1v1"/>miśra si bahu‚ vahuta maṅuvu si landaṁ muAṁ si hari‚ pihujuṁ si gatā‚ si R̥śi‚ si cuAl· si bisar·‚ rāma I duga-duga tumarima Ikanaṁ surat· prasāsti Irika<lb
n="1v2" break="no"/>naṁ kāla gusti si <choice><sic>gisuddhi</sic><corr>biśuddhi</corr></choice>, parujar· si suvaṁ, rāma maratā si gijñī, muAṁ si tes·‚ si cala‚ si jaluk·‚ samaṅkana kvai<choice><sic>,</sic><corr>ḥ</corr></choice>nikanaṁ rāma tumarima Ikanaṁ prasāsti
<lb n="1v3"/>I rakryan· kalaṁ buṅkal·, sākṣī saṁ pamgat· Ayam· təAs· pu ḍapit· Anak vanuA I paṇḍamuAn· vatak· Ayam· təAs· InaṁsəAn· pasak-pasa<lb
n="1v4" break="no"/>k· pirak· <abbr>dhā</abbr> <num value="2">2</num> juru mira-miraḥ pu rayuṁ Anak vanuA I mira-miraḥ vatak· Ayam· təAs· maṁraṁkpi saṁ halaran· pu dh<choice><orig>ā</orig><reg>a</reg></choice>nada Anak banuA I paṇḍamuAn· vatak·
<lb n="1v5"/>Ayam· təAs· kapuA InaṁsəAn· pasak-pasak· pirak· <abbr>dhā</abbr> <num value="1">1</num> sovaṁ-sovaṁ karamān· saṁ hadyan· vahuta hy<choice><sic>ā</sic><corr>a</corr></choice>ṁ makabaihan· pirak· <abbr>ma</abbr> <num value="8">8</num> kinabaihanira
<lb n="1v6"/>nāhan· nimittanyan· mapagəḥ Ikanaṁ vanuA I kasugihan· An· sampun· Inanugrahākən· de rakryan· kalaṁ buṅkal· Irikanaṁ vahuta tuṅgu duruṁ, likhitapātra saṁ va<lb
n="1v7" break="no"/>paṁguhan· <num value="1">sa</num>ta<space type="descender"/>hil· Avur· <num value="1">sa</num>tahil· sama<supplied reason="omitted">ṁ</supplied>kana <choice><orig>kəm·mitan·</orig><reg>kəmitan·</reg></choice> Ikā rama <choice><sic>Itevam·mādi</sic><corr>Ityevamādi</corr></choice> salvir·niṁ nā<space type="descender"/>yaka tan· hanāṅyan·,
<lb n="1v8"/><add place="above">sava</add> lena sakerikana p<choice><sic>a</sic><corr>i</corr></choice>rak·<abbr>dhā</abbr> <num value="6">6</num></p></div>

</div>

<div type="apparatus">
<app loc="1r1"><lem source="bib:Goris1928_01 bib:Damais1955_01">829</lem><rdg source="bib:Poerbatjaraka1922_01">849</rdg><note>though Poerbatjaraka gives 829 as an alternative.</note></app>
<app loc="1r1"><lem source="bib:Goris1928_01 bib:Damais1955_01"><num value="829">829</num></lem><rdg source="bib:Poerbatjaraka1922_01">849</rdg><note>though Poerbatjaraka gives 829 as an alternative.</note></app>
<app loc="1r1"><lem>tithī</lem><rdg source="bib:Poerbatjaraka1922_01 bib:Goris1928_01 bib:Damais1955_01">tithi</rdg></app>
<app loc="1r1"><lem source="bib:Goris1928_01">jaśamĭ</lem><rdg source="bib:Poerbatjaraka1922_01 bib:Damais1955_01">dasamĭ</rdg></app>
<app loc="1r2"><lem>rakryān· ma_vanuA</lem><rdg source="bib:Poerbatjaraka1922_01 bib:Goris1928_01">rakryan· mavanuA</rdg></app>
<app loc="1r2"><lem>dhā</lem><rdg source="bib:Poerbatjaraka1922_01 bib:Goris1928_01">ḍa</rdg></app>
<app loc="1r2"><lem source="bib:Poerbatjaraka1922_01 bib:Goris1928_01">juruṇiṅ </lem></app>
<app loc="1r1"><lem source="bib:Goris1928_01"><choice><sic>j</sic><corr>d</corr></choice>aśamĭ</lem><rdg source="bib:Poerbatjaraka1922_01 bib:Damais1955_01">dasamĭ</rdg></app>
<app loc="1r2"><lem>rakryān· ma<space type="descender"/>vanuA</lem><rdg source="bib:Poerbatjaraka1922_01 bib:Goris1928_01">rakryan· mavanuA</rdg></app>
<app loc="1r2"><lem><abbr>dhā</abbr></lem><rdg source="bib:Poerbatjaraka1922_01 bib:Goris1928_01">ḍa</rdg></app>
