feat(learn): add article for publishing a typescript package

apps/site/navigation.json

@@ -209,6 +209,10 @@
             "runNatively": {
               "link": "/learn/typescript/run-natively",
               "label": "components.navigation.learn.typescript.links.runNatively"
+            },
+            "publishingTSProject": {
+              "link": "/learn/typescript/publishing-a-ts-project",
+              "label": "components.navigation.learn.typescript.links.publishing-a-ts-project"
             }
           }
         },

apps/site/pages/en/learn/typescript/publishing-a-ts-project.md

@@ -0,0 +1,225 @@
+---
+title: Publishing a TypeScript project
+layout: learn
+authors: JakobJingleheimer
+---
+
+# Publishing a TypeScript project
+
+This article augments TypeScript's own [Publishing guide](https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/declaration-files/publishing.html) with specifics for native node support.
+
+Some important things to note:
+
+- Everything from [][../modules/publishing-a-package] applies here.
+
+- Node runs TypeScript via a process called "[type stripping](https://nodejs.org/api/typescript.html#type-stripping)", wherein node (via [Amaro](https://github.com/nodejs/amaro)) removes TypeScript-specific syntax, leaving behind vanilla JavaScript (which node already understands). This behaviour is enabled by default of node version 23.6.0.
+
+  - Node does **not** strip types in `node_modules` because it can cause significant performance issues for the official TypeScript compiler (`tsc`), so the TypeScript maintainers would like to discourage people publishing raw TypeScript, at least for now.
+
+- Consuming TypeScript-specific features like `enum` in node still require a flag ([`--experimental-transform-types`](https://nodejs.org/api/typescript.html#typescript-features)). There are often better alternatives for these anyway.
+
+- Use [dependabot](https://docs.github.com/en/code-security/dependabot) to keep your dependencies current, including those in github actions. It's a very easy set-and-forget configuration.
+
+- `.nvmrc` comes from [NVM](https://github.com/nvm-sh/nvm), a multi-version manager for node. It allows you to specify the version of node the project should generally use.
+
+A published package will look something like:
+
+```text displayName="Published example TypeScript package (directory overview)"
+example-ts-pkg/
+├ LICENSE
+├ main.d.ts
+├ main.js
+├ package.json
+├ README.md
+├ some-util.d.ts
+└ some-util.js
+```
+
+That would be derived from a repository looking something like:
+
+```text displayName="Source of the example TypeScript package (directory overview)"
+example-ts-pkg/
+├ .github/
+┆ ├ workflows/
+┆ ┆ ├ ci.yml
+┆ ┆ └ publish.yml
+┆ └ dependabot.yml
+├ src/
+┆ ├ foo.fixture.js
+┆ ├ main.ts
+┆ ├ main.test.ts
+┆ ├ some-util.ts
+┆ └ some-util.test.ts
+├ LICENSE
+├ package.json
+└ README.md
+```
+
+## What to do with your types
+
+### Treat types like a test
+
+The purpose of types is to warn an implementation will not work:
+
+```ts
+const foo = 'a';
+const bar: number = 1 + foo;
+//    ^^^ Type 'string' is not assignable to type 'number'.
+```
+
+TypeScript has warned that the above code will not behave as intended, just like a unit test warns that code does not behave as intended.
+
+Your IDE (ex VS Code) likely has built-in support for TypeScript, displaying errors as you work. If not, and/or you missed those, CI will have your back.
+
+```yaml displayName=".github/workflows/ci.yml"
+name: Tests
+
+on:
+  pull_request:
+    branches: ['main']
+
+jobs:
+  check-types:
+    # Separate these from tests because
+    # they are platform and node-version independent
+    # and need be run only once.
+
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
+        with:
+          node-version-file: '.nvmrc'
+          cache: 'npm'
+      - name: npm clean install
+        run: npm ci
+      # You may want to run a lint check here too
+      - run: node --run types:check
+
+  test:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        node:
+          - version: 23.x
+          - version: 22.x
+      fail-fast: false # Prevent a failure in one version cancelling other runs
+
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - name: Use node ${{ matrix.node.version }}
+        uses: actions/setup-node@v4
+        with:
+          node-version: ${{ matrix.node.version }}
+          cache: 'npm'
+      - name: npm clean install
+        run: npm ci
+      - run: node --run test
+```
+
+```json displayName="package.json"
+{
+  "name": "example-ts-pkg",
+  "scripts": {
