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[WIP] update continental extension cookbook #6117

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[WIP] update continental extension cookbook #6117

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202 changes: 143 additions & 59 deletions cookbooks/continental_extension/continental_extension.prm
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Expand Up @@ -2,33 +2,35 @@
# This cookbook is based off numerous published studies, five of which are listed below.
# For additional information, see these publications and references therein.
# 1. Brune, S., Heine, C., Perez-Gussinye, M., and Sobolev, S.V. (2014), Nat. Comm., v.5, n.4014,
# Rift migration explains continental margin asymmetry and crustal hyperextension
# Rift migration explains continental margin asymmetry and crustal hyperextension.
# https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms5014.
# 2. Huismans, R., and Beaumont, C. (2011), Nature, v.473, p.71-75.
# Depth-dependent extension, two-stage breakup and cratonic underplating at rifted margins
# Depth-dependent extension, two-stage breakup and cratonic underplating at rifted margins.
# https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09988.
# 3. Naliboff, J., and Buiter, S.H. (2015), Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., v.421, p.58-67,
# "Rift Reactivation and migration during multiphase extension"
# "Rift Reactivation and migration during multiphase extension".
# https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2015.03.050.
# 4. Naliboff, J., Glerum, A., Sascha, S., Peron-Pinvidic, G., and Wrona, T. (2020), Geophys.
# Res. Lett., 47, e2019GL086611, "Development of 3‐D rift heterogeneity through fault
# network evolution"
# network evolution". https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL086611.
# 5. Sandiford, D., Brune, S., Glerum, A., Naliboff, J., and Whittaker, J.M. (2021), Geophys.
# Geochem. Geosys., 22, e2021GC009681, "Kinematics of footwall exhumation at oceanic
# detachment faults: Solid-block rotation and apparent unbending"
# detachment faults: Solid-block rotation and apparent unbending".
# https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GC009681

#### Global parameters
set Dimension = 2
set Start time = 0
set End time = 5e6
set Use years in output instead of seconds = true
set Nonlinear solver scheme = single Advection, iterated defect correction Stokes
set Nonlinear solver scheme = iterated Advection and Stokes
set Nonlinear solver tolerance = 1e-4
set Max nonlinear iterations = 100
set Max nonlinear iterations = 50
set CFL number = 0.5
set Maximum time step = 20e3
set Maximum time step = 10e3
set Output directory = output-continental_extension
set Pressure normalization = no

#### Parameters describing the model

# Governing equations
subsection Formulation
set Formulation = Boussinesq approximation
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -64,20 +66,19 @@
end
end

# Use the Eisenstat Walker method to automatically determine the
# linear solver tolerance during the defect Picard iterations.
# Adjusting the Maximum linear solver tolerance will affect how long
# it takes to reach a solution, but not the actual value of the
# solution.
# For models with a nonlinear visco-plastic rheology
# and a minimum-maximum viscosity contrast greater
# 4 orders of magnitude, the AMG solver combined
# with a large number of cheap Stokes solver steps
# produces the lowest Stokes solver times.
subsection Solver parameters
subsection Stokes solver parameters
set Number of cheap Stokes solver steps = 0
set Stokes solver type = block AMG
end
set Stokes solver type = block AMG
set Number of cheap Stokes solver steps = 4000
set Linear solver tolerance = 1e-8
set GMRES solver restart length = 100
set Use full A block as preconditioner = true

subsection Newton solver parameters
set Maximum linear Stokes solver tolerance = 1e-2
set Use Eisenstat Walker method for Picard iterations = true
end
end

Expand All @@ -86,7 +87,11 @@
# issues when deformation becomes large, diffusion is applied to
# the free surface at each time step.
subsection Mesh deformation
set Mesh deformation boundary indicators = top: free surface, top: diffusion
set Mesh deformation boundary indicators = top: free surface, top: diffusion

# Allow the mesh on the left and right boundaries to deform in order
# order to prevent significant mesh distortion at the top corners.
set Additional tangential mesh velocity boundary indicators = left, right

subsection Free surface
set Surface velocity projection = normal
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -115,7 +120,7 @@
end
end

# Number and names of compositional fields
# Number and names of compositional fields, which are tracked with particles.
# The five compositional fields represent:
# 1. The plastic strain that accumulates over time, with the initial plastic strain removed
# 2. The plastic strain that accumulated over time, including the initial plastic strain values
Expand All @@ -124,22 +129,37 @@
# 5. The mantle lithosphere
subsection Compositional fields
set Number of fields = 5
set Names of fields = noninitial_plastic_strain, plastic_strain, crust_upper, crust_lower, mantle_lithosphere
set Names of fields = plastic_strain, \
noninitial_plastic_strain, \
crust_upper, \
crust_lower, \
mantle_lithosphere
set Types of fields = strain, \
strain, \
chemical composition, \
chemical composition, \
chemical composition
set Compositional field methods = particles
set Mapped particle properties = plastic_strain: plastic_strain, \
noninitial_plastic_strain: noninitial_plastic_strain, \
crust_upper: initial crust_upper, \
crust_lower: initial crust_lower, \
mantle_lithosphere: initial mantle_lithosphere
end

