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AGN and EKG
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kamranmuazzam committed Nov 16, 2024
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121 changes: 121 additions & 0 deletions pages/Acute Post Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis.md
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alias:: APSGN, AGN
ICD-11_Code::

- ## Etiology
background-color:: blue
- ### Causative Agents
- Group A beta haemolytic streptococci (past infections)
- ### Risk Factors
- ## Epidemiology
background-color:: blue
- ### Incidence
- ### Prevalence
- ### Demographics
- Age: 5-12 years
- Uncommon before 3 years
- ### Geographic Distribution
- ## Pathophysiology
background-color:: blue
- ### Mechanism of Disease
- After infection y group A beta haemolytic streptococci, antibody produced against the streptococcal antigens.
- Antigen-antibody complexes are thus formed in the blood, deposited in the glomeruli, where they incite glomerular inflammation and activate the complement cascade.
- As a result of this inflammation, the following clinico-pathological events occur
- ### Affected Systems/Organs
- ((67384d80-0fa9-407a-bf72-a40fed3e85c6))
- ## Clinical Features
background-color:: blue
- ### Signs and Symptoms
- #### Symptoms
- History of skin or throat infection: May be present, 1-6 weeks prior to disease manifestations.
- Variable manifestations related to severity of renal involvement ranging from
- Asymptomatic microscopic haematuria with normal renal function to acute kidney injury (AKI)
- Scanty high coloured urine, may have anuria
- Puffiness of face
- Fever: Uncommon, but may have low grade fever
- Non-specific symptoms : malaise, lethargy, headache or vomiting may be present
- Sometimes, patients may present with features of comolications like
- ((67384e8c-b398-4d12-99be-78ae8deece2d))
- #### Signs
- Periorbital swelling, and of face also
- Pallor : Mild
- Skin : Evidence of [[Scabies]] or Scars of previous infected scabies
- Oedema : Present
- Blood Pressure : High
- Features of [[Left Heart Failure]]
- ### Stages or Classification
- ### Diagnostic Criteria
- Based on typical C/F and supportive laboratory findings.
- ## Diagnosis
background-color:: blue
- ### Clinical Diagnosis
- #### Classical Presentation
- Evidence of Edema with History of Sore Throat examination
- Associated with scabies
- High Blood Pressure
- Features of [[Left Heart Failure]], [[Hypertensive Encephalopathy]], [[Renal Failure]]
- #### Probable Diagnosis
- ### Laboratory Tests
- ((67385fe9-5fab-4115-843c-17cd3c424e76))
- ### Imaging Studies
- ((67385ffd-3281-4b85-86ec-8a36c9df2689))
- ### Differential Diagnosis
- ### Confirmation of Diagnosis
- ## Management and Treatment
background-color:: blue
- ### Counselling
- Counsel parents about the nature of the disaese, its complications, treatment and prognosis
- ### Medical Treatment
- Bed Rest
- Diet : Restriction of
- Protein to 0.5 gm/kg/day
- Salt : No added salt in the diet
- Potassium ($$\ce{K+}$$) & $$\ce{K+}$$ rich food and fruits
- Fluid : 400 $$ml/m^2$$ + Output of previous day
- Diuretics : Frusemide (1-2 mg/kg/day)
- Antibiotics
- Oral Phenoxymethyl Penicillin (50 mg/kg/day) in 4 divided doses for 10 days
- >Penicillin does not alter the course of the disease but it prevents spreading of remaining nephritogenic strain of sreptococcus to the contacts
- Antihypertensives
- For rapid reduction of BP
- Nifedipine (0.3-0.5 mg/kg) sublingual
- For maintenance of normal BP
- Captopril (0.25-6 mg/kg/day) in 2-4 doses
- Nifedipine (0.25-0.5 mg/kg/day) in 2-4 doses
- ### Surgical Options
- ### Lifestyle and Dietary Recommendations
- ### Follow-up
- Daily to assess clinical response and to search for any complications
- ## Prognosis
background-color:: blue
- ### Expected Course
- #### With Treatment
- complete recovery in >95% cases
- Recurrence is rare
- #### Without Treatment
- ### Survival Rates
- #### With Treatment
- #### Without Treatment
- ### Quality of Life Considerations
- ## Complications
background-color:: blue
- ### Possible Complications
- ### Long-term Effects
- ## Prevention
background-color:: blue
- ### Health Education
- ### Community Approach
- ### Screening Programs
- ### Lifestyle Modifications
- ## Patient Education and Support
background-color:: blue
- ### Educational Resources
- ### Support Groups
- ### Counseling Options
- ## Recent Research and Developments
background-color:: blue
- ### Ongoing Clinical Trials
- ### Recent Advances
- ## Key Literature
background-color:: blue
- ## Guidelines and Protocols
background-color:: blue
75 changes: 75 additions & 0 deletions pages/COPD.md
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- alias::
ICD-11_Code::
- ## Etiology
background-color:: blue
- ### Causative Agents
- ### Risk Factors