<app loc="1r3"><lem>paga<supplied reason="omitted">r</supplied> vsi</lem><rdg source="bib:Poerbatjaraka1922_01 bib:Goris1928_01">pagar vsi</rdg></app>
<app loc="1r3"><lem><unclear>b</unclear>unut·-bunut·</lem><rdg source="bib:Poerbatjaraka1922_01 bib:Goris1928_01">vunut·-bunut·</rdg></app>
<app loc="1r4"><lem>vanuA I valakay·</lem><rdg source="bib:Poerbatjaraka1922_01 bib:Goris1928_01">vanuA I valakas·</rdg></app>
<app loc="1r4"><lem source="bib:Poerbatjaraka1922_01 bib:Goris1928_01">Aṇak</lem></app>
<app loc="1r4"><lem>rarai</lem><rdg source="bib:Poerbatjaraka1922_01 bib:Goris1928_01">rare</rdg><note>The taling has a curved vertical stroke to its left which seems to be an alternative version of the -ai diacritic.</note></app>
<app loc="1r4"><lem>rarai</lem><rdg source="bib:Poerbatjaraka1922_01 bib:Goris1928_01">rare</rdg><note>The <foreign>taling</foreign> has a curved vertical stroke to its left which seems to be an alternative version of the -<foreign>ai</foreign> diacritic.</note></app>
<app loc="1r4"><lem source="bib:Goris1928_01">jalinan·</lem><rdg source="bib:Poerbatjaraka1922_01">dalinan·</rdg></app>
<app loc="1r5"><lem>sahiḍan·</lem><rdg source="bib:Poerbatjaraka1922_01 bib:Goris1928_01">satiḍan·</rdg></app>
<app loc="1r5"><lem source="bib:Poerbatjaraka1922_01 bib:Goris1928_01">śirikan·</lem></app>
<app loc="1r5"><lem>khadga</lem><rdg source="bib:Poerbatjaraka1922_01 bib:Goris1928_01">ladga</rdg></app>
<app loc="1r6"><lem>vuṅū</lem><rdg source="bib:Poerbatjaraka1922_01 bib:Goris1928_01">vuṅu</rdg></app>
<app loc="1r7"><lem>dhā 5</lem><rdg source="bib:Poerbatjaraka1922_01 bib:Goris1928_01">dhā 4</rdg></app>
<app loc="1r7"><lem><abbr>dhā</abbr> 5</lem><rdg source="bib:Poerbatjaraka1922_01 bib:Goris1928_01">dhā 4</rdg></app>
<app loc="1r7"><lem>galuṁ</lem><rdg source="bib:Poerbatjaraka1922_01 bib:Goris1928_01">talu</rdg></app>
<app loc="1v1"><lem>prasāsti</lem><rdg source="bib:Poerbatjaraka1922_01 bib:Goris1928_01">praṣāsti</rdg></app>
<app loc="1v2"><lem source="bib:Poerbatjaraka1922_01 bib:Goris1928_01">gisuddhi</lem></app>
<app loc="1v2"><lem>gijñī</lem><rdg source="bib:Poerbatjaraka1922_01 bib:Goris1928_01">gijñi</rdg></app>
<app loc="1v2"><lem source="bib:Goris1928_01">kvai,nikanaṁ</lem><rdg source="bib:Poerbatjaraka1922_01">kvaiḥ, nikanaṁ</rdg></app>
<app loc="1v2"><lem source="bib:Goris1928_01">kvai<choice><sic>,</sic><corr>ḥ</corr></choice>nikanaṁ</lem><rdg source="bib:Poerbatjaraka1922_01">kvaiḥ, nikanaṁ</rdg></app>
<app loc="1v2"><lem>prasāsti</lem><rdg source="bib:Poerbatjaraka1922_01 bib:Goris1928_01">praṣāsti</rdg></app>
<app loc="1v3"><lem>sākṣī</lem><rdg source="bib:Poerbatjaraka1922_01 bib:Goris1928_01">sākṣĭ</rdg></app>
<app loc="1v4"><lem>dhā 2</lem><rdg source="bib:Poerbatjaraka1922_01 bib:Goris1928_01">ḍā 4</rdg></app>
<app loc="1v4"><lem><abbr>dhā</abbr> <num value="2">2</num></lem><rdg source="bib:Poerbatjaraka1922_01 bib:Goris1928_01">ḍā 4</rdg></app>
<app loc="1v4"><lem source="bib:Poerbatjaraka1922_01 bib:Goris1928_01">dhānada</lem></app>
<app loc="1v4"><lem>banuA</lem><rdg source="bib:Poerbatjaraka1922_01 bib:Goris1928_01">vanuA</rdg></app>