# Initial values of different compositional fields
# The upper crust (20 km thick), lower crust (20 km thick)
# and mantle (60 km thick) are continuous horizontal layers
# of constant thickness. The non initial plastic strain is set
# to 0 and the initial plastic strain is randomized between
# 0.5 and 1.5.
# 0.5 and 1.5 in a repeatable manner using the rand_seed() function.
subsection Initial composition model
set Model name = function

subsection Function
set Variable names = x,y
set Function expression = 0; \
if(x>50.e3 && x<150.e3 && y>50.e3, 0.5 + rand_seed(1), 0); \
set Function expression = if(x>50.e3 && x<150.e3 && y>50.e3, 0.5 + rand_seed(1), 0); \
0; \
if(y>=80.e3, 1, 0); \
if(y<80.e3 && y>=60.e3, 1, 0); \
if(y<60.e3, 1, 0);
Expand All @@ -149,7 +169,7 @@
# Composition: fixed on bottom (inflow boundary), free on sides and top
subsection Boundary composition model
set Fixed composition boundary indicators = bottom
set List of model names = initial composition
set List of model names = initial composition
end

# Temperature boundary conditions
Expand All @@ -159,12 +179,7 @@
# these boundaries are insulating (zero net heat flux).
subsection Boundary temperature model
set Fixed temperature boundary indicators = bottom, top
set List of model names = box

subsection Box
set Bottom temperature = 1613
set Top temperature = 273
end
set List of model names = initial temperature
end

# Initial temperature field
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -220,25 +235,29 @@
# Rheology: Non-linear viscous flow and Drucker Prager Plasticity
# Values for most rheological parameters are specified for a background material and
# each compositional field. Values for viscous deformation are based on dislocation
# creep flow-laws, with distinct values for the upper crust (wet quartzite), lower
# crust (wet anorthite) and mantle (dry olivine). Table 1 of Naliboff and Buiter (2015),
# Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., v.421, p. 58-67 contains values for each of these flow laws.
# creep flow-laws, with distinct values for the upper crust (quartzite), lower
# crust (wet anorthite) and mantle (dry olivine).
subsection Material model
set Model name = visco plastic

# Average the viscosity over the element to reduce complexity
# and improve solver performance.
set Material averaging = none

subsection Visco Plastic
# Reference temperature and viscosity

# Reference temperature used for calculating densities
set Reference temperature = 273

# The minimum strain-rate helps limit large viscosities values that arise
# as the strain-rate approaches zero.
# The reference strain-rate is used on the first non-linear iteration
# of the first time step when the velocity has not been determined yet.
set Minimum strain rate = 1.e-20
set Minimum strain rate = 1.e-22
set Reference strain rate = 1.e-16

# Limit the viscosity with minimum and maximum values
set Minimum viscosity = 1e18
set Minimum viscosity = 1e20
set Maximum viscosity = 1e26

# Thermal diffusivity is adjusted to match thermal conductivities
Expand All @@ -247,10 +266,18 @@
set Thermal conductivities = 2.5
set Heat capacities = 750.

# Density values of 1 are assigned to "strain" fields, which are not taken into
# account when computing material properties.
set Densities = 3300, 1.0, 1.0, 2700, 2900, 3300
set Thermal expansivities = 2e-5
# Below, the density of each field classified as a chemical
# compositon (i.e., lithology) in the Compositional fields

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perhaps "compositon" should be "composition".
# subsection is assigned using the name of the field. This
# approach allows excluding values for fields not classified
# as chemical compositions, which are automatically excluded
# during volume fraction calculations of material properties.
set Densities = background: 3300, \
crust_upper: 2700, \
crust_lower: 2900, \
mantle_lithosphere: 3300