- ## Epidemiology
background-color:: blue
- ### Incidence
- ### Prevalence
- ### Demographics
- ### Geographic Distribution
- ## Pathophysiology
background-color:: blue
- ### Mechanism of Disease
- ### Affected Systems/Organs
- ## Clinical Features
background-color:: blue
- ### Signs and Symptoms
- #### Symptoms
- #### Signs
- ### Stages or Classification
- ### Diagnostic Criteria
- ## Diagnosis
background-color:: blue
- ### Clinical Diagnosis
- #### Classical Presentation
- #### Probable Diagnosis
- ### Laboratory Tests
- ### Imaging Studies
- [[ECG]]
- Low voltage
- Poor R wave progression
- Tall P waves
- Unusual QRS axis
- ### Differential Diagnosis
- ### Confirmation of Diagnosis
- ## Management and Treatment
background-color:: blue
- ### Medical Treatment
- ### Surgical Options
- ### Lifestyle and Dietary Recommendations
- ### Follow-up
- ## Prognosis
background-color:: blue
- ### Expected Course
- #### With Treatment
- #### Without Treatment
- ### Survival Rates
- #### With Treatment
- #### Without Treatment
- ### Quality of Life Considerations
- ## Complications
background-color:: blue
- ### Possible Complications
- ### Long-term Effects
- ## Prevention
background-color:: blue
- ### Health Education
- ### Community Approach
- ### Screening Programs
- ### Lifestyle Modifications
- ## Patient Education and Support
background-color:: blue
- ### Educational Resources
- ### Support Groups
- ### Counseling Options
- ## Recent Research and Developments
background-color:: blue
- ### Ongoing Clinical Trials
- ### Recent Advances
- ## Key Literature
background-color:: blue
- ## Guidelines and Protocols
background-color:: blue
43 changes: 42 additions & 1 deletion pages/Echocardiography.md
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Expand Up @@ -5,5 +5,46 @@ alias:: ECG, EKG
- [[The Only EKG Book You’ll Ever Need]]
- https://litfl.com/
- https://en.ecgpedia.org/
-
- ECG Sheet
- sheet
- interval of 2.5 seconds
collapsed:: true
- 1st 2.5 seconds
- I
- II
- III
- 2nd 2.5 seconds
collapsed:: true
- aVR
- aVL
- aVF
- 3rd 2.5 seconds
- V1
- V2
- V3
- 4rh 2.5 seconds
- V4
- V5
- V6
- Rhythm Strips
- V1
- II
- V5
- single cardiac cycle
- waves
- segments
- durations
- Eithoven's Triangle
- ![image.png](../assets/image_1731748618656_0.png)
- Einthoven's Law
- I + II = III
- Leads
- Central Terminal
- This is the virtual negative lead made by combining all the 3 limb leads
- aVR + aVL + aVF = 0
- "a" stands for augmented
- previously the voltages were amplified using resistors, now done by a microprocessor
- "V" is listed in any lead that uses the central terminal
- Hexaxial System
- ![image.png](../assets/image_1731748947015_0.png)
-
72 changes: 72 additions & 0 deletions pages/Encephalopathy.md
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- alias::
ICD-11_Code::
- ## Etiology
background-color:: blue
- ### Causative Agents
- ### Risk Factors
- ## Epidemiology
background-color:: blue
- ### Incidence
- ### Prevalence
- ### Demographics
- ### Geographic Distribution
- ## Pathophysiology
background-color:: blue
- ### Mechanism of Disease
- ### Affected Systems/Organs
- ## Clinical Features
background-color:: blue
- ### Signs and Symptoms
- #### Symptoms
- #### Signs
- ### Stages or Classification
- [[Hepatic Encephalopathy]]
- [[Hypertensive Encephalopathy]]
- ### Diagnostic Criteria
- ## Diagnosis
background-color:: blue
- ### Clinical Diagnosis
- #### Classical Presentation
- #### Probable Diagnosis
- ### Laboratory Tests
- ### Imaging Studies
- ### Differential Diagnosis
- ### Confirmation of Diagnosis
- ## Management and Treatment
background-color:: blue
- ### Medical Treatment
- ### Surgical Options
- ### Lifestyle and Dietary Recommendations
- ### Follow-up
- ## Prognosis
background-color:: blue
- ### Expected Course
- #### With Treatment
- #### Without Treatment
- ### Survival Rates
- #### With Treatment
- #### Without Treatment
- ### Quality of Life Considerations
- ## Complications
background-color:: blue
- ### Possible Complications
- ### Long-term Effects
- ## Prevention
background-color:: blue
- ### Health Education
- ### Community Approach
- ### Screening Programs
- ### Lifestyle Modifications
- ## Patient Education and Support
background-color:: blue
- ### Educational Resources
- ### Support Groups
- ### Counseling Options
- ## Recent Research and Developments
background-color:: blue
- ### Ongoing Clinical Trials
- ### Recent Advances
- ## Key Literature
background-color:: blue
- ## Guidelines and Protocols
background-color:: blue
8 changes: 8 additions & 0 deletions pages/Haematuria.md
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- Causes
- [[AGN]]
- [[IgA Nephropathy]]
- [[Renal Tuberculosis]]
- [[Renal calculi]]
- [[Wilms Tumour]]
- [[Coagulopathy]]
- [[SLE]], [[HSP]], [[UTI]]
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