<app loc="1v5"><lem>dhā 1</lem><rdg source="bib:Poerbatjaraka1922_01 bib:Goris1928_01">ḍā 1</rdg></app>
<app loc="1v5"><lem><abbr>dhā</abbr> <num value="1">1</num></lem><rdg source="bib:Poerbatjaraka1922_01 bib:Goris1928_01">ḍā 1</rdg></app>
<app loc="1v5"><lem>hyāṁ</lem><rdg source="bib:Poerbatjaraka1922_01 bib:Goris1928_01">hyaṁ</rdg></app>
<app loc="1v6"><lem>saṁ</lem><rdg source="bib:Poerbatjaraka1922_01 bib:Goris1928_01">sa</rdg></app>
<app loc="1v7"><lem>paṁguhan·</lem><rdg source="bib:Poerbatjaraka1922_01 bib:Goris1928_01">paguhan·</rdg><note>This line and the one below are cramped at the bottom of the place suggesting that the scribe misjudged the space required to conclude the text. Line 1v7 has a left indent equivalent to the space of about 10 akṣaras thus beginning directly under 1v6 -gəḥ Ikanaṁ). Line 1v8 is even further indented aligned directly below 1v7 Itevam·mādi salvir·niṁ nā_yaka tan·.I notice only now that the beginning of line 7 is discontinuous with that of line 8. The textual problem here needs to be analysed more deeply and probably exposed in the preamble rather than here and the line numbering may also need to be adapted.I suspect sava in our line 9 originally was intended to be the end of the text and to be read right after likhitapātra saṁ va- and hence forms the original line 7. (The recto also has just 7 lines.) All the rest of what standard on our lines 8 and 9 would be a secondary addition.</note></app>
<app loc="1v7"><lem>Itevam·mādi</lem><rdg source="bib:Poerbatjaraka1922_01 bib:Goris1928_01">Ityavammādi</rdg></app>
<app loc="1v7"><lem>paṁguhan·</lem><rdg source="bib:Poerbatjaraka1922_01 bib:Goris1928_01">paguhan·</rdg><note>This line and the one below are cramped at the bottom of the place suggesting that the scribe misjudged the space required to conclude the text. Line 1v7 has a left indent equivalent to the space of about 10 akṣaras thus beginning directly under -<foreign>gəḥ Ikanaṁ</foreign> (1v6). Line 1v8 is even further indented aligned directly below 1v7 <foreign>Itevam·mādi salvir·niṁ nā_yaka tan·</foreign>. <!--I notice only now that the beginning of line 7 is discontinuous with that of line 8. The textual problem here needs to be analysed more deeply and probably exposed in the preamble rather than here and the line numbering may also need to be adapted. I suspect sava in our line 9 originally was intended to be the end of the text and to be read right after likhitapātra saṁ va- and hence forms the original line 7. (The recto also has just 7 lines.) All the rest of what stands on our lines 8 and 9 would be a secondary addition.--></note></app>
<app loc="1v7"><lem><choice><sic>Itevam·mādi</sic><corr>Ityevamādi</corr></choice></lem><rdg source="bib:Poerbatjaraka1922_01 bib:Goris1928_01">Ityavammādi</rdg></app>
<app loc="1v7"><lem>salvir·niṁ</lem><rdg source="bib:Poerbatjaraka1922_01 bib:Goris1928_01">salvir·ni</rdg></app>
<app loc="1v8"><lem><add place="above">sava</add></lem><rdg source="bib:Poerbatjaraka1922_01 bib:Goris1928_01">Om.</rdg><note>It is unclear whether this string is intended to belong to this line or the one above and its meaning is obscure.</note></app>
