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development_to_process.mdx |
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# Running Integration Tests | ||
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- Remember to run `cargo test` instead of `cargo run test`! |
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--- | ||
title: Development | ||
description: Learn about the development of pure being from Hegel's Science of Logic. | ||
isArticle: true | ||
authors: Filip Niklas (2024) | ||
editors: | ||
contributors: | ||
--- | ||
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# MDX Test Sample: Broken Up For the Purposes of Testing Prepyrus | ||
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[Link to actual article](https://github.com/systemphil/sphil/blob/main/src/pages/hegel/reference/being/development.mdx) | ||
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### Quote | ||
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> _Being, pure being_ – without further determination. In its | ||
> indeterminate immediacy it is equal only to itself and also not unequal with | ||
> respect to another; it has no difference within it, nor any outwardly. If any | ||
> determination or content were posited in it as distinct, or if it were posited | ||
> by this determination or content as distinct from an other, it would thereby | ||
> fail to hold fast to its purity. It is pure indeterminateness and emptiness. | ||
> – There is _nothing_ to be intuited in it, if one can speak here of | ||
> intuiting; or, it is only this pure empty intuiting itself. Just as little is | ||
> anything to be thought in it, or, it is equally only this empty thinking. | ||
> Being, the indeterminate immediate is in fact _nothing_, and neither more nor | ||
> less than nothing (Hegel 2010, 59/21.68-9). | ||
### Examination | ||
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```md | ||
In its indeterminate immediacy it is equal only to itself and also not unequal | ||
with respect to another; it has no difference within it, nor any outwardly. | ||
``` | ||
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Lastly, Hegel equates the activity of intuiting pure being with the matter | ||
itself. In intuiting that pure being is nothing—or there is nothing to be | ||
intuited in pure being—the intuiting activity is itself neither more or | ||
less than the matter it intuits, namely, pure emptiness. | ||
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[^1]: [Spinoza on Intuition from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy](https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/spinoza-epistemology-mind/#KindCognIIIIntu) | ||
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```md | ||
Just as little is anything to be thought in it, or, it is equally only this | ||
empty thinking. Being, the indeterminate immediate is in fact _nothing_, and | ||
neither more nor less than nothing | ||
``` | ||
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Burbidge stresses the intellectual dimension of thought and the operations that | ||
the understanding undergoes in preparing for pure thinking. Pure thought is | ||
defined as the sphere of intellectual relations purged of spatio-temporal, | ||
subjective and cultural contingencies (Burbidge 1981, 37). As a _science_, the | ||
logic articulates the relations between these intellectual relations: "in | ||
rendering a concept precise, thought moves to a related category; this movement | ||
in turn is named, and itself becomes a new concept" (Burbidge 1981, 37). In | ||
other words, pure thought is the purified intellectual dimension that considers | ||
intellectual relations _as_ intellectual relations and discovers what particular | ||
inter-intellectual relations obtain or simply pure concepts (James 2024). | ||
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Moreover, further to this, if the science of logic is to become _a system_, it | ||
must consider its starting point carefully, since a paradoxical problem presents | ||
itself at the outset. Logic cannot itself begin as the product of a process, | ||
since that inevitably entails that that process is then the actual starting | ||
point. "This poses a paradoxical problem," Burbidge notes, "The promotive | ||
concept is to be immediate and not the determinate result of inferential | ||
transitions. Yet is it is the name of an intellectual relation, presupposing | ||
terms to be related" (Burbidge 1981, 37). | ||
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Any intellectual relation condition by distinctive moments of personal or social | ||
history must be left aside in the abstract discipline of thought. "Yet once the | ||
relativizing conditions have been dissolved away in pure self-knowledge, we are | ||
left with simple intellectual relations that are not in themselves determinate" | ||
(Burbidge 1981, 38). This simple intellectual relating bereft of all reference | ||
terms is prior to even the reference immediacy, as that is a reflective thought | ||
that introduces a contrast with mediation. Instead, it simply _is_. | ||
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> In other words the verb 'to be' fills the requirement quite precisely: as a | ||
> verb it expresses a relating; it can be used with any subject whatsoever; and | ||
> it is incomplete and points toward the need for further | ||
> determination—although not itself determined it is open to | ||
