H-2976: Improve validation for ontology types

[TimDiekmann]

🌟 What is the purpose of this PR?

Some ontology types don't make sense, e.g. having a minimum higher than the maximum or an allOf: [number, string]. An error should be emitted in this case.

Entity/property types should be validated: e.g. required only specifies actual properties.

The references don't need to be validated up-front as they will be checked when inserted into the graph anyway.

🔍 What does this change?

By now, most of the schemas are either validated when created or when creating the closed variant of it.
This PR adds a validation for array property types to ensure that minItems must be less than or equal to maxItems.
Further, it allows required to point to a property which is specified in a parent entity type (by removing this constraint on the EntityType but keep it in ClosedEntityType).

Pre-Merge Checklist 🚀

🚢 Has this modified a publishable library?

This PR:

• does not modify any publishable blocks or libraries, or modifications do not need publishing

📜 Does this require a change to the docs?

The changes in this PR:

• are internal and do not require a docs change

🕸️ Does this require a change to the Turbo Graph?

The changes in this PR:

• do not affect the execution graph

[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 22.88%. Comparing base (42c1bfa) to head (7565585).
Report is 14 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main    #5827      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   23.00%   22.88%   -0.12%     
==========================================
  Files         568      568              
  Lines       19165    19201      +36     
  Branches     2715     2732      +17     
==========================================
- Hits         4408     4395      -13     
- Misses      14705    14754      +49     
  Partials       52       52              

Flag	Coverage Δ
apps.hash-ai-worker-ts	1.32% <ø> (ø)
apps.hash-api	1.16% <ø> (+<0.01%)	⬆️
blockprotocol.type-system	46.42% <ø> (ø)
local.hash-backend-utils	8.80% <ø> (ø)
local.hash-graph-sdk	100.00% <ø> (ø)
local.hash-isomorphic-utils	0.99% <ø> (ø)
local.hash-subgraph	24.54% <ø> (ø)

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[github-actions]

Benchmark results

@rust/hash-graph-benches – Integrations

representative_read_entity

Function	Value	Mean	Flame graphs
entity_by_id	entity type ID: https://blockprotocol.org/@alice/types/entity-type/song/v/1	$$16.3 \mathrm{ms} \pm 179 \mathrm{μs}\left({\color{lightgreen}-30.335 \mathrm{\%}}\right) $$	Flame Graph
entity_by_id	entity type ID: https://blockprotocol.org/@alice/types/entity-type/playlist/v/1	$$16.8 \mathrm{ms} \pm 185 \mathrm{μs}\left({\color{gray}4.16 \mathrm{\%}}\right) $$	Flame Graph
entity_by_id	entity type ID: https://blockprotocol.org/@alice/types/entity-type/organization/v/1	$$16.1 \mathrm{ms} \pm 171 \mathrm{μs}\left({\color{gray}1.30 \mathrm{\%}}\right) $$	Flame Graph
entity_by_id	entity type ID: https://blockprotocol.org/@alice/types/entity-type/block/v/1	$$16.8 \mathrm{ms} \pm 201 \mathrm{μs}\left({\color{gray}-0.443 \mathrm{\%}}\right) $$	Flame Graph
entity_by_id	entity type ID: https://blockprotocol.org/@alice/types/entity-type/building/v/1	$$16.1 \mathrm{ms} \pm 158 \mathrm{μs}\left({\color{gray}-1.644 \mathrm{\%}}\right) $$	Flame Graph
entity_by_id	entity type ID: https://blockprotocol.org/@alice/types/entity-type/uk-address/v/1	$$16.3 \mathrm{ms} \pm 177 \mathrm{μs}\left({\color{red}5.37 \mathrm{\%}}\right) $$	Flame Graph
entity_by_id	entity type ID: https://blockprotocol.org/@alice/types/entity-type/page/v/2	$$16.2 \mathrm{ms} \pm 196 \mathrm{μs}\left({\color{gray}3.71 \mathrm{\%}}\right) $$	Flame Graph
entity_by_id	entity type ID: https://blockprotocol.org/@alice/types/entity-type/person/v/1	$$15.7 \mathrm{ms} \pm 171 \mathrm{μs}\left({\color{lightgreen}-17.527 \mathrm{\%}}\right) $$	Flame Graph
entity_by_id	entity type ID: https://blockprotocol.org/@alice/types/entity-type/book/v/1	$$16.0 \mathrm{ms} \pm 175 \mathrm{μs}\left({\color{gray}-1.248 \mathrm{\%}}\right) $$	Flame Graph