<app loc="1v8"><lem source="bib:Goris1928_01">parak· dhā</lem><rdg source="bib:Poerbatjaraka1922_01">pirak· ḍā</rdg></app>
<app loc="1v8"><lem><add place="above">sava</add> lena</lem><rdg source="bib:Poerbatjaraka1922_01 bib:Goris1928_01">lena</rdg><note>It is unclear whether this string is intended to belong to this line or the one above and its meaning is obscure.</note></app>
<app loc="1v8"><lem source="bib:Goris1928_01">p<choice><sic>a</sic><corr>i</corr></choice>rak· <abbr>dhā</abbr></lem><rdg source="bib:Poerbatjaraka1922_01">pirak· ḍā</rdg></app>
</div>
<div type="commentary">
<p>This text has some orthographic peculiarities, such as substituting d for j at the beginning of words, e.g. jaśamĭ for daśamī (1r1), jalinan· for dalinan· (1r4, also found in Wanua Tengah III 1v10 and 2r12). The substitution of initial d-/j- is found in elsewhere in Old Javanese inscriptions of this period, such as jari, jarīya and jinaryyakən· for standard dadi, dadya and dinadyakən· (cf. Rumwiga 1v10, Dalinan 1v7, Kinewu lines 7 and 10).</p>
<p>This substitution draws attention to the fact that many Javanese words with d- have cognates with j- in other Western Indonesian languages, e.g. comparing with Malay: jauh for doh “far”, jarum for dom “needle”, jərami for dami “rice stalk”. All of these reflect Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *z, which suggests a transition from the areal /j/ phoneme to the more distinctively Javanese /d/ in the Old Javanese language of this period (though dialectal variation may also be involved). In the case of this inscription, the d-/j- substitution even affects non-Austronesian loanwords like daśamī.</p>
<p>This text has some orthographic peculiarities, such as substituting <foreign>d</foreign> for <foreign>j</foreign> at the beginning of words, e.g. <foreign>jaśamĭ</foreign> for <foreign>daśamī</foreign> (1r1), <foreign>jalinan·</foreign> for <foreign>dalinan·</foreign> (1r4, also found in Wanua Tengah III 1v10 and 2r12). The substitution of initial d-/j- is found in elsewhere in Old Javanese inscriptions of this period, such as <foreign>jari</foreign>, <foreign>jarīya</foreign> and <foreign>jinaryyakən·</foreign> for standard <foreign>dadi</foreign>, <foreign>dadya</foreign> and <foreign>dinadyakən·</foreign> (cf. Rumwiga 1v10, Dalinan 1v7, Kinewu lines 7 and 10).</p>
<p>This substitution draws attention to the fact that many Javanese words with d- have cognates with j- in other Western Indonesian languages, e.g. comparing with Malay: <foreign>jauh</foreign> for <foreign>doh</foreign> “far”, <foreign>jarum</foreign> for <foreign>dom</foreign> “needle”, <foreign>jərami</foreign> for <foreign>dami</foreign> “rice stalk”. All of these reflect Proto-Malayo-Polynesian <foreign>*z</foreign>, which suggests a transition from the areal /<foreign>j</foreign>/ phoneme to the more distinctively Javanese /<foreign>d</foreign>/ in the Old Javanese language of this period (though dialectal variation may also be involved). In the case of this inscription, the <foreign>d</foreign>-/<foreign>j</foreign>- substitution even affects non-Austronesian loanwords like <foreign>daśamī</foreign>.</p>
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