+    "test": "node --test",
+    "types:check": "tsc --noEmit"
+  },
+  "optionalDependencies": {
+    // This is used only in CI.
+    // Avoid bloating your local node_modules
+    // (where you probably won't use it) by
+    // running `npm install --omit="optional"`
+    "typescript": "^5.7.2"
+  }
+}
+```
+
+```json displayName="tsconfig.json"
+{
+  "compilerOptions": {
+    "allowArbitraryExtensions": true,
+    "allowImportingTsExtensions": true,
+    "baseUrl": "./",
+    "declaration": true,
+    "declarationMap": true,
+    "esModuleInterop": true, // Flux Capacitor: The universe breaks without it, but nobody knows exactly what it does.
+    "lib": ["ESNext"],
+    "module": "NodeNext",
+    "moduleResolution": "NodeNext",
+    "outDir": "./",
+    "resolveJsonModule": true,
+    "resolvePackageJsonExports": true,
+    "resolvePackageJsonImports": true,
+    "target": "ESNext"
+  },
+  // These may be different for your repo:
+  "include": ["./src"],
+  "exclude": ["**/*/*.test.*", "**/fixtures/**"]
+}
+```
+
+### Generate type declarations
+
+Type declarations (`.d.ts` and friends) provide type information as a sidecar file, allowing the execution code to be vanilla JavaScript whilst still having types.
+
+Since these are generated based on source code, they can be built as part of your publication process and do not need to be checked into your repository.
+
+Take the following example (a [GitHub Action](https://github.com/features/actions)), where the type declarations are generated just before publishing to the NPM registry.
+
+```yaml displayName=".github/workflows/publish.yml"
+name: Publish to NPM
+on:
+  push:
+    tags:
+      - '**@*'
+
+jobs:
+  build:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
+      id-token: write
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
+        with:
+          node-version-file: '.nvmrc'
+          registry-url: 'https://registry.npmjs.org'
+      - run: npm ci
+
+      # You can probably ignore the boilerplate config above
+
+      - name: Publish with provenance
+        env:
+          NODE_AUTH_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.NPM_TOKEN }}
+        run: npm publish --access public --provenance
+```
+
+```diff displayName="package.json"
+{
+  "name": "example-ts-pkg",
+  "scripts": {
++   "prepack": "tsc",
+    "types:check": "tsc --noEmit"
+  }
+}
+```
+
+```text displayName=".npmignore"
+*.ts
+!*.d.ts
+fixtures
+```
+
+`npm publish` will automatically run [`prepack` beforehand](https://docs.npmjs.com/cli/v11/using-npm/scripts#npm-publish). `npm` will also run `prepack` automatically before `npm pack --dry-run` (so you can easily see what your published package will be without actually publishing it). **Beware**, [`node --run` does _not_ do that](https://nodejs.org/api/cli.html#intentional-limitations). You can't use `node --run` for this step, so that is not a caveat here, but it can be for other steps.
+
+#### Breaking this down
+
+Generating type declarations is deterministic: you'll get the same output from the same input, every time. So there is no need to commit these to git.
+
+[`npm publish`](https://docs.npmjs.com/cli/v11/commands/npm-publish) grabs everything applicable and available at the moment the command is run; so generating type declarations immediately before means those are available and will get picked up.
+
+By default, `npm publish` grabs (almost) everything (see [Files included in package](https://docs.npmjs.com/cli/v11/commands/npm-publish#files-included-in-package)). In order to keep your published package minimal (see the "Heaviest Objects in the Universe" meme about `node_modules`), you want to exclude certain files (like tests and test fixtures) from from packaging. Add these to the opt-out list specified in [`.npmignore`](https://docs.npmjs.com/cli/v11/using-npm/developers#keeping-files-out-of-your-package); ensure the `!*.d.ts` exception is listed, or the generated type declartions will not be published! Alternatively, you can use [package.json "files"](https://docs.npmjs.com/cli/v11/configuring-npm/package-json#files) to create an opt-in list.

packages/i18n/locales/en.json

@@ -48,7 +48,8 @@
             "introduction": "Introduction to TypeScript",
             "transpile": "Running TypeScript code using transpilation",
             "run": "Running TypeScript with a runner",
-            "runNatively": "Running TypeScript Natively"
+            "runNatively": "Running TypeScript Natively",
+            "publishingTSProject": "Publishing a TypeScript project"
           }
         },
         "asynchronousWork": {