representative_read_multiple_entities

Function	Value	Mean	Flame graphs
entity_by_property	depths: DT=255, PT=255, ET=255, E=255	$$64.6 \mathrm{ms} \pm 230 \mathrm{μs}\left({\color{gray}-0.604 \mathrm{\%}}\right) $$	Flame Graph
entity_by_property	depths: DT=0, PT=0, ET=0, E=0	$$37.1 \mathrm{ms} \pm 166 \mathrm{μs}\left({\color{gray}0.524 \mathrm{\%}}\right) $$	Flame Graph
entity_by_property	depths: DT=2, PT=2, ET=2, E=2	$$55.6 \mathrm{ms} \pm 250 \mathrm{μs}\left({\color{gray}0.689 \mathrm{\%}}\right) $$	Flame Graph
entity_by_property	depths: DT=0, PT=0, ET=0, E=2	$$41.2 \mathrm{ms} \pm 266 \mathrm{μs}\left({\color{gray}0.055 \mathrm{\%}}\right) $$	Flame Graph
entity_by_property	depths: DT=0, PT=0, ET=2, E=2	$$47.1 \mathrm{ms} \pm 374 \mathrm{μs}\left({\color{gray}0.597 \mathrm{\%}}\right) $$	Flame Graph
entity_by_property	depths: DT=0, PT=2, ET=2, E=2	$$51.8 \mathrm{ms} \pm 237 \mathrm{μs}\left({\color{gray}0.828 \mathrm{\%}}\right) $$	Flame Graph
link_by_source_by_property	depths: DT=255, PT=255, ET=255, E=255	$$106 \mathrm{ms} \pm 419 \mathrm{μs}\left({\color{gray}-0.953 \mathrm{\%}}\right) $$	Flame Graph
link_by_source_by_property	depths: DT=0, PT=0, ET=0, E=0	$$41.6 \mathrm{ms} \pm 374 \mathrm{μs}\left({\color{gray}0.856 \mathrm{\%}}\right) $$	Flame Graph
link_by_source_by_property	depths: DT=2, PT=2, ET=2, E=2	$$97.7 \mathrm{ms} \pm 453 \mathrm{μs}\left({\color{gray}0.633 \mathrm{\%}}\right) $$	Flame Graph
link_by_source_by_property	depths: DT=0, PT=0, ET=0, E=2	$$79.9 \mathrm{ms} \pm 329 \mathrm{μs}\left({\color{gray}0.398 \mathrm{\%}}\right) $$	Flame Graph
link_by_source_by_property	depths: DT=0, PT=0, ET=2, E=2	$$88.9 \mathrm{ms} \pm 509 \mathrm{μs}\left({\color{gray}0.323 \mathrm{\%}}\right) $$	Flame Graph
link_by_source_by_property	depths: DT=0, PT=2, ET=2, E=2	$$93.2 \mathrm{ms} \pm 487 \mathrm{μs}\left({\color{gray}-0.538 \mathrm{\%}}\right) $$	Flame Graph

representative_read_entity_type

Function	Value	Mean	Flame graphs
get_entity_type_by_id	Account ID: d4e16033-c281-4cde-aa35-9085bf2e7579	$$1.39 \mathrm{ms} \pm 8.71 \mathrm{μs}\left({\color{gray}1.02 \mathrm{\%}}\right) $$	Flame Graph

scaling_read_entity_complete_one_depth

Function	Value	Mean	Flame graphs
entity_by_id	50 entities	$$267 \mathrm{ms} \pm 2.99 \mathrm{ms}\left({\color{gray}-0.017 \mathrm{\%}}\right) $$	Flame Graph
entity_by_id	5 entities	$$26.4 \mathrm{ms} \pm 189 \mathrm{μs}\left({\color{gray}0.959 \mathrm{\%}}\right) $$	Flame Graph
entity_by_id	1 entities	$$20.2 \mathrm{ms} \pm 142 \mathrm{μs}\left({\color{gray}0.724 \mathrm{\%}}\right) $$	Flame Graph
entity_by_id	10 entities	$$56.3 \mathrm{ms} \pm 210 \mathrm{μs}\left({\color{red}54.8 \mathrm{\%}}\right) $$	Flame Graph
entity_by_id	25 entities	$$177 \mathrm{ms} \pm 950 \mathrm{μs}\left({\color{gray}1.73 \mathrm{\%}}\right) $$	Flame Graph

scaling_read_entity_linkless

Function	Value	Mean	Flame graphs
entity_by_id	1 entities	$$1.89 \mathrm{ms} \pm 6.13 \mathrm{μs}\left({\color{gray}-1.170 \mathrm{\%}}\right) $$	Flame Graph
entity_by_id	100 entities	$$2.07 \mathrm{ms} \pm 8.75 \mathrm{μs}\left({\color{gray}-0.739 \mathrm{\%}}\right) $$	Flame Graph
entity_by_id	10 entities	$$1.92 \mathrm{ms} \pm 5.52 \mathrm{μs}\left({\color{gray}-0.134 \mathrm{\%}}\right) $$	Flame Graph
entity_by_id	1000 entities	$$3.12 \mathrm{ms} \pm 10.6 \mathrm{μs}\left({\color{gray}4.60 \mathrm{\%}}\right) $$	Flame Graph
entity_by_id	10000 entities	$$13.4 \mathrm{ms} \pm 40.4 \mathrm{μs}\left({\color{gray}0.118 \mathrm{\%}}\right) $$	Flame Graph

scaling_read_entity_complete_zero_depth

Function	Value	Mean	Flame graphs
entity_by_id	50 entities	$$5.04 \mathrm{ms} \pm 24.8 \mathrm{μs}\left({\color{red}26.6 \mathrm{\%}}\right) $$	Flame Graph
entity_by_id	5 entities	$$1.93 \mathrm{ms} \pm 11.8 \mathrm{μs}\left({\color{gray}0.019 \mathrm{\%}}\right) $$	Flame Graph
entity_by_id	1 entities	$$1.90 \mathrm{ms} \pm 5.30 \mathrm{μs}\left({\color{gray}-0.787 \mathrm{\%}}\right) $$	Flame Graph
entity_by_id	10 entities	$$2.13 \mathrm{ms} \pm 8.23 \mathrm{μs}\left({\color{gray}-0.135 \mathrm{\%}}\right) $$	Flame Graph
entity_by_id	25 entities	$$3.28 \mathrm{ms} \pm 19.5 \mathrm{μs}\left({\color{gray}-0.936 \mathrm{\%}}\right) $$	Flame Graph