set Thermal expansivities = 2e-5

# Harmonic viscosity averaging
set Viscosity averaging scheme = harmonic
Expand All @@ -264,20 +291,38 @@
# Dislocation creep parameters for
# 1. Background material/mantle (dry olivine)
# Hirth & Kohlstedt (2004), Geophys. Monogr. Am. Geophys. Soc., v.138, p.83-105.
# "Rheology of the upper mantle and the mantle wedge:a view from the experimentalists"
# 2. Upper crust (wet quartzite)
# Rutter & Brodie (2004), J. Struct. Geol., v.26, p.2011-2023.
# "Experimental grain size-sensitive flow of hot-pressed Brazilian quartz aggregates"
# 3. Lower crust and weak seed (wet anorthite)
# Rybacki et al. (2006), J. Geophys. Res., v.111(B3).
# "Influence of water fugacity and activation volume on the flow properties of fine-grained
# anorthite aggregates"
# Note that the viscous pre-factors below are scaled to plane strain from unixial strain experiments.
# For ease of identification, fields tracking strain are assigned prefactors of 1e-50
set Prefactors for dislocation creep = 6.52e-16, 1.00e-50, 1.00e-50, 8.57e-28, 7.13e-18, 6.52e-16
set Stress exponents for dislocation creep = 3.5, 1.0, 1.0, 4.0, 3.0, 3.5
set Activation energies for dislocation creep = 530.e3, 0.0, 0.0, 223.e3, 345.e3, 530.e3
set Activation volumes for dislocation creep = 18.e-6, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 18.e-6
# "Rheology of the upper mantle and the mantle wedge:a view from the experimentalists".
# https://doi.org/10.1029/138GM06
# 2. Upper crust (quartzite)
# Gleason and Tullis (1995), Tectonophysics, v.247 p.1-23.
# "A flow law for dislocation creep of quartz aggregates determined with the molten salt cell"
# https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(95)00011-B
# 3. Lower crust (wet anorthite)
# Rybacki and Dresen (2000), J. Geophys. Res., v.111(B3).
# "Dislocation and diffusion creep of synthetic anorthite aggregates".
# https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JB900223
# Note that the viscous pre-factors below are scaled to plane strain from unixial strain experiments,
# which is performed in the script viscous_prefactor_scaling_continental_extension_cookbook.py located
# within this cookbook folder.
set Prefactors for dislocation creep = background: 7.3704e-15, \
crust_upper: 1.3718e-26, \
crust_lower: 1.4332e-14, \
mantle_lithosphere: 7.3704e-15

set Stress exponents for dislocation creep = background: 3.5, \
crust_upper: 4.0, \
crust_lower: 3.0, \
mantle_lithosphere: 3.5

set Activation energies for dislocation creep = background: 530.e3, \
crust_upper: 223.e3, \
crust_lower: 345.e3, \
mantle_lithosphere: 530.e3

set Activation volumes for dislocation creep = background: 18.e-6, \
crust_upper: 0, \
crust_lower: 0, \
mantle_lithosphere: 18.e-6

# Plasticity parameters
set Angles of internal friction = 30
Expand All @@ -290,6 +335,17 @@
set End plasticity strain weakening intervals = 1.5
set Cohesion strain weakening factors = 0.25
set Friction strain weakening factors = 0.25

# Following Duretz et al. (2021), a plastic damper is used to regularize
# the Drucker Prager plasticity formulation, which provides stable shear
# band widths for a given plastic damper viscosity, cell size, and strain
# rate. Note that the cell size of the current setup (2.5-1.25 km) is
# larger than the shear band width given by a plastic damper viscosity
# of 1e21, which is on the order of hundreds of meters. This can be
# verified by increasing the number of global refinements from 3 to 5 or 6.
set Use plastic damper = true
set Plastic damper viscosity = 1e21

end
end

Expand All @@ -302,9 +358,26 @@
end
end

subsection Particles
set Minimum particles per cell = 25
set Maximum particles per cell = 100
set Load balancing strategy = remove and add particles
set List of particle properties = initial composition, viscoplastic strain invariants, pT path, position
set Interpolation scheme = bilinear least squares
set Update ghost particles = true
set Particle generator name = reference cell
subsection Generator
subsection Reference cell
set Number of particles per cell per direction = 7
end
end
end

# Post processing
subsection Postprocess
set List of postprocessors = basic statistics, composition statistics, heat flux densities, heat flux statistics, mass flux statistics, matrix statistics, pressure statistics, temperature statistics, topography, velocity statistics, visualization
set List of postprocessors = basic statistics, composition statistics, heat flux statistics, \
mass flux statistics, particles, pressure statistics, \
temperature statistics, topography, velocity statistics, visualization

subsection Visualization
set List of output variables = material properties, heat flux map, named additional outputs, strain rate
Expand All @@ -316,4 +389,15 @@
set List of material properties = density, viscosity
end
end

subsection Particles
set Time between data output = 100.e3
set Data output format = vtu
end

end

# Checkpointing
subsection Checkpointing
set Steps between checkpoint = 10
end
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