> determinations ... _Being_ is thus the most primitive category of the logical | ||
> science. It lacks any determinations by which thought can distinguish one | ||
> thing or idea from another. But at the same time it articulates a | ||
> comprehensive relation that is immediately common to all things or ideas | ||
> (Burbidge 1981, 38). | ||
### Houlgate | ||
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Stephen Houlgate emphasizes that the start of Hegel's _Logic_ is both a logic | ||
and a metaphysics at once. He further points out that the thought of `being` | ||
under consideration is not the being _of something_ or the being expressed in | ||
the _copula_ of a judgment (e.g. the squirrel _is_ fluffy), "Being is to be | ||
understood simply as pure indeterminate being" (Houlgate 2022, 135). | ||
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> This is precisely what makes being “changeless”: for, as not-nothing, being | ||
> neither arises from, nor passes into, nothing. In Parmenides' words, “it | ||
> exists without beginning or ceasing”, but, “remaining the same and in the same | ||
> place, it lies on its own and thus fixed it will remain”. Parmenides goes on | ||
> to claim that “strong necessity holds it [being] within the bonds of a limit” | ||
> – a limit that preserves being as being and keeps it apart from nothing | ||
> (Houlgate 2022, 136). | ||
Moreover, Houlgate points out that `being` is not to be understood in terms of | ||
the negation of immediacy ("im-mediacy") or the negation of determinacy | ||
("in-determinate"). This line of thinking would also render `being` something | ||
determinate and fail to hold fast to its purity. Instead, `being` must be | ||
understood _in_ its immediacy and indeterminate, rather than _as_ immediate and | ||
indeterminate. "At the start of logic being must be thought in its utter | ||
indeterminacy and immediacy – and so without being explicitly contrasted | ||
with determinacy or mediation – as pure and simple being" (Houlgate 2022, | ||
136). | ||
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This thinking in terms of _in_ rather than _as_ further helps understand how | ||
Hegel's initial fragment concerning `without further determination` is not a | ||
defining of `being` _as_ the-being-without-determination, but that of holding | ||
`being` _free_ of determination, and to think it in its purity and simplicity | ||
(Houlgate 2022, 136). | ||
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It seen how a non-trivial amount of effort is needed to keep at bay the mind's | ||
reflective reflexes, which employ difference, equality, likeness and so forth in | ||
understanding a matter. This language of difference with its reflective | ||
categories cannot be entirely avoided, but they need not determine the matter, | ||
that is, understand `being` in terms of contrasts and mediation. Using negation | ||
on these reflective categories, or just careful language, one is able to keep at | ||
bay their determination of the matter at hand and allow it to be understood | ||
freely on its own terms, which in the case of `being` means its simplicity and | ||
purity (Houlgate 2022, 137). | ||
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> To think of being in this way, we must first abstract from all we ordinarily | ||
> take being to be; but we must then abstract from, and set aside, the very fact | ||
> that pure being is the result of abstraction. Only thus will the process of | ||
> abstraction lead to the thought of being as pure and immediate, rather than as | ||
> mediated result (or “essence”)(Houlgate 2022, 138). | ||
### McTaggart | ||
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John McTaggart looks at Hegel's opening category not so much an affirmation of | ||
being as an affirmation of nothing else. He further considers that being has no | ||
nature, since any nature would indicate some kind of determinacy vis-à-vis | ||
another being whose nature is different; however, with pure being this cannot be | ||
case. "Any determination would give it some particular nature, as against some | ||
other particular nature—would make it _X_ rather than _not-X_. It has | ||
therefore no determination whatever" (McTaggart 1910, 15). | ||
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## Bibliography | ||
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<div className="text-sm"> | ||
- Hegel, G.W.F. 2010. _Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel: The Science of Logic_. Translated by George Di Giovanni. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. | ||
- Burbidge, J.W. 1981. _On Hegel's Logic: Fragments of a Commentary_. Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press. | ||
- James, Daniel and Franz Knappik. "Introduction to Part 2 of the Themed Issue, ‘Racism and Colonialism in Hegel’s Philosophy’: Common Objections and Questions for Future Research". Translated by Paul Guyer, and Allen W. Wood. _Hegel Bulletin_ 45, no. 2 (2024): 181–184. https://doi.org/10.1017/hgl.2024.38. | ||
- Houlgate, S. 2022. _Hegel on Being_. London: Bloomsbury Academic. | ||
- McTaggart, J.M.E. 1910. _A Commentary on Hegel's Logic_. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. | ||
</div> | ||
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**Authors** | ||
Filip Niklas (2024) | ||
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**Notes** |
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